A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)
A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior.
Behavior-response patterns that characterize the individual.
The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term.
A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia.
Behavior in which persons hurt or harm themselves without the motive of suicide or of sexual deviation.
Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks.
A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
A personality disorder characterized by the avoidance of accepting deserved blame and an unwarranted view of others as malevolent. The latter is expressed as suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, and mistrust.
Standardized objective tests designed to facilitate the evaluation of personality.
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.
Conscious or unconscious emotional reaction of the therapist to the patient which may interfere with treatment. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
Disorder characterized by an emotionally constricted manner that is unduly conventional, serious, formal, and stingy, by preoccupation with trivial details, rules, order, organization, schedules, and lists, by stubborn insistence on having things one's own way without regard for the effects on others, by poor interpersonal relationships, and by indecisiveness due to fear of making mistakes.
The unsuccessful attempt to kill oneself.
A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist.
A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.
A personality disorder characterized by an indirect resistance to demands for adequate social and occupational performance; anger and opposition to authority and the expectations of others that is expressed covertly by obstructionism, procrastination, stubbornness, dawdling, forgetfulness, and intentional inefficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The unconscious transfer to others (including psychotherapists) of feelings and attitudes which were originally associated with important figures (parents, siblings, etc.) in one's early life.
A process by which an individual unconsciously endeavors to pattern himself after another. This process is also important in the development of the personality, particularly the superego or conscience, which is modeled largely on the behavior of adult significant others.
Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness.
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.
A form of psychiatric treatment, based on Freudian principles, which seeks to eliminate or diminish the undesirable effects of unconscious conflicts by making the patient aware of their existence, origin, and inappropriate expression in current emotions and behavior.
Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior.
Chaotic concept of self wherein one's role in life appears to be an insoluble dilemma often expressed by isolation, withdrawal, rebellion and extremism.
Growth of habitual patterns of behavior in childhood and adolescence.
The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.
A psychological theory based on dimensions or categories used by a given person in describing or explaining the personality and behavior of others or of himself. The basic idea is that different people will use consistently different categories. The theory was formulated in the fifties by George Kelly. Two tests devised by him are the role construct repertory test and the repertory grid test. (From Stuart Sutherland, The International Dictionary of Psychology, 1989)
Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.
Brief therapeutic approach which is ameliorative rather than curative of acute psychiatric emergencies. Used in contexts such as emergency rooms of psychiatric or general hospitals, or in the home or place of crisis occurrence, this treatment approach focuses on interpersonal and intrapsychic factors and environmental modification. (APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.
Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
A personality disorder manifested by a profound defect in the ability to form social relationships, no desire for social involvement, and an indifference to praise or criticism.
The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Emotional attachment to someone or something in the environment.
Adaptation of the person to the social environment. Adjustment may take place by adapting the self to the environment or by changing the environment. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996)
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.
Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes.
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.
Tendency to feel anger toward and to seek to inflict harm upon a person or group.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
A personality disorder characterized by overly reactive and intensely expressed or overly dramatic behavior, proneness to exaggeration, emotional excitability, and disturbances in interpersonal relationships.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
The co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. The diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity.
Behavior exhibited by individuals who are overly suspicious, but without the constellation of symptoms characteristic of paranoid personality disorder or paranoid type of schizophrenia.
The fundamental dispositions and traits of humans. (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)
The act of injuring one's own body to the extent of cutting off or permanently destroying a limb or other essential part of a body.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Persons who receive ambulatory care at an outpatient department or clinic without room and board being provided.
Forms of PSYCHOTHERAPY falling within or deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition, that view individuals as reacting to unconscious forces (e.g., motivation, drive), that focus on processes of change and development, and that place a premium on self understanding and making meaning of what is unconscious.
A state in which attention is largely directed outward from the self.
The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality.
A person's view of himself.
A change in electrical resistance of the skin, occurring in emotion and in certain other conditions.
A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).
Methods for quantitatively assessing and measuring interpersonal and group relationships.
The act of killing oneself.
Sexual maltreatment of the child or minor.
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.
A psychoanalytic term meaning self-love.
A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.
The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Method for obtaining information through verbal responses, written or oral, from subjects.
Those occurrences, including social, psychological, and environmental, which require an adjustment or effect a change in an individual's pattern of living.
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
A form of therapy in which two or more patients participate under the guidance of one or more psychotherapists for the purpose of treating emotional disturbances, social maladjustments, and psychotic states.
A strong emotional feeling of displeasure aroused by being interfered with, injured or threatened.
Organized services to provide immediate psychiatric care to patients with acute psychological disturbances.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Two individuals derived from two FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother. Twins are either monozygotic (TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC) or dizygotic (TWINS, DIZYGOTIC).
Interaction between a mother and child.
The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).
In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual.
Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive mental health services provided for individuals in the community.
Persons who have committed a crime or have been convicted of a crime.
Recording of visual and sometimes sound signals on magnetic tape.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
Psychiatry in its legal aspects. This includes criminology, penology, commitment of mentally ill, the psychiatrist's role in compensation cases, the problems of releasing information to the court, and of expert testimony.
Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.
Interactions between health personnel and patients.

An unstable trinucleotide-repeat region on chromosome 13 implicated in spinocerebellar ataxia: a common expansion locus. (1/313)

Larger CAG/CTG trinucleotide-repeat tracts in individuals affected with schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) in comparison with control individuals have previously been reported, implying a possible etiological role for trinucleotide repeats in these diseases. Two unstable CAG/CTG repeats, SEF2-1B and ERDA1, have recently been cloned, and studies indicate that the majority of individuals with large repeats as detected by repeat-expansion detection (RED) have large repeat alleles at these loci. These repeats do not show association of large alleles with either BPAD or SCZ. Using RED, we have identified a BPAD individual with a very large CAG/CTG repeat that is not due to expansion at SEF2-1B or ERDA1. From this individual's DNA, we have cloned a highly polymorphic trinucleotide repeat consisting of (CTA)n (CTG)n, which is very long ( approximately 1,800 bp) in this patient. The repeat region localizes to chromosome 13q21, within 1.2 cM of fragile site FRA13C. Repeat alleles in our sample were unstable in 13 (5.6%) of 231 meioses. Large alleles (>100 repeats) were observed in 14 (1. 25%) of 1,120 patients with psychosis, borderline personality disorder, or juvenile-onset depression and in 5 (.7%) of 710 healthy controls. Very large alleles were also detected for Centre d'Etude Polymorphisme Humaine (CEPH) reference family 1334. This triplet expansion has recently been reported to be the cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8); however, none of our large alleles above the disease threshold occurred in individuals either affected by SCA or with known family history of SCA. The high frequency of large alleles at this locus is inconsistent with the much rarer occurrence of SCA8. Thus, it seems unlikely that expansion alone causes SCA8; other genetic mechanisms may be necessary to explain SCA8 etiology.  (+info)

Attentional mechanisms of borderline personality disorder. (2/313)

We consider whether disruption of a specific neural circuit related to self-regulation is an underlying biological deficit in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Because patients with BPD exhibit a poor ability to regulate negative affect, we hypothesized that brain mechanisms thought to be involved in such self-regulation would function abnormally even in situations that seem remote from the symptoms exhibited by these patients. To test this idea, we compared the efficiency of attentional networks in BPD patients with controls who were matched to the patients in having very low self-reported effortful control and very high negative emotionality and controls who were average in these two temperamental dimensions. We found that the patients exhibited significantly greater difficulty in their ability to resolve conflict among stimulus dimensions in a purely cognitive task than did average controls but displayed no deficit in overall reaction time, errors, or other attentional networks. The temperamentally matched group did not differ significantly from either group. A significant correlation was found between measures of the ability to control conflict in the reaction-time task and self-reported effortful control.  (+info)

Fluvoxamine reduces responsiveness of HPA axis in adult female BPD patients with a history of sustained childhood abuse. (3/313)

The aim of the study is to test whether fluvoxamine affects the function of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis in female borderline (borderline personality disorder, BPD) patients with and without a history of sustained childhood abuse. Special attention is given to the presence of comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The HPA axis of 30 female BPD patients with (n = 17) and without (n = 13) a history of sustained childhood abuse was challenged with a combined dexamethasone and corticotropin releasing hormone test (DEX/CRH test) before and after 6 (n = 14) and 12 (n = 16) weeks of fluvoxamine treatment (150 mg/day). Both 6- and 12-week fluvoxamine treatments were associated with a significant and robust reduction of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol response to the DEX/CRH test. The magnitude of the reduction was dependent on the presence of sustained childhood abuse, but not on the presence of comorbid MDD or PTSD: patients with a history of sustained childhood abuse showed the strongest reduction in ACTH and cortisol. In conclusion, Fluvoxamine treatment reduces the hyperresponsiveness of the HPA axis in BPD patients with a history of sustained childhood abuse. This effect is likely to be obtained in the first 6 weeks of treatment.  (+info)

Dialectical behaviour therapy for women with borderline personality disorder: 12-month, randomised clinical trial in The Netherlands. (4/313)

BACKGROUND: Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is widely considered to be a promising treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, the evidence for its efficacy published thus far should be regarded as preliminary. AIMS: To compare the effectiveness of DBT with treatment as usual for patients with BPD and to examine the impact of baseline severity on effectiveness. METHOD: Fifty-eight women with BPD were randomly assigned to either 12 months of DBT or usual treatment in a randomised controlled study. Participants were recruited through clinical referrals from both addiction treatment and psychiatric services. Outcome measures included treatment retention and the course of suicidal, self-mutilating and self-damaging impulsive behaviours. RESULTS: Dialectical behaviour therapy resulted in better retention rates and greater reductions of self-mutilating and self-damaging impulsive behaviours compared with usual treatment, especially among those with a history of frequent self-mutilation. CONCLUSIONS: Dialectical behaviour therapy is superior to usual treatment in reducing high-risk behaviours in patients with BPD.  (+info)

'Still-face' interactions between mothers with borderline personality disorder and their 2-month-old infants. (5/313)

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that psychopathology in mothers may be associated with dysfunctional mother-infant interactions. AIMS: To investigate mother-infant relations when mothers have borderline personality disorder. METHOD: Eight mothers with borderline personality disorder and twelve mothers without psychiatric disorder were videotaped interacting with their 2-month-old infants in three successive phases of interaction: face-to-face play; an episode when the mother adopted a 'still face' and was unreactive; and a period when play interactions were resumed. The videotapes were rated by judges blind to the diagnostic group of the mother. RESULTS: The mothers with borderline personality disorder were more intrusively insensitive towards their infants. During the still-face period, their infants showed increased looking away and dazed looks. Following this, mother-infant interactions were less satisfying and their infants showed dazed looks and lowering of affect. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of borderline personality disorder is associated with a particular pattern of mother-infant interaction. The infants' responses to the still-face challenge might suggest dysfunctional self-regulation, but the developmental significance remains to be assessed.  (+info)

Dopamine dysfunction in borderline personality disorder: a hypothesis. (6/313)

Research on the biological basis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) has focused primarily on the serotonin model of impulsive aggression. However, there is evidence that dopamine (DA) dysfunction may also be associated with BPD. Pertinent research and review articles, identified by Medline searches of relevant topics, books, references from bibliographies, and conference proceedings from 1975 to 2003, were reviewed. Evidence of DA dysfunction in BPD derives from the efficacy of traditional and atypical antipsychotic agents in BPD, and from provocative challenges with amphetamine and methylphenidate of subjects with the disorder. In addition, human and animal studies indicate that DA activity plays an important role in emotion information processing, impulse control, and cognition. The results of this review suggest that DA dysfunction is associated with three dimensions of BPD, that is, emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and cognitive-perceptual impairment. The main limitation of this hypothesis is that the evidence reviewed is circumstantial. There is no study that directly demonstrates DA dysfunction in BPD. In addition, the therapeutic effects of antipsychotic agents observed in BPD may be mediated by non-DA mechanisms of action. If the stated hypothesis is correct, DA dysfunction in BPD may result from genetic, developmental, or environmental factors directly affecting specific DA pathways. Alternatively, DA dysfunction in BPD may be a compensatory response to alterations in the primary neural systems that control emotion, impulse control, and cognition, and that are mediated by the brain's main neurotransmitters, glutamate, and GABA, or in one or more other neuromodulatory pathways such as serotonin, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine.  (+info)

Attachment studies with borderline patients: a review. (7/313)

Clinical theorists have suggested that disturbed attachments are central to borderline personality disorder (BPD) psychopathology. This article reviews 13 empirical studies that examine the types of attachment found in individuals with this disorder or with dimensional characteristics of BPD. Comparison among the 13 studies is handicapped by the variety of measures and attachment types that these studies have employed. Nevertheless, every study concludes that there is a strong association between BPD and insecure attachment. The types of attachment found to be most characteristic of BPD subjects are unresolved, preoccupied, and fearful. In each of these attachment types, individuals demonstrate a longing for intimacy and--at the same time--concern about dependency and rejection. The high prevalence and severity of insecure attachments found in these adult samples support the central role of disturbed interpersonal relationships in clinical theories of BPD. This review concludes that these types of insecure attachment may represent phenotypic markers of vulnerability to BPD, suggesting several directions for future research.  (+info)

Positron emission tomography of regional brain metabolic responses to a serotonergic challenge in major depressive disorder with and without borderline personality disorder. (8/313)

Previous neuroimaging studies of major depression have not controlled for the presence of personality disorders characterized by impulsive aggressive behavior, such as borderline personality disorder (BPD). Using positron emission tomography (PET), we studied regional glucose uptake in response to fenfluramine (FEN) in depressed subjects with BPD (n=11) and depressed patients without Cluster B Axis II disorders (n=8). Subjects were scanned while medication-free after a single blind placebo administration and after FEN on a second day. Brain responses were measured by PET imaging of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and serial prolactin levels. Scans were compared at a voxel level using statistical parametric mapping. Correlations of changes in relative regional cerebral uptake (rCMRglu) with clinical measures were assessed. Depressed borderline patients had greater relative activity in parietotemporal cortical regions (BA 40, BA 22, and BA 42) before and after FEN activation compared to those without BPD. They also had less relative uptake in the anterior cingulate cortex (BA 32) at baseline compared to depressed patients without BPD and FEN abolished this difference. Impulsivity was positively correlated with rCMRglu in superior and middle frontal cortex (BA 6 and 44). Hostility was positively correlated with rCMRglu in temporal cortical regions (BA 21 and 22). In conclusions, borderline pathology in the context of a Major Depressive Disorder is associated with altered activity in parietotemporal and anterior cingulate cortical regions. Controlling for the presence of BPD in future imaging studies of mood disorders may elucidate similarities and differences in regional serotonergic function in these two often comorbid disorders.  (+info)

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in various contexts.

Individuals with BPD often experience intense and fluctuating emotions, ranging from profound sadness, anxiety, and anger to feelings of happiness or calm. They may have difficulty managing these emotions, leading to impulsive behavior, self-harm, or suicidal ideation.

People with BPD also tend to have an unstable sense of self, which can lead to rapid changes in their goals, values, and career choices. They often struggle with feelings of emptiness and boredom, and may engage in risky behaviors such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or binge eating to alleviate these feelings.

Interpersonal relationships are often strained due to the individual's fear of abandonment, intense emotional reactions, and difficulty regulating their emotions. They may experience idealization and devaluation of others, leading to rapid shifts in how they view and treat people close to them.

Diagnosis of BPD is typically made by a mental health professional using criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. Treatment for BPD may include psychotherapy, medication, and support groups to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Personality disorders are a class of mental health conditions characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate significantly from the norms of their culture. These patterns often lead to distress for the individual and/or impairments in personal relationships, work, or social functioning.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), identifies ten specific personality disorders, which are grouped into three clusters based on descriptive similarities:

1. Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric) - characterized by odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors:
* Paranoid Personality Disorder
* Schizoid Personality Disorder
* Schizotypal Personality Disorder
2. Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic) - marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors:
* Antisocial Personality Disorder
* Borderline Personality Disorder
* Histrionic Personality Disorder
* Narcissistic Personality Disorder
3. Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful) - featuring anxious, fearful behaviors:
* Avoidant Personality Disorder
* Dependent Personality Disorder
* Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

It is important to note that personality disorders can be challenging to diagnose and treat. They often require comprehensive assessments by mental health professionals, such as psychologists or psychiatrists, who specialize in personality disorders. Effective treatments typically involve long-term, specialized psychotherapies, with some cases potentially benefiting from medication management for co-occurring symptoms like anxiety or depression.

In the context of medicine and psychology, personality is a complex concept that refers to the unique patterns of thoughts, behaviors, and emotions that define an individual and differentiate them from others. It is the set of characteristics that influence how we perceive the world, how we relate to other people, and how we cope with stress and challenges.

Personality is thought to be relatively stable over time, although it can also evolve and change in response to life experiences and maturation. It is shaped by a combination of genetic factors, environmental influences, and developmental experiences.

There are many different theories and models of personality, including the Five Factor Model (FFM), which identifies five broad domains of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Other approaches to understanding personality include psychoanalytic theory, humanistic psychology, and trait theory.

It's important to note that while the term "personality" is often used in everyday language to describe someone's behavior or demeanor, in medical and psychological contexts it refers to a more complex and multifaceted construct.

A personality assessment is a systematic process used by healthcare professionals to evaluate and understand an individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. It typically involves the use of standardized measures, such as self-report questionnaires, interviews, and observational techniques, to gather information about an individual's personality traits, attitudes, values, and behaviors.

The goal of a personality assessment is to provide a comprehensive and integrated understanding of an individual's unique personality style, including their strengths, weaknesses, and potential vulnerabilities. This information can be useful in a variety of contexts, including clinical treatment planning, vocational counseling, and forensic evaluation.

It is important to note that personality assessments should always be conducted by qualified professionals with appropriate training and expertise in the use of these measures. Additionally, while personality assessments can provide valuable insights into an individual's personality style, they are not infallible and should always be considered alongside other sources of information when making important decisions about treatment or management.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior. The disorder is often characterized by individuals having difficulty with expressing emotions and relating to others. They may also experience unusual perceptions, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there, but these are not as severe as in Schizophrenia. It is important to note that this disorder can cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) refers to the intentional, direct injuring of one's own body without suicidal intentions. It is often repetitive and can take various forms such as cutting, burning, scratching, hitting, or bruising the skin. In some cases, individuals may also ingest harmful substances or objects.

SIB is not a mental disorder itself, but it is often associated with various psychiatric conditions, including borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and eating disorders. It is also common in individuals with developmental disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorder.

The function of SIB can vary widely among individuals, but it often serves as a coping mechanism to deal with emotional distress, negative feelings, or traumatic experiences. It's essential to approach individuals who engage in SIB with compassion and understanding, focusing on treating the underlying causes rather than solely addressing the behavior itself. Professional mental health treatment and therapy can help individuals develop healthier coping strategies and improve their quality of life.

A Personality Inventory is a standardized test used in psychology to assess an individual's personality traits and characteristics. It typically consists of a series of multiple-choice questions or statements that the respondent must rate according to their level of agreement or disagreement. The inventory measures various aspects of an individual's behavior, attitudes, and temperament, providing a quantifiable score that can be compared to normative data to help diagnose personality disorders, assess personal strengths and weaknesses, or provide insights into an individual's likely responses to different situations. Examples of well-known personality inventories include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI).

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and manipulative behaviors. It is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), as follows:

A. A consistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate societal norms and rules, as indicated by the presence of at least three of the following:

1. Failure to conform to social norms and laws, indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
2. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead; indication of this symptom may include promiscuity.
4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.

B. The individual is at least 18 years of age.

C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before the age of 15 years.

D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

E. The individual's criminal behavior has not been better explained by a conduct disorder diagnosis or antisocial behavior that began before the age of 15 years.

It's important to note that ASPD can be challenging to diagnose, and it often requires a comprehensive evaluation from a mental health professional with experience in personality disorders.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a persistent pattern of distrust and suspicion, such that others' intentions are interpreted as malevolent. This disorder is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions.

To be diagnosed with PPD, an individual must display at least four of the following symptoms:

1. Suspects, without sufficient reason, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them.
2. Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates.
3. Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against them.
4. Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
5. Persistently bears grudges, i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights.
6. Perceives attacks on their character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
7. Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.

These symptoms must be present for a significant period, typically at least one year, and must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Additionally, the symptoms cannot be better explained by another mental disorder, such as Schizophrenia, a Mood Disorder with Psychotic Features, or Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder.

Personality tests are psychological assessments used to measure an individual's personality traits, characteristics, and behaviors. These tests are designed to evaluate various aspects of an individual's personality, such as their temperament, interpersonal style, emotional stability, motivation, values, and preferences. The results of these tests can help healthcare professionals, researchers, and organizations better understand a person's behavior, predict their performance in different settings, and identify potential strengths and weaknesses.

There are several types of personality tests, including self-report measures, projective tests, and objective tests. Self-report measures, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) or the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), ask individuals to rate themselves on a series of statements or questions about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Projective tests, like the Rorschach Inkblot Test or the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), present ambiguous stimuli that respondents must interpret, revealing unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations. Objective tests, such as the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) or the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), use a standardized set of questions to assess specific personality traits and characteristics.

It is important to note that while personality tests can provide valuable insights into an individual's behavior, they should not be used as the sole basis for making important decisions about a person's life, such as employment or mental health treatment. Instead, these tests should be considered one piece of a comprehensive assessment that includes other sources of information, such as interviews, observations, and collateral reports.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is a mental health condition in which an individual has an extreme fear of being abandoned or rejected, leading them to rely excessively on others for support and decision-making. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), to be diagnosed with DPD, an individual must exhibit at least five of the following symptoms:

1. Difficulty making everyday decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others.
2. Need for others to assume responsibility for most major areas of their life.
3. Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others due to fear of loss of support or approval.
4. Has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on their own due to a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities.
5. Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others, including volunteering to do things that are not enjoyable.
6. Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for themselves.
7. Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends.
8. Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of themselves.

These symptoms must be present for an extended period, typically lasting for at least two years or more, and cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. Additionally, the symptoms cannot be better explained by another mental health condition, such as bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder.

It is important to note that seeking help from a mental health professional is essential for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan if you suspect you may have DPD.

Impulsive behavior can be defined medically as actions performed without proper thought or consideration of the consequences, driven by immediate needs, desires, or urges. It often involves risky or inappropriate behaviors that may lead to negative outcomes. In a clinical context, impulsivity is frequently associated with certain mental health conditions such as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and some neurological conditions. It's important to note that everyone can exhibit impulsive behavior at times, but when it becomes a persistent pattern causing distress or functional impairment, it may indicate an underlying condition requiring professional assessment and treatment.

Compulsive Personality Disorder (CPD) is a mental health condition characterized by an obsessive need for order, control, and perfection, which can interfere with the individual's ability to function in daily life. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), classifies CPD as a type of personality disorder.

The following are some of the diagnostic criteria for Compulsive Personality Disorder:

1. Rigid adherence to rules, regulations, and schedules.
2. Overconscientiousness, preoccupation with details, and perfectionism that interferes with task completion.
3. Excessive devotion to work and productivity at the expense of leisure activities and friendships.
4. Unwillingness to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to exactly the individual's way of doing things.
5. Rigidity and stubbornness.
6. Inability to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value.
7. Reluctance to take vacations or engage in leisure activities due to a fear of something unexpected happening that would disrupt the individual's routine.
8. Overly restrained and inhibited in expressing emotions and affection towards others.

Individuals with CPD may experience significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning due to their rigid and inflexible behavior. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which can help individuals learn more adaptive ways of thinking and behaving. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to manage symptoms of anxiety or depression that often co-occur with CPD.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "An attempted suicide is a non-fatal self-directed, potentially injurious behavior with intent to die as a result of the behavior. It's a clear expression of intention to die."

It's important to note that anyone who has attempted suicide requires immediate professional medical attention and support. They should be assessed for their level of suicidal ideation and any underlying mental health conditions, and provided with appropriate care and treatment. If you or someone you know is struggling with thoughts of suicide, please reach out to a healthcare provider or a trusted mental health professional immediately.

A psychological interview is a clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to gather information about a person's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral status. It is a structured or unstructured conversation between the clinician and the client aimed at understanding the client's symptoms, concerns, personal history, current life situation, and any other relevant factors that contribute to their psychological state.

The interview may cover various topics such as the individual's mental health history, family background, social relationships, education, occupation, coping mechanisms, and substance use. The clinician will also assess the person's cognitive abilities, emotional expression, thought processes, and behavior during the interview to help form a diagnosis or treatment plan.

The psychological interview is an essential component of a comprehensive mental health evaluation, as it provides valuable insights into the individual's subjective experiences and helps establish a therapeutic relationship between the clinician and the client. It can be conducted in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, or community centers.

Psychotherapy is a type of treatment used primarily to treat mental health disorders and other emotional or behavioral issues. It involves a therapeutic relationship between a trained psychotherapist and a patient, where they work together to understand the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, identify patterns that may be causing distress, and develop strategies to manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.

There are many different approaches to psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, and others. The specific approach used will depend on the individual patient's needs and preferences, as well as the training and expertise of the therapist.

Psychotherapy can be conducted in individual, group, or family sessions, and may be provided in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, clinics, private practices, or online platforms. The goal of psychotherapy is to help patients understand themselves better, develop coping skills, improve their relationships, and enhance their overall quality of life.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder is not listed as a separate disorder. Instead, its criteria have been incorporated into a new category called "Emotional Dysregulation Disorder" in the upcoming ICD-11.

However, in previous versions of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR), Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder was defined as:

A pervasive pattern of negativistic attitudes and passive resistance to demands for performance at work, home, or in other contexts, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. The individual's passivity and apparent lack of motivation may mask underlying anger and resentment, which are expressed indirectly through such methods as stubbornness, procrastination, sullenness, or intentional inefficiency.

This disorder is characterized by at least five of the following:

1. Passively resists fulfilling routine social, occupational, or domestic responsibilities.
2. Complains of being misunderstood and unappreciated by others.
3. Is sullen and argumentative.
4. Unreasonably criticizes and scorns authority, openly and privately.
5. Expresses resentments indirectly rather than confronting others directly.
6. Neurotically calm and compliant on the surface, but covertly angry and rebellious.
7. Frequently becomes sulky or stubborn in response to minor slights or frustrations.

Please note that this definition is based on the DSM-IV-TR and may not be applicable in current clinical settings. Always consult with a mental health professional for accurate information.

Dissociative disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by disruptions or dysfunctions in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception. These disturbances can be sudden or ongoing and can interfere significantly with a person's ability to function in daily life. The main types of dissociative disorders include:

1. Dissociative Amnesia: This disorder is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually due to trauma or stress.
2. Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder): In this disorder, a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personalities that recurrently take control of their behavior.
3. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: This disorder involves persistent or recurring feelings of detachment from one's self (depersonalization) or the environment (derealization).
4. Other Specified Dissociative Disorder and Unspecified Dissociative Disorder: These categories are used for disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the specific dissociative disorders but still cause significant distress or impairment.

Dissociative disorders often develop as a way to cope with trauma, stress, or other overwhelming life experiences. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), as well as medication for co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or depression.

Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs) are a group of psychiatric conditions characterized by the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to oneself or others. This leads to negative consequences such as distress, anxiety, or disruption in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) recognizes several specific ICDs, including:

1. Kleptomania - the recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal items, even though they are not needed for personal use or financial gain.
2. Pyromania - the deliberate and purposeful fire-setting on more than one occasion.
3. Intermittent Explosive Disorder - recurrent behavioral outbursts representing a failure to control aggressive impulses, resulting in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property.
4. Pathological Gambling - persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that disrupts personal, family, or vocational pursuits.
5. Internet Gaming Disorder - the excessive and prolonged use of the internet for gaming, which leads to clinically significant impairment or distress.

These disorders are typically associated with a range of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms that can vary depending on the specific disorder and individual presentation. Treatment often involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and self-help strategies to manage symptoms and improve overall functioning.

Psychoanalytic therapy, also known as psychoanalysis, is a type of in-depth talk therapy that aims to bring unconscious motivations and internal conflicts into conscious awareness. It was developed by Sigmund Freud and is based on the theory that people's behavior and feelings are strongly affected by unconscious motives.

The therapy involves regular, often frequent, sessions with a psychoanalyst. The patient is encouraged to talk freely about whatever comes to mind, including dreams, fantasies, and free associations. The analyst listens carefully and interprets the underlying meanings and patterns in the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to help the patient understand and resolve their internal conflicts, which are often rooted in early childhood experiences. This can lead to improved mental health, better relationships, and increased self-awareness. It's important to note that this type of therapy requires a significant time commitment and can be emotionally challenging.

Psychoanalytic theory is a psychological framework developed primarily by Sigmund Freud and his followers, which seeks to explain psychic phenomena in terms of unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences. It posits that the human mind is composed of three elements: the id (primitive instincts), ego (rational thought), and superego (moral standards). The theory emphasizes the importance of resolving unconscious conflicts, making the unconscious conscious, and analyzing defense mechanisms in order to alleviate psychological distress and promote mental health. It also includes various concepts such as the Oedipus complex, psychosexual development stages, and transference/countertransference phenomena.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Identity Crisis" is not a term that has a specific medical definition in the field of medicine or psychology. It is often used in popular culture to describe a situation where a person experiences uncertainty or conflict about their personal identity, purpose, or sense of self. However, this concept is more closely related to the fields of psychology and psychotherapy, rather than medicine.

In psychology, an "identity crisis" might refer to a developmental stage or period in which an individual faces challenges in forming a coherent and integrated sense of self. This may involve questioning one's values, beliefs, goals, or social roles, and can be accompanied by feelings of anxiety, confusion, and disorientation. It's important to note that identity exploration and development are normal and healthy aspects of human growth, and experiencing some degree of uncertainty or doubt during this process is common.

If you or someone else is experiencing significant distress or difficulty in navigating questions about personal identity, it may be helpful to consult a mental health professional for guidance and support. They can provide resources and interventions tailored to the individual's unique needs and circumstances.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "personality development" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a concept that is more commonly found in psychology and personal growth contexts. In those fields, personality development refers to the process by which a person's character, behaviors, thoughts, and patterns of emotion are formed, structured, and changed throughout their life. This process can be influenced by genetic factors, environmental influences, and individual experiences. If you have any questions related to mental health or psychology, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

Interpersonal relations, in the context of medicine and healthcare, refer to the interactions and relationships between patients and healthcare professionals, as well as among healthcare professionals themselves. These relationships are crucial in the delivery of care and can significantly impact patient outcomes. Positive interpersonal relations can lead to improved communication, increased trust, greater patient satisfaction, and better adherence to treatment plans. On the other hand, negative or strained interpersonal relations can result in poor communication, mistrust, dissatisfaction, and non-adherence.

Healthcare professionals are trained to develop effective interpersonal skills, including active listening, empathy, respect, and cultural sensitivity, to build positive relationships with their patients. Effective interpersonal relations also involve clear and concise communication, setting appropriate boundaries, and managing conflicts in a constructive manner. In addition, positive interpersonal relations among healthcare professionals can promote collaboration, teamwork, and knowledge sharing, leading to improved patient care and safety.

Personal Construct Theory (PCT) is not a medical term per se, but rather a psychological theory developed by George Kelly in the 1950s. It is a theory of personality and psychotherapy that emphasizes an individual's unique way of construing or making sense of their experiences. According to PCT, people are active scientists who constantly test their assumptions about the world through their personal construct systems.

In medical settings, PCT may be used as a framework for understanding patients' perspectives and beliefs about their illnesses and treatments. This can help healthcare professionals tailor interventions to individual patients' needs and improve communication and collaboration between patients and healthcare providers. However, it is important to note that PCT is not a widely recognized or established medical concept, but rather a psychological theory that has been applied in various fields, including healthcare.

Emotions are complex psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions can be short-lived, such as a flash of anger, or more long-lasting, such as enduring sadness. They can also vary in intensity, from mild irritation to intense joy or fear.

Emotions are often distinguished from other psychological states, such as moods and temperament, which may be less specific and more enduring. Emotions are typically thought to have a clear cause or object, such as feeling happy when you receive good news or feeling anxious before a job interview.

There are many different emotions that people can experience, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and shame. These emotions are often thought to serve important adaptive functions, helping individuals respond to challenges and opportunities in their environment.

In medical contexts, emotions may be relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. Abnormalities in emotional processing and regulation have been implicated in many psychiatric illnesses, and therapies that target these processes may be effective in treating these conditions.

Crisis intervention is a immediate, short-term emergency response to help individuals who are experiencing an acute distress or destabilizing event and are at risk of harm to themselves or others. The goal of crisis intervention is to restore equilibrium and ensure the person's safety, while also addressing any immediate needs or concerns. This may involve various strategies such as:

1. Psychoeducation: Providing information about the crisis situation, common reactions, and coping skills.
2. Emotional support: Offering a safe and non-judgmental space for the person to express their feelings and concerns.
3. Problem-solving: Helping the person identify potential solutions to the crisis situation and make informed decisions.
4. Safety planning: Developing a plan to ensure the person's safety and prevent future crises.
5. Referral: Connecting the person with appropriate resources and services for ongoing support and care.

Crisis intervention is often provided by mental health professionals, such as counselors, social workers, or psychologists, in various settings including hospitals, emergency departments, crisis hotlines, and community mental health centers.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

Aggression is defined in medical terms as behavior that is intended to cause harm or damage to another individual or their property. It can take the form of verbal or physical actions and can be a symptom of various mental health disorders, such as intermittent explosive disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and dementia. Aggression can also be a side effect of certain medications or a result of substance abuse. It is important to note that aggression can have serious consequences, including physical injury, emotional trauma, and legal repercussions. If you or someone you know is experiencing problems with aggression, it is recommended to seek help from a mental health professional.

Affective symptoms refer to emotional or mood-related disturbances that can occur in various medical and psychological conditions. These symptoms may include:

1. Depression: feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide.
2. Anxiety: excessive worry, fear, or nervousness, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat, sweating, and trembling.
3. Irritability: easily annoyed or agitated, often leading to outbursts of anger or frustration.
4. Mania or hypomania: abnormally elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, and impulsive or risky behavior.
5. Apathy: lack of interest, motivation, or emotion, often leading to social withdrawal and decreased activity levels.
6. Mood lability: rapid and unpredictable shifts in mood, ranging from extreme happiness to sadness, anger, or anxiety.

Affective symptoms can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to function in daily activities. They may be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, stress, trauma, and medical conditions. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing affective symptoms and improving overall well-being.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

Schizoid Personality Disorder is defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as a long-standing pattern of detachment from social relationships, a reduced capacity for emotional expression, and an unusual degree of introversion. This disorder is characterized by:

1. A lack of desire for close relationships,
2. Difficulty expressing emotions and finding enjoyment in most activities,
3. Limited range of emotional expression,
4. Inattention to social norms and conventions,
5. Preference for being alone,
6. Indifference to praise or criticism from others.

These symptoms must be stable and of long duration, typically present for at least a year. The individual's lifestyle, attitudes, and behavior are often seen as eccentric and distant by others. It is important to note that this disorder is different from Schizophrenia and does not include psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions.

Psychopathology is a branch of psychology and medicine that involves the study and classification of mental disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws on various methods and perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, genetics, sociology, and other related disciplines to understand and explain abnormal behavior and mental processes.

The term "psychopathology" can also refer specifically to the presence of a mental disorder or to the symptoms and features of a particular mental disorder. For example, one might say that someone has a psychopathology or that they exhibit certain psychopathological symptoms.

Psychopathology is often contrasted with normal psychology, which focuses on understanding and explaining typical behavior and mental processes. However, it is important to note that the boundary between normal and abnormal behavior is not always clear-cut, and many psychological phenomena exist on a continuum rather than falling neatly into one category or the other.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "object attachment" is not a term that has a specific medical definition in the way that a term like "myocardial infarction" (heart attack) or "major depressive disorder" does. It may be used in various ways in different contexts, such as in psychology or psychiatry to describe a phenomenon where an individual becomes excessively attached to an object or items, but it is not a widely recognized or standardized term in medical terminology. If you are referring to a specific concept or diagnosis and could provide more context, I would be happy to help further!

Social adjustment, in the context of mental health and psychology, refers to an individual's ability to adapt and function effectively within their social environment. It involves developing and maintaining positive relationships with others, fulfilling various social roles (such as being a family member, friend, or employee), and meeting the expectations and demands of one's social group.

Social adjustment can be affected by various factors, including an individual's personality traits, coping skills, mental and physical health status, and life experiences. Poor social adjustment can lead to feelings of isolation, loneliness, and dissatisfaction with life, as well as increased risk for mental health problems such as depression and anxiety.

Assessing social adjustment is an important aspect of mental health care, as it can provide valuable insights into an individual's overall functioning and quality of life. Treatments such as psychotherapy and social skills training may be used to help improve social adjustment in individuals who are struggling in this area.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

In medical and psychological terms, "affect" refers to a person's emotional or expressive state, mood, or dispositions that are outwardly manifested in their behavior, facial expressions, demeanor, or speech. Affect can be described as being congruent or incongruent with an individual's thoughts and experiences.

There are different types of affect, including:

1. Neutral affect: When a person shows no apparent emotion or displays minimal emotional expressiveness.
2. Positive affect: When a person exhibits positive emotions such as happiness, excitement, or enthusiasm.
3. Negative affect: When a person experiences and displays negative emotions like sadness, anger, or fear.
4. Blunted affect: When a person's emotional response is noticeably reduced or diminished, often observed in individuals with certain mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia.
5. Flat affect: When a person has an almost complete absence of emotional expressiveness, which can be indicative of severe depression or other mental health disorders.
6. Labile affect: When a person's emotional state fluctuates rapidly and frequently between positive and negative emotions, often observed in individuals with certain neurological conditions or mood disorders.

Clinicians may assess a patient's affect during an interview or examination to help diagnose mental health conditions, evaluate treatment progress, or monitor overall well-being.

Psychological models are theoretical frameworks used in psychology to explain and predict mental processes and behaviors. They are simplified representations of complex phenomena, consisting of interrelated concepts, assumptions, and hypotheses that describe how various factors interact to produce specific outcomes. These models can be quantitative (e.g., mathematical equations) or qualitative (e.g., conceptual diagrams) in nature and may draw upon empirical data, theoretical insights, or both.

Psychological models serve several purposes:

1. They provide a systematic and organized way to understand and describe psychological phenomena.
2. They generate hypotheses and predictions that can be tested through empirical research.
3. They integrate findings from different studies and help synthesize knowledge across various domains of psychology.
4. They inform the development of interventions and treatments for mental health disorders.

Examples of psychological models include:

1. The Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality, which posits that individual differences in personality can be described along five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
2. The Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) model, which suggests that maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected and can be changed through targeted interventions.
3. The Dual Process Theory of Attitudes, which proposes that attitudes are formed and influenced by two distinct processes: a rapid, intuitive process (heuristic) and a slower, deliberative process (systematic).
4. The Social Cognitive Theory, which emphasizes the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations in shaping behavior.
5. The Attachment Theory, which describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, particularly the parent-child relationship.

It is important to note that psychological models are provisional and subject to revision or replacement as new evidence emerges. They should be considered as useful tools for understanding and explaining psychological phenomena rather than definitive truths.

In the context of medicine and psychology, "temperament" refers to a person's natural disposition or character, which is often thought to be inherited and relatively stable throughout their life. It is the foundation on which personality develops, and it influences how individuals react to their environment, handle emotions, and approach various situations.

Temperament is composed of several traits, including:

1. Activity level: The degree of physical and mental energy a person exhibits.
2. Emotional intensity: The depth or strength of emotional responses.
3. Regularity: The consistency in biological functions like sleep, hunger, and elimination.
4. Approach/withdrawal: The tendency to approach or avoid new situations or people.
5. Adaptability: The ease with which a person adapts to changes in their environment.
6. Mood: The general emotional tone or baseline mood of an individual.
7. Persistence: The ability to maintain focus and effort on a task despite challenges or distractions.
8. Distractibility: The susceptibility to being diverted from a task by external stimuli.
9. Sensitivity: The degree of responsiveness to sensory input, such as touch, taste, sound, and light.
10. Attention span: The length of time a person can concentrate on a single task or activity.

These traits combine to create an individual's unique temperamental profile, which can influence their mental and physical health, social relationships, and overall well-being. Understanding temperament can help healthcare professionals tailor interventions and treatments to meet the specific needs of each patient.

Suicidal ideation is a medical term used to describe thoughts about, or an unusual preoccupation with, suicide. The range of suicidal ideation varies greatly from fleeting thoughts, to extensive thoughts, to detailed planning, role playing, and incomplete attempts, which may be deliberately constructed to not complete or to be discovered, or may be fully intended to result in death.

It's important to take any mention of suicide seriously and seek immediate help from a healthcare professional if someone is experiencing suicidal ideation. Mental health conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, and substance abuse are commonly associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts.

If you or someone you know is struggling with suicidal thoughts, please reach out to a mental health professional or trusted person immediately. In the US, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) or use the Crisis Text Line by texting HOME to 741741.

In a medical or psychological context, hostility typically refers to a negative and antagonistic attitude or behavior towards others. It can manifest as overt actions such as aggression, verbal abuse, or anger, or as covert attitudes such as cynicism, mistrust, or resentment. Hostility is often considered a component of certain mental health conditions, such as personality disorders or mood disorders, and has been linked to negative health outcomes like cardiovascular disease. However, it's important to note that hostility can also be a normal and adaptive response to certain situations, depending on the context.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) is a mental health condition, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.

It's characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior, beginning in early adulthood and present in various contexts. Individuals with HPD may exhibit rapidly shifting and exaggerated emotions, seductive or provocative behavior, and an excessive need for approval. They may also be uncomfortable when not the center of attention.

Please note that only a qualified healthcare professional can diagnose mental health conditions. If you or someone else has symptoms of Histrionic Personality Disorder, it's important to seek professional help.

Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.

Psychometrics is a branch of psychology that deals with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, such as the development and standardization of tests used to measure intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and other mental abilities or traits. It involves the construction and validation of measurement instruments, including the determination of their reliability and validity, and the application of statistical methods to analyze test data and interpret results. The ultimate goal of psychometrics is to provide accurate, objective, and meaningful measurements that can be used to understand individual differences and make informed decisions in educational, clinical, and organizational settings.

Paranoid behavior is not a medical diagnosis itself, but it can be a symptom of various mental health conditions. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), paranoia is characterized by irrational and excessive mistrust or suspicion of others, often leading to feelings of persecution, grandiosity, jealousy, or hostility. Paranoid behavior may include:

1. Persistent suspiciousness and unjustified belief that others are trying to harm or deceive you.
2. Reading hidden meanings into benign remarks or events, often with a negative connotation.
3. Expecting betrayal or deceit from others, even when there is no reason to do so.
4. Difficulty confiding in or becoming close to others due to fear of being exploited or harmed.
5. Harbouring grudges and being unforgiving towards those perceived as having wronged you.
6. Persistently feeling that you are being mistreated, misunderstood, or taken advantage of.
7. Perceiving attacks on your character or reputation that are not apparent to others.
8. Holding unrealistic beliefs about the loyalty and trustworthiness of others.
9. Being quick to anger or react defensively when feeling criticized or threatened.

Paranoid behavior can be a symptom of various mental health conditions, such as paranoid personality disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder with psychotic features. It is essential to consult a mental health professional for an accurate assessment and appropriate treatment if you or someone else experiences these symptoms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "human characteristics" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the typical traits, attributes, and features that define humans as a species, both physically and behaviorally. Physical human characteristics include bipedal locomotion, large brains, and fine motor skills, while behavioral characteristics can include complex language use, self-awareness, and sociality.

However, if you have any specific medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to help answer them to the best of my ability!

Self-mutilation, also known as self-injury or self-harm, refers to the deliberate infliction of pain or damage to one's own body without the intention of committing suicide. It can take many forms, including cutting, burning, scratching, hitting, or piercing the skin. The behavior is often used as a coping mechanism to deal with emotional distress, trauma, or other psychological issues. Self-mutilation can be a sign of serious mental health concerns and should be treated as such. It's important to seek professional help if you or someone you know is engaging in self-harm behaviors.

Child abuse is a broad term that refers to any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect that causes harm to a child's health, development, or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse includes:

1. Physical abuse: Non-accidental injuries caused by hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child's body.
2. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child, such as touching or non-touching behaviors, exploitation, or exposure to pornographic material.
3. Emotional abuse: Behaviors that harm a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, such as constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or rejection.
4. Neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and emotional support.

Child abuse can have serious short-term and long-term consequences for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of children. It is a violation of their fundamental human rights and a public health concern that requires prevention, early detection, and intervention.

In medical terms, "outpatients" refers to individuals who receive medical care or treatment at a hospital or clinic without being admitted as inpatients. This means that they do not stay overnight or for an extended period; instead, they visit the healthcare facility for specific services such as consultations, diagnostic tests, treatments, or follow-up appointments and then return home afterward. Outpatient care can include various services like primary care, specialty clinics, dental care, physical therapy, and more. It is often more convenient and cost-effective than inpatient care, as it allows patients to maintain their daily routines while receiving necessary medical attention.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a type of in-depth talk therapy that aims to help individuals gain insight into their unconscious processes and patterns of behavior. It is based on the theories of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud and subsequent psychoanalytic thinkers. The therapy focuses on exploring the full range of a patient's emotions, including those the patient may not be fully aware of or willing to acknowledge.

The goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy is to uncover unconscious patterns and dynamics that contribute to the patient's distress. This is achieved by analyzing the patient's thoughts, feelings, and experiences, as well as their relationships with others. The therapist helps the patient explore their past experiences, particularly those from early childhood, to understand how they have shaped their present behavior and emotional responses.

Through this process, patients can develop a better understanding of themselves, their motivations, and their conflicts. This increased self-awareness can help them make positive changes in their lives and improve their relationships with others. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is often used to treat a wide range of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, personality disorders, and relational difficulties.

In psychology, the term "ego" is used to describe a part of the personality that deals with the conscious mind and includes the senses of self and reality. It is one of the three components of Freud's structural model of the psyche, along with the id and the superego. The ego serves as the mediator between the unconscious desires of the id and the demands of the real world, helping to shape behavior that is socially acceptable and adaptive.

It's important to note that this definition of "ego" is specific to the field of psychology and should not be confused with other uses of the term in different contexts, such as its use in popular culture to refer to an inflated sense of self-importance or self-centeredness.

I am not a medical doctor, but I can provide you with some information on this topic. Self-concept is more commonly discussed in psychology than in medicine, but it still has relevance to understanding individual experiences and behaviors in health and illness.

Self-concept refers to an individual's perception, beliefs, and attitudes about themselves, encompassing various dimensions such as:

1. Physical self (how one perceives their physical appearance, abilities, and health)
2. Social self (how one perceives their relationships with others, social roles, and status)
3. Psychological or personal self (how one perceives their personality traits, values, and beliefs)

Self-concept can influence how people view their own health, cope with illness, and engage in health behaviors. For example, a positive self-concept may contribute to better adherence to treatment plans and healthier lifestyle choices, while negative self-concepts might lead to poorer health outcomes due to decreased motivation or self-efficacy.

Understanding an individual's self-concept can help healthcare professionals tailor their communication style, recommendations, and interventions to better meet the patient's needs and preferences.

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), also known as Electrodermal Activity (EDA), is a physiological response that reflects the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. It measures changes in the electrical properties of the skin, which are influenced by the sweat gland activity. GSR is often used as an indicator of emotional arousal or psychological stress in various research and clinical settings.

The limbic system is a complex set of structures in the brain that includes the hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate gyrus, and other nearby areas. It's associated with emotional responses, instinctual behaviors, motivation, long-term memory formation, and olfaction (smell). The limbic system is also involved in the modulation of visceral functions and drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual drive.

The structures within the limbic system communicate with each other and with other parts of the brain, particularly the hypothalamus and the cortex, to regulate various physiological and psychological processes. Dysfunctions in the limbic system can lead to a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and certain types of memory impairment.

Sociometry is a method used in social science to measure the pattern of interpersonal relationships within a group. Sociometric techniques are thus the tools or methods employed to collect and analyze sociometric data, which typically involve individuals rating or choosing others in the group with whom they would prefer to work or interact. These techniques can be used to study various aspects of group dynamics, social structure, and individual social status within a group. Examples of sociometric techniques include surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and observation.

Suicide is defined in the medical field as the intentional taking of one's own life. It is a complex phenomenon with various contributing factors, including psychological, biological, environmental, and sociocultural elements. Suicide is a significant global public health concern that requires comprehensive understanding, prevention, and intervention strategies. If you or someone you know is struggling with thoughts of self-harm or suicide, it's essential to seek help from a mental health professional immediately.

Sexual child abuse is a form of abuse in which a child is engaged in sexual activities or exposed to sexual situations that are inappropriate and harmful for their age. This can include:

1. Sexual contact or intercourse with a child.
2. Exposing a child to pornography or using a child to produce pornographic materials.
3. Engaging in sexual acts in front of a child.
4. Inappropriately touching or fondling a child.
5. Using a child for sexual exploitation, including prostitution.

Sexual child abuse can have serious and long-lasting effects on a child's emotional, psychological, and physical well-being. It is important to report any suspected cases of sexual child abuse to the appropriate authorities immediately.

Separation anxiety is a condition in which an individual experiences excessive and disproportionate fear or distress when separated from a person or place that they are attached to. This condition is commonly diagnosed in children, but it can also affect adults. The anxiety experienced during separation may manifest as excessive worrying, crying, clinginess, panic attacks, or physical symptoms such as nausea, headaches, or rapid heartbeat. In order for a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder to be made, the symptoms must cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

Narcissism is a personality trait characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a lack of empathy for others, a need for excessive admiration, and feelings of entitlement. It's named after the Greek mythological figure Narcissus, who fell in love with his own reflection.

In clinical psychology, narcissism is often used to describe a personality disorder, known as Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), which is characterized by these traits in a pervasive and persistent manner that interferes significantly with an individual's social relationships and functioning. However, it's important to note that narcissism exists on a spectrum, and while some people may have traits of narcissism, they do not necessarily meet the criteria for NPD.

Remember, only a qualified mental health professional can diagnose a personality disorder.

Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. It is a form of talk therapy where the therapist and the patient work together to identify and change negative or distorted thinking patterns and beliefs, with the goal of improving emotional response and behavior.

Cognitive Therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected, and that negative or inaccurate thoughts can contribute to problems like anxiety and depression. By identifying and challenging these thoughts, patients can learn to think more realistically and positively, which can lead to improvements in their mood and behavior.

In cognitive therapy sessions, the therapist will help the patient identify negative thought patterns and replace them with healthier, more accurate ways of thinking. The therapist may also assign homework or exercises for the patient to practice between sessions, such as keeping a thought record or challenging negative thoughts.

Cognitive Therapy has been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is often used in combination with other forms of treatment, such as medication, and can be delivered individually or in group settings.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), neurotic disorders are not a recognized category. However, the term "neurosis" has been used historically in psychiatry and psychology to refer to a group of mental disorders characterized by anxiety, obsessions, depressive moods, phobias, or hypochondriacal fears. These symptoms are often considered to be the result of internal conflicts, typically related to stress, frustration, or interpersonal difficulties.

The DSM-5 has replaced the category of neurotic disorders with several specific mental disorders that were previously classified under this heading. These include:

1. Anxiety Disorders (e.g., panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder)
2. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder)
3. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders)
4. Mood Disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder)
5. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (e.g., illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder)

These specific disorders are defined by their own unique diagnostic criteria and should be evaluated based on those guidelines.

Pain perception refers to the neural and psychological processes involved in receiving, interpreting, and responding to painful stimuli. It is the subjective experience of pain, which can vary greatly among individuals due to factors such as genetics, mood, expectations, and past experiences. The perception of pain involves complex interactions between the peripheral nervous system (which detects and transmits information about tissue damage or potential harm), the spinal cord (where this information is processed and integrated with other sensory inputs), and the brain (where the final interpretation and emotional response to pain occurs).

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

'Diseases in Twins' is a field of study that focuses on the similarities and differences in the occurrence, development, and outcomes of diseases among twins. This research can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to various medical conditions.

Twins can be classified into two types: monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share about 50%, similar to non-twin siblings. By comparing the concordance rates (the likelihood of both twins having the same disease) between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, researchers can estimate the heritability of a particular disease.

Studying diseases in twins also helps understand the role of environmental factors. When both twins develop the same disease, but they are discordant for certain risk factors (e.g., one twin smokes and the other does not), it suggests that the disease may have a stronger genetic component. On the other hand, when both twins share similar risk factors and develop the disease, it implies that environmental factors play a significant role.

Diseases in Twins research has contributed to our understanding of various medical conditions, including infectious diseases, cancer, mental health disorders, and developmental disorders. This knowledge can lead to better prevention strategies, early detection methods, and more targeted treatments for these diseases.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

A "self-report" in a medical context refers to the information or data provided by an individual about their own symptoms, experiences, behaviors, or health status. This can be collected through various methods such as questionnaires, surveys, interviews, or diaries. Self-reports are commonly used in research and clinical settings to assess various aspects of health, including physical and mental health symptoms, quality of life, treatment adherence, and substance use.

While self-reports can be a valuable source of information, they may also be subject to biases such as recall bias, social desirability bias, or response distortion. Therefore, it is important to consider the potential limitations and validity of self-reported data in interpreting the results. In some cases, self-reports may be supplemented with other sources of information, such as medical records, physiological measures, or observer ratings.

Life change events refer to significant changes or transitions in an individual's personal circumstances that may have an impact on their health and well-being. These events can include things like:

* Marriage or divorce
* Birth of a child or loss of a loved one
* Job loss or retirement
* Moving to a new home or city
* Changes in financial status
* Health diagnoses or serious illnesses
* Starting or ending of a significant relationship

Research has shown that life change events can have a profound effect on an individual's stress levels, mental health, and physical health. Some life change events may be positive and exciting, while others may be challenging and difficult to cope with. In either case, it is important for individuals to take care of themselves during times of transition and seek support as needed.

Eating disorders are mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in eating behaviors and associated distressing thoughts and emotions. They include several types of disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED). These disorders can have serious medical and psychological consequences if left untreated.

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by restrictive eating, low body weight, and an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. Individuals with anorexia may also have a distorted body image and deny the severity of their low body weight.

Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging (e.g., self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics), fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.

Binge eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short period of time, often to the point of discomfort, accompanied by feelings of loss of control and distress. Unlike bulimia nervosa, individuals with binge eating disorder do not engage in compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

Other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED) include atypical anorexia nervosa, subthreshold bulimia nervosa, and subthreshold binge eating disorder, which may have similar symptoms to the above disorders but do not meet all the diagnostic criteria.

Eating disorders can affect people of any age, gender, race, or ethnicity, and they are often associated with other mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychological therapy, nutrition counseling, and medical management to address both the physical and psychological aspects of the disorder.

Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome. In a medical context, anxiety refers to a mental health disorder characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or panic that interfere with daily activities. It can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, or substance abuse disorders. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias.

Group psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy in which a trained therapist treats a small group of individuals together as a group. The therapy focuses on interpersonal relationships and social interactions among the members of the group. The group becomes a social microcosm for each individual, allowing them to understand and work through their issues in relation to others.

The size of the group typically ranges from 5-12 members, and meetings can be held in various settings such as hospitals, community mental health centers, or private practice offices. The duration of the therapy can vary, ranging from brief, time-limited groups that meet for several weeks to longer-term groups that meet for several months or even years.

Group psychotherapy can be used to treat a wide range of psychological issues, including depression, anxiety, personality disorders, trauma, and relational difficulties. The therapist facilitates the group process by creating a safe and supportive environment where members can share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with one another. Through this process, members can gain insights into their own behavior, develop new social skills, and improve their relationships with others.

Anger is a normal and adaptive human emotion, which can be defined as a negative emotional state that involves feelings of annoyance, irritation, hostility, and aggression towards someone or something that has caused harm, injury, or unfair treatment. It is a complex emotional response that can have physical, mental, and behavioral components.

Physiologically, anger triggers the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline, which prepares the body for a fight-or-flight response. This can result in symptoms such as increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and heightened sensory perception.

In terms of mental and behavioral components, anger can manifest as thoughts of revenge, verbal or physical aggression, or passive-aggressive behaviors. Chronic or uncontrolled anger can have negative impacts on one's health, relationships, and overall quality of life.

It is important to note that while anger is a normal emotion, it becomes a problem when it leads to harmful behaviors or interferes with daily functioning. In such cases, seeking professional help from a mental health provider may be necessary to learn healthy coping mechanisms and manage anger effectively.

Emergency services in psychiatry, also known as crisis intervention services, refer to immediate and urgent mental health services provided to individuals who are experiencing an acute mental health emergency. These services aim to assess, manage, and stabilize the individual's mental health crisis and ensure their safety, as well as the safety of others.

Psychiatric emergency services may include:

1. Crisis hotlines: 24-hour telephone support lines that provide immediate assistance and referral to appropriate mental health services.
2. Mobile crisis teams: Mental health professionals who provide on-site assessment, intervention, and referral services in the community.
3. Psychiatric emergency departments: Specialized units within hospitals that provide urgent psychiatric evaluation, treatment, and short-term stabilization for individuals in a mental health crisis.
4. Inpatient psychiatric units: Short-term hospitalization for individuals who require intensive psychiatric care and monitoring during a crisis.
5. Respite care services: Temporary supportive housing and care for individuals in a mental health crisis, providing relief for both the individual and their family or caregivers.

The primary goal of psychiatric emergency services is to provide timely and effective interventions that can help prevent further deterioration of the individual's mental health, reduce the risk of suicide or self-harm, and promote recovery and stabilization.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

In the field of medicine, twins are defined as two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. They can be either monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two separate embryos, resulting in individuals who share identical genetic material. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm cells, leading to siblings who share about 50% of their genetic material, similar to non-twin siblings.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Mother-Child Relations," as it is more commonly studied in fields such as psychology, sociology, and social work. However, I can provide you with some related medical or psychological terms that might help you understand the concept better:

1. Attachment Theory: Developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, attachment theory describes the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver (usually the mother). Secure attachment is crucial for healthy emotional and social development in children.
2. Mother-Infant Interaction: This refers to the reciprocal communication and interaction between a mother and her infant, which includes verbal and non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions, gestures, touch, and vocalizations. Positive and responsive interactions contribute to healthy emotional development and secure attachment.
3. Parent-Child Relationship: A broader term that encompasses the emotional bond, communication patterns, and behaviors between a parent (in this case, the mother) and their child. This relationship significantly influences a child's cognitive, social, and emotional development.
4. Maternal Depression: A mental health condition in which a mother experiences depressive symptoms, such as sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest in activities, after giving birth (postpartum depression) or at any point during the first year after childbirth (major depressive disorder with peripartum onset). Maternal depression can negatively impact mother-child relations and a child's development.
5. Parenting Styles: Different approaches to raising children, characterized by the degree of demandingness and responsiveness. Four main parenting styles include authoritative (high demandingness, high responsiveness), authoritarian (high demandingness, low responsiveness), permissive (low demandingness, high responsiveness), and neglectful/uninvolved (low demandingness, low responsiveness). These styles can influence mother-child relations and child development.

While not a direct medical definition, these terms highlight the significance of mother-child relations in various aspects of child development and mental health.

Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying harmful or unhealthy behaviors, thoughts, and emotions by applying learning principles derived from behavioral psychology. The goal of behavior therapy is to reinforce positive behaviors and eliminate negative ones through various techniques such as systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, exposure therapy, and operant conditioning.

Systematic desensitization involves gradually exposing the individual to a feared situation or stimulus while teaching them relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety. Aversion therapy aims to associate an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to discourage the behavior. Exposure therapy exposes the individual to a feared situation or object in a controlled and safe environment to help them overcome their fear. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to encourage desirable behaviors and discourage undesirable ones.

Behavior therapy has been found to be effective in treating various mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, phobias, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. It is often used in combination with other forms of therapy and medication to provide a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals seeking help for mental health concerns.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Psychotropic drugs, also known as psychoactive drugs, are a class of medications that affect the function of the central nervous system, leading to changes in consciousness, perception, mood, cognition, or behavior. These drugs work by altering the chemical neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which are involved in regulating mood, thought, and behavior.

Psychotropic drugs can be classified into several categories based on their primary therapeutic effects, including:

1. Antipsychotic drugs: These medications are used to treat psychosis, schizophrenia, and other related disorders. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps reduce hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking.
2. Antidepressant drugs: These medications are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and some chronic pain conditions. They work by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine in the brain, which helps improve mood and reduce anxiety.
3. Mood stabilizers: These medications are used to treat bipolar disorder and other mood disorders. They help regulate the ups and downs of mood swings and can also be used as adjunctive treatment for depression and anxiety.
4. Anxiolytic drugs: Also known as anti-anxiety medications, these drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders, panic attacks, and insomnia. They work by reducing the activity of neurotransmitters such as GABA, which can help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.
5. Stimulant drugs: These medications are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. They work by increasing the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which helps improve focus, concentration, and alertness.

It is important to note that psychotropic drugs can have significant side effects and should only be used under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare provider.

In medical terms, "character" is not a term that has a specific or technical definition. It is a common English word that can have various meanings depending on the context in which it is used. In general, "character" refers to the personality traits, behaviors, and qualities that define an individual. However, in a medical or clinical setting, healthcare professionals may use the term "character" to describe certain aspects of a patient's symptoms, such as the quality, intensity, or duration of a particular symptom. For example, a patient's pain might be described as sharp, stabbing, or dull in character.

It is important to note that while healthcare professionals may use the term "character" to describe certain aspects of a patient's symptoms or condition, it is not a medical diagnosis or a specific medical term with a standardized definition.

The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep within the temporal lobe of the brain, specifically in the anterior portion of the temporal lobes and near the hippocampus. It forms a key component of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. The amygdala is involved in the integration of sensory information with emotional responses, memory formation, and decision-making processes.

In response to emotionally charged stimuli, the amygdala can modulate various physiological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone release, via its connections to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Additionally, it contributes to social behaviors, including recognizing emotional facial expressions and responding appropriately to social cues. Dysfunctions in amygdala function have been implicated in several psychiatric and neurological conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Community Mental Health Services (CMHS) refer to mental health care services that are provided in community settings, as opposed to traditional hospital-based or institutional care. These services are designed to be accessible, comprehensive, and coordinated, with the goal of promoting recovery, resilience, and improved quality of life for individuals with mental illnesses.

CMHS may include a range of services such as:

1. Outpatient care: Including individual and group therapy, medication management, and case management services provided in community clinics or healthcare centers.
2. Assertive Community Treatment (ACT): A team-based approach to providing comprehensive mental health services to individuals with severe and persistent mental illnesses who may have difficulty engaging in traditional outpatient care.
3. Crisis intervention: Including mobile crisis teams, emergency psychiatric evaluations, and short-term residential crisis stabilization units.
4. Supported housing and employment: Services that help individuals with mental illnesses to live independently in the community and to obtain and maintain competitive employment.
5. Prevention and early intervention: Programs that aim to identify and address mental health issues before they become more severe, such as suicide prevention programs, bullying prevention, and early psychosis detection and treatment.
6. Peer support: Services provided by individuals who have personal experience with mental illness and can offer support, guidance, and advocacy to others who are struggling with similar issues.
7. Family education and support: Programs that provide information, resources, and support to family members of individuals with mental illnesses.

The goal of CMHS is to provide accessible, comprehensive, and coordinated care that meets the unique needs of each individual and helps them to achieve their recovery goals in the community setting.

A criminal is an individual who has been found guilty of committing a crime or offense, as defined by law. Crimes can range from minor infractions to serious felonies and can include acts such as theft, fraud, assault, homicide, and many others. The legal system determines whether someone is a criminal through a formal process that includes investigation, arrest, charging, trial, and sentencing. It's important to note that being accused of a crime does not automatically make someone a criminal; they are only considered a criminal after they have been found guilty in a court of law.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "videotape recording" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Videotape recording is a general technology term that refers to the process of capturing and storing visual and/or audio content on magnetic tape in the form of a videocassette.

In a medical context, videotape recordings might be used for various purposes, such as documenting medical procedures or patient consultations, creating educational materials, or conducting research. However, the use of videotape recording in these situations would not change the fundamental meaning of the term.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

The gyrus cinguli, also known as the cingulate gyrus, is a structure located in the brain. It forms part of the limbic system and plays a role in various functions such as emotion, memory, and perception of pain. The gyrus cinguli is situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, adjacent to the corpus callosum, and curves around the frontal portion of the corpus callosum, forming a C-shaped structure. It has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain syndromes.

Alcoholism is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol dependence.

The diagnostic criteria for AUD include a pattern of alcohol use that includes problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky behaviors or situations, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.

Alcoholism can cause a wide range of physical and psychological health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, neurological damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups to help individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.

Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry that intersects with the law. It involves providing psychiatric expertise to legal systems and institutions. Forensic psychiatrists conduct evaluations, provide treatment, and offer expert testimony in criminal, civil, and legislative matters. They assess issues such as competency to stand trial, insanity, risk assessment, and testamentary capacity. Additionally, they may be involved in the treatment of offenders in correctional settings and providing consultation on mental health policies and laws. Forensic psychiatry requires a thorough understanding of both psychiatric and legal principles, as well as the ability to communicate complex psychiatric concepts to legal professionals and laypersons alike.

In a medical or physiological context, "arousal" refers to the state of being awake and responsive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the nervous system, particularly the autonomic nervous system, which prepares the body for action. Arousal levels can vary from low (such as during sleep) to high (such as during states of excitement or stress). In clinical settings, changes in arousal may be assessed to help diagnose conditions such as coma, brain injury, or sleep disorders. It is also used in the context of sexual response, where it refers to the level of physical and mental awareness and readiness for sexual activity.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Mental processes, also referred to as cognitive processes, are the ways in which our minds perceive, process, and understand information from the world around us. These processes include:

1. Attention: The ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.
2. Perception: The way in which we interpret and organize sensory information.
3. Memory: The storage and retrieval of information.
4. Learning: The process of acquiring new knowledge or skills.
5. Language: The ability to understand, produce and communicate using words and symbols.
6. Thinking: The process of processing information, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision making.
7. Intelligence: The capacity to understand, learn, and adapt to new situations.
8. Emotion: The ability to experience and respond to different feelings.
9. Consciousness: The state of being aware of and able to think and perceive one's surroundings, thoughts, and feelings.

These mental processes are interconnected and influence each other in complex ways. They allow us to interact with our environment, make decisions, and communicate with others. Disorders in these mental processes can lead to various neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Professional-patient relations, also known as physician-patient relationships or doctor-patient relationships, refer to the interactions and communications between healthcare professionals and their patients. It is a critical aspect of healthcare delivery that involves trust, respect, understanding, and collaboration. The American Medical Association (AMA) defines it as "a ethical relationship in which a physician, by virtue of knowledge and skills, provides medical services to a patient in need."

Professional-patient relations encompass various elements, including:

1. Informed Consent: Healthcare professionals must provide patients with adequate information about their medical condition, treatment options, benefits, risks, and alternatives to enable them to make informed decisions about their healthcare.
2. Confidentiality: Healthcare professionals must respect patients' privacy and maintain the confidentiality of their medical information, except in specific circumstances where disclosure is required by law or necessary for patient safety.
3. Communication: Healthcare professionals must communicate effectively with patients, listening to their concerns, answering their questions, and providing clear and concise explanations about their medical condition and treatment plan.
4. Empathy and Compassion: Healthcare professionals must demonstrate empathy and compassion towards their patients, recognizing their emotional and psychological needs and providing support and comfort when necessary.
5. Cultural Competence: Healthcare professionals must be aware of and respect cultural differences among their patients, adapting their communication style and treatment approach to meet the unique needs of each patient.
6. Shared Decision-Making: Healthcare professionals and patients should work together to make medical decisions based on the best available evidence, the patient's values and preferences, and the healthcare professional's expertise.
7. Continuity of Care: Healthcare professionals must ensure continuity of care for their patients, coordinating with other healthcare providers and ensuring that patients receive appropriate follow-up care.

Professional-patient relations are essential to achieving positive health outcomes, improving patient satisfaction, and reducing medical errors and adverse events. Healthcare professionals must maintain ethical and professional standards in their interactions with patients, recognizing the power imbalance in the relationship and striving to promote trust, respect, and collaboration.

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Rinne T, van den Brink W, Wouters L, van Dyck R. SSRI treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized, placebo- ... Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder. Alprazolam, carbamazepine, trifluoperazine, and tranylcypromine. Arch Gen ... including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and separation anxiety disorder. The drug works ... but is also used to treat anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder ...
Anthony Bateman; Peter Fonagy (2007). "Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. Workshop on Mentalisation Based ... Mentalization-Based Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Practical Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived ... In a balanced personality, shifts from automatic to controlled smoothly occur when misunderstandings arise in a conversation or ...
Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder Gender dysphoria Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder, dependent ... personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder Substance withdrawal Body dysmorphic ... Major depressive disorder (unipolar) and dysthymia Bipolar disorder and cyclothymia Borderline personality disorder ... Borderline personality disorder Lyubomirsky, S.; Kasri, F.; Zehm, K. (2003). "Dysphoric rumination impairs concentration on ...
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The personality disorders institute/Borderline personality disorder research foundation randomized control trial for borderline ... Borderline Personality Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 505-508. Kernberg's Borderline Conditions and ... narcissistic personality disorder) with narcissistic personality disorder being the most severe of all. Still, narcissism has ... The suicidal risk in severe personality disorders: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Personality Disorders. The ...
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... disorder Bipolar disorder Borderline personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder ... Howard, Richard (2015). "Personality disorders and violence: What is the link?". Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion ... Helle AC, Watts AL, Trull TJ, Sher KJ (2019). "Alcohol Use Disorder and Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders". ... Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD or APD) is a personality disorder characterized by a limited capacity for empathy and a ...
"What is Borderline Personality Disorder?". Borderline Personality Disorder Resource Center at New York-Presbyterian Hospital. ... "What is Borderline personality disorder - Splitting". Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2021-02-02. Mary C. ... Splitting is a relatively common defense mechanism for people with borderline personality disorder. One of the DSM IV-TR ... "Diagnostic criteria for 301.83 Borderline Personality Disorder". DSM IV - TR. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. ...
"Gender patterns in borderline personality disorder". Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 8 (5): 16-20. PMC 3115767. PMID ... Depression in women is more likely to be comorbid with anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, and eating disorders. Men ... Anxiety disorders in women are more likely to be comorbid with other anxiety disorders, bulimia, or depression. Women are two ... Additionally, Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) occurs among women more frequently than men. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) is ...
... is seen or reported in various conditions including borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality ... Paris J (1993). Borderline Personality Disorder: Etiology and Treatment. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-88048-408 ... disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, hypomanic or manic episodes of bipolar disorder, and neurological disorders or brain ... Kernberg OF (27 September 1995). Aggression in Personality Disorders and Perversions. Yale University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0- ...
"Emotional Granularity and Borderline Personality Disorder". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 120 (2): 414-426. doi:10.1037/ ... Journal of Affective Disorders. 114 (1-3): 286-293. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.08.015. PMC 2691748. PMID 18957273. (CS1 maint: ... Journal of Personality. 72 (6): 1161-1190. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x. PMC 1201429. PMID 15509280. Arce, Estibaliz; ... Journal of Research in Personality. 40 (1): 33-55. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.006. Suvak, Michael K.; Brett T. Litz; Denise M. ...
Work Group on Borderline Personality Disorder. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with borderline personality ... Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, ... Bromide also suffered from the way it affected behaviour, introducing the idea of the "epileptic personality" which was ... Joshi, A; Bow, A; Agius, M (2019). "Pharmacological Therapies in Bipolar Disorder: a Review of Current Treatment Options". ...
Agoraphobia Avoidant personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Coronary artery disease Complex post-traumatic stress ... Major depressive disorder Panic disorder[citation needed] Paranoid personality disorder Social anxiety disorder[citation needed ... SzPD is distinguished from other personality disorders in that it is "the personality disorder that lacks a personality." He ... Schizoid Personality Disorder and Substance Use Disorders". Integrated Treatment for Co-Occurring Disorders: Personality ...
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... borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, or paranoid personality disorder. NPD should also be ... Groopman LC, Cooper AM (2006). "Narcissistic Personality Disorder". Personality Disorders - Narcissistic Personality Disorder. ... Specific Personality Disorders Paris J (April 2014). "Modernity and narcissistic personality disorder". Personality Disorders. ... "Personality and Personality Disorders" proposed the elimination of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) as a distinct entry ...
"Borderline Personality Disorder in Disney's Frozen". February 12, 2015. "What Disney's 'Frozen' can teach us about mental ... Fictional characters with borderline personality disorder, Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities, Fictional ... "Elsa was going to go from being this perfect princess that had tried to keep her personality down her whole life to saying, ' ... evolving personality. Matt Goldberg of Collider.com commented that she was "an incredibly sympathetic character", while ...
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Plakun, Eric M. (June 1991). "Prediction of Outcome in Borderline Personality Disorder". Journal of Personality Disorders. 5 (2 ... "Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Validity Study and Comparison to Borderline Personality Disorder". Psychiatric Clinics of ... longitudinal course and outcome of patients with borderline personality disorder and treatment resistant disorders. Plakun has ... longitudinal course and outcome of patients with borderline personality disorder, treatment resistant disorders, and on shared ...
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All About Borderline Personality Disorder. Medically reviewed by Alexander Klein, PsyD. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) ... What Causes Borderline Personality Disorder?. Medically reviewed by Matthew Boland, PhD. Many people who live with BPD have ... If you have borderline personality disorder, you may often feel intense emotions and have trouble controlling your behavior as ... Borderline personality disorder (BPD) can affect every aspect of a persons life because it affects how someone views ...
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How does borderline personality disorder affect management and treatment response of patients with major depressive disorder? A ... Comorbidity between non-suicidal self-injury disorder and borderline personality disorder in adolescents: a graphical network ... Clinical traits of patients with major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder based on propensity ... BACKGROUND: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are two clinical conditions that often co ...
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental health condition in which a person has long-term patterns of unstable or ... Alicia is diagnosed with BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder). She has attempted suicide twice and has been hospitalized seven ... Home » Healthy Living Channel » The Path To A Better Future » Borderline Personality Disorder ...
... features interviews with three experts who discuss various aspects of diagnosing and treating borderline personality disorder. ... Borderline Personality, Clinical, Diagnosis and Treatment, On Good Authority, Personality Disorders Tags: Audio Format, Text ... Youre viewing: Borderline Personality Disorder $30.00 for 2 credits Rated 3.98 out of 5 ... Borderline Personality Disorder. Rated 3.98 out of 5 based on 320 customer ratings ...
Johnny Depps lawyers hired a clinical and forensic psychologist who claims that Heard has a mental disorder that leads to ... Heards evaluation supported two diagnoses: borderline personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder, Curry said. ... Borderline personality disorder is a type of mental disorder that impacts how a person thinks and feels about themselves, Dr. ... along with stigma around borderline personality disorder, it tends to go underdiagnosed, or confused with bipolar disorder. ...
In patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD) medication was the only ... ADHD Meds Linked to Lower Suicide Risk in Borderline Personality Disorder. - On the other hand, benzodiazepines were tied to ... of pharmacotherapies for the risk of attempted or completed suicide among persons with borderline personality disorder" JAMA ...
... features interviews with three experts who discuss various aspects of diagnosing and treating borderline personality disorder. ... Borderline Personality, Clinical, Diagnosis and Treatment, On Good Authority, Personality Disorders Tags: Audio Format, Text ... Youre viewing: Borderline Personality Disorder $30.00 for 2 credits Rated 3.96 out of 5 ... Borderline Personality Disorder. Rated 3.96 out of 5 based on 314 customer ratings ...
Family and twin studies of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have found familial aggregation and genetic propensity for BPD ... Borderline personality disorder: associations with psychiatric disorders, somatic illnesses, trauma, and adverse behaviors * ... Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by emotional dysregulation [1, 2], ... Do borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder co-aggregate in families? A population-based ...
Mothers with borderline personality disorder often have experienced early-life trauma. How can you help? ... Motherhood and the 4 Symptom Domains of Borderline Personality Disorder.. Mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD) ... How does borderline personality disorder affect management and treatment response of patients with major depressive disorder? A ... Mothers With Borderline Personality Disorder Often Experience Trauma. Jul 11, 2022. Elisabeth Netherton, MD Jessica Rohr, PhD ...
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Clinical Guide presents a model of borderline ... Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder A Clinical Guide. Frank E. Yeomans, M.D., Ph.D., John F ... Handbook of Good Psychiatric Management for Adolescents With Borderline Personality Disorder Edited by Lois W. Choi-Kain, M.D ... This book will be useful to those interested in the treatment of borderline personality disorder, and in the application of ...
About Borderline Personality Disorder Collaborative. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a common mental illness which is ... Supporting people with Borderline Personality Disorder Supporting people with Borderline Personality Disorder. *Supporting ... Borderline personality disorder support services in South Australia. Borderline personality disorder support services in South ... Borderline Personality Disorder services. On this page Gold Card SA. Gold Card SA (formerly Assessment and Brief Intervention ...
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental health condition that can make it hard to manage emotions. Get advice on ... What is borderline or emerging borderline personality disorder?. If you have borderline personality disorder (BPD), you may ... Borderline personality disorder (BPD), or emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), can cause you to experience rapid ... Features of borderline or emerging borderline personality disorder might include some or all of the following:. *feeling alone ...
Chronic complex dissociative disorders and borderline personality disorder: disorders of emotion dysregulation? Borderline ... dissociative identity disorder (DID), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) [1, 5]. ... Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder. *Personality Disorders (C Schmahl, Section Editor) ... Complex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2014;1:9. ...
... is a mental health disorder characterized by both relational challenges and emotional regulation. Those with BPD can experience ... What Is Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?. Borderline personality disorder is a chronic mental health disorder that ... 2017). Borderline Personality Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder ... Virtual psychiatry for borderline personality disorder - Get online care from a psychiatrist who specializes in borderline ...
CBT is a very useful coping tool for family and partners (current and former) of individuals with borderline personalty ... offering brief surveys and a range of characters that illustrate certain personality types. The user can then look at mantras ... Its efficacy in treating depressive disorders in adults and adolescents is well established (Depression Guideline Panel, 1993; ... disorder.. Cognitive therapy is based on an underlying theoretical rationale that an individuals affect and behavior are ...
The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: results from the borderline personality ... Borderline Personality Disorder is a spectrum disorder, meaning there is a broad spectrum of severity and patients with less ... especially given the inclinations of someone with this disorder. The fact that Borderline Personality Disorder is highly ... Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment Gap. As promising as these developments are - and they are promising - there are some ...
Applications of Good Psychiatric Management for Borderline Personality Disorder Edited by Lois W. Choi-Kain, M.D., M.Ed., and ... Handbook of Good Psychiatric Management for Adolescents With Borderline Personality Disorder Edited by Lois W. Choi-Kain, M.D ... of those in inpatient units-meet the diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD). Despite its high prevalence ... Textbook of Antisocial Personality Disorder Edited by Donald W. Black, M.D., and Nathan J. Kolla, M.D., Ph.D., FRCPC 2022 * ...
I had to go home and look up on my own what "borderline personality disorder" was), one persons story has no relevance.. Your ... Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a diagnostic category characterized by fluctuations in mood, self-image, behavior, and ... The psychiatrist told me, "you have borderline personality disorder thats why the ECT didnt work." That was the end of the ... If a person is fine with being stamped with "Borderline Personality Disorder" or whatever else, more power to them. Dont ...
Working with Borderline Personality Disorder Audio. $30.00. Clients with borderline personality disorder are notoriously hard ... Working with Borderline Personality Disorder Audio quantity. Add to cart. Category: Audio Tag: Working with Borderline ... Clients with borderline personality disorder are notoriously hard to work with. They act dependent, push boundaries and project ... Additionally, it will offer an overview of the Disorders of the Self triad, which offers insight into abandonment depression ...
Faculty of this CE activity may include discussions of products or devices that are not currently labeled for use by the FDA. The faculty have been informed of their responsibility to disclose to the audience if they will be discussing off-label or investigational uses (any uses not approved by the FDA) of products or devices. CME Outfitters, LLC and the faculty do not endorse the use of any product outside of the FDA labeled indications. Medical professionals should not utilize the procedures, products, or diagnosis techniques discussed during this activity without evaluation of their patient for contraindications or dangers of use.. Questions about this activity? Call us at 877.CME.PROS (877.263.7767).. ...
... where comorbid personality disorders (PD) are common. In contrast to other PD, comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) ... BPD symptoms were assessed using the Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Index (BPDSI-IV) and the Borderline Symptom List ... Borderline Personality Features in Patients With Persistent Depressive Disorder and Their Effect on CBASP Outcome. In: ... was developed for the treatment of persistent depressive disorder (PDD), ...
Recommended reading for clients struggling with Borderline Personality Disorder. Return to the Bookstore Directory. ... Bookstore - Borderline Personality Disorder. Recommended reading for clients struggling with Borderline Personality Disorder. ... Bookstore - Borderline Personality Disorder. Recommended reading for clients struggling with Borderline Personality Disorder. ...
Clonidine in Acute Aversive Inner Tension and Self-Injurious Behavior in Female Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder. ... and urge to commit self-injurious behavior in female patients with borderline personality disorder. Further placebo-controlled ... States of strong aversive inner tension and dissociative symptoms are clinical hallmarks of borderline personality disorder and ... commit self-injurious behavior was examined in 14 female patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder. ...
  • With formal psychiatric assessment and appropriate treatment, symptoms improve sufficiently so that at least 50% of people no longer meet the criteria for borderline personality disorder 5-10 years after diagnosis. (nice.org.uk)
  • Charles Swenson, MD, provides an overview of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), a comprehensive, cognitive-behavioral treatment for individuals meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder. (athealth.com)
  • Somewhere between 11% and 22% of adolescents seeking mental health care in outpatient clinics-and between 33% and 49% of those in inpatient units-meet the diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD). (appi.org)
  • The acute effect of 75 and 150 mg of clonidine administered orally in acute states of strong aversive inner tension and urge to commit self-injurious behavior was examined in 14 female patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Eligible patients were those aged 13-17 years who were admitted to the psychiatric facility, who had at least one emergency visit or admission during the 6 months before admission, and had prominent features of instability and self-harm, corresponding to at least three of the nine criteria for borderline personality disorder as per the DSM-5 as assessed by a paediatric psychiatrist during the admission. (lu.se)
  • BPD is classified in the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) under the dramatic cluster of personality disorders, along with antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • As many as one half of all patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) may also meet the criteria for histrionic, antisocial, or schizotypal personality disorders. (medscape.com)
  • This person may have antisocial personality disorder as a co-occurring diagnosis. (healthyplace.com)
  • This quality standard covers treatment and management of borderline and antisocial personality disorders. (nice.org.uk)
  • NICE's quality standard on antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders in children and young people covers antisocial behaviour and conduct disorder in children and young people under 18 years. (nice.org.uk)
  • NICE was asked by NHS England to develop a quality standard on 2 specific personality disorders, that is, borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. (nice.org.uk)
  • Borderline and antisocial personality disorders are 2 distinctive conditions that affect people differently and have different care pathways. (nice.org.uk)
  • Antisocial personality disorder can only be diagnosed in adults, whereas borderline personality disorder can also be diagnosed in young people post puberty. (nice.org.uk)
  • Traits of antisocial personality disorder include impulsivity, high negative emotionality, low conscientiousness and associated behaviours, including irresponsible and exploitative behaviour, recklessness and deceitfulness. (nice.org.uk)
  • As a result of antisocial personality disorder, people may experience unstable interpersonal relationships and may disregard the consequences of their behaviour and the feelings of others. (nice.org.uk)
  • Antisocial personality disorder is often comorbid with depression, anxiety, and alcohol and drug misuse. (nice.org.uk)
  • The prevalence of antisocial personality disorder in the general population is 3% in men and 1% in women. (nice.org.uk)
  • The course of antisocial personality disorder is variable and although recovery is achievable over time, some people continue to experience social and interpersonal difficulties. (nice.org.uk)
  • Most people with antisocial personality disorder receive the majority of their care outside the health service. (nice.org.uk)
  • Although borderline and antisocial personality disorders are both associated with significant morbidity and increased mortality, the care people receive is often fragmented. (nice.org.uk)
  • Borderline and antisocial personality disorders are frequently misdiagnosed because of comorbid conditions, and people are often prescribed medication or therapies that are unsuitable for them. (nice.org.uk)
  • BPD is one among several personality disorders (e.g., narcissistic personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder). (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • Men with BPD are more likely to have co-occurring SUDs and antisocial personality disorder, and they are more likely to experience episodes of intense or explosive anger. (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a dysfunctional thought process focused on socially exploitative behavior and typically characterized by a patient's lack of remorse for the behaviors. (medscape.com)
  • Rapid Review Quiz: Antisocial Personality Disorder - Medscape - Sep 25, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • The results of Ms. Heard's evaluation supported two diagnoses: borderline personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder,' Curry said. (yahoo.com)
  • It is one of the four personality disorders that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) places into cluster B, which also includes borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Naltrexone in the treatment of dissociative symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder: an open-label trial. (medscape.com)
  • Schroeder K, Fisher HL, Schäfer I. Psychotic symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder: prevalence and clinical management. (medscape.com)
  • Borderline personality disorder is often comorbid with depression, anxiety, eating disorders, post‑traumatic stress disorder, alcohol and drug misuse, and bipolar disorder (the symptoms of which can often be confused with borderline personality disorder). (nice.org.uk)
  • Most people with borderline personality disorder show symptoms in late adolescence or early adult life, although some may not come to the attention of mental health services until much later. (nice.org.uk)
  • From the chapter on clinical assessment, the clinician learns how to select the type of treatment on the basis of the level of personality organization, the symptoms the patient experiences, and the areas of compromised functioning. (appi.org)
  • What to expect in the course of long-term treatment to ameliorate symptoms and to effect personality change is covered, with sections on the early, middle, and late phases of treatment. (appi.org)
  • BPD symptoms were assessed using the Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Index (BPDSI-IV) and the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23). (uni-muenchen.de)
  • States of strong aversive inner tension and dissociative symptoms are clinical hallmarks of borderline personality disorder and major reasons for self-injurious behavior, a severe clinical condition for which there are no established pharmacologic treatment options. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Orally given clonidine may be effective for treatment of acute states of aversive inner tension, dissociative symptoms, and urge to commit self-injurious behavior in female patients with borderline personality disorder. (psychiatrist.com)
  • It is also important to note that some of the symptoms of BPD overlap with those of several other DSM-5 diagnoses, such as bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • It is a tool for diagnosis and treatment, but it is also a tool for communication, providing a common language for clinicians and researchers to discuss symptoms and disorders. (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • One reason is that borderline personality is a complex syndrome with symptoms that resemble other primary psychiatric disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and psychosis. (psychdb.com)
  • Distinguishing among symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder in a community sample of women by Cyr et al. (cectresourcelibrary.info)
  • It can blend in with depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. (vice.com)
  • Because of the gaps in knowledge, though, along with stigma around borderline personality disorder, it tends to go underdiagnosed, or confused with bipolar disorder. (yahoo.com)
  • So bipolar disorder is a disease, it's a brain disease. (yahoo.com)
  • While less well known than schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness), BPD is more common, affecting 2 percent of adults, mostly young women. (amandalapera.com)
  • While a person with depression or bipolar disorder typically endures the same mood for weeks, a person with BPD may experience intense bouts of anger, depression, and anxiety that may last only hours, or at most a day. (amandalapera.com)
  • A 2002 study found fluvoxamine (an SSRI) significantly improved rapid mood shifts in female borderline patients, while more recent meta-analysis found the use of medications still unsupported by evidence. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is an ongoing debate about the naming of the disorder, especially the suitability of the word borderline-the term originally referred to borderline insanity, and later to patients on the border between neurosis and psychosis, an interpretation of the disorder now considered outdated and clinically inaccurate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies have shown that borderline patients experience chronic and significant emotional suffering and mental agony. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, personality psychopathology, most notably BPD, should be assessed in patients with major depressive disorder and should be considered as part of prognosis and treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for chronically parasuicidal borderline patients [published erratum appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994 May;51(5):422]. (medscape.com)
  • Interpersonal outcome of cognitive behavioral treatment for chronically suicidal borderline patients. (medscape.com)
  • In-patient treatment concept for acute crises of borderline patients on the basis of dialectical-behavioral therapy]. (medscape.com)
  • Her work with character-disordered patients is informed by postgraduate studies in self-psychology and supervision of and in the Masterson approach. (athealth.com)
  • While at the New York Hospital Cornell Medical Center in White Plains, New York, he directed a psychoanalytically oriented inpatient program for borderline patients. (athealth.com)
  • He publishes and lectures extensively on treatment approaches for borderline patients and consults widely to systems and providers in implementing and applying DBT. (athealth.com)
  • Borderline patients can appear to have similar mood swings, but 'personality disorders are not things that come and go if you have it,' Cohen says. (yahoo.com)
  • Patients with borderline personality do cry wolf a lot. (yahoo.com)
  • How does borderline personality disorder affect management and treatment response of patients with major depressive disorder? (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Grounded in the latest research and rich with clinical insight, Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Clinical Guide will prove indispensable to mental health professionals seeking to provide thoughtful, effective care to these patients. (appi.org)
  • A widespread belief that continues to exist among mental health professionals is that treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder does very little for patients with the disorder. (bpdfamily.com)
  • 3.Linehan MM, Armstrong H, Suarez A, Allmon D, Heard HL: Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. (bpdfamily.com)
  • Ascribing problems to personality suggest that patients were always defective or wrong and always will be , often perpetuating survivors' deepest fears about themselves. (madinamerica.com)
  • Patients with borderline personality disorder experience great difficulties in regulating their emotions. (jmir.org)
  • Since then, the borderline category has become so widely used that it is now assigned to 20% of psychiatric patients and is estimated to affect 3 to 5% of the general population, based on a study carried out by Frances & Widiger in 1986. (thescandoreview.com)
  • According to Widiger & Weissman, this accounts for approximately 15% of the population in psychiatric settings and about 50% of patients with personality disorders. (thescandoreview.com)
  • However, making a borderline diagnosis does more justice to patients than avoiding it, because it guides clinicians and patients towards the most effective treatments. (psychdb.com)
  • ABSTRACT There is substantive evidence of significant psychiatric morbidity among primary care patients, mainly in the form of anxiety and depressive disorders. (who.int)
  • In patients with personality disorder, abnormalities may be seen in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. (medscape.com)
  • FINDINGS: Of the 928 patients admitted to the psychiatric facility between April 1, 2018, and April 30, 2021, 60 were excluded, and a further 801 did not meet the inclusion criteria for age, previous emergency visits, or having at least three of the nine criteria of borderline personality disorder. (lu.se)
  • Borderline personality disorder is a type of mental disorder that impacts how a person thinks and feels about themselves, Dr. Ziv Cohen, the founder and medical director of Principium Psychiatry and a board-certified forensic and clinical psychiatrist, who has not treated Heard, tells PEOPLE. (yahoo.com)
  • Lois W. ChoiKain, M.D., M.Ed., is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and Director of the Gunderson Personality Disorders Institute, McLean Hospital. (appi.org)
  • Paranoid personality disorder is a neglected topic in clinical psychiatry, and is often the subject of diagnostic confusion and therapeutic pessimism. (cambridge.org)
  • To find out more about the best methods for diagnosing and treating this disorder, Medscape spoke with Jon E. Grant , JD, MD, MPH, of the department of psychiatry and behavioral neuroscience at the University of Chicago, and a leading trichotillomania researcher. (medscape.com)
  • The borderline stigma overshadows the real human beings that live with BPD and obscures their genuine suffering. (healthyplace.com)
  • Our guest on this week's HealthyPlace Mental Health Radio Show , Becky discusses the borderline stigma, how she copes with it, and the success she's found in Borderline Personality Disorder treatment. (healthyplace.com)
  • Listen to Borderline Personality Disorder: Beyond The Stigma. (healthyplace.com)
  • The diagnosis of "borderline personality disorder" unfortunately carries with it much stigma. (anythingtostopthepain.com)
  • The role of guilt and shame in psychosocial functioning in a sample of women with borderline personality disorder - Cameron AY, Benz M, Reed KP. (medworm.com)
  • Dangerous or impulsive behavior is also correlated with the disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a diagnostic category characterized by fluctuations in mood, self-image, behavior, and relationships. (madinamerica.com)
  • Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental health disorder that affects a person's ability to regulate their emotions and behavior, causing difficulty in forming and maintaining stable relationships. (edu.au)
  • Lack of awareness that behavior patterns and personality characteristics are problematic or that they differ from those of other individuals. (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • Behavior patterns that are not better accounted for by the effects of substance abuse, medication, or some other mental disorder or medical condition (e.g., head injury). (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • And the concluding articles of the series will focus on the troublesome features that typically accompany Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), the unique problems people can experience in relationships with borderline personalities, and the promising new therapies (especially a highly specialized form of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy called Dialectical Behavior Therapy) that can help a borderline individual overcome his or her handicaps and solidify a more stable sense of self. (drgeorgesimon.com)
  • Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious diagnosable mental illness that is exhibited by unstable behavior, moods and relationships. (whitesandstreatment.com)
  • Dissociation as a transdiagnostic indicator of self‐injurious behavior and suicide attempts: A focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder by Sommer et al. (cectresourcelibrary.info)
  • Dissociation as a transdiagnostic indicator of self‐injurious behavior and suicide attempts: A focus on posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline. (cectresourcelibrary.info)
  • Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness characterized by pervasive instability in moods, interpersonal relationships, self-image, and behavior. (amandalapera.com)
  • A personality disorder, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that differs markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment. (medscape.com)
  • Substance use disorders, depression, and eating disorders are commonly associated with BPD. (wikipedia.org)
  • BPD is associated with significant morbidity due to common comorbid conditions, including dysthymia, major depression , psychoactive substance abuse, and psychotic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Unless there is an acute crisis, such a a suicide attempt, Borderline Personality Disorder is often only diagnosed after treatment of the secondary or comorbid afflictions (e.g., depression), or more easily treatable afflictions (e.g., bipolor disorder) fail. (bpdfamily.com)
  • Additionally, it will offer an overview of the Disorders of the Self triad, which offers insight into abandonment depression and the acting out behaviors typical of people with BPD. (seinstitute.com)
  • We also offer support for co-occurring mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. (truelifewellbeing.com)
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: Evidence-based and disorder-specific treatment techniques. (lu.se)
  • Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: Science and practice. (lu.se)
  • Some 8 to 10% of people affected by the disorder may die by suicide. (wikipedia.org)
  • The disorder appears to become less common among older people. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many people with this disorder get better over time with treatment and can learn to live satisfying lives. (mayoclinic.org)
  • For borderline personality disorder, this quality standard applies to adults aged 18 and over and young people post puberty. (nice.org.uk)
  • For borderline personality disorder, statements within this quality standard apply to young people post puberty as well as adults recognising that young people would be supported by age‑appropriate services (child and adolescent mental health services). (nice.org.uk)
  • The condition is one that doctors have been aware of since the sixties and seventies, Cohen says, but it's only in the last 20 or so years that there's 'been a huge increase in awareness,' with more mental health providers learning about and diagnosing people with the disorder. (yahoo.com)
  • What is important to note about people with borderline personality disorder, Cohen says, particularly in light of Curry's claims about Heard, is that just because someone has the condition it does not discount their beliefs and thoughts. (yahoo.com)
  • A colleague here at Health, Counselling and Disability Services alerted me (and others) to a range of programs in the community for people living with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). (edu.au)
  • People with borderline personality disorder can suffer from tumultuous social worlds in which other people seem unreliable or even threatening, and relational ruptures can be difficult to repair. (bbrfoundation.org)
  • People who develop borderline personalities also tend to have experienced considerable and often unrelenting trauma during their formative years. (drgeorgesimon.com)
  • 3 Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is comparatively much less studied, although 6% of people attending primary care may have BPD. (racgp.org.au)
  • We are people, not a disorder and are defined by more than our diagnosis. (thebodyisnotanapology.com)
  • The evidence relating to paranoid personality disorder and risk of violence is summarised and clinically useful guidance for the safe treatment of people with the disorder is outlined. (cambridge.org)
  • The focus of this article is paranoid personality disorder, a condition in which mistrust of other people is the cardinal feature. (cambridge.org)
  • People with borderline personality disorder often feel abandoned and neglected and may react angrily or impulsively when they feel ignored. (bpdaid.com)
  • Originally thought to be at the "borderline" of psychosis, people with BPD suffer from a disorder of emotion regulation. (amandalapera.com)
  • Your personality is your unique way of thinking, understanding, reacting, and relating to people. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many people might seem to have an unusual personality. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although most self-destructive things they do aren't fatal, almost 1 in 10 people with borderline personality die from suicide. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Even though they're needy, people with borderline personality disorder typically have unstable relationships. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Subjective and objective sleep in young people with borderline personality disorder features. (bvsalud.org)
  • Characterising sleep in young people ( aged 15-25 years) with borderline personality disorder (BPD) features is crucial given the association between BPD features and sleep disturbance, negative consequences of poor sleep , and normative developmental sleep changes that occur in this age group . (bvsalud.org)
  • Trichotillomania is a chronic psychiatric disorder that causes people to repeatedly pull out their own hair. (medscape.com)
  • Many have thought that this was a critical, acrimonious debate, but I see it as a dynamic process in which a group of selected experts is working to develop a nosologic system that will guide clinicians to identify and treat people with mental disorders, and is receiving input on the process from observers and interested members of the field and also from the advocacy and consumer communities. (medscape.com)
  • Acceptance and commitment therapy for people facing multiple disadvantage and borderline personality disorder: Adapting a talking therapy manual. (lu.se)
  • Treatment depends on the cause of the problem, but in any case, talking to someone and asking · personality disorder: people with borderline for help is the first step. (who.int)
  • Individuals with BPD often have comorbid conditions, such as depressive and bipolar disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Personality disorders predict relapse after remission from an episode of major depressive disorder: a six-year prospective study. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Introduction: The Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) was developed for the treatment of persistent depressive disorder (PDD), where comorbid personality disorders (PD) are common. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Premature death from suicide can occur, especially in those with co-occurring depressive disorders or substance use disorders. (psychdb.com)
  • Depressive and bipolar disorders, eating disorders (in particular bulimia nervosa ), posttraumatic stress disorder , attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder , and substance use disorders are common. (psychdb.com)
  • The term "borderline" originated with the concept that this disorder was on the border between neurosis and psychosis, essentially "bordering" on schizophrenia. (psychdb.com)
  • C omplex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD) has long been hailed as a beacon of hope in the maze of psychiatric diagnoses, even among those of us who have felt harmed by such labels. (madinamerica.com)
  • We are still using these operational criteria, which elevate the importance of consistency and reliability of diagnoses but do not necessarily advance our understanding of the causes of the disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, she argued that the existing trauma category of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) only addressed reactions to isolated, one-off traumatic events, like flashbacks. (madinamerica.com)
  • Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of intense and unstable interpersonal relationships, distorted sense of self, and strong emotional reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Borderline personality disorder (BPD), or emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), can cause you to experience rapid changes in emotion. (youngminds.org.uk)
  • DBT may reduce the risk of suicide in the disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic feelings of emptiness, impulsivity, self-mutilation, short-lived psychotic episodes, and manipulative suicide attempts help distinguish BPD from other personality disorders. (medscape.com)
  • It is intended to introduce such professionals to borderline personality disorder (BPD)-a condition with very high rates of suicide and self-harm that often co-occurs with substance use disorders (SUDs). (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • Any mental health disorder that may have led to the suicide attempt should be evaluated and treated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Essential features of personality disorders using this model include: impairment in self-concept and interpersonal relationships, inflexible traits causing impairment in personal and social situations, and pathological personality traits. (medscape.com)
  • Features of personality disorders in general can be considered as extreme, maladaptive variants of normal traits ( Reference Widiger, Frances, Costa and Widiger Widiger 2002 ). (cambridge.org)
  • It's when your personality traits cause significant problems in your life or keep you from relating normally to others. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A genetic contribution to paranoid traits and a possible genetic link between this personality disorder and schizophrenia exist. (medscape.com)
  • Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Clinical Guide presents a model of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and its treatment that is based on contemporary psychoanalytic object relations theory as developed by the leading thinker in the field, Otto Kernberg, M.D., who is also one of the authors of this insightful manual. (appi.org)
  • Nobody wants to touch that," says More Than Borderline blog author Becky Oberg about the difficulty of finding treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder . (healthyplace.com)
  • In contrast to other PD, comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often regarded as an exclusion criterion for CBASP. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Future studies may extend the spectrum of PDD to comorbid subsyndromal or even syndromal BPD in order to develop tailored psychotherapeutic treatment for these complex affective disorders. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • With borderline personality disorder, you have an intense fear of abandonment or instability, and you may have difficulty tolerating being alone. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: Replacing confusion with prudent pragmatism. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Pharmacotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Cochrane systematic review of randomised trials. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Borderline personality disorder is a chronic mental health disorder that primarily affects how individuals act in relationships. (choosingtherapy.com)
  • CBT is a very useful coping tool for family and partners (current and former) of individuals with borderline personalty disorder. (bpdfamily.com)
  • As a healthcare professional or family member, motivating individuals to embrace the diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder and stay committed for months to a treatment program is also a challenge - especially given the inclinations of someone with this disorder. (bpdfamily.com)
  • Future borderline individuals come to view their worlds early on as full of ambiguity, uncertainty, and dangerous. (drgeorgesimon.com)
  • During their development, future borderline individuals truly simply don't know whom or when to trust or which way to turn. (drgeorgesimon.com)
  • Borderline individuals often go through life with one foot in and one foot out of the enterprise of life. (drgeorgesimon.com)
  • Individuals with borderline personality disorder may be misdiagnosed as having one of these disorders, and have failed many medications over years, and not offered any evidence-based treatments for borderline personality such as dialectical behaviour therapy . (psychdb.com)
  • At True Life Center, we're committed to providing high-quality, evidence-based care for individuals struggling with borderline personality disorder. (truelifewellbeing.com)
  • Individuals may have more than 1 personality disorder. (medscape.com)
  • 3,4,5 However, BPD may not be the chronic disorder it was once thought to be. (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • experiencing chronic pain, physical disorders and disabilities. (who.int)
  • https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The borderline personality disorder (BPD) consists of a pattern of unstable operation in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affections and impulsivity, which causes suffering to the individual and their sexuality. (bvsalud.org)
  • Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a personality disorder characterized by emotional dysregulation, a pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships and high impulsivity/recklessness. (psychdb.com)
  • While the precise neurobiological underpinnings of dissociation remain elusive, neuroimaging studies in disorders, characterized by high dissociation (e.g., depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD), dissociative identity disorder (DID), dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (D-PTSD)), have provided valuable insight into brain alterations possibly underlying dissociation. (springer.com)
  • Pathological dissociation is a trans-diagnostic phenomenon, highly prevalent in dissociative disorders and in trauma-related disorders, including depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD), dissociative identity disorder (DID), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) [ 1 , 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • With respect to PTSD, the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) includes a dissociative subtype (dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder, D-PTSD), characterized by predominately dissociative responses to traumatic reminders and other stressors in the form of depersonalization and/or derealization [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • The so called "treatment gap" is a function of the disinclination of the afflicted to submit for treatment, an under diagnosing of the disorder by healthcare providers, and the limited availability and access to state-of-the-art treatments. (bpdfamily.com)
  • Hanson G, Bemporad JR, Smith HF, Chicchetti D. The day and residential treatment of the borderline child. (medscape.com)
  • Skodol A. Treatment of borderline personality disorder. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The book first provides clinicians with a model of borderline pathology that is essential for expert assessment and treatment planning and then addresses the empirical underpinnings and specific therapeutic strategies of transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP). (appi.org)
  • To learn about our borderline disorder treatment, contact us at 866.420.1792 . (truelifewellbeing.com)
  • Clincal handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. (lu.se)
  • The condition, and other personality disorders, can be misdiagnosed as mood disorders, substance use disorders, or other disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • As with any thorough workup of a patient with a mood disorder, fasting glucose and thyroid function studies are usually indicated. (medscape.com)
  • Borderline personality disorder is characterised by significant instability of interpersonal relationships, self‑image and mood, and impulsive behaviour. (nice.org.uk)
  • Constitutional factors that appear to inhibit solid personality formation are an intensity and lability of mood that makes it particularly challenging for the individual to regulate his or her emotions, and a tendency to think and process information in dualistic or "dialectical" terms (See also, Character Disturbance , pp. 129-132). (drgeorgesimon.com)
  • Our mood disorder center in San Diego, California , offers various services to help. (truelifewellbeing.com)
  • Our mood disorder center also provides family therapy to help those affected by BPD reconnect with their loved ones and create healthier relationships. (truelifewellbeing.com)
  • Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex mental health condition marked by intense emotional instability, self-image issues, and impulsive behaviors. (truelifewellbeing.com)
  • Therefore, a diagnosis of BPD should be made only by a licensed and experienced mental health professional (whose scope of practice includes diagnosing mental disorders) and then only after a thorough assessment over time. (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • Whereas borderline personality is a much more complex condition that has a strong psychological component. (yahoo.com)
  • Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychological disorder that influences all domains of life. (jmir.org)
  • This article presents a summary of the key diagnostic issues relating to paranoid personality disorder and describes various psychological and social processes mooted to be central to the genesis of paranoid thinking and behaviours. (cambridge.org)
  • The DSM-IV-TR criteria for paranoid personality disorder ( American Psychiatric Association 2000 ) have been criticised for underrepresenting the typical affective and interpersonal features of the disorder, features that give a richer sense of the typical presentation ( Reference Bernstein, Useda, O'Donohue, Fowler and Lilienfield Bernstein 2007 ) ( Box 1 ). (cambridge.org)
  • A normal response to unusual circumstances should always be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of a patient with cross-sectional features suggestive of paranoid personality disorder. (cambridge.org)
  • There's a dynamic interaction between the borderline individual's innate predispositions and the traumatic early history they have typically e xperienced. (drgeorgesimon.com)
  • This disorder is genetically linked with schizophrenia. (medscape.com)
  • Support for the heritability of this disorder exists. (medscape.com)
  • Comorbidity and physical presentation in most instances contribute significantly to failure to detect psychiatric disorders. (who.int)
  • Frequently, a history of psychiatric disorders is present. (medscape.com)
  • De la Fuente JM, Tugendhaft P, Mavroudakis N. Electroencephalographic abnormalities in borderline personality disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Although the most common etiologies for personality disorders are multifactorial, these conditions may also be secondary to biologic, developmental, or genetic abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • [ 21 ] The primary behaviors that differentiated these children from the control group were aggression and rage, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), excessive use of fantasy, impulsivity, and poor relationships. (medscape.com)
  • Many borderline personalities report histories of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. (drgeorgesimon.com)
  • The DSM-5 classifies mental disorders and includes specific diagnostic criteria for all currently recognized mental disorders. (drugprevent.org.uk)
  • https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Borderline-Personality-Disorder/Overview. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Comorbidity between non-suicidal self-injury disorder and borderline personality disorder in adolescents: a graphical network approach - Buelens T, Costantini G, Luyckx K, Claes L. (medworm.com)
  • It is precisely these essential guidelines that clinicians will find in the Handbook of Good Psychiatric Management for Adolescents With Borderline Personality Disorde r. (appi.org)