Buruli Ulcer
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Skin Ulcer
Benin
Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous
Witchcraft
Streptomycin
Stomach Ulcer
Macrolides
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Peptic Ulcer
Rifampin
Endemic Diseases
Togo
Leg Ulcer
Pressure Ulcer
Angola
Tuberculosis, Cutaneous
Neglected Diseases
Cameroon
Foot
Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage
Environmental Microbiology
Microscopy
Promising clinical efficacy of streptomycin-rifampin combination for treatment of buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans disease). (1/134)
According to recommendations of the 6th WHO Advisory Committee on Buruli ulcer, directly observed treatment with the combination of rifampin and streptomycin, administered daily for 8 weeks, was recommended to 310 patients diagnosed with Buruli ulcer in Pobe, Benin. Among the 224 (72%) eligible patients for whom treatment was initiated, 215 (96%) were categorized as treatment successes, and 9, including 1 death and 8 losses to follow-up, were treatment failures. Of the 215 successfully treated patients, 102 (47%) were treated exclusively with antibiotics and 113 (53%) were treated with antibiotics plus surgical excision and skin grafting. The size of lesions at treatment initiation was the major factor associated with surgical intervention: 73% of patients with lesions of >15 cm in diameter underwent surgery, whereas only 17% of patients with lesions of <5 cm had surgery. No patient discontinued therapy for side effects from the antibiotic treatment. One year after stopping treatment, 208 of the 215 patients were actively retrieved to assess the long-term therapeutic results: 3 (1.44%) of the 208 retrieved patients had recurrence of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease, 2 among the 107 patients treated only with antibiotics and 1 among the 108 patients treated with antibiotics plus surgery. We conclude that the WHO-recommended streptomycin-rifampin combination is highly efficacious for treating M. ulcerans disease. Chemotherapy alone was successful in achieving cure in 47% of cases and was particularly effective against ulcers of less than 5 cm in diameter. (+info)Systemic and local interferon-gamma production following Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. (2/134)
Buruli ulcer disease (BUD) is an emerging predominantly tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. The initial pre-ulcerative skin lesion often breaks down into an ulcer with undermined edges. Healing is common but may require considerable time, and scarring often results in functional limitations. Considerable evidence has now emerged that patients with early BUD cannot mount a sufficient protective T helper 1 (Th1) cell response to M. ulcerans, but uncertainty remains as to whether immune protection is restored over time. This study investigates the Th1 cell response of patients with various stages of BUD on mycobacterial antigens. We measured interferon (IFN)-gamma levels after ex vivo whole blood stimulation with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), and compared the Th1 cell response of individuals with pre-ulcerative, ulcerative and healed BUD as well as healthy controls. Moreover, the systemic Th1 cell response was related to histopathological features in the various stages of surgically resected BUD lesions. We show that patients with ulcerative and healed BUD produce significantly higher IFN-gamma levels after mycobacterial ex vivo whole blood stimulation than healthy controls, and that patients with a granulomatous tissue response produce higher IFN-gamma levels than individuals without. We therefore suggest that the mounted Th1 cell response in ulcerative BUD patients might be related to their histopathological tissue response. (+info)Evolution of two distinct phylogenetic lineages of the emerging human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. (3/134)
BACKGROUND: Comparative genomics has greatly improved our understanding of the evolution of pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we have used data from a genome microarray analysis to explore insertion-deletion (InDel) polymorphism among a diverse strain collection of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of the devastating skin disease, Buruli ulcer. Detailed analysis of large sequence polymorphisms in twelve regions of difference (RDs), comprising irreversible genetic markers, enabled us to refine the phylogenetic succession within M. ulcerans, to define features of a hypothetical M. ulcerans most recent common ancestor and to confirm its origin from Mycobacterium marinum. RESULTS: M. ulcerans has evolved into five InDel haplotypes that separate into two distinct lineages: (i) the "classical" lineage including the most pathogenic genotypes - those that come from Africa, Australia and South East Asia; and (ii) an "ancestral" M. ulcerans lineage comprising strains from Asia (China/Japan), South America and Mexico. The ancestral lineage is genetically closer to the progenitor M. marinum in both RD composition and DNA sequence identity, whereas the classical lineage has undergone major genomic rearrangements. CONCLUSION: Results of the InDel analysis are in complete accord with recent multi-locus sequence analysis and indicate that M. ulcerans has passed through at least two major evolutionary bottlenecks since divergence from M. marinum. The classical lineage shows more pronounced reductive evolution than the ancestral lineage, suggesting that there may be differences in the ecology between the two lineages. These findings improve the understanding of the adaptive evolution and virulence of M. ulcerans and pathogenic mycobacteria in general and will facilitate the development of new tools for improved diagnostics and molecular epidemiology. (+info)Environmental and health-related risk factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in Benin. (4/134)
We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between Buruli ulcer (BU) and environmental- and health-related behaviors in southern Benin. Hospital BU cases (N = 324) and sex- and age-matched neighborhood controls (N = 1,173) answered a questionnaire. Regular use of soap for washing, treating injuries with soap or antibiotic powder, and frequent contact with flowing water appeared protective against BU. (+info)Primary culture of Mycobacterium ulcerans from human tissue specimens after storage in semisolid transport medium. (5/134)
Tissue specimens collected from patients with clinically suspected Buruli ulcer treated in two Buruli ulcer treatment centers in Benin between 1998 and 2004 were placed in semisolid transport medium and transported at ambient temperature for microbiological analysis at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium. The impact of the delay before microbiological analysis on primary culture of Mycobacterium ulcerans was investigated. The length of storage in semisolid transport medium varied from 6 days to 26 weeks. Of the 1,273 tissue fragments positive for M. ulcerans DNA by an IS2404-specific PCR, 576 (45.2%) yielded positive culture results. The sensitivity of direct smear examination was 64.6% (822/1,273 tissue fragments). The median time required to obtain a positive culture result was 11 weeks. Positive cultures were obtained even from samples kept for more than 2 months at ambient temperatures. Moreover, there was no reduction in the viability of M. ulcerans, as detected by culture, when specimens remained in semisolid transport medium for long periods of time (up to 26 weeks). We can conclude that the method with semisolid transport medium is very robust for clinical specimens from patients with Buruli ulcer that, due to circumstances, cannot be analyzed in a timely manner. This transport medium is thus very useful for the confirmation of a diagnosis of Buruli ulcer with specimens collected in the field. (+info)Development of highly organized lymphoid structures in Buruli ulcer lesions after treatment with rifampicin and streptomycin. (6/134)
BACKGROUND: Buruli ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans is an infection of the subcutaneous tissue leading to chronic necrotising skin ulcers. The pathogenesis is associated with the cytocidal and immunosuppressive activities of a macrolide toxin. Histopathological hallmark of progressing disease is a poor inflammatory response despite of clusters of extracellular bacilli. While traditionally wide excision of the infected tissue was the standard treatment, provisional WHO guidelines now recommend an eight week pre-treatment with streptomycin and rifampicin. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a detailed immunohistochemical analysis of tissue samples from Buruli patients who received antibiotic treatment. Cellular immune response along with bacterial load and distribution were monitored. We demonstrate that this treatment leads to the development of highly organized cellular infiltration surrounding areas of coagulative necrosis. Diffuse infiltrates, granulomas and dense lymphocyte aggregation close to vessels were observed. Mycobacterial material was primarily located inside mononuclear phagocytes and microcolonies consisting of extracellular rod-shaped mycobacteria were no longer found. In observational studies some patients showed no clinical response to antibiotic treatment. Corresponding to that, one of five lesions analysed presented with huge clusters of rod-shaped bacilli but no signs of infiltration. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Results signify that eight weeks of antibiotic treatment reverses local immunosuppression and leads to an active inflammatory process in different compartments of the skin. Structured leukocyte infiltrates with unique signatures indicative for healing processes developed at the margins of the lesions. It remains to be analysed whether antibiotic resistance of certain strains of M. ulcerans, lacking patient compliance or poor drug quality are responsible for the absent clinical responses in some patients. In future, analysis of local immune responses could serve as a suitable surrogate marker for the efficacy of alternative treatment strategies. (+info)Risk factors for buruli ulcer: a case control study in Cameroon. (7/134)
BACKGROUND: Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease involving the skin, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. This disease is associated with areas where the water is slow-flowing or stagnant. However, the exact mechanism of transmission of the bacillus and the development of the disease through human activities is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A case-control study to identify Buruli ulcer risk factors in Cameroon compared case-patients with community-matched controls on one hand and family-matched controls on the other hand. Risk factors identified by the community-matched study (including 163 pairs) were: having a low level of education, swamp wading, wearing short, lower-body clothing while farming, living near a cocoa plantation or woods, using adhesive bandages when hurt, and using mosquito coils. Protective factors were: using bed nets, washing clothes, and using leaves as traditional treatment or rubbing alcohol when hurt. The family-matched study (including 118 pairs) corroborated the significance of education level, use of bed nets, and treatment with leaves. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Covering limbs during farming activities is confirmed as a protective factor guarding against Buruli ulcer disease, but newly identified factors including wound treatment and use of bed nets may provide new insight into the unknown mode of transmission of M. ulcerans or the development of the disease. (+info)Short report: edematous Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) on the face: a case report. (8/134)
We report a case of a four-year-old Angolan boy with the edematous form of Buruli ulcer on the face and scalp, who was treated at a rural hospital in the Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Treatment consisted of a series of surgical interventions and antimycobacterial chemotherapy (rifampin and ciprofloxacin) for two months. This case demonstrates the diagnostic and management difficulties of an edematous lesion of BU on the face and suggests an enhancement of healing and limitation of extent of excision by specific antibiotherapy. The outcome in this patient also underscores the importance of prompt referral of suspected cases and training of health professionals in the early diagnosis of BU. (+info)Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It mainly affects the skin and occasionally the bones and joints. The infection typically begins with a painless nodule or papule that may progress to a large, painful ulcer with undermined edges if left untreated. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent disfigurement and disability. Buruli ulcer is primarily found in rural areas of West and Central Africa, but also occurs in other parts of the world including Australia, Asia, and South America. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil, although the exact mode of transmission is not fully understood. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can cure the disease and prevent complications.
"Mycobacterium ulcerans" is a slow-growing mycobacterium that is the causative agent of a chronic infection known as Buruli ulcer. This bacterium is naturally found in aquatic environments and can infect humans through minor traumas or wounds on the skin. The infection typically begins as a painless nodule or papule, which may progress to form necrotic ulcers if left untreated. The bacteria produce a unique toxin called mycolactone, which is responsible for the extensive tissue damage and destruction observed in Buruli ulcers.
A skin ulcer is a defined as a loss of continuity or disruption of the skin surface, often accompanied by inflammation and/or infection. These lesions can result from various causes including pressure, venous or arterial insufficiency, diabetes, and chronic dermatological conditions. Skin ulcers are typically characterized by their appearance, depth, location, and underlying cause. Common types of skin ulcers include pressure ulcers (also known as bedsores), venous leg ulcers, arterial ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers. Proper evaluation, wound care, management of underlying conditions, and prevention strategies are crucial in the treatment of skin ulcers to promote healing and prevent complications.
I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Benin." Benin is a country located in West Africa, and its name is used in medical literature to describe conditions or issues related to that country, such as diseases prevalent there. However, without additional context, it's difficult to provide a specific medical definition for 'Benin.'
Nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) infections refer to illnesses caused by a group of bacteria called mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. These bacteria are commonly found in the environment, such as in water, soil, and dust. They can be spread through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with contaminated materials.
NTM infections can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, skin, and soft tissues. Lung infections are the most common form of NTM infection and often occur in people with underlying lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or bronchiectasis. Symptoms of NTM lung infection may include cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
Skin and soft tissue infections caused by NTM can occur through direct contact with contaminated water or soil, or through medical procedures such as contaminated injections or catheters. Symptoms of NTM skin and soft tissue infections may include redness, swelling, pain, and drainage.
Diagnosis of NTM infections typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to identify the specific type of mycobacteria causing the infection. Treatment may involve multiple antibiotics for an extended period of time, depending on the severity and location of the infection.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ghana" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Ghana. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help with those!
Bacterial skin diseases are a type of infectious skin condition caused by various species of bacteria. These bacteria can multiply rapidly on the skin's surface when given the right conditions, leading to infection and inflammation. Some common bacterial skin diseases include:
1. Impetigo: A highly contagious superficial skin infection that typically affects exposed areas such as the face, hands, and feet. It is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.
2. Cellulitis: A deep-skin infection that can spread rapidly and involves the inner layers of the skin and underlying tissue. It is often caused by Group A Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
3. Folliculitis: An inflammation of hair follicles, usually caused by an infection with Staphylococcus aureus or other bacteria.
4. Furuncles (boils) and carbuncles: Deep infections that develop from folliculitis when the infection spreads to surrounding tissue. A furuncle is a single boil, while a carbuncle is a cluster of boils.
5. Erysipelas: A superficial skin infection characterized by redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. It is typically caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria.
6. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections: Skin infections caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil and characterized by flu-like symptoms and skin rashes.
Treatment for bacterial skin diseases usually involves the use of topical or oral antibiotics, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus-filled abscesses may be necessary to promote healing. Proper hygiene and wound care can help prevent the spread of these infections.
I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for "witchcraft" as it is generally considered to be a cultural or religious practice, not a medical condition. Witchcraft often refers to the practice of magical skills, spells, and the ability to communicate with spirits, which are beliefs that are deeply rooted in various cultures and religions around the world.
However, in some historical contexts, particularly during the early modern period in Europe, accusations of witchcraft were used as a pretext for persecuting and punishing individuals who were perceived as social or religious outsiders. These witch trials often resulted in severe physical and psychological harm, including executions, and can be considered a medical and human rights issue due to the trauma and violence inflicted upon those accused.
It's important to note that modern medicine recognizes the importance of cultural competence and sensitivity in providing care to patients from diverse backgrounds, including those who may practice witchcraft or other forms of traditional healing.
Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. It belongs to the class of aminoglycosides and works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to bacterial death.
Streptomycin is primarily used to treat a variety of infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including tuberculosis, brucellosis, plague, tularemia, and certain types of bacterial endocarditis. It is also used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
Like other aminoglycosides, streptomycin has a narrow therapeutic index and can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) with prolonged use or high doses. Therefore, its use is typically limited to cases where other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.
It's important to note that the use of streptomycin requires careful monitoring of drug levels and kidney function, as well as regular audiometric testing to detect any potential hearing loss.
A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of the stomach. It's caused by a breakdown in the mucous layer that protects the stomach from digestive juices, allowing acid to come into contact with the stomach lining and cause an ulcer. The most common causes are bacterial infection (usually by Helicobacter pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications like internal bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.
A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that develops in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. It is characterized by a break in the mucosal layer of the duodinal wall, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Duodenal ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between digestive acid and mucus production, which can be exacerbated by factors such as bacterial infection (commonly with Helicobacter pylori), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, smoking, and stress. Symptoms may include gnawing or burning abdominal pain, often occurring a few hours after meals or during the night, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications can be severe, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction of the duodenum. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, and treatment may include antibiotics (if H. pylori infection is present), acid-suppressing medications, lifestyle modifications, and potentially surgery in severe cases.
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics derived from natural products obtained from various species of Streptomyces bacteria. They have a large ring structure consisting of 12, 14, or 15 atoms, to which one or more sugar molecules are attached. Macrolides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing peptide bond formation. Common examples of macrolides include erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin. They are primarily used to treat respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a country located in Central Africa. It is named after the Congo River, which flows through the country. The DRC is the second-largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh-largest in the world. It is home to a diverse population of more than 80 million people, making it one of the most populous countries on the continent.
The DRC is a democratic republic, which means that it is a form of government in which the people have the power to choose their leaders through free and fair elections. The country has a presidential system of government, in which the president serves as both the head of state and the head of government. The current president of the DRC is Félix Tshisekedi, who took office in January 2019.
The DRC is a federal republic, meaning that it is divided into several provinces, each with its own elected government. The country has a total of 26 provinces, which are further divided into districts and sectors.
The DRC is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the African Union, and the Southern African Development Community. It is also a party to several international treaties and agreements, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The DRC has a mixed economy, with both private and public sectors playing important roles. The country is rich in natural resources, including minerals such as copper, diamonds, gold, and tin. It also has large areas of fertile land that are suitable for agriculture. However, the DRC faces significant challenges, including poverty, corruption, and conflict. Despite these challenges, the country has made progress in recent years in terms of economic growth and development.
A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.
The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.
If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.
Rifampin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as rifamycins. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin is used to treat a variety of infections caused by bacteria, including tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Legionella pneumophila. It is also used to prevent meningococcal disease in people who have been exposed to the bacteria.
Rifampin is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions. The medication is usually taken two to four times a day, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Rifampin may be given alone or in combination with other antibiotics.
It is important to note that rifampin can interact with several other medications, including oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, and anti-seizure drugs, among others. Therefore, it is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the medications you are taking before starting treatment with rifampin.
Rifampin may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of urine, tears, sweat, and saliva to a reddish-orange color. These side effects are usually mild and go away on their own. However, if they persist or become bothersome, it is important to consult your healthcare provider.
In summary, rifampin is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections and prevent meningococcal disease. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin may interact with several other medications, and it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of body fluids.
An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.
Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.
Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Togo" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in West Africa, known officially as the Togolese Republic. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please don't hesitate to ask!
A leg ulcer is a chronic wound that occurs on the lower extremities, typically on the inner or outer ankle. It's often caused by poor circulation, venous insufficiency, or diabetes. Leg ulcers can also result from injury, infection, or inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. These ulcers can be painful, and they may take a long time to heal, making them prone to infection. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and wound care are essential for healing leg ulcers and preventing complications.
A pressure ulcer, also known as a pressure injury or bedsore, is defined by the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) as "localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device." The damage can be caused by intense and/or prolonged pressure or shear forces, or a combination of both. Pressure ulcers are staged based on their severity, ranging from an initial reddening of the skin (Stage 1) to full-thickness tissue loss that extends down to muscle and bone (Stage 4). Unstageable pressure ulcers are those in which the base of the wound is covered by yellow, tan, green or brown tissue and the extent of tissue damage is not visible. Suspected deep tissue injury (Suspected DTI) describes intact skin or non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence due to pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.
I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Angola." Angola is a country located in Southern Africa, known officially as the Republic of Angola. It does not have any specific relevance to medical terminology or healthcare. If you have more context or information about why you are looking for a medical definition of Angola, I may be able to provide a more helpful response.
Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is a rare form of tuberculosis that affects the skin. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. africanum. CTB can occur as a primary infection after direct inoculation of the skin with the bacteria, or it can be secondary to a distant focus of infection such as lung or lymph node TB.
The clinical presentation of CTB is varied and can include papules, nodules, pustules, ulcers, plaques, or scaly lesions. The lesions may be painless or painful, and they can be associated with systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
CTB can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination, skin biopsy, culture, and PCR testing. Treatment typically involves a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics, often for six to nine months or more. The most commonly used drugs are isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Surgical excision may be necessary in some cases.
Prevention measures include early detection and treatment of pulmonary TB, BCG vaccination, and avoiding contact with people with active TB.
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of infectious diseases that primarily affect people living in poverty, in tropical and subtropical areas. These diseases are called "neglected" because they have been largely ignored by medical research and drug development, as well as by global health agencies and pharmaceutical companies.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 diseases as NTDs, including:
1. Buruli ulcer
2. Chagas disease
3. Dengue and chikungunya
4. Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
5. Echinococcosis
6. Endemic treponematoses
7. Foodborne trematodiases
8. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
9. Leishmaniasis
10. Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
11. Lymphatic filariasis
12. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
13. Rabies
14. Schistosomiasis
15. Soil-transmitted helminthiases
16. Snakebite envenoming
17. Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
18. Trachoma
19. Mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses
20. Yaws (Endemic treponematoses)
These diseases can lead to severe disfigurement, disability, and even death if left untreated. They affect more than 1 billion people worldwide, mainly in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. NTDs also have significant social and economic impacts, contributing to poverty, stigma, discrimination, and exclusion.
Efforts are underway to raise awareness and increase funding for research, prevention, and treatment of NTDs. The WHO has set targets for controlling or eliminating several NTDs by 2030, including dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, trachoma, and human African trypanosomiasis.
I'm not aware of any medical condition or term that is specifically associated with or referred to as "Cameroon." Cameroon is a country located in Central Africa, known for its rich biodiversity and cultural diversity. If you have more context about why you are looking for a medical definition of "Cameroon," I may be able to provide a more helpful response.
Breakfast is not a medical term, but it refers to the first meal of the day that is typically consumed in the morning after awakening from sleep. The word "breakfast" comes from the idea of breaking the overnight fast, as it is the meal that breaks the prolonged period without food or drink.
There is no specific medical definition for breakfast, but nutritionists and health professionals often recommend eating a nutritious breakfast to help kickstart metabolism, provide energy for the day, and support overall health and well-being. A healthy breakfast may include foods such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean protein sources, and low-fat dairy products.
In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.
Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a medical condition characterized by bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract due to a peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They are usually caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
When a peptic ulcer bleeds, it can cause symptoms such as vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools. In severe cases, the bleeding can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by a rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and confusion. Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Treatment may include medications to reduce stomach acid, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori infection, and endoscopic procedures to stop the bleeding. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the ulcer or remove damaged tissue.
Environmental Microbiology is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microscopic entities, that are found in various environments such as water, soil, air, and organic matter. This field focuses on understanding how these microbes interact with their surroundings, their role in various ecological systems, and their impact on human health and the environment. It also involves studying the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that allow microorganisms to survive and thrive in different environmental conditions, as well as the potential uses of microbes for bioremediation, bioenergy, and other industrial applications.
Microscopy is a technical field in medicine that involves the use of microscopes to observe structures and phenomena that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. It allows for the examination of samples such as tissues, cells, and microorganisms at high magnifications, enabling the detection and analysis of various medical conditions, including infections, diseases, and cellular abnormalities.
There are several types of microscopy used in medicine, including:
1. Light Microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate and magnify samples. It can be used to examine a wide range of biological specimens, such as tissue sections, blood smears, and bacteria.
2. Electron Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons instead of light to produce highly detailed images of samples. It is often used in research settings to study the ultrastructure of cells and tissues.
3. Fluorescence Microscopy: This technique involves labeling specific molecules within a sample with fluorescent dyes, allowing for their visualization under a microscope. It can be used to study protein interactions, gene expression, and cell signaling pathways.
4. Confocal Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a laser beam to scan a sample point by point, producing high-resolution images with reduced background noise. It is often used in medical research to study the structure and function of cells and tissues.
5. Scanning Probe Microscopy: This technique involves scanning a sample with a physical probe, allowing for the measurement of topography, mechanical properties, and other characteristics at the nanoscale. It can be used in medical research to study the structure and function of individual molecules and cells.
Emerging communicable diseases are infections whose incidence has increased in the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. These diseases can be caused by new microbial agents, or by previously known agents that have newly acquired the ability to cause disease in humans. They may also result from changes in human demographics, behavior, or travel patterns, or from technological or environmental changes. Examples of emerging communicable diseases include COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus infection, and West Nile fever.
Buruli ulcer
Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative
Neglected tropical diseases
Rifampicin
Mycolactone
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Tropical ulcer
Wayne M. Meyers
Neglected tropical diseases in India
Ellis Owusu-Dabo
John Grange (immunologist)
Gordon Awandare
BCG vaccine
James Augustus Grant
Sitafloxacin
Rifalazil
Witchcraft
Kids for World Health
David Ofori-Adjei
Volunteer Partnerships for West Africa
Richard Morrow
FIND, the global alliance for diagnostics
Stewart Cole
David Barker (epidemiologist)
List of pollution-related diseases
Buruuli
Macrophage polarization
MAP International
Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
Paratuberculosis
Buruli ulcer - Wikipedia
Buruli Ulcer | Buruli Ulcer | NCEZID
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Mycobacterium18
- Buruli ulcer is caused by skin infection with bacteria called Mycobacterium ulcerans. (wikipedia.org)
- Buruli ulcer is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans . (cdc.gov)
- Buruli ulcer, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans , is a chronic, debilitating, necrotizing disease of the skin and soft tissue. (medscape.com)
- Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . (dovepress.com)
- Chronic skin ulcers consistent with Mycobacterium ulcerans disease ( Figure 1 ) were first described in The Mengo Hospital Notes (Kampala, Uganda) in 1897 by the British physician Albert Cook. (dovepress.com)
- Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection of subcutaneous tissue with Mycobacterium ulcerans . (elifesciences.org)
- In temperate southeastern Australia over the past two decades there has been a marked progressive increase in human cases of Buruli ulcer, an infection of subcutaneous tissue caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . (biorxiv.org)
- Treatment guidance for health workers can be found in the WHO publication Treatment of mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). (searchandrestore.com)
- Buruli ulcer is a chronic debilitating disease caused by an environmental Mycobacterium ulcerans. (searchandrestore.com)
- Buruli ulcer (BU) is a chronic, necrotizing infectious skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . (biomedcentral.com)
- Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. (mendelian.co)
- Buruli Ulcer, Susceptibility To Is also known as mycobacterium ulcerans, susceptibility to. (mendelian.co)
- Background Challenges associated with early diagnosis of Buruli ulcer disease (BUD), an infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (M. ulcerans) is a major setback in public health and disease control. (edu.gh)
- The neglected tropical disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is an infection of subcutaneous tissue with Mycobacterium ulcerans There is no effective vaccine. (nih.gov)
- 2012). Amoebae as Potential Environmental Hosts for Mycobacterium ulcerans and Other Mycobacteria, but Doubtful Actors in Buruli Ulcer Epidemiology . (up.pt)
- 2012). Cellular immunity confers transient protection in experimental buruli ulcer following BCG or mycolactone-negative mycobacterium ulcerans vaccination . (up.pt)
- Aquatic insects and Mycobacterium ulcerans: An association relevant to buruli ulcer control? (up.pt)
- My research interest is with Buruli ulcer, a necrotizing skin ulcerative disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . (edu.gh)
Leprosy7
- Buruli ulcer is an emerging infectious disease and is the third most common mycobacterial disease of the immunocompetent host, after tuberculosis and leprosy. (medscape.com)
- The event brought together over 70 participants from member laboratories, external skin disease experts, national NTD programme managers, officials from the Ghana Health Service and front-line health workers, as well as representatives from partner organizations - Anesvad, American Leprosy Missions and the Raoul Follereau Foundation - demonstrating the global collaborative effort in addressing Buruli ulcer and other skin NTDs. (africanpeace.org)
- Throughout the 3-day meeting, participants discussed laboratory needs and challenges, harmonization of PCR to include skin NTDs other than Buruli ulcer (cutaneous leishmaniasis, leprosy, mycetoma and yaws) and collaborative research studies. (africanpeace.org)
- We are moving forward in our aim to eliminate leprosy, control the Buruli ulcer and eradicate yaws in Togo. (anesvad.org)
- Chiépo is a rural community of 5,372 inhabitants in Ivory Coast with a strong presence of NTDs such as the Buruli ulcer and leprosy. (anesvad.org)
- To combat NTDs in Gagnoa, we work in collaboration with the Ivorian Ministry of Health via their National Programmes to fight against leprosy and the Buruli ulcer. (anesvad.org)
- as well as several bacterial infections such as trachoma, Buruli ulcer, and leprosy. (ifhhro.org)
Diagnosis of Buruli ulcer1
- Its primary goal is to enhance the diagnosis of Buruli ulcer using standardized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing protocols and external quality assessment programmes. (africanpeace.org)
Infection9
- Large ulcers may extend deep into underlying tissue, causing bone infection and exposing muscle, tendon, and bone to the air. (wikipedia.org)
- Infection often leads to ulcers on the arms or legs, which can also destroy skin or soft tissue. (cdc.gov)
- The most proximal of the 3 ulcers had a diameter of associated with M. ulcerans infection. (cdc.gov)
- The Buruli ulcer is different from other ulcers as it's usually painless and there are generally no other signs of infection such as fever or swollen lymph nodes. (epworth.org.au)
- It's difficult to say how we can prevent the Buruli Ulcer, as the exact way to get the infection is not known. (epworth.org.au)
- To prevent possible infection with the Buruli ulcer, the public is urged to cover up while working. (australiantimes.co.uk)
- Background Buruli ulcer due to can be an infection from the subcutaneous tissues resulting in chronic necrotising epidermis ulcers. (hiv-proteases.com)
- [8] BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. (wikipedia.org)
- The consequences of long-term infection vary from disease to disease and include blindness, disfiguring scars and ulcers, severe pain, limb deformities, impaired mental and physical development, and damage to internal organs. (disabled-world.com)
Neglected Tropical4
- As the World marks the annual Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day, Buruli ulcer remains one of the most mysterious NTDs globally with the mode of transmission to humans remaining unknown. (co.ke)
- This meeting marked a pivotal milestone in the fight against Buruli ulcer and other skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs) in the WHO African Region: the transition of the network from BU-LABNET to Skin NTD LABNET. (africanpeace.org)
- Benin is one of the poorest countries in West Africa, a region hit by various skin-related Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), such as the Buruli ulcer and yaws, which primarily affect children. (anesvad.org)
- It presents informations about neglected tropical diseases and brings details about the diseases such as blinding trachoma, buruli ulcer, cholera, dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever, dracunculiasis (gui. (bvsalud.org)
Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative1
- In 1998, WHO established the Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative to coordinate global efforts to eliminate Buruli ulcer. (wikipedia.org)
Endemic6
- To explore these links we conducted an extensive, 4-month structured mosquito field survey and four ad hoc field surveys across an area of 350km 2 on the Mornington Peninsula, an area endemic for Buruli ulcer. (biorxiv.org)
- Swabbed samples from ulcer lesions of Buruli ulcer (BU) patients in two BU endemic districts of the Eastern region of Ghana were used. (edu.gh)
- According to Dr. Frimpong, in most cases, experienced health professionals with training in endemic areas can make a reliable clinical diagnosis, but other ulcers such as chronic lower leg ulcers, diabetic ulcers, fungal infections may confuse diagnosis. (co.ke)
- In 2019, WHO established the Buruli ulcer Laboratory Network (BU-LABNET) for Africa to help strengthen PCR confirmation in endemic countries in the region. (co.ke)
- To improve diagnosis, Dr. Frimpong and his research team in Ghana have developed Buruli ulcer recombinase polymerase amplification (BU-RPA) which can be used in healthcare facilities closer to the patients since the current PCR can only be used in reference laboratories far away from endemic areas. (co.ke)
- To examine protective and risk factors for Buruli ulcer (BU), we conducted a case-control study of 245 adult BU cases and 481 postcode-matched controls across BU-endemic areas of Victoria , Australia . (bvsalud.org)
Lesions1
- Native possums are the major local environmental reservoir of M. uclerans as they not only develop Buruli lesions but they also shed M. ulcerans in their excreta. (biorxiv.org)
Case of Buruli ulcer1
- sub-Saharan Africa, but 2 cases have been reported in Mali, We report a case of Buruli ulcer that may have originated in an urban semiarid area of Senegal. (cdc.gov)
Leishmaniasis5
- Buruli ulcer (BU), leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH). (who.int)
- More countries are conducting case finding and reporting to WHO, and trends are decreasing for Buruli ulcer (from 2101 cases in 2014 to 1949 in 2019) and leishmaniasis (from 17 665 cases in 2014 to 16 435 cases in 2019). (who.int)
- Sanofi-aventis has agreed to renew its support for the WHO program to eliminate sleeping sickness, and its support for Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis for the next five years. (disabled-world.com)
- This continued support will ensure that necessary resources will be available also to move forward in combating leishmaniasis, Buruli ulcer and Chagas disease. (disabled-world.com)
- Since its inception, the DMB Centre has supported 16 clinical trials for neglected diseases such as leishmaniasis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, paediatric HIV, Buruli ulcer, and mycetoma. (dndi.org)
Bairnsdale4
- Other names for this entity include Bairnsdale ulcer, Daintree ulcer, Mossman ulcer, and Searl ulcer. (medscape.com)
- Buruli ulcer was first described by Sir Albert Cook in patients from Buruli County in Uganda, and the causative organism was isolated in 1948 by MacCallum in the Bairnsdale region of Victoria, Australia. (medscape.com)
- Since 2000, the number of reported cases of the Buruli or 'Bairnsdale' ulcer in Victoria has increased from two to more than 300 so far in 2018, with the majority of cases reported on the Bellarine and Mornington Peninsulas. (epworth.org.au)
- How do you get a Bairnsdale ulcer? (searchandrestore.com)
Painless7
- Buruli ulcer (/bəˈruːli/) is an infectious disease characterized by the development of painless open wounds. (wikipedia.org)
- The first sign of Buruli ulcer is a painless swollen bump on the arm or leg, often similar in appearance to an insect bite. (wikipedia.org)
- After about four weeks, the affected skin sloughs off leaving a painless ulcer. (wikipedia.org)
- [ 2 ] Buruli ulcers generally begin as a painless dermal papule or subcutaneous edematous nodule, which, over a period of weeks to months, breaks down to form an extensive necrotic ulcer with undermined edges. (medscape.com)
- Buruli ulcers are traditionally thought to be painless ulcers. (medscape.com)
- If you have a pimple that breaks down into a 'painless' ulcer that's just not getting better, you should visit your local doctor who will take swabs in an attempt to make the diagnosis. (epworth.org.au)
- In Africa, most of the people affected are children under 15, with the NTD often starting as a painless swelling of the affected area, usually the arms, legs, or face, and eventually developing into large ulcers, usually on the arms or legs. (co.ke)
Bacterium3
- The highest bacterium ulcerans and is usually associated with tropical incidence of Buruli ulcer is found in tropical or subtropical climates and exposure to slow-moving or stagnant water. (cdc.gov)
- When infected with Buruli ulcers, the bacterium will make its way under the skin before eventually secreting a toxin that kills the skin. (australiantimes.co.uk)
- The organisation goes on to state that, "although the causative organism of Buruli ulcer is an environmental bacterium, the mode of transmission to humans remains unknown. (londonlovesbusiness.com)
Coagulative necrosis1
- [ 14 ] Another prominent feature of Buruli ulcers is extensive coagulative necrosis caused by mycolactone. (medscape.com)
Clinical1
- The diagnosis of the neglected tropical skin and soft tissue disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is made on clinical and epidemiological grounds, after which treatment with BU-specific antibiotics is initiated empirically. (uantwerpen.be)
West Africa1
- The Buruli ulcer has been reported in many areas of the world, including West Africa, Central Africa, New Guinea and tropical regions of Asia. (epworth.org.au)
Mycobacteria2
- M ulcerans are slow-growing mycobacteria and are the causative agent of Buruli ulcers. (medscape.com)
- 2 In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then the Belgian Congo), chronic ulcers caused by mycobacteria were reported in 170 patients in the 1940s and 1950s. (dovepress.com)
Possum1
- Researchers have developed a surveillance system capable of detecting elevated risks of Buruli ulcer outbreaks in Victoria thanks to possum 'poo'-a breakthrough in the fight against the disease. (medicalxpress.com)
Infectious disease1
- A reemergence of cases led the 1998 World Health Organization (WHO) to reclassify Buruli ulcer as a "neglected emerging infectious disease," which has stimulated ongoing research into diagnosis, pathogenesis, and effective treatment. (medscape.com)
Antibiotics5
- The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating Buruli ulcer with a combination of the antibiotics rifampicin and clarithromycin. (wikipedia.org)
- Once the diagnosis is made, the management involves taking antibiotics for up to eight weeks and on occasion the patient may need to see a surgeon to "debride" the ulcer (remove infected or damaged tissue) in theatre. (epworth.org.au)
- The headline finding of the trial is clear and promising: Buruli ulcer was curable with an 8-week course of oral antibiotics and surgery was not required in these patients. (searchandrestore.com)
- What antibiotics treat Buruli ulcers? (searchandrestore.com)
- Buruli ulcer is treatable with antibiotics. (johnshopkins.edu)
Take months to heal1
- Even with proper treatment, Buruli ulcer can take months to heal. (wikipedia.org)
Limbs1
- Buruli ulcers can appear anywhere on the body, but are typically on the limbs. (wikipedia.org)
Ulcerans2
- Once in the skin, M. ulcerans grows and releases the toxin mycolactone, which blocks the normal function of cells, resulting in tissue death and immune suppression at the site of the ulcer. (wikipedia.org)
- Buruli ulcer typically occurs near slow-moving or stagnant bodies of water, where M. ulcerans is found in aquatic insects, mollusks, fish, and the water itself. (wikipedia.org)
Disease7
- Buruli ulcer is a necrotizing skin disease caused by Myco- cial stigma on patients and their families ( 2,3 ). (cdc.gov)
- Large numbers of cases were reported from the Buruli County near the river Nile in Uganda in the early 1960s, 4 giving rise to the official designation Buruli ulcer (BU) for the disease. (dovepress.com)
- The Health sector has brought attention to a flesh eating disease called Buruli ulcers making its rounds in the Melbourne metro recently. (australiantimes.co.uk)
- Buruli ulcer, otherwise known as the flesh-eating disease has been seen in multiple individuals so far. (australiantimes.co.uk)
- In 1961, a large case series of the disease was described in Buruli, now Nakasongola, District in Uganda [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- But as the disease affects mainly populations in remote, rural communities, where access to healthcare is limited, the true prevalence of Buruli ulcer is difficult to gauge," he added. (co.ke)
- and the development of rapid diagnostic and intervention strategies for Buruli ulcer disease. (edu.gh)
County in Uganda1
- BU was recognized for the first time in 1897 in Buruli County in Uganda by Sir Albert Cook. (biomedcentral.com)
Patients1
- We conclude that it may be possible to cure patients with Buruli ulcer in 14 days or less using Q203-containing regimens rather than currently recommended 56-day regimens. (johnshopkins.edu)
Africa1
- At least 33 countries with tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates have reported Buruli ulcer in Africa, South America, and Western Pacific regions. (londonlovesbusiness.com)
20231
- The network of Buruli ulcer PCR laboratories (BU-LABNET) in the WHO African Region concluded its fifth annual meeting held at the esteemed Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research in Accra, Ghana on 23-25 October 2023. (africanpeace.org)
20181
- In 2018, WHO received 2,713 reports of Buruli ulcer globally. (wikipedia.org)
Mycolactone1
- Ogbechi et al showed that mycolactone decreased thrombomodulin expression on the surface of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, thereby impairing the activation of protein C. This study also showed that fibrin deposition is a prominent feature of these ulcers and the tissue necrosis could be caused by fibrin-driven ischemia. (medscape.com)
Affects1
- After decades combatting the Buruli ulcer, which affects thousands of people in over 33 countries, we are still unaware of its exact mode of transmission. (anesvad.org)
Skin2
- Buruli ulcers typically have "undermined edges", the ulcer being a few centimeters wider underneath the skin than the wound itself. (wikipedia.org)
- Buruli ulcer can extend to 15% of a person's skin surface and may destroy nerves and blood vessels. (medscape.com)
Morbidity1
- Buruli ulcers are common causes of morbidity in many tropical countries. (unboundmedicine.com)
Symptoms2
- The World Health Organization classifies Buruli ulcer into three categories depending on the severity of its symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- What are the symptoms of a Buruli Ulcer? (epworth.org.au)
Risk factors1
- Comprehensive Case-Control Study of Protective and Risk Factors for Buruli Ulcer, Southeastern Australia. (bvsalud.org)
Laboratories1
- The BU-LABNET seeks to improve quality diagnosis in the African region by ensuring all laboratories in the network utilize standardized procedures for PCR-based diagnostic of Buruli ulcer and implement an External Quality Assurance (EQA) program for these laboratories. (co.ke)
Melbourne1
- In areas across Melbourne new cases of Buruli ulcer has been detected across parts of Australia, which is usually confined to coastal areas. (londonlovesbusiness.com)
Extend1
- When ulcers extend into muscles and tendons, parts of these tissues can be replaced by scar tissue, immobilizing the body part and resulting in permanent disability. (wikipedia.org)
Control1
- Dr. Frimpong, who is also a member of the expert panel and advisory group, noted that effective and accessible diagnostics is one of the key targets for Buruli ulcer control towards the WHO NTD Road Map 2030. (co.ke)
Laboratory1
- Thus, standard laboratory methods are required to confirm Buruli ulcer. (co.ke)
Cases1
- Ulcers generally starts off as a mosquito bite and grows bigger in some cases. (australiantimes.co.uk)
Tissue1
- Deep ulcers and those on sensitive body sites may require surgery to remove dead tissue or repair scarred muscles or joints. (wikipedia.org)
Protocols1
- There are currently no unified protocols for detecting Buruli ulcer. (anesvad.org)