A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.
A slow-growing mycobacterium that infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, giving rise to indolent BURULI ULCER.
A skin ulcer is a breakdown of the skin's surface and underlying tissues, often caused by prolonged pressure, infection, or poor circulation, leading to a loss of continuity in the epidermis and dermis, potentially extending into deeper layers such as subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and bone.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER and between TOGO and NIGERIA. Its capital is Porto-Novo. It was formerly called Dahomey. In the 17th century it was a kingdom in the southern area of Africa. Coastal footholds were established by the French who deposed the ruler by 1892. It was made a French colony in 1894 and gained independence in 1960. Benin comes from the name of the indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, now more closely linked with southern Nigeria (Benin City, a town there). Bini may be related to the Arabic bani, sons. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p136, 310 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p60)
Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra.
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.
An act of employing sorcery (the use of power gained from the assistance or control of spirits), especially with malevolent intent, and the exercise of supernatural powers and alleged intercourse with the devil or a familiar. (From Webster, 3d ed)
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.
A group of often glycosylated macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, or 16)-membered lactone. Macrolides belong to the POLYKETIDES class of natural products, and many members exhibit ANTIBIOTIC properties.
A republic in central Africa, east of the REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, south of the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and north of ANGOLA and ZAMBIA. The capital is Kinshasa.
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
A republic in western Africa, lying between GHANA on its west and BENIN on its east. Its capital is Lome.
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.
A republic in southern Africa, southwest of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and west of ZAMBIA. Its capital is Luanda.
Tuberculosis of the skin. It includes scrofuloderma and tuberculid, but not LUPUS VULGARIS.
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).
A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.
The first meal of the day.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
Bleeding from a PEPTIC ULCER that can be located in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.
The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.

Promising clinical efficacy of streptomycin-rifampin combination for treatment of buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans disease). (1/134)

According to recommendations of the 6th WHO Advisory Committee on Buruli ulcer, directly observed treatment with the combination of rifampin and streptomycin, administered daily for 8 weeks, was recommended to 310 patients diagnosed with Buruli ulcer in Pobe, Benin. Among the 224 (72%) eligible patients for whom treatment was initiated, 215 (96%) were categorized as treatment successes, and 9, including 1 death and 8 losses to follow-up, were treatment failures. Of the 215 successfully treated patients, 102 (47%) were treated exclusively with antibiotics and 113 (53%) were treated with antibiotics plus surgical excision and skin grafting. The size of lesions at treatment initiation was the major factor associated with surgical intervention: 73% of patients with lesions of >15 cm in diameter underwent surgery, whereas only 17% of patients with lesions of <5 cm had surgery. No patient discontinued therapy for side effects from the antibiotic treatment. One year after stopping treatment, 208 of the 215 patients were actively retrieved to assess the long-term therapeutic results: 3 (1.44%) of the 208 retrieved patients had recurrence of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease, 2 among the 107 patients treated only with antibiotics and 1 among the 108 patients treated with antibiotics plus surgery. We conclude that the WHO-recommended streptomycin-rifampin combination is highly efficacious for treating M. ulcerans disease. Chemotherapy alone was successful in achieving cure in 47% of cases and was particularly effective against ulcers of less than 5 cm in diameter.  (+info)

Systemic and local interferon-gamma production following Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. (2/134)

Buruli ulcer disease (BUD) is an emerging predominantly tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. The initial pre-ulcerative skin lesion often breaks down into an ulcer with undermined edges. Healing is common but may require considerable time, and scarring often results in functional limitations. Considerable evidence has now emerged that patients with early BUD cannot mount a sufficient protective T helper 1 (Th1) cell response to M. ulcerans, but uncertainty remains as to whether immune protection is restored over time. This study investigates the Th1 cell response of patients with various stages of BUD on mycobacterial antigens. We measured interferon (IFN)-gamma levels after ex vivo whole blood stimulation with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), and compared the Th1 cell response of individuals with pre-ulcerative, ulcerative and healed BUD as well as healthy controls. Moreover, the systemic Th1 cell response was related to histopathological features in the various stages of surgically resected BUD lesions. We show that patients with ulcerative and healed BUD produce significantly higher IFN-gamma levels after mycobacterial ex vivo whole blood stimulation than healthy controls, and that patients with a granulomatous tissue response produce higher IFN-gamma levels than individuals without. We therefore suggest that the mounted Th1 cell response in ulcerative BUD patients might be related to their histopathological tissue response.  (+info)

Evolution of two distinct phylogenetic lineages of the emerging human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. (3/134)

BACKGROUND: Comparative genomics has greatly improved our understanding of the evolution of pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we have used data from a genome microarray analysis to explore insertion-deletion (InDel) polymorphism among a diverse strain collection of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of the devastating skin disease, Buruli ulcer. Detailed analysis of large sequence polymorphisms in twelve regions of difference (RDs), comprising irreversible genetic markers, enabled us to refine the phylogenetic succession within M. ulcerans, to define features of a hypothetical M. ulcerans most recent common ancestor and to confirm its origin from Mycobacterium marinum. RESULTS: M. ulcerans has evolved into five InDel haplotypes that separate into two distinct lineages: (i) the "classical" lineage including the most pathogenic genotypes - those that come from Africa, Australia and South East Asia; and (ii) an "ancestral" M. ulcerans lineage comprising strains from Asia (China/Japan), South America and Mexico. The ancestral lineage is genetically closer to the progenitor M. marinum in both RD composition and DNA sequence identity, whereas the classical lineage has undergone major genomic rearrangements. CONCLUSION: Results of the InDel analysis are in complete accord with recent multi-locus sequence analysis and indicate that M. ulcerans has passed through at least two major evolutionary bottlenecks since divergence from M. marinum. The classical lineage shows more pronounced reductive evolution than the ancestral lineage, suggesting that there may be differences in the ecology between the two lineages. These findings improve the understanding of the adaptive evolution and virulence of M. ulcerans and pathogenic mycobacteria in general and will facilitate the development of new tools for improved diagnostics and molecular epidemiology.  (+info)

Environmental and health-related risk factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in Benin. (4/134)

We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between Buruli ulcer (BU) and environmental- and health-related behaviors in southern Benin. Hospital BU cases (N = 324) and sex- and age-matched neighborhood controls (N = 1,173) answered a questionnaire. Regular use of soap for washing, treating injuries with soap or antibiotic powder, and frequent contact with flowing water appeared protective against BU.  (+info)

Primary culture of Mycobacterium ulcerans from human tissue specimens after storage in semisolid transport medium. (5/134)

Tissue specimens collected from patients with clinically suspected Buruli ulcer treated in two Buruli ulcer treatment centers in Benin between 1998 and 2004 were placed in semisolid transport medium and transported at ambient temperature for microbiological analysis at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium. The impact of the delay before microbiological analysis on primary culture of Mycobacterium ulcerans was investigated. The length of storage in semisolid transport medium varied from 6 days to 26 weeks. Of the 1,273 tissue fragments positive for M. ulcerans DNA by an IS2404-specific PCR, 576 (45.2%) yielded positive culture results. The sensitivity of direct smear examination was 64.6% (822/1,273 tissue fragments). The median time required to obtain a positive culture result was 11 weeks. Positive cultures were obtained even from samples kept for more than 2 months at ambient temperatures. Moreover, there was no reduction in the viability of M. ulcerans, as detected by culture, when specimens remained in semisolid transport medium for long periods of time (up to 26 weeks). We can conclude that the method with semisolid transport medium is very robust for clinical specimens from patients with Buruli ulcer that, due to circumstances, cannot be analyzed in a timely manner. This transport medium is thus very useful for the confirmation of a diagnosis of Buruli ulcer with specimens collected in the field.  (+info)

Development of highly organized lymphoid structures in Buruli ulcer lesions after treatment with rifampicin and streptomycin. (6/134)

BACKGROUND: Buruli ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans is an infection of the subcutaneous tissue leading to chronic necrotising skin ulcers. The pathogenesis is associated with the cytocidal and immunosuppressive activities of a macrolide toxin. Histopathological hallmark of progressing disease is a poor inflammatory response despite of clusters of extracellular bacilli. While traditionally wide excision of the infected tissue was the standard treatment, provisional WHO guidelines now recommend an eight week pre-treatment with streptomycin and rifampicin. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a detailed immunohistochemical analysis of tissue samples from Buruli patients who received antibiotic treatment. Cellular immune response along with bacterial load and distribution were monitored. We demonstrate that this treatment leads to the development of highly organized cellular infiltration surrounding areas of coagulative necrosis. Diffuse infiltrates, granulomas and dense lymphocyte aggregation close to vessels were observed. Mycobacterial material was primarily located inside mononuclear phagocytes and microcolonies consisting of extracellular rod-shaped mycobacteria were no longer found. In observational studies some patients showed no clinical response to antibiotic treatment. Corresponding to that, one of five lesions analysed presented with huge clusters of rod-shaped bacilli but no signs of infiltration. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Results signify that eight weeks of antibiotic treatment reverses local immunosuppression and leads to an active inflammatory process in different compartments of the skin. Structured leukocyte infiltrates with unique signatures indicative for healing processes developed at the margins of the lesions. It remains to be analysed whether antibiotic resistance of certain strains of M. ulcerans, lacking patient compliance or poor drug quality are responsible for the absent clinical responses in some patients. In future, analysis of local immune responses could serve as a suitable surrogate marker for the efficacy of alternative treatment strategies.  (+info)

Risk factors for buruli ulcer: a case control study in Cameroon. (7/134)

BACKGROUND: Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease involving the skin, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. This disease is associated with areas where the water is slow-flowing or stagnant. However, the exact mechanism of transmission of the bacillus and the development of the disease through human activities is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A case-control study to identify Buruli ulcer risk factors in Cameroon compared case-patients with community-matched controls on one hand and family-matched controls on the other hand. Risk factors identified by the community-matched study (including 163 pairs) were: having a low level of education, swamp wading, wearing short, lower-body clothing while farming, living near a cocoa plantation or woods, using adhesive bandages when hurt, and using mosquito coils. Protective factors were: using bed nets, washing clothes, and using leaves as traditional treatment or rubbing alcohol when hurt. The family-matched study (including 118 pairs) corroborated the significance of education level, use of bed nets, and treatment with leaves. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Covering limbs during farming activities is confirmed as a protective factor guarding against Buruli ulcer disease, but newly identified factors including wound treatment and use of bed nets may provide new insight into the unknown mode of transmission of M. ulcerans or the development of the disease.  (+info)

Short report: edematous Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) on the face: a case report. (8/134)

We report a case of a four-year-old Angolan boy with the edematous form of Buruli ulcer on the face and scalp, who was treated at a rural hospital in the Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Treatment consisted of a series of surgical interventions and antimycobacterial chemotherapy (rifampin and ciprofloxacin) for two months. This case demonstrates the diagnostic and management difficulties of an edematous lesion of BU on the face and suggests an enhancement of healing and limitation of extent of excision by specific antibiotherapy. The outcome in this patient also underscores the importance of prompt referral of suspected cases and training of health professionals in the early diagnosis of BU.  (+info)

Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It mainly affects the skin and occasionally the bones and joints. The infection typically begins with a painless nodule or papule that may progress to a large, painful ulcer with undermined edges if left untreated. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent disfigurement and disability. Buruli ulcer is primarily found in rural areas of West and Central Africa, but also occurs in other parts of the world including Australia, Asia, and South America. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil, although the exact mode of transmission is not fully understood. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can cure the disease and prevent complications.

"Mycobacterium ulcerans" is a slow-growing mycobacterium that is the causative agent of a chronic infection known as Buruli ulcer. This bacterium is naturally found in aquatic environments and can infect humans through minor traumas or wounds on the skin. The infection typically begins as a painless nodule or papule, which may progress to form necrotic ulcers if left untreated. The bacteria produce a unique toxin called mycolactone, which is responsible for the extensive tissue damage and destruction observed in Buruli ulcers.

A skin ulcer is a defined as a loss of continuity or disruption of the skin surface, often accompanied by inflammation and/or infection. These lesions can result from various causes including pressure, venous or arterial insufficiency, diabetes, and chronic dermatological conditions. Skin ulcers are typically characterized by their appearance, depth, location, and underlying cause. Common types of skin ulcers include pressure ulcers (also known as bedsores), venous leg ulcers, arterial ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers. Proper evaluation, wound care, management of underlying conditions, and prevention strategies are crucial in the treatment of skin ulcers to promote healing and prevent complications.

I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Benin." Benin is a country located in West Africa, and its name is used in medical literature to describe conditions or issues related to that country, such as diseases prevalent there. However, without additional context, it's difficult to provide a specific medical definition for 'Benin.'

Nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) infections refer to illnesses caused by a group of bacteria called mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. These bacteria are commonly found in the environment, such as in water, soil, and dust. They can be spread through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with contaminated materials.

NTM infections can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, skin, and soft tissues. Lung infections are the most common form of NTM infection and often occur in people with underlying lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or bronchiectasis. Symptoms of NTM lung infection may include cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.

Skin and soft tissue infections caused by NTM can occur through direct contact with contaminated water or soil, or through medical procedures such as contaminated injections or catheters. Symptoms of NTM skin and soft tissue infections may include redness, swelling, pain, and drainage.

Diagnosis of NTM infections typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to identify the specific type of mycobacteria causing the infection. Treatment may involve multiple antibiotics for an extended period of time, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ghana" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Ghana. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help with those!

Bacterial skin diseases are a type of infectious skin condition caused by various species of bacteria. These bacteria can multiply rapidly on the skin's surface when given the right conditions, leading to infection and inflammation. Some common bacterial skin diseases include:

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious superficial skin infection that typically affects exposed areas such as the face, hands, and feet. It is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.
2. Cellulitis: A deep-skin infection that can spread rapidly and involves the inner layers of the skin and underlying tissue. It is often caused by Group A Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
3. Folliculitis: An inflammation of hair follicles, usually caused by an infection with Staphylococcus aureus or other bacteria.
4. Furuncles (boils) and carbuncles: Deep infections that develop from folliculitis when the infection spreads to surrounding tissue. A furuncle is a single boil, while a carbuncle is a cluster of boils.
5. Erysipelas: A superficial skin infection characterized by redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. It is typically caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria.
6. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections: Skin infections caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil and characterized by flu-like symptoms and skin rashes.

Treatment for bacterial skin diseases usually involves the use of topical or oral antibiotics, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus-filled abscesses may be necessary to promote healing. Proper hygiene and wound care can help prevent the spread of these infections.

I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for "witchcraft" as it is generally considered to be a cultural or religious practice, not a medical condition. Witchcraft often refers to the practice of magical skills, spells, and the ability to communicate with spirits, which are beliefs that are deeply rooted in various cultures and religions around the world.

However, in some historical contexts, particularly during the early modern period in Europe, accusations of witchcraft were used as a pretext for persecuting and punishing individuals who were perceived as social or religious outsiders. These witch trials often resulted in severe physical and psychological harm, including executions, and can be considered a medical and human rights issue due to the trauma and violence inflicted upon those accused.

It's important to note that modern medicine recognizes the importance of cultural competence and sensitivity in providing care to patients from diverse backgrounds, including those who may practice witchcraft or other forms of traditional healing.

Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. It belongs to the class of aminoglycosides and works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to bacterial death.

Streptomycin is primarily used to treat a variety of infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including tuberculosis, brucellosis, plague, tularemia, and certain types of bacterial endocarditis. It is also used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

Like other aminoglycosides, streptomycin has a narrow therapeutic index and can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) with prolonged use or high doses. Therefore, its use is typically limited to cases where other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.

It's important to note that the use of streptomycin requires careful monitoring of drug levels and kidney function, as well as regular audiometric testing to detect any potential hearing loss.

A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of the stomach. It's caused by a breakdown in the mucous layer that protects the stomach from digestive juices, allowing acid to come into contact with the stomach lining and cause an ulcer. The most common causes are bacterial infection (usually by Helicobacter pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications like internal bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that develops in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. It is characterized by a break in the mucosal layer of the duodinal wall, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Duodenal ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between digestive acid and mucus production, which can be exacerbated by factors such as bacterial infection (commonly with Helicobacter pylori), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, smoking, and stress. Symptoms may include gnawing or burning abdominal pain, often occurring a few hours after meals or during the night, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications can be severe, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction of the duodenum. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, and treatment may include antibiotics (if H. pylori infection is present), acid-suppressing medications, lifestyle modifications, and potentially surgery in severe cases.

Macrolides are a class of antibiotics derived from natural products obtained from various species of Streptomyces bacteria. They have a large ring structure consisting of 12, 14, or 15 atoms, to which one or more sugar molecules are attached. Macrolides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing peptide bond formation. Common examples of macrolides include erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin. They are primarily used to treat respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a country located in Central Africa. It is named after the Congo River, which flows through the country. The DRC is the second-largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh-largest in the world. It is home to a diverse population of more than 80 million people, making it one of the most populous countries on the continent.

The DRC is a democratic republic, which means that it is a form of government in which the people have the power to choose their leaders through free and fair elections. The country has a presidential system of government, in which the president serves as both the head of state and the head of government. The current president of the DRC is Félix Tshisekedi, who took office in January 2019.

The DRC is a federal republic, meaning that it is divided into several provinces, each with its own elected government. The country has a total of 26 provinces, which are further divided into districts and sectors.

The DRC is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the African Union, and the Southern African Development Community. It is also a party to several international treaties and agreements, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Paris Agreement on climate change.

The DRC has a mixed economy, with both private and public sectors playing important roles. The country is rich in natural resources, including minerals such as copper, diamonds, gold, and tin. It also has large areas of fertile land that are suitable for agriculture. However, the DRC faces significant challenges, including poverty, corruption, and conflict. Despite these challenges, the country has made progress in recent years in terms of economic growth and development.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

Rifampin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as rifamycins. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin is used to treat a variety of infections caused by bacteria, including tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Legionella pneumophila. It is also used to prevent meningococcal disease in people who have been exposed to the bacteria.

Rifampin is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions. The medication is usually taken two to four times a day, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Rifampin may be given alone or in combination with other antibiotics.

It is important to note that rifampin can interact with several other medications, including oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, and anti-seizure drugs, among others. Therefore, it is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the medications you are taking before starting treatment with rifampin.

Rifampin may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of urine, tears, sweat, and saliva to a reddish-orange color. These side effects are usually mild and go away on their own. However, if they persist or become bothersome, it is important to consult your healthcare provider.

In summary, rifampin is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections and prevent meningococcal disease. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin may interact with several other medications, and it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of body fluids.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Togo" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in West Africa, known officially as the Togolese Republic. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please don't hesitate to ask!

A leg ulcer is a chronic wound that occurs on the lower extremities, typically on the inner or outer ankle. It's often caused by poor circulation, venous insufficiency, or diabetes. Leg ulcers can also result from injury, infection, or inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. These ulcers can be painful, and they may take a long time to heal, making them prone to infection. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and wound care are essential for healing leg ulcers and preventing complications.

A pressure ulcer, also known as a pressure injury or bedsore, is defined by the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) as "localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device." The damage can be caused by intense and/or prolonged pressure or shear forces, or a combination of both. Pressure ulcers are staged based on their severity, ranging from an initial reddening of the skin (Stage 1) to full-thickness tissue loss that extends down to muscle and bone (Stage 4). Unstageable pressure ulcers are those in which the base of the wound is covered by yellow, tan, green or brown tissue and the extent of tissue damage is not visible. Suspected deep tissue injury (Suspected DTI) describes intact skin or non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence due to pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.

I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Angola." Angola is a country located in Southern Africa, known officially as the Republic of Angola. It does not have any specific relevance to medical terminology or healthcare. If you have more context or information about why you are looking for a medical definition of Angola, I may be able to provide a more helpful response.

Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is a rare form of tuberculosis that affects the skin. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. africanum. CTB can occur as a primary infection after direct inoculation of the skin with the bacteria, or it can be secondary to a distant focus of infection such as lung or lymph node TB.

The clinical presentation of CTB is varied and can include papules, nodules, pustules, ulcers, plaques, or scaly lesions. The lesions may be painless or painful, and they can be associated with systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

CTB can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination, skin biopsy, culture, and PCR testing. Treatment typically involves a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics, often for six to nine months or more. The most commonly used drugs are isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Surgical excision may be necessary in some cases.

Prevention measures include early detection and treatment of pulmonary TB, BCG vaccination, and avoiding contact with people with active TB.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of infectious diseases that primarily affect people living in poverty, in tropical and subtropical areas. These diseases are called "neglected" because they have been largely ignored by medical research and drug development, as well as by global health agencies and pharmaceutical companies.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 diseases as NTDs, including:

1. Buruli ulcer
2. Chagas disease
3. Dengue and chikungunya
4. Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
5. Echinococcosis
6. Endemic treponematoses
7. Foodborne trematodiases
8. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
9. Leishmaniasis
10. Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
11. Lymphatic filariasis
12. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
13. Rabies
14. Schistosomiasis
15. Soil-transmitted helminthiases
16. Snakebite envenoming
17. Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
18. Trachoma
19. Mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses
20. Yaws (Endemic treponematoses)

These diseases can lead to severe disfigurement, disability, and even death if left untreated. They affect more than 1 billion people worldwide, mainly in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. NTDs also have significant social and economic impacts, contributing to poverty, stigma, discrimination, and exclusion.

Efforts are underway to raise awareness and increase funding for research, prevention, and treatment of NTDs. The WHO has set targets for controlling or eliminating several NTDs by 2030, including dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, trachoma, and human African trypanosomiasis.

I'm not aware of any medical condition or term that is specifically associated with or referred to as "Cameroon." Cameroon is a country located in Central Africa, known for its rich biodiversity and cultural diversity. If you have more context about why you are looking for a medical definition of "Cameroon," I may be able to provide a more helpful response.

Breakfast is not a medical term, but it refers to the first meal of the day that is typically consumed in the morning after awakening from sleep. The word "breakfast" comes from the idea of breaking the overnight fast, as it is the meal that breaks the prolonged period without food or drink.

There is no specific medical definition for breakfast, but nutritionists and health professionals often recommend eating a nutritious breakfast to help kickstart metabolism, provide energy for the day, and support overall health and well-being. A healthy breakfast may include foods such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean protein sources, and low-fat dairy products.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a medical condition characterized by bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract due to a peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They are usually caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

When a peptic ulcer bleeds, it can cause symptoms such as vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools. In severe cases, the bleeding can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by a rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and confusion. Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Treatment may include medications to reduce stomach acid, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori infection, and endoscopic procedures to stop the bleeding. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the ulcer or remove damaged tissue.

Environmental Microbiology is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microscopic entities, that are found in various environments such as water, soil, air, and organic matter. This field focuses on understanding how these microbes interact with their surroundings, their role in various ecological systems, and their impact on human health and the environment. It also involves studying the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that allow microorganisms to survive and thrive in different environmental conditions, as well as the potential uses of microbes for bioremediation, bioenergy, and other industrial applications.

Microscopy is a technical field in medicine that involves the use of microscopes to observe structures and phenomena that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. It allows for the examination of samples such as tissues, cells, and microorganisms at high magnifications, enabling the detection and analysis of various medical conditions, including infections, diseases, and cellular abnormalities.

There are several types of microscopy used in medicine, including:

1. Light Microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate and magnify samples. It can be used to examine a wide range of biological specimens, such as tissue sections, blood smears, and bacteria.
2. Electron Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons instead of light to produce highly detailed images of samples. It is often used in research settings to study the ultrastructure of cells and tissues.
3. Fluorescence Microscopy: This technique involves labeling specific molecules within a sample with fluorescent dyes, allowing for their visualization under a microscope. It can be used to study protein interactions, gene expression, and cell signaling pathways.
4. Confocal Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a laser beam to scan a sample point by point, producing high-resolution images with reduced background noise. It is often used in medical research to study the structure and function of cells and tissues.
5. Scanning Probe Microscopy: This technique involves scanning a sample with a physical probe, allowing for the measurement of topography, mechanical properties, and other characteristics at the nanoscale. It can be used in medical research to study the structure and function of individual molecules and cells.

Emerging communicable diseases are infections whose incidence has increased in the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. These diseases can be caused by new microbial agents, or by previously known agents that have newly acquired the ability to cause disease in humans. They may also result from changes in human demographics, behavior, or travel patterns, or from technological or environmental changes. Examples of emerging communicable diseases include COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus infection, and West Nile fever.

... does not spread from one person to another. In areas endemic for Buruli ulcer, disease occurs near stagnant bodies ... Röltgen K, Pluschke G (April 2019). "Buruli ulcer: history and disease burden". In Pluschke G, Röltgen K (eds.). Buruli ulcer: ... In 1998, WHO established the Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative to coordinate global efforts to eliminate Buruli ulcer. WHO ... Johnson PD (April 2019). "Buruli ulcer in Australia". In Pluschke G, Röltgen K (eds.). Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans ...
"Buruli ulcer". Emory University. Retrieved 31 October 2020. "WHO Technical Advisory Group on Buruli ulcer". World Health ... Röltgen K, Pluschke G (2019). "Buruli ulcer: history and disease". In Pluschke G, Röltgen K (eds.). Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium ... The Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative (GBUI) is a World Health Organization (WHO) initiative to coordinate global efforts to ... Amofah G, Bonsu F, Tetteh C (February 2002). "Buruli Ulcer in Ghana: Results of a National Case Search". Emerging Infectious ...
"Buruli Ulcer". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016. "Buruli Ulcer". ... The prevalence of Buruli ulcer is unknown. The risk of mortality is low, although secondary infections can be lethal. Morbidity ... Buruli ulcer is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It is related to the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and ... "Buruli Ulcer Endemic Countries". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014. "Chagas disease ( ...
"Revisiting Buruli ulcer". The Journal of Dermatology. 42 (11): 1033-41. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.13049. PMID 26332541. S2CID ... It is also used in the treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections as associated with Buruli ulcer, usually in combination ...
"Buruli ulcer disease". Fact sheets. WHO. March 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2012. Pidot SJ, Hong H, Seemann T, Porter JL, et al. ( ... In humans, mycolactone is the toxin responsible for Buruli ulcers, doing so by damaging tissues and inhibiting the immune ...
Röltgen K, Pluschke G (2019). "Buruli Ulcer: History and Disease Burden". In Röltgen K, Pluschke G (eds.). Buruli Ulcer: ... The bacteria can infect humans and some other animals, causing persistent open wounds called Buruli ulcer. M. ulcerans is ... Demangel C, Stinear TP, Cole ST (2009). "Buruli ulcer: reductive evolution enhances pathogeneicity of Mycobacterium ulcerans". ... Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium Ulcerans Disease. Cham: Springer. pp. 107-115. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11114-4_6. ISBN 978-3-030- ...
Unlike Buruli ulcer, tropical ulcers are very painful. Lesions begin with inflammatory papules that progress into vesicles and ... Ulcers occur on exposed parts of the body, primarily on anterolateral aspect of the lower limbs and may erode muscles and ... Once developed, the ulcer may become chronic and stable, but also it can run a destructive course with deep tissue invasion, ... Tropical ulcers can also occur to the visitors of tropics. The disease is most common in native laborers and in schoolchildren ...
This illness is most commonly called Buruli ulcer. Surgery is usually required and often causes extensive sequels. The best ... There was a lot of material on other mycobacterial diseases, such as Buruli ulcer, (Mycobacterium ulcerans infections) which is ... Together they published 56 major medical investigations on Buruli ulcer which led to major advancements in the diagnosis and ... Meyers was particularly well known for his work with Hansen's disease (Leprosy), Buruli ulcer, and filarial diseases. Meyers ...
Buruli ulcer is not a problem in India.[citation needed] In 2019 physicians identified a case of Buruli ulcer in India, but the ... "Buruli ulcer: Rare presentation of a chronic nonhealing ulcer in India". Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 6 ...
"KCCR attains global recognition in Buruli ulcer diagnostics". BusinessGhana. Retrieved 2020-09-11. "Asantehene urges more ...
This followed a stay in Zaire to study the Buruli ulcer. His doctoral thesis was on the classification of certain rapidly ...
The center has expanded to study malaria, Buruli ulcer, HIV, and tuberculosis. In 2015, Awandare was awarded the Royal Society ...
Buruli ulcer: BCG may protect against or delay the onset of Buruli ulcer. BCG has been one of the most successful ... BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally ... A small ulcer may also form with some scarring after healing. Side effects are more common and potentially more severe in those ...
It may be the first recorded case and first description of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer). The print in his ...
... (INN; also called DU-6859a) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that shows promise in the treatment of Buruli ulcer. ...
Chlamydia infection Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea Trachoma Tuberculosis Leprosy Buruli ulcer "Rifalazil - 129791-92 ...
... epilepsy and the common severe bacterial Buruli ulcer. Witches have a long history of being depicted in art, although most of ...
Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. Kids For World Health's motto is "Life is important for all people, rich or ...
Buruli ulcer, and HIV/AIDS and public sector pharmaceutical management. He is currently the Editor-in-Chief of the Ghana ...
... tuberculosis and Buruli Ulcer. VPWA also networks with other organizations, companies and institutions to implement holistic ...
... and he studied infectious diseases such as buruli ulcers. From 1970 to 1976, Morrow was a professor of international health at ...
... buruli ulcer), and tuberculosis. Alongside this, FIND works on diagnostic connectivity, antimicrobial resistance, acute febrile ...
... leprosy and Buruli ulcer. Cole has supervised numerous students for MS and PhD degrees, and trained >50 postdoctoral fellows ...
"Buruli ulcer"), demonstrating that it was caused, not by mosquitos, but by wounds caused by the razor-sharp reeds growing near ...
Amoebiasis Buruli ulcer Campylobacter Cholera Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) Escherichia ...
Buruli ulcer (Articles lacking sources from February 2011, All articles lacking sources, Uganda articles missing geocoordinate ...
... causing Buruli ulcer disease) and Mycobacterium avium. Improper and untimely control of M1 macrophage-mediated inflammatory ...
Buruli ulcer, Leprosy, Yaws, Lymphatic filariasis, Chagas Disease, Soil-transmitted Helminthes, and Rabies. Programs to ...
Health Organization Global Network of Laboratories Confirming Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and the National Buruli Ulcer ...
... leaving ambiguous the appropriateness of the term to describe Buruli ulcer or Lady Windermere syndrome. The disease, discovered ...
Buruli ulcer does not spread from one person to another. In areas endemic for Buruli ulcer, disease occurs near stagnant bodies ... Röltgen K, Pluschke G (April 2019). "Buruli ulcer: history and disease burden". In Pluschke G, Röltgen K (eds.). Buruli ulcer: ... In 1998, WHO established the Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative to coordinate global efforts to eliminate Buruli ulcer. WHO ... Johnson PD (April 2019). "Buruli ulcer in Australia". In Pluschke G, Röltgen K (eds.). Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans ...
Buruli ulcer is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It mainly affects the skin but can also affect the ... Buruli ulcer is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It mainly affects the skin but can also affect the ... Infection often leads to ulcers on the arms or legs, which can also destroy skin or soft tissue. When not properly treated, the ...
Mossman ulcer, and Searl ulcer, is a chronic, indolent, necrotizing disease of the skin and soft tissue. Buruli ulcer is the ... Buruli ulcer, also known as Bairnsdale ulcer, Daintree ulcer, ... encoded search term (Buruli Ulcer) and Buruli Ulcer What to ... Mossman ulcer, and Searl ulcer. Note the image below.. Buruli ulcer can extend to 15% of a persons skin surface and may ... Buruli ulcer was first described by Sir Albert Cook in patients from Buruli County in Uganda, and the causative organism was ...
Buruli Ulcer. In this section:. *Status of endemicity of Buruli ulcer. *Number of new reported cases ...
The Buruli ulcer has been reported in many areas of the world. In Australia, cases are most commonly seen in coastal areas of ... The Buruli ulcer is different from other ulcers as its usually painless and there are generally no other signs of infection ... The Buruli ulcer has been reported in many areas of the world, including West Africa, Central Africa, New Guinea and tropical ... How can I keep myself safe from the Buruli Ulcer?. We dont yet know the exact cause of the infection, but the Department of ...
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Infection foci occur mainly in remote ... Keywords: neglected tropical disease, chronic skin ulcers, Mycobacterium ulcerans, geographically confined infection foci ... Epidemiology and disease burden of Buruli ulcer: a review Katharina Röltgen,1,2 Gerd Pluschke1,2 1Molecular Immunology, ... The Uganda Buruli Group. BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer). First results of a trial in ...
The Health sector has brought attention to a flesh-eating disease called Buruli ulcer making its rounds in the Melbourne metro ... Buruli ulcer, otherwise known as the flesh-eating disease has been seen in multiple individuals so far. This disease has first ... When infected with Buruli ulcers, the bacterium will make its way under the skin before eventually secreting a toxin that kills ... Buruli ulcer: Health authorities warn of flesh-eating disease. The Health sector has brought attention to a flesh eating ...
Background: Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection of subcutaneous tissue with Mycobacterium ... "Spatial risk map of Buruli ulcer infection in Victoria". ... excreta harbouring Mycobacterium ulcerans predicts Buruli ulcer ... based on structured surveys of Australian native possum excreta harbouring Mycobacterium ulcerans predicts Buruli ulcer ... based on structured surveys of Australian native possum excreta harbouring Mycobacterium ulcerans predicts Buruli ulcer ...
... one human Buruli ulcer cluster and two possum excreta clusters had higher numbers of observed Buruli ulcer cases or M. ulcerans ... Pouillot, R. et al. Risk factors for buruli ulcer: a case control study in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 1, e101, doi:10.1371/ ... Merritt, R. W. et al. Ecology and transmission of Buruli ulcer disease: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4, e911-e911, ... Doig, K. D. et al. On the origin of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer. BMC Genomics 13, 258, doi: ...
What is Buruli ulcer caused by?. What is Buruli ulcer caused by?. Buruli ulcer is a disease caused by the bacterium ... Is Buruli ulcer curable?. The headline finding of the trial is clear and promising: Buruli ulcer was curable with an 8-week ... Is Buruli ulcer infectious?. Buruli ulcer (/bəˈruːli/) is an infectious disease characterized by the development of painless ... Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection). *Buruli ulcer is a chronic debilitating disease caused by an environmental ...
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a chronic, necrotizing infectious skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. In recent years, there ... Anagonou, E.G., Johnson, R.C., Barogui, Y.T. et al. Decrease in Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in the Lalo ... Decrease in Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in the Lalo District of Bénin (West Africa). *Esaï Gimatal Anagonou. ... Buruli ulcer (BU) is a chronic, necrotizing infectious skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. BU is the most widespread ...
BURULI ULCER, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO description, symptoms and related genes. Get the complete information in our medical search ... Buruli ulcer derives its name from a county in Uganda, East Africa, north of Kampala, where the disease was found in the late ... Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions caused by infection with Mycobacterium ... Buruli Ulcer, Susceptibility To Recommended genes panels. Panel Name, Specifity and genes Tested/covered. ...
Inventory of Mycobacterium ulcerans occurrences in Buruli ulcer endemic areas in Benin.spections] ... Inventory of potential Buruli ulcer vectors 最新版本 由 Laboratory of Forest Sciences (University of Abomey-Calavi) 發佈於 2020年12月22日 ... Buruli ulcer disease prevalence in Benin, West Africa: associations with land use / cover and the identification of disease ... AKOTON P T, KOURA K, GANGLO J (2020): Inventory of potential Buruli ulcer vectors. v1.5. Laboratory of Forest Sciences ( ...
title = "Buruli ulcer",. keywords = "B780-tropical-medicine, Bacterial diseases, Buruli ulcer, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Clinical ... Buruli ulcer. / Asiedu, K; Portaels, F; Meyers, WM; Buntine, J.. Textbook of tropical surgery. ed. / R Kamel; J Lumley. London ... Asiedu, K, Portaels, F, Meyers, WM & Buntine, J 2004, Buruli ulcer. in R Kamel & J Lumley (eds), Textbook of tropical surgery. ... Asiedu K, Portaels F, Meyers WM, Buntine J. Buruli ulcer. In Kamel R, Lumley J, editors, Textbook of tropical surgery. London: ...
Swabbed samples from ulcer lesions of Buruli ulcer (BU) patients in two BU endemic districts of the Eastern region of Ghana ... Evaluating and Improving Microbiological Methods for the Diagnosis of Buruli Ulcer Disease. Owusu, E. ... Evaluating and Improving Microbiological Methods for the Diagnosis of Buruli Ulcer Disease. Login ... Background Challenges associated with early diagnosis of Buruli ulcer disease (BUD), an infection caused by Mycobacterium ...
... but other ulcers such as chronic lower leg ulcers, diabetic ulcers, fungal infections may confuse diagnosis. Thus, standard ... As the World marks the annual Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day, Buruli ulcer remains one of the most mysterious NTDs ... Frimpong and his research team in Ghana have developed Buruli ulcer recombinase polymerase amplification (BU-RPA) which can be ... NTDs: Increased Effort Needed to Improve Diagnosis of Buruli Ulcer. January 30, 2023. 249 ...
Background Buruli ulcer due to can be an infection from the. Written by hiv. April 7, 2017. ... Background Buruli ulcer due to can be an infection from the subcutaneous tissues resulting in chronic necrotising epidermis ... ulcers. infiltration encircling regions of coagulative necrosis. Diffuse infiltrates granulomas and thick lymphocyte ...
Possum bites man: case of Buruli ulcer following possum bite. Rachel W Xu, Timothy P Stinear, Paul DR Johnson and Daniel P ...
Buruli ulcer and lymphatic filariasis through powerful photos. Learn about these terrible diseases. ...
The neglected tropical disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is an infection of subcutaneous tissue with ,i,Mycobacterium ulcerans,/i, ... The neglected tropical disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is an infection of subcutaneous tissue with Mycobacterium ulcerans There is no ...
Start your 7 day free trial. Trusted and used in more than 2,300 hospitals, large clinics, and medical schools to improve clinical decision-making.. Start Trial Subscriber Sign In ...
Vacina BCG; Úlcera de Buruli; Adulto; Humanos; Úlcera de Buruli/epidemiologia; Úlcera de Buruli/prevenção & controle; Estudos ... To examine protective and risk factors for Buruli ulcer (BU), we conducted a case-control study of 245 adult BU cases and 481 ... Australia; Buruli ulcer; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium ulcerans; bacteria; case-control studies; protective factors; risk ... Comprehensive Case-Control Study of Protective and Risk Factors for Buruli Ulcer, Southeastern Australia. ...
The diagnosis of the neglected tropical skin and soft tissue disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is made on clinical and epidemiological ... Diagnostic accuracy of clinical and microbiological signs in patients with skin lesions resembling Buruli Ulcer in an endemic ...
The network of Buruli ulcer PCR laboratories (BU-LABNET) in the WHO African Region concluded its fifth annual meeting held at ... Transitioning from Buruli ulcer polymerase chain reaction laboratories (BU-LABNET) to skin-related neglected tropical diseases ... This meeting marked a pivotal milestone in the fight against Buruli ulcer and other skin-related neglected tropical diseases ( ... Its primary goal is to enhance the diagnosis of Buruli ulcer using standardized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing ...
abstract = "Buruli ulcer is treatable with antibiotics. An 8-week course of rifampin (RIF) and either streptomycin (STR) or ... N2 - Buruli ulcer is treatable with antibiotics. An 8-week course of rifampin (RIF) and either streptomycin (STR) or ... AB - Buruli ulcer is treatable with antibiotics. An 8-week course of rifampin (RIF) and either streptomycin (STR) or ... Buruli ulcer is treatable with antibiotics. An 8-week course of rifampin (RIF) and either streptomycin (STR) or clarithromycin ...
Novel tool predicts Buruli ulcer outbreaks in Victoria. Researchers have developed a surveillance system capable of detecting ... elevated risks of Buruli ulcer outbreaks in Victoria thanks to possum poo-a breakthrough in the fight against the disease. ...
Study informs Buruli Ulcer prevention advice * Partner Release 5 September 2023 2 min read ...
Buruli ulcer: BCG may protect against or delay the onset of Buruli ulcer.[8][31] ... "Protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding antigen 85A from Mycobacterium bovis BCG against Buruli ulcer". Infection and ... BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.[8] ... Often, redness, swelling, and mild pain occur at the site of injection.[8] A small ulcer may also form with some scarring after ...
  • Buruli ulcer is caused by skin infection with bacteria called Mycobacterium ulcerans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Buruli ulcer is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans . (cdc.gov)
  • Buruli ulcer, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans , is a chronic, debilitating, necrotizing disease of the skin and soft tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . (dovepress.com)
  • Chronic skin ulcers consistent with Mycobacterium ulcerans disease ( Figure 1 ) were first described in The Mengo Hospital Notes (Kampala, Uganda) in 1897 by the British physician Albert Cook. (dovepress.com)
  • Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection of subcutaneous tissue with Mycobacterium ulcerans . (elifesciences.org)
  • In temperate southeastern Australia over the past two decades there has been a marked progressive increase in human cases of Buruli ulcer, an infection of subcutaneous tissue caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . (biorxiv.org)
  • Treatment guidance for health workers can be found in the WHO publication Treatment of mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). (searchandrestore.com)
  • Buruli ulcer is a chronic debilitating disease caused by an environmental Mycobacterium ulcerans. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Buruli ulcer (BU) is a chronic, necrotizing infectious skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. (mendelian.co)
  • Buruli Ulcer, Susceptibility To Is also known as mycobacterium ulcerans, susceptibility to. (mendelian.co)
  • Background Challenges associated with early diagnosis of Buruli ulcer disease (BUD), an infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (M. ulcerans) is a major setback in public health and disease control. (edu.gh)
  • The neglected tropical disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is an infection of subcutaneous tissue with Mycobacterium ulcerans There is no effective vaccine. (nih.gov)
  • 2012). Amoebae as Potential Environmental Hosts for Mycobacterium ulcerans and Other Mycobacteria, but Doubtful Actors in Buruli Ulcer Epidemiology . (up.pt)
  • 2012). Cellular immunity confers transient protection in experimental buruli ulcer following BCG or mycolactone-negative mycobacterium ulcerans vaccination . (up.pt)
  • Aquatic insects and Mycobacterium ulcerans: An association relevant to buruli ulcer control? (up.pt)
  • My research interest is with Buruli ulcer, a necrotizing skin ulcerative disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . (edu.gh)
  • Buruli ulcer is an emerging infectious disease and is the third most common mycobacterial disease of the immunocompetent host, after tuberculosis and leprosy. (medscape.com)
  • The event brought together over 70 participants from member laboratories, external skin disease experts, national NTD programme managers, officials from the Ghana Health Service and front-line health workers, as well as representatives from partner organizations - Anesvad, American Leprosy Missions and the Raoul Follereau Foundation - demonstrating the global collaborative effort in addressing Buruli ulcer and other skin NTDs. (africanpeace.org)
  • Throughout the 3-day meeting, participants discussed laboratory needs and challenges, harmonization of PCR to include skin NTDs other than Buruli ulcer (cutaneous leishmaniasis, leprosy, mycetoma and yaws) and collaborative research studies. (africanpeace.org)
  • We are moving forward in our aim to eliminate leprosy, control the Buruli ulcer and eradicate yaws in Togo. (anesvad.org)
  • Chiépo is a rural community of 5,372 inhabitants in Ivory Coast with a strong presence of NTDs such as the Buruli ulcer and leprosy. (anesvad.org)
  • To combat NTDs in Gagnoa, we work in collaboration with the Ivorian Ministry of Health via their National Programmes to fight against leprosy and the Buruli ulcer. (anesvad.org)
  • as well as several bacterial infections such as trachoma, Buruli ulcer, and leprosy. (ifhhro.org)
  • Its primary goal is to enhance the diagnosis of Buruli ulcer using standardized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing protocols and external quality assessment programmes. (africanpeace.org)
  • Large ulcers may extend deep into underlying tissue, causing bone infection and exposing muscle, tendon, and bone to the air. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection often leads to ulcers on the arms or legs, which can also destroy skin or soft tissue. (cdc.gov)
  • The most proximal of the 3 ulcers had a diameter of associated with M. ulcerans infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The Buruli ulcer is different from other ulcers as it's usually painless and there are generally no other signs of infection such as fever or swollen lymph nodes. (epworth.org.au)
  • It's difficult to say how we can prevent the Buruli Ulcer, as the exact way to get the infection is not known. (epworth.org.au)
  • To prevent possible infection with the Buruli ulcer, the public is urged to cover up while working. (australiantimes.co.uk)
  • Background Buruli ulcer due to can be an infection from the subcutaneous tissues resulting in chronic necrotising epidermis ulcers. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • [8] BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • The consequences of long-term infection vary from disease to disease and include blindness, disfiguring scars and ulcers, severe pain, limb deformities, impaired mental and physical development, and damage to internal organs. (disabled-world.com)
  • As the World marks the annual Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day, Buruli ulcer remains one of the most mysterious NTDs globally with the mode of transmission to humans remaining unknown. (co.ke)
  • This meeting marked a pivotal milestone in the fight against Buruli ulcer and other skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs) in the WHO African Region: the transition of the network from BU-LABNET to Skin NTD LABNET. (africanpeace.org)
  • Benin is one of the poorest countries in West Africa, a region hit by various skin-related Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), such as the Buruli ulcer and yaws, which primarily affect children. (anesvad.org)
  • It presents informations about neglected tropical diseases and brings details about the diseases such as blinding trachoma, buruli ulcer, cholera, dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever, dracunculiasis (gui. (bvsalud.org)
  • In 1998, WHO established the Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative to coordinate global efforts to eliminate Buruli ulcer. (wikipedia.org)
  • To explore these links we conducted an extensive, 4-month structured mosquito field survey and four ad hoc field surveys across an area of 350km 2 on the Mornington Peninsula, an area endemic for Buruli ulcer. (biorxiv.org)
  • Swabbed samples from ulcer lesions of Buruli ulcer (BU) patients in two BU endemic districts of the Eastern region of Ghana were used. (edu.gh)
  • According to Dr. Frimpong, in most cases, experienced health professionals with training in endemic areas can make a reliable clinical diagnosis, but other ulcers such as chronic lower leg ulcers, diabetic ulcers, fungal infections may confuse diagnosis. (co.ke)
  • In 2019, WHO established the Buruli ulcer Laboratory Network (BU-LABNET) for Africa to help strengthen PCR confirmation in endemic countries in the region. (co.ke)
  • To improve diagnosis, Dr. Frimpong and his research team in Ghana have developed Buruli ulcer recombinase polymerase amplification (BU-RPA) which can be used in healthcare facilities closer to the patients since the current PCR can only be used in reference laboratories far away from endemic areas. (co.ke)
  • To examine protective and risk factors for Buruli ulcer (BU), we conducted a case-control study of 245 adult BU cases and 481 postcode-matched controls across BU-endemic areas of Victoria , Australia . (bvsalud.org)
  • Native possums are the major local environmental reservoir of M. uclerans as they not only develop Buruli lesions but they also shed M. ulcerans in their excreta. (biorxiv.org)
  • sub-Saharan Africa, but 2 cases have been reported in Mali, We report a case of Buruli ulcer that may have originated in an urban semiarid area of Senegal. (cdc.gov)
  • Buruli ulcer (BU), leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH). (who.int)
  • More countries are conducting case finding and reporting to WHO, and trends are decreasing for Buruli ulcer (from 2101 cases in 2014 to 1949 in 2019) and leishmaniasis (from 17 665 cases in 2014 to 16 435 cases in 2019). (who.int)
  • Sanofi-aventis has agreed to renew its support for the WHO program to eliminate sleeping sickness, and its support for Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis for the next five years. (disabled-world.com)
  • This continued support will ensure that necessary resources will be available also to move forward in combating leishmaniasis, Buruli ulcer and Chagas disease. (disabled-world.com)
  • Since its inception, the DMB Centre has supported 16 clinical trials for neglected diseases such as leishmaniasis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, paediatric HIV, Buruli ulcer, and mycetoma. (dndi.org)
  • Other names for this entity include Bairnsdale ulcer, Daintree ulcer, Mossman ulcer, and Searl ulcer. (medscape.com)
  • Buruli ulcer was first described by Sir Albert Cook in patients from Buruli County in Uganda, and the causative organism was isolated in 1948 by MacCallum in the Bairnsdale region of Victoria, Australia. (medscape.com)
  • Since 2000, the number of reported cases of the Buruli or 'Bairnsdale' ulcer in Victoria has increased from two to more than 300 so far in 2018, with the majority of cases reported on the Bellarine and Mornington Peninsulas. (epworth.org.au)
  • How do you get a Bairnsdale ulcer? (searchandrestore.com)
  • Buruli ulcer (/bəˈruːli/) is an infectious disease characterized by the development of painless open wounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first sign of Buruli ulcer is a painless swollen bump on the arm or leg, often similar in appearance to an insect bite. (wikipedia.org)
  • After about four weeks, the affected skin sloughs off leaving a painless ulcer. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 2 ] Buruli ulcers generally begin as a painless dermal papule or subcutaneous edematous nodule, which, over a period of weeks to months, breaks down to form an extensive necrotic ulcer with undermined edges. (medscape.com)
  • Buruli ulcers are traditionally thought to be painless ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • If you have a pimple that breaks down into a 'painless' ulcer that's just not getting better, you should visit your local doctor who will take swabs in an attempt to make the diagnosis. (epworth.org.au)
  • In Africa, most of the people affected are children under 15, with the NTD often starting as a painless swelling of the affected area, usually the arms, legs, or face, and eventually developing into large ulcers, usually on the arms or legs. (co.ke)
  • The highest bacterium ulcerans and is usually associated with tropical incidence of Buruli ulcer is found in tropical or subtropical climates and exposure to slow-moving or stagnant water. (cdc.gov)
  • When infected with Buruli ulcers, the bacterium will make its way under the skin before eventually secreting a toxin that kills the skin. (australiantimes.co.uk)
  • The organisation goes on to state that, "although the causative organism of Buruli ulcer is an environmental bacterium, the mode of transmission to humans remains unknown. (londonlovesbusiness.com)
  • [ 14 ] Another prominent feature of Buruli ulcers is extensive coagulative necrosis caused by mycolactone. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of the neglected tropical skin and soft tissue disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is made on clinical and epidemiological grounds, after which treatment with BU-specific antibiotics is initiated empirically. (uantwerpen.be)
  • The Buruli ulcer has been reported in many areas of the world, including West Africa, Central Africa, New Guinea and tropical regions of Asia. (epworth.org.au)
  • M ulcerans are slow-growing mycobacteria and are the causative agent of Buruli ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • 2 In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then the Belgian Congo), chronic ulcers caused by mycobacteria were reported in 170 patients in the 1940s and 1950s. (dovepress.com)
  • Researchers have developed a surveillance system capable of detecting elevated risks of Buruli ulcer outbreaks in Victoria thanks to possum 'poo'-a breakthrough in the fight against the disease. (medicalxpress.com)
  • A reemergence of cases led the 1998 World Health Organization (WHO) to reclassify Buruli ulcer as a "neglected emerging infectious disease," which has stimulated ongoing research into diagnosis, pathogenesis, and effective treatment. (medscape.com)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating Buruli ulcer with a combination of the antibiotics rifampicin and clarithromycin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once the diagnosis is made, the management involves taking antibiotics for up to eight weeks and on occasion the patient may need to see a surgeon to "debride" the ulcer (remove infected or damaged tissue) in theatre. (epworth.org.au)
  • The headline finding of the trial is clear and promising: Buruli ulcer was curable with an 8-week course of oral antibiotics and surgery was not required in these patients. (searchandrestore.com)
  • What antibiotics treat Buruli ulcers? (searchandrestore.com)
  • Buruli ulcer is treatable with antibiotics. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Even with proper treatment, Buruli ulcer can take months to heal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Buruli ulcers can appear anywhere on the body, but are typically on the limbs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once in the skin, M. ulcerans grows and releases the toxin mycolactone, which blocks the normal function of cells, resulting in tissue death and immune suppression at the site of the ulcer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Buruli ulcer typically occurs near slow-moving or stagnant bodies of water, where M. ulcerans is found in aquatic insects, mollusks, fish, and the water itself. (wikipedia.org)
  • Buruli ulcer is a necrotizing skin disease caused by Myco- cial stigma on patients and their families ( 2,3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Large numbers of cases were reported from the Buruli County near the river Nile in Uganda in the early 1960s, 4 giving rise to the official designation Buruli ulcer (BU) for the disease. (dovepress.com)
  • The Health sector has brought attention to a flesh eating disease called Buruli ulcers making its rounds in the Melbourne metro recently. (australiantimes.co.uk)
  • Buruli ulcer, otherwise known as the flesh-eating disease has been seen in multiple individuals so far. (australiantimes.co.uk)
  • In 1961, a large case series of the disease was described in Buruli, now Nakasongola, District in Uganda [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But as the disease affects mainly populations in remote, rural communities, where access to healthcare is limited, the true prevalence of Buruli ulcer is difficult to gauge," he added. (co.ke)
  • and the development of rapid diagnostic and intervention strategies for Buruli ulcer disease. (edu.gh)
  • BU was recognized for the first time in 1897 in Buruli County in Uganda by Sir Albert Cook. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conclude that it may be possible to cure patients with Buruli ulcer in 14 days or less using Q203-containing regimens rather than currently recommended 56-day regimens. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • At least 33 countries with tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates have reported Buruli ulcer in Africa, South America, and Western Pacific regions. (londonlovesbusiness.com)
  • The network of Buruli ulcer PCR laboratories (BU-LABNET) in the WHO African Region concluded its fifth annual meeting held at the esteemed Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research in Accra, Ghana on 23-25 October 2023. (africanpeace.org)
  • In 2018, WHO received 2,713 reports of Buruli ulcer globally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ogbechi et al showed that mycolactone decreased thrombomodulin expression on the surface of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, thereby impairing the activation of protein C. This study also showed that fibrin deposition is a prominent feature of these ulcers and the tissue necrosis could be caused by fibrin-driven ischemia. (medscape.com)
  • After decades combatting the Buruli ulcer, which affects thousands of people in over 33 countries, we are still unaware of its exact mode of transmission. (anesvad.org)
  • Buruli ulcers typically have "undermined edges", the ulcer being a few centimeters wider underneath the skin than the wound itself. (wikipedia.org)
  • Buruli ulcer can extend to 15% of a person's skin surface and may destroy nerves and blood vessels. (medscape.com)
  • The World Health Organization classifies Buruli ulcer into three categories depending on the severity of its symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • What are the symptoms of a Buruli Ulcer? (epworth.org.au)
  • Comprehensive Case-Control Study of Protective and Risk Factors for Buruli Ulcer, Southeastern Australia. (bvsalud.org)
  • The BU-LABNET seeks to improve quality diagnosis in the African region by ensuring all laboratories in the network utilize standardized procedures for PCR-based diagnostic of Buruli ulcer and implement an External Quality Assurance (EQA) program for these laboratories. (co.ke)
  • In areas across Melbourne new cases of Buruli ulcer has been detected across parts of Australia, which is usually confined to coastal areas. (londonlovesbusiness.com)
  • When ulcers extend into muscles and tendons, parts of these tissues can be replaced by scar tissue, immobilizing the body part and resulting in permanent disability. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr. Frimpong, who is also a member of the expert panel and advisory group, noted that effective and accessible diagnostics is one of the key targets for Buruli ulcer control towards the WHO NTD Road Map 2030. (co.ke)
  • Thus, standard laboratory methods are required to confirm Buruli ulcer. (co.ke)
  • Deep ulcers and those on sensitive body sites may require surgery to remove dead tissue or repair scarred muscles or joints. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are currently no unified protocols for detecting Buruli ulcer. (anesvad.org)