A plant species of the family BRASSICACEAE best known for the edible roots.
A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).
A plant species cultivated for the seed used as animal feed and as a source of canola cooking oil.
A major class of water-soluble seed storage proteins. Many proteins from this class are major PLANT ALLERGENS.
The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.
Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans.
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
Diminished or failed response of PLANTS to HERBICIDES.
The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.
The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.
A mitosporic fungal genus commonly isolated from soil. Some species are the cause of wilt diseases in many different plants.
cis-13-Docosenoic Acids. 22-Carbon monounsaturated, monocarboxylic acids.
A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE known for its peppery red root.
The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.
A 3-oxoacyl reductase that has specificity for ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN-derived FATTY ACIDS.
The failure of PLANTS to complete fertilization and obtain seed (SEEDS) as a result of defective POLLEN or ovules, or other aberrations. (Dict. of Plant Genet. and Mol. Biol., 1998)
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.
The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
Substances released by PLANTS such as PLANT GUMS and PLANT RESINS.
The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented once. Symbol: N.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
One or more types of plant seed proteins providing the large amounts of AMINO ACIDS utilized in GERMINATION and SEEDLING growth. As seeds are the major food source from AGRICULTURAL CROPS, seed storage proteins are a major source of DIETARY PROTEINS.
A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The reproductive organs of plants.
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)
A plant family of the order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are mostly herbaceous plants with peppery-flavored leaves, due to gluconapin (GLUCOSINOLATES) and its hydrolysis product butenylisotrhiocyanate. The family includes many plants of economic importance that have been extensively altered and domesticated by humans. Flowers have 4 petals. Podlike fruits contain a number of seeds. Cress is a general term used for many in the Brassicacea family. Rockcress is usually ARABIS; Bittercress is usually CARDAMINE; Yellowcress is usually RORIPPA; Pennycress is usually THLASPI; Watercress refers to NASTURTIUM; or RORIPPA or TROPAEOLUM; Gardencress refers to LEPIDIUM; Indiancress refers to TROPAEOLUM.
New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.
An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.2.
Diseases of plants.
Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
The detection of RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS by selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic DNA followed by electrophoretic analysis of the amplified restriction fragments.
Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.
The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
A key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle. It catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.1.
A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
A group of EUKARYOTES that are parasites of plants. Life cycle stages include zoospores and plasmodia.
The parts of plants, including SEEDS.

Functional expression of Cf9 and Avr9 genes in Brassica napus induces enhanced resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans. (1/396)

The tomato Cf9 resistance gene induces an Avr9-dependent hypersensitive response (HR) in tomato and transgenic Solanaceae spp. We studied whether the Cf9 gene product responded functionally to the corresponding Avr9 gene product when introduced in a heterologous plant species. We successfully expressed the Cf9 gene under control of its own promoter and the Avr9 or Avr9R8K genes under control of the p35S1 promoter in transgenic oilseed rape. We demonstrated that the transgenic oilseed rape plants produced the Avr9 elicitor with the same specific necrosis-inducing activity as reported for Cladosporium fulvum. An Avr9-dependent HR was induced in Cf9 oilseed rape upon injection of intercellular fluid containing Avr9. We showed Avr9-specific induction of PR1, PR2, and Cxc750 defense genes in oilseed rape expressing CJ9. Cf9 x Avr9 oilseed rape did not result in seedling death of the F1 progeny, independent of the promoters used to express the genes. The F1 (Cf9 x Avr9) plants, however, were quantitatively more resistant to Leptosphaeria maculans. Phytopathological analyses revealed that disease development of L. maculans was delayed when the pathogen was applied on an Avr9-mediated HR site. We demonstrate that the CJ9 and Avr9 gene can be functionally expressed in a heterologous plant species and that the two components confer an increase in disease resistance.  (+info)

Characterization of a functional soluble form of a Brassica napus membrane-anchored endo-1,4-beta-glucanase heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. (2/396)

The Brassica napus gene, Cel16, encodes a membrane-anchored endo-1,4-beta-glucanase with a deduced molecular mass of 69 kD. As for other membrane-anchored endo-1,4-beta-glucanases, Cel16 consists of a predicted intracellular, charged N terminus (methionine(1)-lysine(70)), a hydrophobic transmembrane domain (isoleucine(71)-valine(93)), and a periplasmic catalytic core (lysine(94)-proline(621)). Here, we report the functional analysis of Delta(1-90)Cel16, the N terminally truncated Cel16, missing residues 1 through 90 and comprising the catalytic domain of Cel16 expressed recombinantly in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris as a soluble protein. A two-step purification protocol yielded Delta(1-90)Cel16 in a pure form. The molecular mass of Delta(1-90)Cel16, when determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was about 130 kD and about 60 kD after enzymatic removal of N-glycans, fitting the expected molecular mass of 59 kD. Delta(1-90)Cel16 was highly N glycosylated as compared with the native B. napus Cel16 protein. Delta(1-90)Cel16 had a pH optimum of 6.0. The activity of Delta(1-90)Cel16 was inhibited by EDTA and exhibited a strong dependence on calcium. Delta(1-90)Cel16 showed substrate specificity for low substituted carboxymethyl-cellulose and amorphous cellulose. It did not hydrolyze crystalline cellulose, xyloglycan, xylan, (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-D-glucan, the highly substituted hydroxyethylcellulose, or the oligosaccharides cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, or xylopentaose. Size exclusion analysis of Delta(1-90)Cel16-hydrolyzed carboxymethylcellulose showed that Delta(1-90)Cel16 is a true endo-acting glucanase.  (+info)

Multidrug resistance-like genes of Arabidopsis required for auxin transport and auxin-mediated development. (3/396)

Arabidopsis possesses several genes related to the multidrug resistance (MDR) genes of animals, one of which, AtMDR1, was shown to be induced by the hormone auxin. Plants having mutations in AtMDR1 or its closest relative, AtPGP1, were isolated by a reverse genetic strategy. Auxin transport activity was greatly impaired in atmdr1 and atmdr1 atpgp1 double mutant plants. Epinastic cotyledons and reduced apical dominance were mutant phenotypes consistent with the disrupted basipetal flow of auxin. The auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid was shown to bind tightly and specifically to AtMDR1 and AtPGP1 proteins. The results indicate that these two MDR-like genes of Arabidopsis encode 1-naphthylphthalamic acid binding proteins that are required for normal auxin distribution and auxin-mediated development.  (+info)

Different myrosinase and idioblast distribution in Arabidopsis and Brassica napus. (4/396)

Myrosinase (EC 3.2.3.1) is a glucosinolate-degrading enzyme mainly found in special idioblasts, myrosin cells, in Brassicaceae. This two-component system of secondary products and degradative enzymes is important in plant-insect interactions. Immunocytochemical analysis of Arabidopsis localized myrosinase exclusively to myrosin cells in the phloem parenchyma, whereas no myrosin cells were detected in the ground tissue. In Brassica napus, myrosinase could be detected in myrosin cells both in the phloem parenchyma and in the ground tissue. The myrosin cells were similar in Arabidopsis and B. napus and were found to be different from the companion cells and the glucosinolate-containing S-cells present in Arabidopsis. Confocal laser scanning immunomicroscopy analysis of myrosin cells in B. napus embryos showed that the myrosin grains constitute a continuous reticular system in the cell. These findings indicate that in the two species studied, initial cells creating the ground tissue have different potential for making idioblasts and suggest that the myrosinase-glucosinolate system has at least partly different functions. Several myrosinases in B. napus extracts are recovered in complex together with myrosinase-binding protein (MBP), and the localization of MBP was therefore studied in situ. The expression of MBP was highest in germinating seedlings of B. napus and was found in every cell except the myrosin cells of the ground tissue. Rapid disappearance of the MBP from the non-myrosin cells and emergence of MBP in the myrosin cells resulted in an apparent colocalization of MBP and myrosinase in 7-d-old seedlings.  (+info)

Comparison of turnip crinkle virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase preparations expressed in Escherichia coli or derived from infected plants. (5/396)

Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) is a small, plus-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of plants. A virus-coded protein, p88, which is required for replication has been expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. In vitro assays revealed that the recombinant p88 has an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity and can also bind to RNA. Deletion of the N-terminal region in p88 resulted in a more active RdRp, while further deletions abolished RdRp activity. Comparison of the E. coli-expressed p88, the N-terminal deletion mutant of p88, and a TCV RdRp preparation obtained from infected plants revealed that these preparations show remarkable similarities in RNA template recognition and usage. Both the recombinant and the plant TCV RdRp preparations are capable of de novo initiation on both plus- and minus-strand satC and satD templates, which are small parasitic RNAs associated with TCV infections. In addition, these RdRp preparations can efficiently recognize the related Tomato bushy stunt virus promoter sequences, including the minus- and plus-strand initiation promoters. Heterologous viral and artificial promoters are recognized poorly by the recombinant and the plant TCV RdRps. Further comparison of the single-component recombinant TCV RdRp and the multicomponent plant TCV RdRp will help dissect the functions of various components of the TCV replicase.  (+info)

Nitrogen storage and remobilization in Brassica napus L. during the growth cycle: identification, characterization and immunolocalization of a putative taproot storage glycoprotein. (6/396)

In taproot of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), a 23 kDa polypeptide has been recently identified as a putative vegetative storage protein (VSP) because of its accumulation during flowering and its specific mobilization to sustain grain filling when N uptake is strongly reduced. The objectives were to characterize this protein more precisely and to study the effect of environmental factors (N availability, daylength, temperature, water deficit, wounding) or endogenous signals (methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid) that might change the N source/sink relationships within the plant, and may therefore trigger its accumulation. The 23 kDa putative VSP has two isoforms, is glycosylated and both isoforms share the same N-terminal sequence which had been used to produce specific polyclonal antibodies. Low levels of an immunoreactive protein of 24 kDa were found in leaves and flowers. In taproot, the 23 kDa putative VSP seems to accumulate only in the vacuoles of peripheral cortical parenchyma cells, around the phloem vessels. Among all treatments tested, the accumulation of this protein could only be induced by abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate. When compared to control plants, application of methyl jasmonate reduced N uptake by 89% after 15 d, induced a strong remobilization of N from senescing leaves and a concomitant accumulation of the 23 kDa putative VSP. These results suggested that, in rape, the 23 kDa protein is used as a storage buffer between N losses from senescing leaves promoted by methyl jasmonate and grain filling.  (+info)

Functional significance of the alternative transcript processing of the Arabidopsis floral promoter FCA. (7/396)

The Arabidopsis gene FCA encodes an RNA binding protein that functions to promote the floral transition. The FCA transcript is alternatively processed to yield four transcripts, the most abundant of which is polyadenylated within intron 3. We have analyzed the role of the alternative processing on the floral transition. The introduction of FCA intronless transgenes resulted in increased FCA protein levels and accelerated flowering, but no role in flowering was found for products of the shorter transcripts. The consequences of the alternative processing on the FCA expression pattern were determined using a series of translational FCA-beta-glucuronidase fusions. The inclusion of FCA genomic sequence containing the alternatively processed intron 3 restricted the expression of the transgene predominantly to shoot and root apices and young flower buds. Expression of this fusion also was delayed developmentally. Therefore, the alternative processing of the FCA transcript limits, both spatially and temporally, the amount of functional FCA protein. Expression in roots prompted an analysis of root development, which indicated that FCA functions more generally than in the control of the floral transition.  (+info)

Nitrogen storage and remobilization in Brassica napus L. during the growth cycle: effects of methyl jasmonate on nitrate uptake, senescence, growth, and VSP accumulation. (8/396)

The role of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) in promoting senescence has been described previously in many species, but it has been questioned in monocarpic species whether induced senescence is a result of a potential death hormone like MeJa, or a consequence of an increased metabolic drain resulting from the growth of reproductive tissue. In oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), a polypeptide of 23 kDa has been recently identified as a putative vegetative storage protein (VSP). This polypeptide could be used as a storage buffer between N losses from senescing leaves putatively promoted by methyl jasmonate that might be produced by flowers, and grain filling which occurs later on, while N uptake is strongly reduced. In order to describe causal relationships during Brassica napus L. plant responses to MeJa treatment, a kinetic experiment was performed to determine the order and the amplitude with which general processes such as growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, N uptake, and N storage under the form of the 23 kDa VSP are affected. One of the most immediate consequences of MeJa treatment was the strong reduction of nitrate uptake within 6 h, relative to control plants. However, this was not a specific effect as K(+) uptake was similarly affected. Photosynthesis was reduced later (after 24 h), while chlorophyll content as well as leaf growth also decreased in a similar way. Moreover, this was concomitant with a remobilization of endogenous unlabelled N from senescing leaves to roots. Accumulation of the 23 kDa VSP was induced in the taproot after 24 h of MeJa treatment and was increased 10-fold within 8 d. On the other hand, the reversible effect of a MeJa pretreatment was tested in the long term (i.e. along the growth cycle) using plants previously grown in field conditions induced for flowering. Results show that a MeJa pulse induced a reversible effect on N uptake inhibition. In parallel, protein immunologically related to the 23 kDa VSP was detected in stems with a similar molecular weight (23 kDa), and in flowers and leaves with a molecular weight of 24 kDa. This accumulation was concomitant with the remobilization of both subunits of Rubisco. During stem and pod development, this protein induced by MeJa is fully hydrolysed. The external and intermittent supply of MeJa mimic some of the plant physiological processes previously reported under natural conditions. This suggests that in oilseed rape, methyl jasmonate could be considered as a possible monocarpic senescence factor while accumulation/mobilization of the 23 kDa VSP in taproot could be a marker for the cessation of N uptake and the initiation of a massive leaf senescence.  (+info)

'Brassica napus' is the scientific name for a species of plant that includes both rapeseed and canola. It is a type of cruciferous vegetable that is widely cultivated for its seeds, which are used to produce oil, as well as for its leaves and stems, which are eaten as vegetables in some parts of the world.

Rapeseed oil, which is produced from the seeds of 'Brassica napus', has historically been used as a source of industrial lubricant and as a fuel for diesel engines. However, modern canola oil, which is also produced from 'Brassica napus' but has been bred to have lower levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates, is more commonly used as a food oil due to its mild flavor and high smoke point.

The leaves and stems of 'Brassica napus' are also edible and are commonly consumed in parts of Europe and Asia. They can be prepared in a variety of ways, including boiling, steaming, or stir-frying. The plant is also sometimes used as a cover crop or green manure due to its ability to improve soil health and reduce erosion.

'Brassica' is a term used in botanical nomenclature, specifically within the family Brassicaceae. It refers to a genus of plants that includes various vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and mustard greens. These plants are known for their nutritional value and health benefits. They contain glucosinolates, which have been studied for their potential anti-cancer properties. However, it is not a medical term per se, but rather a taxonomic category used in the biological sciences.

'Brassica rapa' is the scientific name for a species of plant that includes various types of vegetables such as turnips, Chinese cabbages, and bok choy. It is a member of the Brassicaceae family, also known as the mustard or cabbage family. The plants in this species are characterized by their broad leaves and branching stem, and they are native to Europe and Central Asia.

Turnips, which are one of the most common vegetables in this species, are cool-season root crops that are grown for their enlarged taproot. They have a white or yellowish flesh that is crisp and tender with a sweet, slightly bitter flavor. Turnips can be eaten raw or cooked and are often used in soups, stews, and casseroles.

Chinese cabbages, also known as Napa cabbages, are another type of vegetable in the 'Brassica rapa' species. They have elongated, pale green leaves that form a compact head, and they are often used in Asian cuisine. Chinese cabbages have a mild flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked.

Bok choy, also known as pak choi, is another type of vegetable in the 'Brassica rapa' species. It has dark green leaves and white stems, and it is often used in stir-fries and soups. Bok choy has a mild flavor and a crisp texture.

Overall, 'Brassica rapa' is an important species of plant that includes many nutritious and delicious vegetables that are popular around the world.

2S albumins are a type of protein found in plants. They are part of the larger family of storage proteins, which are abundant in seeds and provide nutrients to the developing plant embryo. 2S albumins are characterized by their small size, stable structure, and ability to resist digestion in the gut, making them important allergens in some plants.

The name "2S albumins" refers to their sedimentation coefficient, which is a measure of their size and shape in an ultracentrifuge. These proteins typically have a molecular weight of around 8-16 kDa and consist of two subunits held together by disulfide bonds. They are found in a wide variety of plant species, including legumes, cereals, and nuts.

In addition to their role as allergens, 2S albumins have been studied for their potential health benefits. Some studies suggest that they may have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, although more research is needed to confirm these effects and understand their mechanisms of action.

In medical terms, "seeds" are often referred to as a small amount of a substance, such as a radioactive material or drug, that is inserted into a tissue or placed inside a capsule for the purpose of treating a medical condition. This can include procedures like brachytherapy, where seeds containing radioactive materials are used in the treatment of cancer to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Similarly, in some forms of drug delivery, seeds containing medication can be used to gradually release the drug into the body over an extended period of time.

It's important to note that "seeds" have different meanings and applications depending on the medical context. In other cases, "seeds" may simply refer to small particles or structures found in the body, such as those present in the eye's retina.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mustard Plant" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Mustard plants are actually a type of crop plant from the Brassicaceae family, which also includes vegetables like broccoli and cabbage. The seeds from these plants are often ground to make mustard condiments and spices. If you're looking for information related to potential medicinal uses or health effects of mustard plants or their derivatives, I would be happy to help with that.

"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.

Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.

Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.

Glucosinolates are naturally occurring compounds found in various plants, particularly in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and mustard greens. They are sulfur-containing glucosides that can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase when the plant tissue is damaged, leading to the formation of biologically active compounds like isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, and nitriles. These breakdown products have been shown to exhibit various health benefits, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. However, excessive intake or exposure may also cause adverse effects in some individuals.

A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.

Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).

In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.

Herbicide resistance is a genetically acquired trait in weeds that allows them to survive and reproduce following exposure to doses of herbicides that would normally kill or inhibit the growth of susceptible plants. It is a result of natural selection where weed populations with genetic variability are exposed to herbicides, leading to the survival and reproduction of individuals with resistance traits. Over time, this can lead to an increase in the proportion of resistant individuals within the population, making it harder to control weeds using that particular herbicide or group of herbicides.

A plant genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a plant. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the development and functioning of the plant, including its structural and functional characteristics. The plant genome includes both coding regions that contain instructions for producing proteins and non-coding regions that have various regulatory functions.

The plant genome is composed of several types of DNA molecules, including chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of the cell. Each chromosome contains one or more genes, which are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Plants typically have multiple sets of chromosomes, with each set containing a complete copy of the genome.

The study of plant genomes is an active area of research in modern biology, with important applications in areas such as crop improvement, evolutionary biology, and medical research. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have made it possible to determine the complete sequences of many plant genomes, providing valuable insights into their structure, function, and evolution.

Pollen, in a medical context, refers to the fine powder-like substance produced by the male reproductive organ of seed plants. It contains microscopic grains known as pollen grains, which are transported by various means such as wind, water, or insects to the female reproductive organ of the same or another plant species for fertilization.

Pollen can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly during the spring and summer months when plants release large amounts of pollen into the air. These allergies, also known as hay fever or seasonal allergic rhinitis, can result in symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, congestion, itchy eyes, and coughing.

It is important to note that while all pollen has the potential to cause allergic reactions, certain types of plants, such as ragweed, grasses, and trees, are more likely to trigger symptoms in sensitive individuals.

Verticillium is a genus of filamentous fungi that are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil and decaying plant material. The fungi are known for their characteristic growth pattern, with branches of hyphae (thread-like structures) arising at regular intervals, giving the appearance of a whorl or verticil.

There are several species within the Verticillium genus, but two in particular are well-known for their ability to cause plant diseases: Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum. These species can infect a wide range of plants, including vegetables, fruits, flowers, and trees, causing wilting, stunting, yellowing, and necrosis of leaves and stems. The fungi enter the plant through wounds or natural openings in the roots and then colonize the water-conducting tissues, leading to a reduction in water flow and nutrient uptake.

In humans, Verticillium species are not considered primary pathogens, but there have been rare cases of infection associated with contaminated medical devices or traumatic injuries. These infections can cause localized inflammation and tissue damage, and in some cases may disseminate to other parts of the body, leading to more serious complications. However, such infections are extremely rare and not well-studied.

Erucic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid, also known as cis-13-docosenoic acid. Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)11COOH. It is found in the seeds of members of the Brassica family of plants, including mustard, rapeseed, and turnip.

Erucic acid has been associated with certain health concerns, particularly in relation to heart function. As a result, many modern varieties of rapeseed have been bred to contain very low levels of erucic acid. These low-erucic acid varieties are used to produce canola oil, which is widely consumed and considered to be a healthy cooking oil.

It's worth noting that while erucic acid has been the subject of some concern in the past, more recent research suggests that it may not be as harmful as previously thought. However, it is still recommended that individuals consume erucic acid in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

A cotyledon is a seed leaf in plants, which is part of the embryo within the seed. Cotyledons are often referred to as "seed leaves" because they are the first leaves to emerge from the seed during germination and provide nutrients to the developing plant until it can produce its own food through photosynthesis.

In some plants, such as monocotyledons, there is only one cotyledon, while in other plants, such as dicotyledons, there are two cotyledons. The number of cotyledons is a characteristic that is used to classify different types of plants.

Cotyledons serve important functions during the early stages of plant growth, including providing energy and nutrients to the developing plant, protecting the embryo, and helping to anchor the seed in the soil. Once the plant has established its root system and begun to produce true leaves through photosynthesis, the cotyledons may wither or fall off, depending on the species.

Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.

"Raphanus" is the genus name for a group of plants that include the common radish. The black radish (*Raphanus sativus* var. *niger*) and the white radish (also known as daikon or *Raphanus sativus* var. *longipinnatus*) are examples of species within this genus. These plants belong to the family Brassicaceae, which also includes vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and kale. The roots, leaves, and seeds of Raphanus plants have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including as a digestive aid and to treat respiratory conditions. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using these plants or their extracts for medicinal purposes, as they can interact with certain medications and may cause side effects.

Genetic hybridization is a biological process that involves the crossing of two individuals from different populations or species, which can lead to the creation of offspring with new combinations of genetic material. This occurs when the gametes (sex cells) from each parent combine during fertilization, resulting in a zygote with a unique genetic makeup.

In genetics, hybridization can also refer to the process of introducing new genetic material into an organism through various means, such as genetic engineering or selective breeding. This type of hybridization is often used in agriculture and biotechnology to create crops or animals with desirable traits, such as increased disease resistance or higher yields.

It's important to note that the term "hybrid" can refer to both crosses between different populations within a single species (intraspecific hybrids) and crosses between different species (interspecific hybrids). The latter is often more challenging, as significant genetic differences between the two parental species can lead to various reproductive barriers, making it difficult for the hybrid offspring to produce viable offspring of their own.

'Plant infertility' is not a standard medical term, as it is typically used in the context of agriculture and plant biology. However, I can provide you with a general definition related to this context:

Plant infertility refers to the inability of a plant to produce viable seeds, fruits, or propagules due to various factors affecting its reproductive system. These factors may include genetic disorders, environmental stressors (such as extreme temperatures, drought, or nutrient deficiencies), pathogens, pests, or poor pollination. In some cases, assisted reproduction techniques, such as hand-pollination or embryo rescue, might be employed to overcome infertility issues in plants.

Chromosomes in plants are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, DNA, and proteins. They are present in the nucleus of every cell and are inherited from the parent plants during sexual reproduction. Chromosomes come in pairs, with each pair consisting of one chromosome from each parent.

In plants, like in other organisms, chromosomes play a crucial role in inheritance, development, and reproduction. They carry genetic information that determines various traits and characteristics of the plant, such as its physical appearance, growth patterns, and resistance to diseases.

Plant chromosomes are typically much larger than those found in animals, making them easier to study under a microscope. The number of chromosomes varies among different plant species, ranging from as few as 2 in some ferns to over 1000 in certain varieties of wheat.

During cell division, the chromosomes replicate and then separate into two identical sets, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information. This process is critical for the growth and development of the plant, as well as for the production of viable seeds and offspring.

Polyploidy is a condition in which a cell or an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, unlike the typical diploid state where there are only two sets (one from each parent). Polyploidy can occur through various mechanisms such as errors during cell division, fusion of egg and sperm cells that have an abnormal number of chromosomes, or through the reproduction process in plants.

Polyploidy is common in the plant kingdom, where it often leads to larger size, increased biomass, and sometimes hybrid vigor. However, in animals, polyploidy is less common and usually occurs in only certain types of cells or tissues, as most animals require a specific number of chromosomes for normal development and reproduction. In humans, polyploidy is typically not compatible with life and can lead to developmental abnormalities and miscarriage.

'Arabidopsis' is a genus of small flowering plants that are part of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The most commonly studied species within this genus is 'Arabidopsis thaliana', which is often used as a model organism in plant biology and genetics research. This plant is native to Eurasia and Africa, and it has a small genome that has been fully sequenced. It is known for its short life cycle, self-fertilization, and ease of growth, making it an ideal subject for studying various aspects of plant biology, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stresses.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material present in the cells of all living organisms, including plants. In plants, DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, as well as in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plant DNA contains the instructions for the development, growth, and function of the plant, and is passed down from one generation to the next through the process of reproduction.

The structure of DNA is a double helix, formed by two strands of nucleotides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds. Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, forming the rungs of the ladder that make up the double helix.

The genetic information in DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogenous bases. Large sequences of bases form genes, which provide the instructions for the production of proteins. The process of gene expression involves transcribing the DNA sequence into a complementary RNA molecule, which is then translated into a protein.

Plant DNA is similar to animal DNA in many ways, but there are also some differences. For example, plant DNA contains a higher proportion of repetitive sequences and transposable elements, which are mobile genetic elements that can move around the genome and cause mutations. Additionally, plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, which are not present in animal cells, and these structures contain their own DNA.

Medical definitions typically focus on the relevance of a term to medical practice, and I'm not sure if there is a specific medical definition for "plant exudates." However, in a broader context, plant exudates refer to the various substances that are released or exuded by plants, often as a result of damage or stress. These can include a wide variety of compounds, such as sap, resins, latex, gums, essential oils, and tannins. Some of these compounds can have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional and modern medicine. For example, the resin from certain pine trees (rosin) has been used to treat respiratory ailments, while willow bark, which contains salicin (a precursor to aspirin), has been used for pain relief for centuries.

Haploidy is a term used in genetics to describe the condition of having half the normal number of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. In humans, for example, a haploid cell contains 23 chromosomes, whereas a diploid cell has 46 chromosomes.

Haploid cells are typically produced through a process called meiosis, which is a type of cell division that occurs in the reproductive organs of sexually reproducing organisms. During meiosis, a diploid cell undergoes two rounds of division to produce four haploid cells, each containing only one set of chromosomes.

In humans, haploid cells are found in the sperm and egg cells, which fuse together during fertilization to create a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes. Haploidy is important for maintaining the correct number of chromosomes in future generations and preventing genetic abnormalities that can result from having too many or too few chromosomes.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.

Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:

1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.

Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Seed storage proteins are a group of proteins that accumulate in the seeds of plants during their development and serve as a source of nitrogen, sulfur, and energy for the germinating embryo. They are typically rich in certain amino acids, such as proline, glutamine, and arginine, and are classified into several types based on their solubility properties.

The main types of seed storage proteins include:

1. Albumins: These are water-soluble proteins that are present in the embryo of the seed.
2. Globulins: These are salt-soluble proteins that are found in protein bodies within the seed's endosperm. They are further classified into two types, 11S and 7S globulins, based on their sedimentation coefficients.
3. Prolamins: These are alcohol-soluble proteins that are also found in the endosperm of seeds. They are rich in proline and glutamine and are often referred to as "storage proteins" because they constitute a significant portion of the seed's protein content. Examples include zein in corn, gliadin in wheat, and hordein in barley.
4. Glutelins: These are acid- or alkali-soluble proteins that are also found in the endosperm of seeds. They are typically insoluble in water, salt, and alcohol.

Seed storage proteins have important nutritional and agricultural significance. For example, they are a major source of protein for human consumption and animal feed, and their composition can affect the nutritional quality and processing properties of cereal grains and legumes. Additionally, seed storage proteins have been studied as potential allergens and as targets for genetic modification in crop plants to improve their nutritional value and yield.

Ascomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi, also known as sac fungi. This group includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms, such as yeasts, mold species, and morel mushrooms. Ascomycetes are characterized by their reproductive structures called ascus, which contain typically eight haploid spores produced sexually through a process called ascogony. Some members of this phylum have significant ecological and economic importance, as they can be decomposers, mutualistic symbionts, or plant pathogens causing various diseases. Examples include the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea, and morel mushroom Morchella esculenta.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flowers" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "flowers" is commonly used to refer to the reproductive structures of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are characterized by having both male and female reproductive organs or separate male and female flowers.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Medical definitions generally do not include plant oils as a specific term. However, in a biological or biochemical context, plant oils, also known as vegetable oils, are defined as lipid extracts derived from various parts of plants such as seeds, fruits, and leaves. They mainly consist of triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids. The composition of fatty acids can vary between different plant sources, leading to a range of physical and chemical properties that make plant oils useful for various applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Some common examples of plant oils include olive oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and jojoba oil.

A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.

In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.

The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.

While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.

Agricultural crops refer to plants that are grown and harvested for the purpose of human or animal consumption, fiber production, or other uses such as biofuels. These crops can include grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and legumes, among others. They are typically cultivated using various farming practices, including traditional row cropping, companion planting, permaculture, and organic farming methods. The choice of crop and farming method depends on factors such as the local climate, soil conditions, and market demand. Proper management of agricultural crops is essential for ensuring food security, promoting sustainable agriculture, and protecting the environment.

Brassicaceae is a scientific family name in the field of botany, which includes a group of plants commonly known as the mustard family or crucifers. This family includes many economically important crops such as broccoli, cauliflower, kale, cabbage, brussels sprouts, turnips, radishes, and mustards. The name Brassicaceae comes from the genus Brassica, which includes many of these familiar vegetables.

Plants in this family are characterized by their flowers, which have four petals arranged in a cross-like pattern, hence the common name "crucifers." They also typically have four sepals, six stamens, and two fused carpels that form a fruit called a silique or silicle.

Brassicaceae plants are known for their production of glucosinolates, which are sulfur-containing compounds that give these plants their characteristic pungent or bitter flavors. When the plant tissues are damaged, such as during chewing, the glucosinolates are broken down into isothiocyanates, which have been shown to have potential health benefits, including anti-cancer properties.

A medical definition for "plant shoots" may not be readily available, as the term is primarily used in botany and horticulture. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

Plant shoots refer to the above-ground portion of a plant, which typically includes structures like stems, leaves, flowers, and buds. Shoots originate from the seed or the growing tip of the plant and are responsible for photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and reproduction. In some contexts, "plant shoots" might also refer to new growth that emerges from an existing plant, such as when a leaf or stem sprouts a new branch or flower.

Malate Synthase is a key enzyme in the gluconeogenesis pathway and the glyoxylate cycle, which are present in many organisms including plants, bacteria, and parasites. The glyoxylate cycle is a variation of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) that allows these organisms to convert two-carbon molecules into four-carbon molecules, bypassing steps that require oxygen.

Malate Synthase catalyzes the reaction between glyoxylate and acetyl-CoA to produce malate, a four-carbon compound. This enzyme plays a crucial role in enabling these organisms to utilize fatty acids as a carbon source for growth and energy production, particularly under conditions where oxygen is limited or absent. In humans, Malate Synthase is not typically found, but its presence can indicate certain parasitic infections or metabolic disorders.

A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) in plants refers to the long, single-stranded molecules that are essential for the translation of genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into proteins. RNA is a nucleic acid, like DNA, and it is composed of a ribose sugar backbone with attached nitrogenous bases (adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine).

In plants, there are several types of RNA that play specific roles in the gene expression process:

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): This type of RNA carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a sequence of three-base code units called codons. These codons specify the order of amino acids in a protein.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): tRNAs are small RNA molecules that serve as adaptors between the mRNA and the amino acids during protein synthesis. Each tRNA has a specific anticodon sequence that base-pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA, and it carries a specific amino acid that corresponds to that codon.
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): rRNAs are structural components of ribosomes, which are large macromolecular complexes where protein synthesis occurs. In plants, there are several types of rRNAs, including the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S/28S rRNAs, that form the core of the ribosome and help catalyze peptide bond formation during protein synthesis.
4. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA): These are small RNA molecules that play a role in RNA processing, such as splicing, where introns (non-coding sequences) are removed from pre-mRNA and exons (coding sequences) are joined together to form mature mRNAs.
5. MicroRNA (miRNA): These are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in target mRNAs, leading to their degradation or translation inhibition.

Overall, these different types of RNAs play crucial roles in various aspects of RNA metabolism, gene regulation, and protein synthesis in plants.

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is a molecular biology technique used for DNA fingerprinting, genetic mapping, and population genetics studies. It is based on the selective amplification of restriction fragments from a total digest of genomic DNA, followed by separation and detection of the resulting fragments using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

In AFLP analysis, genomic DNA is first digested with two different restriction enzymes, one that cuts frequently (e.g., EcoRI) and another that cuts less frequently (e.g., MseI). The resulting fragments are then ligated to adapter sequences that provide recognition sites for PCR amplification.

Selective amplification of the restriction fragments is achieved by using primers that anneal to the adapter sequences and contain additional selective nucleotides at their 3' ends. This allows for the amplification of a subset of the total number of restriction fragments, resulting in a pattern of bands that is specific to the DNA sample being analyzed.

The amplified fragments are then separated by size using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by staining with a fluorescent dye. The resulting banding pattern can be used for various applications, including identification of genetic differences between individuals, detection of genomic alterations in cancer cells, and analysis of population structure and diversity.

Overall, AFLP analysis is a powerful tool for the study of complex genomes and has been widely used in various fields of biology, including plant and animal breeding, forensic science, and medical research.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) are regions of the genome that are associated with variation in quantitative traits, which are traits that vary continuously in a population and are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. QTLs can help to explain how genetic variations contribute to differences in complex traits such as height, blood pressure, or disease susceptibility.

Quantitative trait loci are identified through statistical analysis of genetic markers and trait values in experimental crosses between genetically distinct individuals, such as strains of mice or plants. The location of a QTL is inferred based on the pattern of linkage disequilibrium between genetic markers and the trait of interest. Once a QTL has been identified, further analysis can be conducted to identify the specific gene or genes responsible for the variation in the trait.

It's important to note that QTLs are not themselves genes, but rather genomic regions that contain one or more genes that contribute to the variation in a quantitative trait. Additionally, because QTLs are identified through statistical analysis, they represent probabilistic estimates of the location of genetic factors influencing a trait and may encompass large genomic regions containing multiple genes. Therefore, additional research is often required to fine-map and identify the specific genes responsible for the variation in the trait.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seedling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is an agricultural and horticultural term that refers to a young plant grown from a seed, typically during the early stages of its growth. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help with those!

In the context of medical terminology, "germination" is not typically used as a term to describe a physiological process in humans or animals. It is primarily used in the field of botany to refer to the process by which a seed or spore sprouts and begins to grow into a new plant.

However, if you are referring to the concept of germination in the context of bacterial or viral growth, then it could be defined as:

The process by which bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms become active and start to multiply, often after a period of dormancy or latency. This can occur when the microorganisms encounter favorable conditions, such as moisture, warmth, or nutrients, that allow them to grow and reproduce. In medical contexts, this term is more commonly used in relation to infectious diseases caused by these microorganisms.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

Isocitrate lyase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the glyoxylate cycle, a metabolic pathway found in plants, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. This cycle bypasses two steps of the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) and allows these organisms to grow on two-carbon compounds as their sole carbon source.

Isocitrate lyase specifically catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate, which are further processed in the glyoxylate cycle to generate oxaloacetate and other metabolic intermediates. In humans, isocitrate lyase is not typically found in healthy tissues but has been observed in certain pathological conditions such as tumor growth and during periods of nutrient deprivation. It is also involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids in some organisms.

Genetic markers are specific segments of DNA that are used in genetic mapping and genotyping to identify specific genetic locations, diseases, or traits. They can be composed of short tandem repeats (STRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), or variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). These markers are useful in various fields such as genetic research, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and breeding programs. They can help to track inheritance patterns, identify genetic predispositions to diseases, and solve crimes by linking biological evidence to suspects or victims.

Plasmodiophorida is a group of primarily parasitic protists that are characterized by their unique life cycle and the formation of multinucleate plasmodia. They are most known for causing various plant diseases, including clubroot in cruciferous vegetables. Members of Plasmodiophorida have complex life cycles involving two main stages: a motile stage called zoospore, which infects host cells, and a sedentary stage that undergoes repeated nuclear division to form a plasmodium. The plasmodium eventually differentiates into resting spores, which can survive in the soil for many years and serve as the overwintering stage of the organism. Plasmodiophorida is classified within the supergroup Rhizaria.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Structures" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of botany to refer to the different parts of a plant, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Each of these structures has specific functions that contribute to the overall growth, reproduction, and survival of the plant. If you have any questions related to biology or botany, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!

... (Brassica napus subsp. napus), also known as oilseed rape, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family ... Germplasm Resources Information Network (2010b). "Taxon: Brassica napus L. subsp. napus var. pabularia (DC.) Alef". Taxonomy ... Germplasm Resources Information Network (2012a). "Taxon: Brassica napus L. subsp. napus". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA ARS ... Brassica napus grows to 100 cm (39 in) in height with hairless, fleshy, pinnatifid and glaucous lower leaves which are stalked ...
"Brassica napus subsp. oleifera". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Brassica nigra". MaltaWildPlants. ... "Brassica oleracea s.l.". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris". ... "Brassica tournefortii". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Briza maxima". MaltaWildPlants.com. ...
Brassica juncea and B. nigra respectively). Vegetable oil is produced from the seeds of several species such as Brassica napus ... Brassica rapa (turnip, Chinese cabbage, etc.), Brassica napus (rapeseed, etc.), Raphanus sativus (common radish), Armoracia ... Brassica oleracea), turnip, napa cabbage, bomdong, bok choy and rapini (Brassica rapa), rocket salad/arugula (Eruca sativa), ... The name Brassicaceae comes to international scientific vocabulary from Neo-Latin, from Brassica, the type genus, + -aceae, a ...
saccharifera Brassica napus var. napobrassica Brassica rapa subsp. rapa Capsicum Cucumis sativus Cynara cardunculus var. ...
vulgaris (sugarbeet) Brassica napus var. napus (rape) Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) ... Some species of the plant genus Brassica can be used as effective biofumigants against the Northern root-knot nematode, however ...
doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(78)80070-9. See (Pyrenopeziza brassicae and Brassica napus.) Minter, D.W.; Kirk, P.M.; Sutton, B.C. ( ... Cylindrosporium concentricum), a pathogen of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera)". Transactions of the British ...
Brassica juncea Coss. Brassica napus L. Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata Brassica ... gemnifera Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes Eruca sativa Mill. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Sinapis alba L. Apuleia molaris ...
Mendel (Brassica napus), as a clubroot-resistant crop. It has been found that few cultivators exist. Specific genotypes do ... 2011). Breeding for clubroot resistant spring canola (Brassica napus L.) for the Canadian Prairies: Can the European winter ... the interaction between Plasmodiophora brassicae and Brassica oleracea Charles W. Averre. "Club-Root of Cabbage and Related ...
rapa) (Hebrew: לפת) with rape (Brassica napus subsp. napus) (Hebrew: נפוס). Likewise, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis ... It is to be noted, furthermore, that in foliage, Brassica napus and turnip (Brassica rapa) have similar leaves, for which ... צנון). Zohar Amar suggests that it may have actually been Brassica napus; see Amar, Z. (2015), p. 113. One is to bear in mind ... Brassica oleracea var. capitata) or kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Conversely, radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) (Hebrew ...
The species Brassica napus originated as a hybrid between the cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and the turnip (Brassica rapa). ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassica napus subsp. rapifera. Look up rutabaga, swede, or neep in Wiktionary, the free ... It originated from a cross between turnip (Brassica rapa) and Brassica oleracea. The resulting cross doubled its chromosomes, ... a form of Brassica napus (which also includes rapeseed). Other names include Swedish turnip, neep (Scots), and turnip (Scottish ...
The larvae feed on Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus. Don Herbison-Evans & Stella Crossley (February 6, 2008). "Hellula ...
The larvae feed on Tropaeolum majus and Brassica napus. Pieris rapae is one of the closest relatives of this family. Pieris ...
1901). "On a bacterial disease of the turnip ( Brassica napus )". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 67 (435-441): 442 ...
Brassica juncea), rape seed (Brassica napus), and common dietary brassicas like broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, bok choy, and ... Purification and characterization of a myrosinase from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - ... "Different myrosinase and idioblast distribution in Arabidopsis and Brassica napus". Plant Physiology. 127 (4): 1750-1763. doi: ... January 2002). "Spatial organization of the glucosinolate-myrosinase system in brassica specialist aphids is similar to that of ...
ArabidopsisPAP1Increases Antioxidants and Phenolics in Brassica napus Leaves". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58 ( ...
Early allopolyploid evolution in the post-Neolithic Brassica napus oilseed genome". Science. 345 (6199): 950-3. Bibcode:2014Sci ... August 2011). "The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa". Nature Genetics. 43 (10): 1035-9. doi:10.1038/ng. ...
The first isolated brassinosteroid, it was discovered when it was shown that pollen from rapeseed (Brassica napus) could ... a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen". Nature. 281 (5728): 216-217. Bibcode:1979Natur.281..216G ...
Brassica napus) pollen. Brassinolide was the first brassinosteroid to be isolated in 1979, when pollen from Brassica napus was ... The yield of brassinosteroids from 230 kg of Brassica napus pollen was only 10 mg. Since their discovery, over 70 BR compounds ... a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen". Nature. 281 (5728): 216-217. Bibcode:1979Natur.281..216G ... Sharma, P.; Bhardwaj, R. (2007). "Effects of 24-Epibrassinolide on growth and metal uptake in "Brassica juncea" L. under copper ...
... a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen". Nature. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 281 ( ... "24-Epibrassinolide protects against the stress generated by salinity and nickel in Brassica juncea". Chemosphere. 72 (9): 1387- ...
For example, each somatic cell of the tetraploid species Brassica napus, with letter tags AACC and count "2n=4x=38", contains ... Early allopolyploid evolution in the post-Neolithic Brassica napus oilseed genome". Science. 345 (6199): 950-3. doi:10.1126/ ... "Genome analysis in Brassica with special reference to the experimental formation of B. napus and peculiar mode of fertilization ... B. napus (AACC) is dated to have originated about 8000 or 38000-51000 years ago. The homologous part of its constituent ...
Brassica oleracea) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus). L. maculans is especially virulent on Brassica napus. The first dramatic ... but it has not yet been introgressed into Brassica napus. Rlm11 resides on the A genome in Brassica rapa and Brassica napus, ... Rlm7 has been mapped to Brassica chromosome A07. Rlm8 resides on the A genome in Brassica rapa and Brassica napus, but it has ... Brassica juncea (AABB genome) or Brassica carinata (BBCC genome) into B. napus. In the Brassica-L. maculans interactions, there ...
... maurorum Durieu Brassica montana Pourr. Brassica napus L. - rapeseed, rutabaga, Siberian kale Brassica nivalis Boiss ... Brassica somalensis Hedge & A.G.Mill. Brassica souliei (Batt.) Batt. Brassica spinescens Pomel Brassica taiwanensis S.S.Ying ... Brassica hilarionis Post - St. Hilarion cabbage Brassica incana Ten. Brassica insularis Moris Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. - ... Mallorca cabbage Brassica barrelieri (L.) Janka Brassica beytepeensis Yıld. Brassica bourgeaui (Webb ex Christ) Kuntze Brassica ...
nov., two root-associated bacteria isolated from Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 50 (1): 9 ...
Brassica napus) in western Canada". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. Taylor & Francis (Canadian Phytopathological Society ...
Brassinolide was the first identified brassinosteroid and was isolated from extracts of rapeseed (Brassica napus) pollen in ... 1979). "Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen". Nature. 281 (5728): 216-217. ... who extracted ingredients from Brassica pollen only to find that the extracted ingredients' main active component was ...
... is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that infects the roots of Brassica napus, from which it derives ... nov., two root-associated bacteria isolated from Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 50. (Pt 1 ...
nov., two root-associated bacteria isolated from Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 50 (Part ...
Brassica napus) in western Canada". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. Taylor & Francis (Canadian Phytopathological Society ...
"Identification and characterization of small RNAs from the phloem of Brassica napus". The Plant Journal. 53 (5): 739-49. doi: ...
Gül, Muhammet Kemal; Amar, Samija (2006). "Sterols and the phytosterol content in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)" (PDF). ... It is so named because it was first isolated from the rapeseed (Brassica campestris). Campesterol can serve as a precursor to a ...
Containing more than 50% of omega 9 oleic acid, rapeseed oil is very moisturising and emollient on the skin.
Argentine Canola (Brassica napus) GM Events (45 Events) Event Name and Code. Trade Name. ...
Mature pollen grains of Brassica napus are shown to contain three major acyl lipid pools as follows: (i) the extracellular ... Intra- and extracellular lipid composition and associated gene expression patterns during pollen development in Brassica napus ... 1 Department of Brassica and Oilseeds Research, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK. ... napus. Detailed analysis of three members of the stearoyl-ACP desaturase (sad) gene family by Northern blotting, in situ ...
Restoring enzyme activity in nonfunctional low erucic acid Brassica napus fatty acid elongase 1 by a single amino acid ... Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, and low erucic acid (LEA) B. napus cv. Westar, were amplified by PCR and ... Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, and low erucic acid (LEA) B. napus cv. Westar, were amplified by PCR and ... Zero erucic acid trait of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) results from a deletion of four base pairs in the fatty acid elongase 1 ...
Spatio-temporal expression dynamics differ between homologues of flowering time genes in the allopolyploid Brassica napus. 1st ... Spatio-temporal expression dynamics differ between homologues of flowering time genes in the allopolyploid Brassica napus. ... and spatio-temporal expression dynamics of duplicated genes predicted to regulate the floral transition in Brassica napus ( ...
An example of an agricultural residue that could be used as a fuel for energy generation is oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) ... The use of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) straw for combustion purposes: a review of the advantages and disadvantages. Aspects ... An evaluation of the production and combustion of fuel pellets from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) straw. ...
In light of the inherent limitations of the Arabidopsis microarray to measure gene expression in polyploid Brassicas, further ... napus lineages at the S0:1 and S5:6 generations as well as their diploid progenitors B. rapa and B. oleracea. Differential gene ... Background Studies in resynthesized Brassica napus allopolyploids indicate that homoeologous chromosome exchanges in advanced ... Studies in resynthesized Brassica napus allopolyploids indicate that homoeologous chromosome exchanges in advanced generations ...
Against the foregoing, the objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of the colza (Brassica napus L.) ... Against the foregoing, the objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of the colza (Brassica napus L.) ... Physiological response of colza (Brassica napus L.) seeds coated and treated with alternative materials. Bruno Adelino de Melo ... Melo BA, Almeida FAC, Silva RS, Silva JF, Almeida ALB (2016). Physiological response of colza seeds (Brassica napus l.) ...
Brassica napus L.), a split-plot experimental design with 20 treatments in 4 replications was carried out during 2004-2005 ... Brassica napus L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6: 77-82. DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2007.77.82 URL: https://scialert.net/abstract ... Effects of (Azotobacter and Azosprillium) Inoculants and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth and Productivity of Canola (Brassica ...
2006 Fitness of hybrids between rapeseed (Brassica napus) and wild Brassica rapa in natural habitats. Molecular Ecology, 15. ... Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, fitness, gene flow, genetically modified crops, wild relatives. ... Fitness of hybrids between rapeseed (Brassica napus) and wild Brassica rapa in natural habitats ... We measured fitness components in spontaneous (non-GM) rapeseed × Brassica rapa hybrids in natural populations. The F1 hybrids ...
ÉTUDE DE LA DISPERSION DU POLLEN PAR LE VENT ET DE LIMPORTANCE DE LA POLLINISATION ANÉMOPHILE CHEZ LE COLZA (BRASSICA NAPUS L ... RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) PRODUCTIVITY : THE EFFECT OF HONEYBEES (APIS MELLIFERA L.) AND DIFFERENT POLLINATION CONDITIONS IN ... POLLINISATION DU COLZA DHIVER MALE-FERTILE ET MALE-STÉRILE (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera METZGER) PAR LABEILLE DOMESTIQUE ...
QTL meta-analysis of root traits in Brassica napus under contrasting phosphorus supply in two growth systems. Title. QTL meta- ... Printed from /publications/qtl-meta-analysis-root-traits-brassica-napus-under-contrasting-phosphorus-supply-two on 01/10/23 03: ... qtl-meta-analysis-root-traits-brassica-napus-under-contrasting-phosphorus-supply-two ... analysis of root traits in Brassica napus under contrasting phosphorus supply in two growth systems. ...
Resistance to stem canker (Leptosphaeria spp.) in interspecific Brassica hybrids and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. ... Resistance to stem canker (Leptosphaeria spp.) in interspecific Brassica hybrids and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars ...
Introgression of the highly effective Brassica rapa blackleg resistance gene Rlm11 into spring-type Brassica napus. View all ... To generate the spring type B. napus Rlm11 introgression lines, the B. napus susceptible line Topas DH16516 was chosen as the ... napus line Topas DH16516. DNA from 96 F2 lines was applied to the Brassica 60K Illumina single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ... This homozygous Rlm11 line named BR-11 was then used to generate inter-species (B. napus x B. rapa) mapping populations by ...
Brassica napus L.) male sterility at approximately 1% concentration required for its herbicidal activity. To find some clues to ... A simple action model of CHA-MES inducing male sterility in B. napus was proposed. These results will help us to understand the ... From: Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals carbohydrate and lipid metabolism blocks in Brassica napus L. male sterility ...
"ارزیابی تأثیر سطوح مختلف آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر شاخص‌های رشدی و عملکرد دانه کلزای پاییزه (Brassica napus L.) در روش آبیاری ... ارزیابی تأثیر سطوح مختلف آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر شاخص‌های رشدی و عملکرد دانه کلزای پاییزه (Brassica napus L.) در روش آبیاری ... ارزیابی تأثیر سطوح مختلف آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر شاخص‌های رشدی و عملکرد دانه کلزای پاییزه (Brassica napus L.) در روش آبیاری ... 1402). ارزیابی تأثیر سطوح مختلف آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر شاخص‌های رشدی و عملکرد دانه کلزای پاییزه (Brassica napus L.) در روش ...
The effects of moisture stress on rapeseed (Brassica napus L ...
Copy For Citation SEYİS F., YURTERİ E. I. İnternational Plant Breeding Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 10 - 14 November 2013, pp.322 ...
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genotypes response to NaCl salinity. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 10, 265- ... Proteomic analysis of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) seedling roots under salt stress. Annals of Biological Research 4, 212-221. ... The response of spring rapeseed genotypes (Brassica napus L.) under salinity stress. Allakhverdiev SI, Sakamoto A, Nishiyama Y ... Effect of salt stress on antioxidant activity and seedling growth of canola (Brassica Napus L.) cultivars. International ...
IAA is a key factor in the response of B. napus L to GO and the responses of B. napus to GO and IAA cotreatment involved in ... Specifically, GO and IAA cotreatment affected the GA content in the modulation of B. napus root growth. ... napus L (Zhongshuang No. 9) seedlings were treated with GO and IAA accordance with a two factor completely randomized design. ... could regulated Brassica napus L. root growth via abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). To study the mechanism ...
Brassica napus spuertranscript data. Published:. 6 June 2022, Version 1 , DOI: 10.17632/4jd6bf7xc5.1 ...
Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) Enlarged 12x life-size, 3-part Family: Brassicaceae Brassicaceae, formerly known as Crucifereae, ... Decrease quantity for T21020 Canola (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) Increase quantity for T21020 Canola (Brassica napus ssp. ... T21020 Canola (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera). T21020 Canola (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) ... Canola (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera). Enlarged 12x life-size, 3-part Family: Brassicaceae Brassicaceae, formerly known as ...
BnIR is a curated and integrated multi-omics resource for Brassica napus. In this database, we integrated and analyzed datasets ... BnIR Brassica napus multi-omics information resource ----A multi-omics database with various tools for Brassica napus research ...
Seasonal development and general distribution of Brassica napus in Alabama ... photos and flowering period of Brassica napus in Alabama. ... Brassica napus can be distinguished from Brassica nigra by the ... Brassica napus (Oleifera Group) is commonly called rapeseed. It is the third-largest source of vegetable oil in the world ( ... Brassica napus grow to 100 cm in height with hairless, fleshy, pinnatifid, and glaucous lower leaves which are stalked whereas ...
Element analysis of different cultivars of Brassica napus grown under variable phosphorus conditions  Batchelor, Alexandra ( ... Element compositions data from analysis of the leaf tissues of Brassica napus plants grown under variable phosphorous ... Browsing by Subject "Element analysis, Brassica napus, phosphorus". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. ...
Tag - Key words Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Home » Key words Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) ...
Index of /archives/PAST_RELEASES/release-58/gff3/brassica_napus. Name. Last modified. Size. Description. ... Brassica_napus.AST_P..,. 2018-06-28 16:53 271K. Brassica_napus.AST_P..,. 2018-06-28 16:53 19M. ...
In this study, the responses of root traits to P deficiency were recorded in a Brassica napus double haploid (DH) population ... Identification of QTLs for relative root traits associated with phosphorus efficiency in two culture systems in Brassica napus ... Identification of QTLs for relative root traits associated with phosphorus efficiency in two culture systems in Brassica napus. ...

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