Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.
An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.
Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).
A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.
A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.
Pathological processes involving the PHARYNX.
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.
Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.
Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
The middle portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth, inferior to the SOFT PALATE, and superior to the base of the tongue and EPIGLOTTIS. It has a digestive function as food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx before entering ESOPHAGUS.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
Polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. They are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group.(From Dorland, 28th ed)
Suspensions of attenuated or killed fungi administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious fungal disease.
An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal CELL MEMBRANES. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane.
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.
Compounds consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain.
A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.
A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI commonly found on the body surface. It causes opportunistic infections especially in immunocompromised patients.
The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.
A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI that is a major cause of SEPTICEMIA and disseminated CANDIDIASIS, especially in patients with LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is also found as part of the normal human mucocutaneous flora.
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.
An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.
'Mouth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions that cause inflammation, infection, or structural changes in any part of the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, palate, cheeks, and teeth, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, discomfort, difficulty in chewing or speaking, and altered aesthetics.
Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).
Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.
Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains of various lengths. They are a major component of the CELL WALL of organisms and of soluble DIETARY FIBER.
A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.
Autoimmune diseases affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS), while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;), HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific ANTIBODIES against a variety of ENDOCRINE GLANDS have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.
A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.
Inbred ICR mice are a strain of albino laboratory mice that have been selectively bred for consistent genetic makeup and high reproductive performance, making them widely used in biomedical research for studies involving reproduction, toxicology, pharmacology, and carcinogenesis.
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.
Microscopic threadlike filaments in FUNGI that are filled with a layer of protoplasm. Collectively, the hyphae make up the MYCELIUM.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.
A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.
Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal pathogens that can infect various tissues and organs, potentially leading to localized or systemic symptoms, depending on the immune status of the host.
Triazoles are a class of antifungal drugs that contain a triazole ring in their chemical structure and work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of the membrane.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
Antibodies which elicit IMMUNOPRECIPITATION when combined with antigen.
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.
Five membered rings containing a NITROGEN atom.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of fungi, and MYCOSES.
The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
A subclass of peptide hydrolases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.
'Splenic diseases' refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or integrity of the spleen, leading to various symptoms and potential complications such as anemia, infection, or abdominal pain.
Epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa associated with Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) and found almost exclusively in persons with HIV infection. The lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy.
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.
Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients.
A family of fused-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar that act as intermediates in various chemical reactions and are used in the production of coumarone-indene resins.
Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
A group of small, histidine-rich, cationic peptides in human SALIVA which are antibacterial and antifungal.
An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.
A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.
An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include CROWNS; DENTAL ABUTMENTS; nor TOOTH, ARTIFICIAL.
Mentha is a genus of the mint family (LAMIACEAE). It is known for species having characteristic flavor and aroma.
Inbred CBA mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical and uniform, which makes them useful for scientific research, particularly in the areas of immunology and cancer.
A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).
Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.
Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Animals not contaminated by or associated with any foreign organisms.
Hospital units providing continuing surveillance and care to acutely ill newborn infants.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol.
Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3.
The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.
An infant whose weight at birth is less than 1000 grams (2.2 lbs), regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE.
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.
'Infant, Premature, Diseases' refers to health conditions or abnormalities that specifically affect babies born before 37 weeks of gestation, often resulting from their immature organ systems and increased vulnerability due to preterm birth.
Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
An infant during the first month after birth.
Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They include those ANTIBODIES which cause aggregation or agglutination of particulate or insoluble ANTIGENS.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.
The washing of the VAGINA cavity or surface with a solution. Agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726)
A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE. M. alternifolia foliage is a source of TEA TREE OIL. The common name of tea tree also refers to LEPTOSPERMUM or KUNZEA. M. vindifolia is a source of niaouli oil. M. cajuputi and M. leucadendra are sources of cajuput oil.
'Tongue diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that primarily affect the structure, function, or appearance of the tongue, including but not limited to infections, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, congenital abnormalities, and malignancies.
The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Many species of this genus, including the medicinal C. senna and C. angustifolia, have been reclassified into the Senna genus (SENNA PLANT) and some to CHAMAECRISTA.
A plant species of the genus CINNAMOMUM that contains CINNAMATES and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.
Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow.
The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.

Synergic effects of tactolimus and azole antifungal agents against azole-resistant Candida albican strains. (1/466)

We investigated the effects of combining tacrolimus and azole antifungal agents in azole-resistant strains of Candida albicans by comparing the accumulation of [3H]itraconazole. The CDR1-expressing resistant strain C26 accumulated less itraconazole than the CaMDR-expressing resistant strain C40 or the azole-sensitive strain B2630. A CDR1-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant, DSY415, showed a marked reduction in the accumulation of both fluconazole and itraconazole. A CaMDR-expressing S. cerevisiae mutant, DSY416, also showed lower accumulation of fluconazole, but not of itraconazole. The addition of sodium azide, an electron-transport chain inhibitor, increased the intracellular accumulation of itraconazole only in the C26 strain, and not in the C40 or B2630 strains. Addition of tacrolimus, an inhibitor of multidrug resistance proteins, resulted in the highest increase in itraconazole accumulation in the C26 strain. The combination of itraconazole and tacrolimus was synergic in azole-resistant C. albicans strains. In the C26 strain, the MIC of itraconazole decreased from >8 to 0.5 mg/L when combined with tacrolimus. Our results showed that two multidrug resistance phenotypes (encoded by the CDR1 and CaMDR genes) in C. albicans have different substrate specificity for azole antifungal agents and that a combination of tacrolimus and azole antifungal agents is effective against azole-resistant strains of C. albicans.  (+info)

Adhesive and mammalian transglutaminase substrate properties of Candida albicans Hwp1. (2/466)

The pathogenesis of candidiasis involves invasion of host tissues by filamentous forms of the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans. Morphology-specific gene products may confer proinvasive properties. A hypha-specific surface protein, Hwp1, with similarities to mammalian small proline-rich proteins was shown to serve as a substrate for mammalian transglutaminases. Candida albicans strains lacking Hwp1 were unable to form stable attachments to human buccal epithelial cells and had a reduced capacity to cause systemic candidiasis in mice. This represents a paradigm for microbial adhesion that implicates essential host enzymes.  (+info)

In vivo expression and localization of Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases during oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. (3/466)

Isoforms of aspartyl proteinase (Sap), which are encoded by at least nine related SAP genes, have been implicated to be a major virulence factor of the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans in experimental infections. Although it is generally assumed that proteinases are important for infections, detailed information on the pathogenetic role of Saps is still lacking. The same applies to the question whether the genes and corresponding isoforms of the enzyme are expressed during oral infection. For in vivo investigations, parts of the lesional oral epithelium were collected from three HIV-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Immunoelectron microscopy was performed (pre- and post-embedding gold labeling with silver enhancement) using an anti-Sap murine monoclonal antibody directed against the gene products Sap1-3. It was possible to demonstrate expression of Sap antigens in each of the three samples of human oral candidiasis. This suggests that at least one of the genes SAP1-3 was expressed at the time of sample collection. Furthermore, a possible role of the enzymes during the interaction of yeast cells and mucosal cells is suggested: the majority of Sap antigens is secreted by those C. albicans cells that adhere directly to the epithelial surface. Sap immunoreactivity can be detected in particular at the site of close contact between C. albicans and epithelial cells, suggesting a pathogenetic role of the Saps in host-fungal interaction. Thus, inhibition of the enzyme might prove to be an important alternative in the prevention and treatment of candidiasis.  (+info)

Immunocytochemical detection of Candida albicans in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material. (4/466)

AIM: To assess the ability of the commercially available monoclonal antibody 1B12 (BioGenex, San Ramon, USA) to identify C albicans in formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded material (FFPE). METHODS: Broth cultures of 20 strains of seven Candida species were resuspended in 4% agarose blocks, fixed in formalin for 24 hours, and embedded in paraffin wax. In addition, 16 blocks of FFPE tissue known to contain periodic acid-Schiff positive fungal hyphae were examined. Antigen retrieval involved microwave treatment of specimens in citrate buffer (0.01 M; pH 6.5) before addition of 1B12 antibody for 24 hours. Bound antibody was subsequently detected using a biotinylated link antibody and a peroxidase conjugated streptavidin. RESULTS: Only C albicans strains were 1B12 positive in the agarose blocks. All FFPE tissue blocks were found to contain 1B12 positive hyphal structures, indicating the presence of C albicans. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to identify candida organisms penetrating the lesional tissue in cases of chronic hyperplastic candidosis will help to clarify the role of individual Candida spp in this important form of oral candidosis.  (+info)

Assessment of therapeutic response of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in AIDS with use of a new clinical scoring system: studies with D0870. (5/466)

We developed and compared five scoring systems designed to quantitate therapeutic response in cases of oropharyngeal candidiasis. We utilized prospectively collected data on 114 patients treated with several doses of the azole D0870. Patients were infected with fluconazole-susceptible (n = 49) or -resistant organisms (MIC, > or = 16 mg/mL; n = 61). Patients with fluconazole resistance had lower CD4+ cell counts at baseline; more symptoms (P = .0006); a higher frequency of dysgeusia (P = .004), dysphagia (P = .006), and throat pain (P = .0034); and greater oral coverage by plaques of Candida. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of colony-forming units, and any change did not correlate with response to therapy. Resolution of dysphagia (P < .01) and oral pain (P < .01) correlated well with response to therapy, unlike retrosternal pain and throat pain, which were also less frequent. Xerostomia, a "furry" taste, and dysgeusia were frequent nonspecific symptoms. Scoring system C, weighting resolution of a symptom higher than absence of a symptom at baseline, yielded the best correlation with global outcome (r = 0.86) and allows the quantitation of incomplete but clinically beneficial responses to therapy.  (+info)

Evaluating diagnosis and treatment of oral and esophageal candidiasis in Ugandan AIDS patients. (6/466)

A randomized cross-over clinical and endoscopic evaluation of 85 Ugandan patients showed that esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients with oral candidiasis could be managed without endoscopy and biopsies. Oral lesions, especially when accompanied by esophageal symptoms, were sufficient for diagnosis. Miconazole was more effective than nystatin in treating esophageal candidiasis and could be a valid alternative to more expensive azolic drugs in developing countries.  (+info)

Non-albicans oral candidosis in HIV-positive patients. (7/466)

Specimens from HIV-positive patients with oral candidosis were taken for culture, species identification and azole susceptibility testing, which was correlated with treatment outcome. Of 921 specimens, 95 yielded non-albicans species, mainly from patients with low CD4 lymphocyte counts and extensive previous azole exposure. Most non-albicans isolates were from specimens co-infected with Candida albicans, complicating the interpretation of in-vitro susceptibility results, which accurately predicted antifungal failure when the non-albicans species was isolated alone. Eighty-five non-albicans isolates were resistant to fluconazole in vitro. Of 149 courses of azole therapy prescribed, 115 failed to clear non-albicans candidosis clinically. Culture media that discoloured in the presence of non-albicans colonies might, therefore, guide therapy.  (+info)

In vivo analysis of secreted aspartyl proteinase expression in human oral candidiasis. (8/466)

Secreted aspartyl proteinases are putative virulence factors in Candida infections. Candida albicans possesses at least nine members of a SAP gene family, all of which have been sequenced. Although the expression of the SAP genes has been extensively characterized under laboratory growth conditions, no studies have analyzed in detail the in vivo expression of these proteinases in human oral colonization and infection. We have developed a reliable and sensitive procedure to detect C. albicans mRNA from whole saliva of patients with oral C. albicans infection and those with asymptomatic Candida carriage. The reverse transcription-PCR protocol was used to determine which of the SAP1 to SAP7 genes are expressed by C. albicans during colonization and infection of the oral cavity. SAP2 and the SAP4 to SAP6 subfamily were the predominant proteinase genes expressed in the oral cavities of both Candida carriers and patients with oral candidiasis; SAP4, SAP5, or SAP6 mRNA was detected in all subjects. SAP1 and SAP3 transcripts were observed only in patients with oral candidiasis. SAP7 mRNA expression, which has never been demonstrated under laboratory conditions, was detected in several of the patient samples. All seven SAP genes were simultaneously expressed in some patients with oral candidiasis. This is the first detailed study showing that the SAP gene family is expressed by C. albicans during colonization and infection in humans and that C. albicans infection is associated with the differential expression of individual SAP genes which may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis.  (+info)

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes (such as the mouth and vagina), and internal organs (like the esophagus, lungs, or blood).

The symptoms of candidiasis depend on the location of the infection:

1. Oral thrush: White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or roof of the mouth. These patches may be painful and can bleed slightly when scraped.
2. Vaginal yeast infection: Itching, burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and vulva; thick, white, odorless discharge from the vagina.
3. Esophageal candidiasis: Difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, or feeling like food is "stuck" in the throat.
4. Invasive candidiasis: Fever, chills, and other signs of infection; multiple organ involvement may lead to various symptoms depending on the affected organs.

Risk factors for developing candidiasis include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing tight-fitting clothing that traps moisture. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, nystatin, or clotrimazole, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Oral candidiasis is a medical condition characterized by an infection of the oral mucous membranes caused by the Candida fungus species, most commonly Candida albicans. It is also known as thrush or oral thrush. The infection typically appears as white, creamy, or yellowish patches or plaques on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, gums, and sometimes on the tonsils or back of the throat. These lesions can be painful, causing soreness, burning sensations, and difficulty swallowing. Oral candidiasis can affect people of all ages; however, it is more commonly seen in infants, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems due to illness or medication use. Various factors such as poor oral hygiene, dentures, smoking, dry mouth, and certain medical conditions like diabetes or HIV/AIDS can increase the risk of developing oral candidiasis. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications in the form of topical creams, lozenges, or oral solutions, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a medical condition that refers to an infection in the vagina and vulva caused by Candida fungus, most commonly Candida albicans. This type of infection is also commonly known as a yeast infection. The symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis can include itching, redness, swelling, pain, and soreness in the affected area, as well as thick, white vaginal discharge that may resemble cottage cheese. In some cases, there may also be burning during urination or sexual intercourse. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common condition that affects many women at some point in their lives, and it can be treated with antifungal medications.

Invasive candidiasis is a serious and potentially life-threatening fungal infection caused by the Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It occurs when the fungus invades normally sterile areas of the body, such as the bloodstream, heart, brain, or eyes. Invasive candidiasis can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the site of infection, and may include fever, chills, hypotension, sepsis, organ dysfunction, and skin lesions.

Risk factors for invasive candidiasis include prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppression, indwelling catheters, recent surgery, critical illness, and underlying medical conditions such as diabetes or cancer. Diagnosis typically involves blood cultures and sometimes tissue biopsy, and treatment usually requires intravenous antifungal medications such as echinocandins, fluconazole, or amphotericin B. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes.

Cutaneous candidiasis is a fungal infection of the skin caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. The infection can occur anywhere on the skin, but it typically affects warm, moist areas such as the armpits, groin, and fingers. The symptoms of cutaneous candidiasis include redness, itching, burning, and cracking of the skin. In severe cases, pustules or blisters may also be present.

The infection can occur in people of all ages but is more common in those with weakened immune systems, such as individuals with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or cancer. Other risk factors include obesity, poor hygiene, and the use of certain medications, such as antibiotics and corticosteroids.

Treatment for cutaneous candidiasis typically involves topical antifungal medications, such as clotrimazole or miconazole. In severe cases, oral antifungal medications may be necessary. Keeping the affected area clean and dry is also important to prevent the spread of the infection.

'Candida albicans' is a species of yeast that is commonly found in the human body, particularly in warm and moist areas such as the mouth, gut, and genital region. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any harm. However, under certain conditions like a weakened immune system, prolonged use of antibiotics or steroids, poor oral hygiene, or diabetes, it can overgrow and cause infections known as candidiasis. These infections can affect various parts of the body including the skin, nails, mouth (thrush), and genital area (yeast infection).

The medical definition of 'Candida albicans' is:

A species of yeast belonging to the genus Candida, which is commonly found as a commensal organism in humans. It can cause opportunistic infections when there is a disruption in the normal microbiota or when the immune system is compromised. The overgrowth of C. albicans can lead to various forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection, and invasive candidiasis.

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is a group of rare disorders characterized by persistent or recurrent Candida infections of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes. The infection can affect various sites such as the mouth, esophagus, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract.

CMC is typically caused by an impaired immune response to Candida albicans, a type of fungus that commonly exists on the skin and mucous membranes. In CMC, the immune system fails to control the growth of Candida, leading to chronic or recurrent infections.

The symptoms of CMC can vary depending on the site of infection. Common manifestations include:

* Chronic or recurrent thrush (oral candidiasis)
* Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)
* Chronic nail infections (onychomycosis)
* Skin lesions, such as redness, swelling, and cracks
* Genital infections, including vaginitis and balanitis (inflammation of the head of the penis)

CMC can be associated with other immune disorders, such as endocrine dysfunction, autoimmune diseases, and primary immunodeficiencies. The diagnosis of CMC is based on clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as topical or systemic azoles, echinocandins, or polyenes. In some cases, immunomodulatory therapy may be necessary to manage the underlying immune dysfunction.

'Candida' is a type of fungus (a form of yeast) that is commonly found on the skin and inside the body, including in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, in small amounts. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any problems. However, an overgrowth of Candida can lead to infections known as candidiasis or thrush. Common sites for these infections include the skin, mouth, throat, and genital areas. Some factors that can contribute to Candida overgrowth are a weakened immune system, certain medications (such as antibiotics and corticosteroids), diabetes, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing damp or tight-fitting clothing. Common symptoms of candidiasis include itching, redness, pain, and discharge. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, either topical or oral, depending on the site and severity of the infection.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat and prevent various fungal infections, such as candidiasis (yeast infections), cryptococcal meningitis, and other fungal infections that affect the mouth, throat, blood, lungs, genital area, and other parts of the body. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi that cause these infections. Fluconazole is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and intravenous (IV) solutions, and is typically prescribed to be taken once daily.

The medical definition of Fluconazole can be found in pharmacological or medical dictionaries, which describe it as a triazole antifungal agent that inhibits fungal cytochrome P450-dependent synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of the fungal cell membrane. This results in increased permeability and leakage of cellular contents, ultimately leading to fungal death. Fluconazole has a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and others.

It is important to note that while Fluconazole is an effective antifungal medication, it may have side effects and interactions with other medications. Therefore, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Fungal antibodies are a type of protein called immunoglobulins that are produced by the immune system in response to the presence of fungi in the body. These antibodies are specifically designed to recognize and bind to antigens on the surface of fungal cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

There are several types of fungal antibodies, including IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE, each with a specific role in the immune response. For example, IgG antibodies are the most common type of antibody found in the blood and provide long-term immunity to fungi, while IgE antibodies are associated with allergic reactions to fungi.

Fungal antibodies can be measured in the blood or other bodily fluids to help diagnose fungal infections, monitor the effectiveness of treatment, or assess immune function in individuals who are at risk for fungal infections, such as those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation.

Pharyngeal diseases refer to conditions that affect the pharynx, which is the part of the throat that lies behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx plays a crucial role in swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Pharyngeal diseases can cause symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, pain during swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and earaches.

Some common pharyngeal diseases include:

1. Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
2. Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, which are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat.
3. Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs.
4. Abscesses: A collection of pus in the pharynx caused by a bacterial infection.
5. Cancer: Malignant tumors that can develop in the pharynx, often caused by smoking or heavy alcohol use.
6. Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing due to nerve damage, muscle weakness, or structural abnormalities in the pharynx.
7. Stridor: Noisy breathing caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway in the pharynx.

Treatment for pharyngeal diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain relievers, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Esophageal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Here are some common esophageal diseases with their brief definitions:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal lining, often caused by GERD, infection, or medication.
3. Esophageal stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring or inflammation, which can make swallowing difficult.
4. Esophageal cancer: Cancer that forms in the tissues of the esophagus, often as a result of long-term GERD or smoking.
5. Esophageal motility disorders: Disorders that affect the normal movement and function of the esophagus, such as achalasia, diffuse spasm, and nutcracker esophagus.
6. Barrett's esophagus: A condition in which the lining of the lower esophagus changes, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
7. Esophageal diverticula: Small pouches that form in the esophageal wall, often causing difficulty swallowing or regurgitation.
8. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): A chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation of the esophagus due to an allergic reaction.

These are some of the common esophageal diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment may vary depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Echinocandins are a class of antifungal medications that inhibit the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, a key component of the fungal cell wall. This results in osmotic instability and ultimately leads to fungal cell death. Echinocandins are commonly used to treat invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species and Aspergillus species. The three drugs in this class that are approved for use in humans are caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.

Here's a brief overview of each drug:

1. Caspofungin (Cancidas, Cancidas-W): This is the first echinocandin to be approved for use in humans. It is indicated for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, including candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. Caspofungin is also approved for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
2. Micafungin (Mycamine): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of candidemia, esophageal candidiasis, and other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
3. Anidulafungin (Eraxis): This echinocandin is approved for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis and candidemia, as well as other forms of Candida infections. It is also used for the prevention of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Echinocandins have a broad spectrum of activity against many fungal species, including those that are resistant to other classes of antifungal medications. They are generally well-tolerated and have a low incidence of drug interactions. However, they should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment, as their metabolism may be affected by liver dysfunction.

Fungal antigens are substances found on or produced by fungi that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. They can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system. Fungal antigens can be used in diagnostic tests to identify fungal infections, and they can also be targets of immune responses during fungal infections. In some cases, fungal antigens may contribute to the pathogenesis of fungal diseases by inducing inflammatory or allergic reactions. Examples of fungal antigens include the cell wall components of Candida albicans and the extracellular polysaccharide galactomannan produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.

The oropharynx is the part of the throat (pharynx) that is located immediately behind the mouth and includes the back one-third of the tongue, the soft palate, the side and back walls of the throat, and the tonsils. It serves as a passageway for both food and air, and is also an important area for the immune system due to the presence of tonsils.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and often life-threatening fungal infections. It works by binding to the ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to the loss of essential cell components and ultimately cell death.

The medical definition of Amphotericin B is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces nodosus, with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis, among others. It may be administered intravenously or topically, depending on the formulation and the site of infection.

Adverse effects associated with Amphotericin B include infusion-related reactions (such as fever, chills, and hypotension), nephrotoxicity, electrolyte imbalances, and anemia. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may be managed through careful monitoring and adjustment of the dosing regimen.

Sugar alcohols, also known as polyols, are carbohydrates that are chemically similar to sugar but have a different molecular structure. They occur naturally in some fruits and vegetables, but most sugar alcohols used in food products are manufactured.

The chemical structure of sugar alcohols contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) instead of a hydrogen and a ketone or aldehyde group, which makes them less sweet than sugar and have fewer calories. They are not completely absorbed by the body, so they do not cause a rapid increase in blood glucose levels, making them a popular sweetener for people with diabetes.

Common sugar alcohols used in food products include xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, erythritol, and maltitol. They are often used as sweeteners in sugar-free and low-sugar foods such as candy, chewing gum, baked goods, and beverages.

However, consuming large amounts of sugar alcohols can cause digestive symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea, due to their partial absorption in the gut. Therefore, it is recommended to consume them in moderation.

A fungal vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity against fungal infections. It contains one or more fungal antigens, which are substances that can stimulate an immune response, along with adjuvants to enhance the immune response. The goal of fungal vaccines is to protect against invasive fungal diseases, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or HIV/AIDS treatment.

Fungal vaccines can work by inducing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies that recognize and neutralize fungal antigens, while cell-mediated immunity involves the activation of T cells to directly attack infected cells.

Currently, there are no licensed fungal vaccines available for human use, although several candidates are in various stages of development and clinical trials. Some examples include vaccines against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Pneumocystis jirovecii.

Clotrimazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm, candidiasis (yeast infection), and oral thrush. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi that cause these infections. Clotrimazole is available in several forms, including creams, lotions, powders, tablets, and lozenges.

The medical definition of Clotrimazole is:

A synthetic antifungal agent belonging to the imidazole class, used topically to treat various fungal infections such as candidiasis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea versicolor. It works by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and death of fungal cells.

Fungemia is the presence of fungi (fungal organisms) in the blood. It's a type of bloodstream infection, which can be serious and life-threatening, particularly for people with weakened immune systems. The fungi that cause fungemia often enter the bloodstream through medical devices like catheters or from a fungal infection somewhere else in the body.

Fungemia is often associated with conditions like candidemia (caused by Candida species) and aspergillemia (caused by Aspergillus species). Symptoms can vary widely but often include fever, chills, and other signs of infection. It's important to diagnose and treat fungemia promptly to prevent serious complications like sepsis.

Lipopeptides are a type of molecule that consists of a lipid (fatty acid) tail attached to a small peptide (short chain of amino acids). They are produced naturally by various organisms, including bacteria, and play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, signaling, and as components of bacterial membranes. Some lipopeptides have also been found to have antimicrobial properties and are being studied for their potential use as therapeutic agents.

Candidemia is a medical condition defined as the presence of the fungus Candida in the bloodstream. It is a type of invasive candidiasis, which occurs when Candida invades normally sterile areas of the body such as the blood, heart, brain, eyes, or bones. Candidemia is usually acquired in healthcare settings and can cause serious illness, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Symptoms may include fever, chills, hypotension, and organ dysfunction. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications.

'Candida glabrata' is a species of yeast that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. It is a member of the genus Candida, which includes several species of fungi that can cause infections in humans. C. glabrata is one of the more common causes of candidiasis, or yeast infections, particularly in the mouth (oral thrush) and genital area. It can also cause invasive candidiasis, a serious systemic infection that can affect various organs and tissues in the body. C. glabrata is often resistant to some of the antifungal drugs commonly used to treat Candida infections, making it more difficult to treat.

Fungal drug resistance is a condition where fungi are no longer susceptible to the antifungal drugs that were previously used to treat infections they caused. This can occur due to genetic changes in the fungi that make them less sensitive to the drug's effects, or due to environmental factors that allow the fungi to survive and multiply despite the presence of the drug.

There are several mechanisms by which fungi can develop drug resistance, including:

1. Mutations in genes that encode drug targets: Fungi can acquire mutations in the genes that encode for the proteins or enzymes that the antifungal drugs target. These mutations can alter the structure or function of these targets, making them less susceptible to the drug's effects.
2. Overexpression of efflux pumps: Fungi can increase the expression of genes that encode for efflux pumps, which are proteins that help fungi expel drugs from their cells. This can reduce the intracellular concentration of the drug and make it less effective.
3. Changes in membrane composition: Fungi can alter the composition of their cell membranes to make them less permeable to antifungal drugs, making it more difficult for the drugs to enter the fungal cells and exert their effects.
4. Biofilm formation: Fungi can form biofilms, which are complex communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are protected by a matrix of extracellular material. Biofilms can make fungi more resistant to antifungal drugs by limiting drug penetration and creating an environment that promotes the development of resistance.

Fungal drug resistance is a significant clinical problem, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. It can lead to treatment failures, increased morbidity and mortality, and higher healthcare costs. To address this issue, there is a need for new antifungal drugs, as well as strategies to prevent and manage drug resistance.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

AIDS-related opportunistic infections (AROIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. These infections take advantage of a weakened immune system and can affect various organs and systems in the body.

Common examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, caused by a type of bacteria called mycobacteria
3. Candidiasis, a fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, esophagus, and genitals
4. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii
5. Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection that affects the lungs and central nervous system
6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, caused by a type of herpes virus
7. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
8. Cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic infection that affects the intestines
9. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a viral infection that affects the brain

Preventing and treating AROIs is an important part of managing HIV/AIDS, as they can cause significant illness and even death in people with weakened immune systems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV infection and prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS, which can help reduce the risk of opportunistic infections. In addition, medications to prevent specific opportunistic infections may be prescribed for people with advanced HIV or AIDS.

Mannans are a type of complex carbohydrate, specifically a heteropolysaccharide, that are found in the cell walls of certain plants, algae, and fungi. They consist of chains of mannose sugars linked together, often with other sugar molecules such as glucose or galactose.

Mannans have various biological functions, including serving as a source of energy for microorganisms that can break them down. In some cases, mannans can also play a role in the immune response and are used as a component of vaccines to stimulate an immune response.

In the context of medicine, mannans may be relevant in certain conditions such as gut dysbiosis or allergic reactions to foods containing mannans. Additionally, some research has explored the potential use of mannans as a delivery vehicle for drugs or other therapeutic agents.

'Candida tropicalis' is a species of yeast that can be found normally in certain environments, including the human body (such as the skin, mouth, and digestive system). However, it can also cause infections in people with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. These infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin.

Like other Candida species, C. tropicalis is a type of fungus that reproduces by budding, forming oval-shaped cells. It is often resistant to certain antifungal medications, which can make infections more difficult to treat. Proper diagnosis and treatment, usually with antifungal drugs, are essential for managing C. tropicalis infections.

Vaginitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the vagina, often accompanied by an alteration in the normal vaginal flora and an associated discharge. It can result from infectious (bacterial, viral, or fungal) or noninfectious causes, such as chemical irritants, allergies, or hormonal changes. Common symptoms include abnormal vaginal discharge with varying colors, odors, and consistencies; itching; burning; and pain during urination or sexual intercourse. The specific diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis depend on the underlying cause, which is typically determined through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests.

Miconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including those affecting the skin, mouth, and vagina. According to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database maintained by the National Library of Medicine, miconazole is classified as an imidazole antifungal agent that works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. By disrupting the structure and function of the fungal cell membrane, miconazole can help to kill or suppress the growth of fungi, providing therapeutic benefits in patients with fungal infections.

Miconazole is available in various formulations, including creams, ointments, powders, tablets, and vaginal suppositories, and is typically applied or administered topically or vaginally, depending on the site of infection. In some cases, miconazole may also be given intravenously for the treatment of severe systemic fungal infections.

As with any medication, miconazole can have side effects and potential drug interactions, so it is important to use it under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Common side effects of miconazole include skin irritation, redness, and itching at the application site, while more serious side effects may include allergic reactions, liver damage, or changes in heart rhythm. Patients should be sure to inform their healthcare provider of any other medications they are taking, as well as any medical conditions they have, before using miconazole.

Mouth diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the oral cavity, including the lips, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, and lining of the mouth. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms. They can also result from injuries, chronic illnesses, or genetic factors.

Some common examples of mouth diseases include dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), oral herpes, candidiasis (thrush), lichen planus, and oral cancer. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, bad breath, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and changes in the appearance of the mouth or teeth. Treatment depends on the specific diagnosis and may involve medications, dental procedures, or lifestyle changes.

Cyclic peptides are a type of peptides in which the N-terminus and C-terminus of the peptide chain are linked to form a circular structure. This is in contrast to linear peptides, which have a straight peptide backbone with a free N-terminus and C-terminus. The cyclization of peptides can occur through various mechanisms, including the formation of an amide bond between the N-terminal amino group and the C-terminal carboxylic acid group (head-to-tail cyclization), or through the formation of a bond between side chain functional groups.

Cyclic peptides have unique structural and chemical properties that make them valuable in medical and therapeutic applications. For example, they are more resistant to degradation by enzymes compared to linear peptides, which can increase their stability and half-life in the body. Additionally, the cyclic structure allows for greater conformational rigidity, which can enhance their binding affinity and specificity to target molecules.

Cyclic peptides have been explored as potential therapeutics for a variety of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. They have also been used as tools in basic research to study protein-protein interactions and cell signaling pathways.

The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.

Beta-glucans are a type of complex carbohydrate known as polysaccharides, which are found in the cell walls of certain cereals, bacteria, and fungi, including baker's yeast, mushrooms, and algae. They consist of long chains of glucose molecules linked together by beta-glycosidic bonds.

Beta-glucans have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as boosting the immune system, reducing cholesterol levels, and improving gut health. They are believed to work by interacting with immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and enhancing their ability to recognize and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.

Beta-glucans are available in supplement form and are also found in various functional foods and beverages, such as baked goods, cereals, and sports drinks. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of beta-glucans for these health benefits may vary depending on the source, dose, and individual's health status. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplements or making significant changes to your diet.

Diaper rash is a common skin irritation that occurs in the area covered by a diaper. It is also known as napkin dermatitis or diaper dermatitis. The rash is typically characterized by redness, soreness, and sometimes small spots or bumps on the skin.

Diaper rash can be caused by several factors, including prolonged exposure to wet or dirty diapers, friction from the diaper rubbing against the skin, sensitivity to diaper materials or chemicals in disposable diapers, and bacterial or yeast infections. In some cases, it may also be associated with certain medical conditions like eczema or psoriasis.

Treatment for diaper rash typically involves keeping the affected area clean and dry, using barrier creams to protect the skin, and applying over-the-counter antifungal or anti-inflammatory medications if necessary. If the rash is severe, persists despite treatment, or is accompanied by fever or other symptoms, it's important to consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation and treatment recommendations.

Polyendocrinopathies, autoimmune refers to a group of disorders that involve malfunction of multiple endocrine glands, caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking and damaging these glands. The endocrine glands are responsible for producing hormones that regulate various functions in the body.

There are several types of autoimmune polyendocrinopathies, including:

1. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 (APS-1): Also known as Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1 or APECED, this is a rare inherited disorder that typically affects multiple endocrine glands and other organs. It is caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene.
2. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2 (APS-2): Also known as Schmidt's syndrome, this disorder typically involves the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and/or insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It is more common than APS-1 and often affects middle-aged women.
3. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 3 (APS-3): This disorder involves the presence of autoimmune Addison's disease, with or without other autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, or vitiligo.
4. Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 4 (APS-4): This is a catch-all category for individuals who have multiple autoimmune endocrine disorders that do not fit into the other types of APS.

Symptoms of autoimmune polyendocrinopathies can vary widely depending on which glands are affected and the severity of the damage. Treatment typically involves replacing the hormones that are no longer being produced in sufficient quantities, as well as managing any underlying immune system dysfunction.

Vaginal diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the vagina, which is the female reproductive organ that extends from the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the external part of the genitalia (vulva). These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including discharge, itching, burning, pain, and discomfort. Some common vaginal diseases include:

1. Vaginitis: It is an inflammation or infection of the vagina that can cause abnormal discharge, itching, and irritation. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and trichomoniasis.
2. Vulvovaginitis: It is an inflammation or infection of both the vagina and vulva that can cause redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The causes of vulvovaginitis are similar to those of vaginitis and include bacterial infections, yeast infections, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
3. Vaginal dryness: It is a common condition that affects many women, especially after menopause. It can cause discomfort during sexual intercourse and lead to other symptoms such as itching and burning.
4. Vaginal cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that develop in the vagina due to various reasons, including inflammation, injury, or congenital abnormalities.
5. Vaginal cancer: It is a rare type of cancer that affects the vagina. The most common symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, discharge, and pain during sexual intercourse.
6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Several STIs, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, and human papillomavirus (HPV), can affect the vagina and cause various symptoms, including discharge, pain, and sores.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of vaginal diseases to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.

ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) is a strain of albino Swiss mice that are widely used in scientific research. They are an outbred strain, which means that they have been bred to maintain maximum genetic heterogeneity. However, it is also possible to find inbred strains of ICR mice, which are genetically identical individuals produced by many generations of brother-sister mating.

Inbred ICR mice are a specific type of ICR mouse that has been inbred for at least 20 generations. This means that they have a high degree of genetic uniformity and are essentially genetically identical to one another. Inbred strains of mice are often used in research because their genetic consistency makes them more reliable models for studying biological phenomena and testing new therapies or treatments.

It is important to note that while inbred ICR mice may be useful for certain types of research, they do not necessarily represent the genetic diversity found in human populations. Therefore, it is important to consider the limitations of using any animal model when interpreting research findings and applying them to human health.

Aspergillosis is a medical condition that is caused by the infection of the Aspergillus fungi. This fungus is commonly found in decaying organic matter, such as leaf litter and compost piles, and can also be found in some indoor environments like air conditioning systems and old buildings with water damage.

There are several types of aspergillosis, including:

1. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): This type of aspergillosis occurs when a person's immune system overreacts to the Aspergillus fungi, causing inflammation in the airways and lungs. ABPA is often seen in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis.
2. Invasive aspergillosis: This is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the Aspergillus fungi invade the bloodstream and spread to other organs, such as the brain, heart, or kidneys. Invasive aspergillosis typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation.
3. Aspergilloma: Also known as a "fungus ball," an aspergilloma is a growth of the Aspergillus fungi that forms in a preexisting lung cavity, such as one caused by previous lung disease or injury. While an aspergilloma itself is not typically harmful, it can cause symptoms like coughing up blood or chest pain if it grows too large or becomes infected.

Symptoms of aspergillosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment may include antifungal medications, surgery to remove the fungal growth, or management of underlying conditions that increase the risk of infection.

Vulvovaginitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the vulva and vagina. It is often characterized by symptoms such as itching, burning, redness, swelling, discomfort, pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge. The condition can be caused by various factors, including infections (such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, or sexually transmitted infections), irritants (like chemicals found in soaps, douches, or sanitary products), allergies, or hormonal changes.

The symptoms of vulvovaginitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the inflammation. In some cases, it may resolve on its own or with simple home remedies, while in other cases, medical treatment may be necessary to clear up any underlying infection or address any specific causes of the inflammation.

If you are experiencing symptoms of vulvovaginitis, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Hyphae (singular: hypha) are the long, branching filamentous structures of fungi that make up the mycelium. They are composed of an inner layer of cell wall materials and an outer layer of proteinaceous fibrils. Hyphae can be divided into several types based on their structure and function, including septate (with cross-walls) and coenocytic (without cross-walls) hyphae, as well as vegetative and reproductive hyphae. The ability of fungi to grow as hyphal networks allows them to explore and exploit their environment for resources, making hyphae critical to the ecology and survival of these organisms.

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that occurs when there's an imbalance or overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina. It's not technically considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but certain activities such as unprotected sex can increase the risk of developing BV. The normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge with a strong fishy odor, burning during urination, and itching or irritation around the outside of the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed through a pelvic examination and laboratory tests to identify the type of bacteria present in the vagina. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either in the form of pills or creams that are inserted into the vagina. It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have bacterial vaginosis, as it can increase the risk of complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and preterm labor during pregnancy.

Itraconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of these membranes. Itraconazole is available in oral and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

Medical Definition:
Itraconazole (i-tra-KON-a-zole): A synthetic triazole antifungal agent used to treat various fungal infections, such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes, leading to disruption of their integrity and function. Itraconazole is available in oral (capsule and solution) and intravenous forms for systemic use and as a topical solution or cream for localized fungal infections.

Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal infections. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, nails, hair, lungs, and internal organs. The severity of mycoses can range from superficial, mild infections to systemic, life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of fungus and the immune status of the infected individual. Some common types of mycoses include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can be topical or systemic, depending on the location and severity of the infection.

Triazoles are a class of antifungal medications that have broad-spectrum activity against various fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and disruption of fungal growth. Triazoles are commonly used in both systemic and topical formulations for the treatment of various fungal infections, such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytoses. Some examples of triazole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole.

An immunocompromised host refers to an individual who has a weakened or impaired immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and decreased ability to fight off pathogens. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed during one's lifetime).

Acquired immunocompromised states may result from various factors such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs), infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, liver disease), or aging.

Immunocompromised hosts are at a higher risk for developing severe and life-threatening infections due to their reduced immune response. Therefore, they require special consideration when it comes to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Fungal proteins are a type of protein that is specifically produced and present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds. These proteins play various roles in the growth, development, and survival of fungi. They can be involved in the structure and function of fungal cells, metabolism, pathogenesis, and other cellular processes. Some fungal proteins can also have important implications for human health, both in terms of their potential use as therapeutic targets and as allergens or toxins that can cause disease.

Fungal proteins can be classified into different categories based on their functions, such as enzymes, structural proteins, signaling proteins, and toxins. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in fungal cells, while structural proteins provide support and protection for the cell. Signaling proteins are involved in communication between cells and regulation of various cellular processes, and toxins are proteins that can cause harm to other organisms, including humans.

Understanding the structure and function of fungal proteins is important for developing new treatments for fungal infections, as well as for understanding the basic biology of fungi. Research on fungal proteins has led to the development of several antifungal drugs that target specific fungal enzymes or other proteins, providing effective treatment options for a range of fungal diseases. Additionally, further study of fungal proteins may reveal new targets for drug development and help improve our ability to diagnose and treat fungal infections.

Precipitins are antibodies (usually of the IgG class) that, when combined with their respective antigens in vitro, result in the formation of a visible precipitate. They are typically produced in response to the presence of insoluble antigens, such as bacterial or fungal cell wall components, and can be detected through various immunological techniques such as precipitation tests (e.g., Ouchterlony double diffusion, radial immunodiffusion).

Precipitins are often used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and allergies to identify the presence and specificity of antibodies produced against certain antigens. However, it's worth noting that the term "precipitin" is not commonly used in modern medical literature, and the more general term "antibody" is often preferred.

Central nervous system (CNS) fungal infections refer to invasive fungal diseases that affect the brain and/or spinal cord. These types of infections are relatively uncommon but can be serious and potentially life-threatening, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation.

There are several types of fungi that can cause CNS infections, including:

1. Candida species: These are yeast-like fungi that can cause a range of infections, from superficial to systemic. When they invade the CNS, they can cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
2. Aspergillus species: These are mold-like fungi that can cause invasive aspergillosis, which can affect various organs, including the brain.
3. Cryptococcus neoformans: This is a yeast-like fungus that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems. It can cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
4. Coccidioides species: These are mold-like fungi that can cause coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever. While most infections are limited to the lungs, some people may develop disseminated disease, which can affect the CNS.
5. Histoplasma capsulatum: This is a mold-like fungus that causes histoplasmosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can disseminate and involve the CNS.

Symptoms of CNS fungal infections may include headache, fever, altered mental status, seizures, stiff neck, and focal neurologic deficits. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis or fungal cultures). Treatment usually involves long-term antifungal therapy, often with a combination of drugs, and may also include surgical intervention in some cases.

Nystatin is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections such as candidiasis, which can affect the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina. It works by binding to ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, creating pores that increase permeability and ultimately lead to fungal cell death.

The medical definition of Nystatin is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces noursei, used primarily for topical treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis. It has little systemic absorption and is therefore not useful for treating systemic fungal infections. Common side effects include local irritation and burning sensations at the application site.

"Azoles" is a class of antifungal medications that have a similar chemical structure, specifically a five-membered ring containing nitrogen and two carbon atoms (a "azole ring"). The most common azoles used in medicine include:

1. Imidazoles: These include drugs such as clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole. They are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including vaginal yeast infections, thrush, and skin infections.
2. Triazoles: These include drugs such as fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. They are also used to treat fungal infections, but have a broader spectrum of activity than imidazoles and are often used for more serious or systemic infections.

Azoles work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane, which ultimately results in fungal cell death.

While azoles are generally well-tolerated, they can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. In addition, some azoles can interact with other medications and affect liver function, so it's important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting an azole regimen.

Neutropenia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration (less than 1500 cells/mm3) of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting off bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are essential components of the innate immune system, and their main function is to engulf and destroy microorganisms that can cause harm to the body.

Neutropenia can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the severity of the neutrophil count reduction:

* Mild neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 1000-1500 cells/mm3
* Moderate neutropenia: Neutrophil count between 500-1000 cells/mm3
* Severe neutropenia: Neutrophil count below 500 cells/mm3

Severe neutropenia significantly increases the risk of developing infections, as the body's ability to fight off microorganisms is severely compromised. Common causes of neutropenia include viral infections, certain medications (such as chemotherapy or antibiotics), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions affecting bone marrow function. Treatment for neutropenia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, administering granulocyte-colony stimulating factors to boost neutrophil production, and providing appropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent or treat infections.

Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and classification, their role in diseases and decomposition processes, and their potential uses in industry, agriculture, and medicine. It involves the examination and identification of various types of fungi, such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, and the investigation of their ecological relationships with other organisms and their environments. Mycologists may also study the medical and veterinary importance of fungi, including the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections, as well as the development of antifungal drugs and vaccines.

In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Aspartic acid proteases are a type of enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds in proteins. They are called "aspartic" proteases because they contain two aspartic acid residues in their active site, which are essential for their catalytic function. These enzymes work by bringing the two carboxyl groups of the adjacent aspartic acids into close proximity, allowing them to act as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Aspartic acid proteases play important roles in various biological processes, including protein degradation, cell signaling, and viral infection. Some examples of aspartic acid proteases include pepsin, cathepsin D, and HIV-1 protease. These enzymes are often targeted by drugs for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and AIDS.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, often due to a underlying condition such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. These infections are caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune function, but can take advantage of an opportunity to infect and cause damage when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised. Examples of opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis (thrush), and cytomegalovirus infection. Preventive measures, such as antimicrobial medications and vaccinations, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Vaginal discharge refers to the fluid that comes out of the vagina on a regular basis. It's a normal and healthy process for the body to keep the vagina clean and maintain its pH balance. The amount, color, and consistency of vaginal discharge can vary throughout a woman's menstrual cycle and can also be influenced by various factors such as pregnancy, sexual arousal, and infections.

Normal vaginal discharge is typically clear or white and may have a mild odor. However, if the discharge changes in color, consistency, or smell, or if it's accompanied by symptoms such as itching, burning, or pain, it could be a sign of an infection or other medical condition that requires treatment.

It is important to note that while vaginal discharge is a normal bodily function, any abnormal changes should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:

1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.

Hairy leukoplakia is a medical condition characterized by the presence of white, thickened patches or lesions that develop on the tongue or inside of the cheek. It gets its name "hairy" from the appearance of tiny, hair-like projections on the surface of the lesions. This condition is most commonly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and is considered an oral manifestation of HIV/AIDS. However, it can also occur in individuals with a weakened immune system due to other causes. It's important to note that while hairy leukoplakia itself is not cancerous, it can indicate an increased risk for developing oral cancer.

Trichomonas vaginitis is a type of vaginal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It is transmitted through sexual contact and primarily affects the urogenital tract. The infection can cause various symptoms in women, such as vaginal discharge with an unpleasant smell, itching, redness, and pain during urination or sex. However, up to 50% of infected individuals may be asymptomatic. In men, it often does not cause any symptoms but can lead to urethritis (inflammation of the urethra). Diagnosis is usually made through microscopic examination of vaginal secretions or a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). Treatment typically involves prescription antibiotics like metronidazole or tinidazole, targeting both sexual partners to prevent reinfection.

Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication that is primarily used to treat various fungal infections, including those caused by dermatophytes, Candida, and pityrosporum. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes, which leads to increased permeability and ultimately results in fungal cell death.

Ketoconazole is available as an oral tablet for systemic use and as a topical cream or shampoo for localized applications. The oral formulation is used to treat severe or invasive fungal infections, while the topical preparations are primarily indicated for skin and scalp infections, such as athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, candidiasis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Common side effects of oral ketoconazole include nausea, vomiting, headache, and altered liver function tests. Rare but serious adverse reactions may include hepatotoxicity, adrenal insufficiency, and interactions with other medications that can affect the metabolism and elimination of drugs. Topical ketoconazole is generally well-tolerated, with local irritation being the most common side effect.

It's important to note that due to its potential for serious liver toxicity and drug-drug interactions, oral ketoconazole has been largely replaced by other antifungal agents, such as fluconazole and itraconazole, which have more favorable safety profiles. Topical ketoconazole remains a valuable option for treating localized fungal infections due to its effectiveness and lower risk of systemic side effects.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Indenes" is not a recognized medical term or concept in the field of medicine or healthcare. It may be that there is a spelling mistake or typo in your question. If you are referring to "Indenes" as a chemical compound, it is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with the molecular formula C9H8. However, I would recommend consulting a chemistry or toxicology resource for information on its non-medical uses and properties.

Ageusia is a medical term that refers to the complete loss of taste. It can affect a person's ability to detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and savory flavors. Ageusia can be caused by various factors such as damage to the nerves responsible for transmitting taste signals to the brain, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation therapy, and some medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and upper respiratory infections. In some cases, ageusia may be temporary, while in others, it can be permanent. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if experiencing a loss of taste, as it could be a sign of an underlying health issue.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Histatins are a group of histidine-rich proteins that are produced by the salivary glands in humans and other mammals. They have various functions, including antibacterial, antifungal, and wound healing properties. Histatins are composed of 21-24 amino acids and are named based on their molecular weight. The most well-studied histatins are Histatin 1, Histatin 3, and Histatin 5. They play a crucial role in maintaining oral health by helping to prevent dental caries and oral candidiasis.

A mucous membrane is a type of moist, protective lining that covers various body surfaces inside the body, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, as well as the inner surface of the eyelids and the nasal cavity. These membranes are composed of epithelial cells that produce mucus, a slippery secretion that helps trap particles, microorganisms, and other foreign substances, preventing them from entering the body or causing damage to tissues. The mucous membrane functions as a barrier against infection and irritation while also facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the body and its environment.

Fungal DNA refers to the genetic material present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. The DNA of fungi, like that of all living organisms, is made up of nucleotides that are arranged in a double helix structure.

Fungal DNA contains the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of fungi. This includes the instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells, as well as other important molecules such as enzymes and nucleic acids.

Studying fungal DNA can provide valuable insights into the biology and evolution of fungi, as well as their potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and industry. For example, researchers have used genetic engineering techniques to modify the DNA of fungi to produce drugs, biofuels, and other useful products. Additionally, understanding the genetic makeup of pathogenic fungi can help scientists develop new strategies for preventing and treating fungal infections.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Flucytosine is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and life-threatening fungal infections, such as cryptococcal meningitis and candidiasis. It works by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA in the fungal cells, which inhibits their growth and reproduction.

The medical definition of Flucytosine is:

A synthetic fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside analogue that is converted to fluorouracil after uptake into susceptible fungal cells. It is used as an antifungal agent in the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans. Flucytosine has both fungistatic and fungicidal activity, depending on the concentration achieved at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the organism.

Flucytosine is available in oral form and is often used in combination with other antifungal agents to increase its effectiveness and prevent the development of resistance. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression. Regular monitoring of blood counts and liver function tests is necessary during treatment to detect any potential toxicity.

Disease susceptibility, also known as genetic predisposition or genetic susceptibility, refers to the increased likelihood or risk of developing a particular disease due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations. These genetic factors can make an individual more vulnerable to certain diseases compared to those who do not have these genetic changes.

It is important to note that having a genetic predisposition does not guarantee that a person will definitely develop the disease. Other factors, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and additional genetic variations, can influence whether or not the disease will manifest. In some cases, early detection and intervention may help reduce the risk or delay the onset of the disease in individuals with a known genetic susceptibility.

Fusariosis is a rare but serious invasive fungal infection caused by the Fusarium species, a type of filamentous fungi that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and plants. The infection can affect various organs and tissues, including the lungs, sinuses, skin, nails, and internal organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys.

Fusariosis is often difficult to diagnose due to its nonspecific symptoms and the challenges of detecting the fungus in clinical samples. The infection can occur in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs.

The severity of fusariosis varies depending on the site of infection and the patient's underlying health status. In some cases, it can cause severe illness and even death, especially in patients with prolonged neutropenia (low white blood cell count) or other serious medical conditions. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as voriconazole or amphotericin B, and sometimes surgical debridement of infected tissues.

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplants, or long-term steroid use. The infection typically starts in the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body, including the brain (meningitis), causing various symptoms like cough, fever, chest pain, headache, confusion, and vision problems. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications, and the prognosis depends on the patient's immune status and the severity of the infection.

Stomatitis, denture is a specific type of stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) that is caused by ill-fitting or poorly cleaned dentures. It is also known as denture-induced stomatitis. The condition is often characterized by redness and soreness of the oral mucosa, particularly under the denture-bearing area.

The continuous irritation and friction from the denture, combined with the accumulation of microorganisms such as Candida albicans (yeast), can lead to this inflammatory response. Denture wearers, especially those who have been using their dentures for an extended period or those with poor oral hygiene, are at a higher risk of developing denture-induced stomatitis.

To manage this condition, it is essential to maintain good oral hygiene, clean the dentures thoroughly, and ensure a proper fit. In some cases, antifungal medications may be prescribed to treat any underlying Candida infection. Regular dental check-ups are also crucial for early detection and prevention of stomatitis, denture.

Dentures are defined as a removable dental appliance that replaces missing teeth and surrounding tissues. They are made to resemble your natural teeth and may even enhance your smile. There are two types of dentures - complete and partial. Complete dentures are used when all the teeth are missing, while partial dentures are used when some natural teeth remain.

Complete dentures cover the entire upper or lower jaw, while partial dentures replace one or more missing teeth by attaching to the remaining teeth. Dentures improve chewing ability, speech, and support the facial muscles and structure, preventing sagging of the cheeks and jowls that can occur with missing teeth.

The process of getting dentures usually involves several appointments with a dental professional, who will take impressions and measurements of your mouth to ensure a proper fit and comfortable bite. It may take some time to get used to wearing dentures, but they are an effective solution for restoring a natural-looking smile and improving oral function in people who have lost their teeth.

"Mentha" is a genus name in botanical taxonomy, which includes various species of mint plants. While it's not a medical term per se, some mentha species have been used in traditional medicine and may be referenced in medical literature or natural health practices. The essential oils derived from these plants, such as peppermint (Mentha piperita) and spearmint (Mentha spicata), are often used in aromatherapy, topical applications, and as flavorings in oral care products and medications. They have been studied for potential benefits related to digestion, pain relief, and mental clarity, although more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish appropriate dosages and safety guidelines.

"CBA" is an abbreviation for a specific strain of inbred mice that were developed at the Cancer Research Institute in London. The "Inbred CBA" mice are genetically identical individuals within the same strain, due to many generations of brother-sister matings. This results in a homozygous population, making them valuable tools for research because they reduce variability and increase reproducibility in experimental outcomes.

The CBA strain is known for its susceptibility to certain diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, which makes it a popular choice for researchers studying those conditions. Additionally, the CBA strain has been widely used in studies related to transplantation immunology, infectious diseases, and genetic research.

It's important to note that while "Inbred CBA" mice are a well-established and useful tool in biomedical research, they represent only one of many inbred strains available for scientific investigation. Each strain has its own unique characteristics and advantages, depending on the specific research question being asked.

Aspartic acid endopeptidases are a type of enzyme that cleave peptide bonds within proteins. They are also known as aspartyl proteases or aspartic proteinases. These enzymes contain two catalytic aspartic acid residues in their active site, which work together to hydrolyze the peptide bond.

Aspartic acid endopeptidases play important roles in various biological processes, including protein degradation, processing, and activation. They are found in many organisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Some well-known examples of aspartic acid endopeptidases include pepsin, cathepsin D, and HIV protease.

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme found in the stomach that helps break down proteins in food. Cathepsin D is a lysosomal enzyme that plays a role in protein turnover and degradation within cells. HIV protease is an essential enzyme for the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. Inhibitors of HIV protease are used as antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV infection.

Agranulocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration of granulocytes (a type of white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. Granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections. A significant reduction in their numbers can make an individual highly susceptible to various bacterial and fungal infections.

The condition is typically defined as having fewer than 150 granulocytes per microliter of blood or less than 1% of the total white blood cell count. Symptoms of agranulocytosis may include fever, fatigue, sore throat, mouth ulcers, and susceptibility to infections. The condition can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, medical treatments (such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy), autoimmune disorders, and congenital conditions. Immediate medical attention is required for individuals diagnosed with agranulocytosis to prevent and treat potential infections and restore the normal granulocyte count.

Fungal lung diseases, also known as fungal pneumonia or mycoses, refer to a group of respiratory disorders caused by the infection of fungi in the lungs. These fungi are commonly found in the environment, such as soil, decaying organic matter, and contaminated materials. People can develop lung diseases from fungi after inhaling spores or particles that contain fungi.

There are several types of fungal lung diseases, including:

1. Aspergillosis: This is caused by the Aspergillus fungus and can affect people with weakened immune systems. It can cause allergic reactions, lung infections, or invasive aspergillosis, which can spread to other organs.
2. Cryptococcosis: This is caused by the Cryptococcus fungus and is usually found in soil contaminated with bird droppings. It can cause pneumonia, meningitis, or skin lesions.
3. Histoplasmosis: This is caused by the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus and is commonly found in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. It can cause flu-like symptoms, lung infections, or disseminated histoplasmosis, which can spread to other organs.
4. Blastomycosis: This is caused by the Blastomyces dermatitidis fungus and is commonly found in the southeastern and south-central United States. It can cause pneumonia, skin lesions, or disseminated blastomycosis, which can spread to other organs.
5. Coccidioidomycosis: This is caused by the Coccidioides immitis fungus and is commonly found in the southwestern United States. It can cause flu-like symptoms, lung infections, or disseminated coccidioidomycosis, which can spread to other organs.

Fungal lung diseases can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of fungus and the person's immune system. Treatment may include antifungal medications, surgery, or supportive care. Prevention measures include avoiding exposure to contaminated soil or dust, wearing protective masks in high-risk areas, and promptly seeking medical attention if symptoms develop.

Stomach diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the stomach, a muscular sac located in the upper part of the abdomen and is responsible for storing and digesting food. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, loss of appetite, and bloating. Some common stomach diseases include:

1. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause pain, irritation, and ulcers.
2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
3. Peptic ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Stomach cancer: Abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the stomach, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
5. Gastroparesis: A condition where the stomach muscles are weakened or paralyzed, leading to difficulty digesting food and emptying the stomach.
6. Functional dyspepsia: A chronic disorder characterized by symptoms such as pain, bloating, and fullness in the upper abdomen, without any identifiable cause.
7. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A condition where eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the esophagus, causing inflammation and difficulty swallowing.
8. Stomal stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and small intestine, often caused by scar tissue or surgical complications.
9. Hiatal hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, causing symptoms such as heartburn and difficulty swallowing.

These are just a few examples of stomach diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the stomach. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions and preventing complications.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

A germ-free life refers to an existence in which an individual is not exposed to or colonized by any harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This condition is also known as "sterile" or "aseptic." In a medical context, achieving a germ-free state is often the goal in certain controlled environments, such as operating rooms, laboratories, and intensive care units, where the risk of infection must be minimized. However, it is not possible to maintain a completely germ-free life outside of these settings, as microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment and are an essential part of the human microbiome. Instead, maintaining good hygiene practices and a healthy immune system is crucial for preventing illness and promoting overall health.

A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is a specialized hospital unit that provides advanced, intensive care for newborn babies who are born prematurely, critically ill, or have complex medical conditions. The NICU staff includes neonatologists, neonatal nurses, respiratory therapists, and other healthcare professionals trained to provide specialized care for these vulnerable infants.

The NICU is equipped with advanced technology and monitoring systems to support the babies' breathing, heart function, temperature regulation, and nutrition. The unit may include incubators or radiant warmers to maintain the baby's body temperature, ventilators to assist with breathing, and intravenous lines to provide fluids and medications.

NICUs are typically classified into levels based on the complexity of care provided, ranging from Level I (basic care for healthy newborns) to Level IV (the highest level of care for critically ill newborns). The specific services and level of care provided in a NICU may vary depending on the hospital and geographic location.

Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Tea tree oil, also known as melaleuca oil, is an essential oil derived from the leaves of the tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), which is native to Australia. It has been used traditionally by Aboriginal people for centuries for its medicinal properties. Tea tree oil is known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic qualities. It contains a number of compounds, including terpinen-4-ol, that have been shown to kill bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Tea tree oil is often used topically and has been found to be effective in treating various skin conditions such as acne, fungal infections, insect bites, and minor wounds. However, it should not be ingested as it can cause adverse reactions when taken internally. It's important to dilute tea tree oil with a carrier oil before applying it to the skin, as it can cause irritation if used undiluted.

While tea tree oil has many potential benefits, it's essential to use it cautiously and under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it may interact with certain medications or have adverse effects on people with specific health conditions.

Boric acid is not a compound that is typically produced within the body as it is an inorganic, weak acid. It is commonly used as a preservative, antiseptic, and insecticide. Boric acid can be found in various over-the-counter products such as eye wash solutions, mouthwashes, and topical creams or ointments.

The medical definition of boric acids is:

A white crystalline powder with the chemical formula B(OH)3. It is slightly soluble in water and has a wide range of uses, including as an antiseptic, insecticide, and preservative. In medicine, boric acid is used as a mild antiseptic for minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, and to treat yeast infections of the skin. It works by killing bacteria and fungi that can cause infections. Boric acid is also used in some eye wash solutions to help prevent bacterial infections.

It's important to note that boric acid can be toxic if ingested or absorbed through the skin in large amounts, so it should be used with caution and kept out of reach of children and pets.

A CD4 lymphocyte count is a laboratory test that measures the number of CD4 T-cells (also known as CD4+ T-cells or helper T-cells) in a sample of blood. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune response, particularly in fighting off infections caused by viruses and other pathogens.

CD4 cells express a protein on their surface called the CD4 receptor, which is used by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to infect and destroy these cells. As a result, people with HIV infection or AIDS often have low CD4 lymphocyte counts, which can make them more susceptible to opportunistic infections and other complications.

A normal CD4 lymphocyte count ranges from 500 to 1,200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (cells/mm3) in healthy adults. A lower than normal CD4 count is often used as a marker for the progression of HIV infection and the development of AIDS. CD4 counts are typically monitored over time to assess the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to guide clinical decision-making regarding the need for additional interventions, such as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections.

An "Extremely Low Birth Weight" (ELBW) infant is a newborn with a birth weight below 1000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces), according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This classification is part of the broader category of low birth weight infants, which includes those born weighing less than 2500 grams (about 5.5 pounds). ELBW infants often face significant health challenges due to their prematurity and small size, which can include issues with breathing, feeding, temperature regulation, and potential long-term neurodevelopmental impairments. It is crucial for these infants to receive specialized care in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to optimize their chances of survival and promote healthy development.

Esophagitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the esophageal lining, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This inflammation can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, heartburn, and acid reflux.

Esophagitis can be caused by various factors, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), infection, allergies, medications, and chronic vomiting. Prolonged exposure to stomach acid can also cause esophagitis, leading to a condition called reflux esophagitis.

If left untreated, esophagitis can lead to complications such as strictures, ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Treatment for esophagitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and protecting the esophageal lining to promote healing.

A "premature infant" is a newborn delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. They are at greater risk for various health complications and medical conditions compared to full-term infants, due to their immature organ systems and lower birth weight. Some common diseases and health issues that premature infants may face include:

1. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): A lung disorder caused by the lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the lungs inflated. Premature infants, especially those born before 34 weeks, are at higher risk for RDS.
2. Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH): Bleeding in the brain's ventricles, which can lead to developmental delays or neurological issues. The risk of IVH is inversely proportional to gestational age, meaning that the earlier the infant is born, the higher the risk.
3. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC): A gastrointestinal disease where the intestinal tissue becomes inflamed and can die. Premature infants are at greater risk for NEC due to their immature digestive systems.
4. Jaundice: A yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by an accumulation of bilirubin, a waste product from broken-down red blood cells. Premature infants may have higher rates of jaundice due to their liver's immaturity.
5. Infections: Premature infants are more susceptible to infections because of their underdeveloped immune systems. Common sources of infection include the mother's genital tract, bloodstream, or hospital environment.
6. Anemia: A condition characterized by a low red blood cell count or insufficient hemoglobin. Premature infants may develop anemia due to frequent blood sampling, rapid growth, or inadequate erythropoietin production.
7. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): An eye disorder affecting premature infants, where abnormal blood vessel growth occurs in the retina. Severe ROP can lead to vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly.
8. Developmental Delays: Premature infants are at risk for developmental delays due to their immature nervous systems and environmental factors such as sensory deprivation or separation from parents.
9. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects two major arteries in the fetal heart, fails to close after birth. Premature infants are at higher risk for PDA due to their immature cardiovascular systems.
10. Hypothermia: Premature infants have difficulty maintaining body temperature and are at risk for hypothermia, which can lead to increased metabolic demands, poor feeding, and infection.

Latex fixation tests are diagnostic procedures used to detect the presence of certain antigens or antibodies in a patient's sample, such as blood or serum. These tests use latex particles that are coated with specific antigens or antibodies that can bind to complementary antigens or antibodies present in the sample. When the sample is added to the latex reagent, if the specific antigen or antibody is present, they will bind to the latex particles, forming an agglutination reaction that can be seen as a visible clumping or agglutination of the latex particles.

Latex fixation tests are commonly used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and genetic disorders. For example, a latex fixation test may be used to detect the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigens in a patient's sputum sample or to identify the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies in a patient's blood sample. These tests are known for their simplicity, speed, and sensitivity, making them a valuable tool in clinical laboratories.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Agglutinins are antibodies that cause the particles (such as red blood cells, bacteria, or viruses) to clump together. They recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of these particles, forming a bridge between them and causing them to agglutinate or clump. Agglutinins are an important part of the immune system's response to infection and help to eliminate pathogens from the body.

There are two main types of agglutinins:

1. Naturally occurring agglutinins: These are present in the blood serum of most individuals, even before exposure to an antigen. They can agglutinate some bacteria and red blood cells without prior sensitization. For example, anti-A and anti-B agglutinins are naturally occurring antibodies found in people with different blood groups (A, B, AB, or O).
2. Immune agglutinins: These are produced by the immune system after exposure to an antigen. They develop as part of the adaptive immune response and target specific antigens that the body has encountered before. Immunization with vaccines often leads to the production of immune agglutinins, which can provide protection against future infections.

Agglutination reactions are widely used in laboratory tests for various diagnostic purposes, such as blood typing, detecting bacterial or viral infections, and monitoring immune responses.

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Common gastrointestinal diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Microbial drug resistance is a significant medical issue that refers to the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand or survive exposure to drugs or medications designed to kill them or limit their growth. This phenomenon has become a major global health concern, particularly in the context of bacterial infections, where it is also known as antibiotic resistance.

Drug resistance arises due to genetic changes in microorganisms that enable them to modify or bypass the effects of antimicrobial agents. These genetic alterations can be caused by mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. The resistant microbes then replicate and multiply, forming populations that are increasingly difficult to eradicate with conventional treatments.

The consequences of drug-resistant infections include increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs, and the potential for widespread outbreaks. Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance include the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, poor infection control practices, and inadequate surveillance systems.

To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote prudent antibiotic use, strengthen infection prevention and control measures, develop new antimicrobial agents, and invest in research to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance.

Immunosuppression is a state in which the immune system's ability to mount an immune response is reduced, compromised or inhibited. This can be caused by certain medications (such as those used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs), diseases (like HIV/AIDS), or genetic disorders. As a result, the body becomes more susceptible to infections and cancer development. It's important to note that immunosuppression should not be confused with immunity, which refers to the body's ability to resist and fight off infections and diseases.

Mycological typing techniques are methods used to identify and classify fungi at the species or strain level, based on their unique biological characteristics. These techniques are often used in clinical laboratories to help diagnose fungal infections and determine the most effective treatment approaches.

There are several different mycological typing techniques that may be used, depending on the specific type of fungus being identified and the resources available in the laboratory. Some common methods include:

1. Phenotypic methods: These methods involve observing and measuring the physical characteristics of fungi, such as their growth patterns, colonial morphology, and microscopic features. Examples include macroscopic and microscopic examination, as well as biochemical tests to identify specific metabolic properties.

2. Genotypic methods: These methods involve analyzing the DNA or RNA of fungi to identify unique genetic sequences that can be used to distinguish between different species or strains. Examples include PCR-based methods, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, as well as sequencing-based methods, such as internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

3. Proteotypic methods: These methods involve analyzing the proteins expressed by fungi to identify unique protein profiles that can be used to distinguish between different species or strains. Examples include matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Mycological typing techniques are important tools for understanding the epidemiology of fungal infections, tracking outbreaks, and developing effective treatment strategies. By accurately identifying the specific fungi causing an infection, healthcare providers can tailor their treatments to target the most vulnerable aspects of the pathogen, improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of drug resistance.

Vaginal douching is the practice of cleaning out the vagina with water or a mixture of water and other substances, such as vinegar or baking soda. The solution is typically inserted into the vagina using a douche, which is a device that looks like a squeeze bottle or a syringe.

It's important to note that douching is not recommended by medical professionals. The vagina is self-cleaning and does not require any additional cleaning products. Douching can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina, which can increase the risk of infection and other health problems. It can also increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and low birth weight in babies born to women who douche during pregnancy.

If you have any concerns about your vaginal health or hygiene, it's best to speak with a healthcare provider for advice and recommendations tailored to your specific needs.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Fungal meningitis is a form of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is specifically caused by the invasion of the meninges by fungi. The most common causative agents are Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum.

Fungal meningitis typically occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant recipients. It begins gradually, often with symptoms including headache, fever, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. Other possible symptoms can include confusion, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status.

Diagnosis of fungal meningitis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment usually requires long-term antifungal therapy, often administered intravenously in a hospital setting. The prognosis for fungal meningitis depends on several factors, including the underlying immune status of the patient, the specific causative agent, and the timeliness and adequacy of treatment.

Cortisone is a type of corticosteroid hormone that is produced naturally in the body by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and helps to regulate metabolism, reduce inflammation, and suppress the immune system. Cortisone can also be synthetically produced and is often used as a medication to treat a variety of conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and skin disorders. It works by mimicking the effects of the natural hormone in the body and reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system. Cortisone can be administered through various routes, including oral, injectable, topical, and inhalational.

"Melaleuca" is a genus of plants, also known as tea trees, that are native to Australia. The term itself is not typically used in medical contexts, but some Melaleuca species do have medicinal properties. For example, the oil from Melaleuca alternifolia, commonly called tea tree oil, has been found to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects and is sometimes used topically for skin conditions such as acne, fungal infections, and insect bites. However, it's important to note that essential oils should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as they can cause skin irritation or other adverse reactions in some people.

Tongue diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or appearance of the tongue. These conditions can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause tongue inflammation (glossitis), pain, and ulcers. Common causes include streptococcus, herpes simplex, and candida albicans.
2. Traumatic injuries: These can result from accidental bites, burns, or irritation caused by sharp teeth, dental appliances, or habitual habits like tongue thrusting or chewing.
3. Neoplasms: Both benign and malignant growths can occur on the tongue, such as papillomas, fibromas, and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Congenital disorders: Some individuals may be born with abnormalities of the tongue, like ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) or macroglossia (enlarged tongue).
5. Neurological conditions: Certain neurological disorders can affect tongue movement and sensation, such as Bell's palsy, stroke, or multiple sclerosis.
6. Systemic diseases: Various systemic conditions can have symptoms that manifest on the tongue, like diabetes mellitus (which can cause dryness and furring), iron deficiency anemia (which may lead to atrophic glossitis), or Sjögren's syndrome (which can result in xerostomia).
7. Idiopathic: In some cases, the cause of tongue symptoms remains unknown, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic glossitis or burning mouth syndrome.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of tongue diseases require a thorough examination by a healthcare professional, often involving a dental or medical specialist such as an oral pathologist, otolaryngologist, or dermatologist.

Saliva is a complex mixture of primarily water, but also electrolytes, enzymes, antibacterial compounds, and various other substances. It is produced by the salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva plays an essential role in maintaining oral health by moistening the mouth, helping to digest food, and protecting the teeth from decay by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria.

The medical definition of saliva can be stated as:

"A clear, watery, slightly alkaline fluid secreted by the salivary glands, consisting mainly of water, with small amounts of electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), mucus, and antibacterial compounds. Saliva aids in digestion, lubrication of oral tissues, and provides an oral barrier against microorganisms."

'Cassia' is a botanical term that refers to several species of plants in the family Fabaceae, which is also known as the legume family. The most well-known species is Cinnamomum cassia, which is commonly called Chinese cinnamon or cassia cinnamon. This tree is native to China and other parts of Asia, and its bark is used to make a type of cinnamon that is less expensive and has a stronger flavor than Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum).

Other species of Cassia include Senna obtusifolia, also known as coffee senna or sicklepod, which is a plant native to Africa that is used in traditional medicine, and Cassia fistula, also known as the golden shower tree, which is a tropical tree with large, yellow flowers.

It's worth noting that while some species of Cassia have medicinal uses, others can be toxic if ingested in large quantities. Therefore, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before using any plant or herbal remedy for medical purposes.

The medical definition of "Cinnamomum aromaticum" refers to the bark of the tree known as Cinnamomum cassia, which is commonly called Chinese cinnamon or Cassia cinnamon. This bark has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including treating gastrointestinal disorders, managing blood sugar levels, and fighting microbial infections. Some studies suggest that compounds found in Cinnamomum aromaticum, such as cinnamaldehyde, may have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential health benefits and establish safe and effective dosages.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. It is located in the midline of the neck and chest, passing through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus has a few distinct parts: the upper esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the throat), the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter (another ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food and liquids to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

The walls of the esophagus are made up of several layers, including mucosa (a moist tissue that lines the inside of the tube), submucosa (a layer of connective tissue), muscle (both voluntary and involuntary types), and adventitia (an outer layer of connective tissue).

Common conditions affecting the esophagus include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, esophageal strictures, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Geranium" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to plants in the genus Pelargonium, which are often grown as ornamental flowers. If you have any questions about a medical issue or a specific term, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) is a laboratory technique used in the field of immunology and serology for the identification and detection of antigens or antibodies in a sample. It is a type of electrophoretic technique that involves the migration of antigens and antibodies in an electric field towards each other, resulting in the formation of a precipitin line at the point where they meet and react.

In CIEP, the antigen is placed in the gel matrix in a trough or well, while the antibody is placed in a separate trough located perpendicularly to the antigen trough. An electric current is then applied, causing both the antigens and antibodies to migrate towards each other through the gel matrix. When they meet, they form a precipitin line, which can be visualized as a white band or line in the gel.

CIEP is a rapid and sensitive technique that can be used to detect and identify specific antigens or antibodies in a sample. It is often used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and other medical conditions where the presence of specific antigens or antibodies needs to be detected.

It's important to note that CIEP has been largely replaced by more modern techniques such as ELISA and Western blotting, which offer greater sensitivity and specificity. However, it is still used in some research and diagnostic settings due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness.

Immunocompetence is the condition of having a properly functioning immune system that can effectively respond to the presence of foreign substances, such as pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and other potentially harmful agents. It involves the ability of the immune system to recognize, attack, and eliminate these foreign substances while also maintaining tolerance to self-tissues and promoting tissue repair.

Immunocompetence is essential for overall health and wellbeing, as it helps protect the body from infections and diseases. Factors that can affect immunocompetence include age, genetics, stress, nutrition, sleep, and certain medical conditions or treatments (like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs) that can weaken the immune system.

... , also known as oral thrush among other names, is candidiasis that occurs in the mouth. That is, oral ... "Oral candidiasis. History, classification, and clinical presentation". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology. 78 (2 ... Oral candidiasis is a mycosis (fungal infection). Traditionally, oral candidiasis is classified using the Lehner system, ... Overall, this is the most common type of oral candidiasis, accounting for about 35% of oral candidiasis cases. It is ...
Mucosal candidiasis Oral candidiasis (thrush, oropharyngeal candidiasis) Pseudomembranous candidiasis Erythematous candidiasis ... "Oral candidiasis. History, classification, and clinical presentation". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology. 78 (2 ... Vaginal candidiasis can cause congenital candidiasis in newborns. In oral candidiasis, simply inspecting the person's mouth for ... "Treatment & Outcomes of Oral Candidiasis". cdc.gov. February 13, 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014. "Oral Candidiasis Statistics ...
Akpan A, Morgan R (August 2002). "Oral candidiasis". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 78 (922): 455-9. doi:10.1136/pmj.78.922.455 ... Candida albicans is a species of fungus that is associated with oral thrush and gastrointestinal infection. Coccidioides ... Any oral exposure to feces. Contact with farm animals, especially those with diarrhea: source of Toxoplasma gondii, ...
Oral-B • Oral candidiasisOral and maxillofacial radiology • Oral and maxillofacial surgery • Oral cancer • Oral hygiene • ... Oral care swab • Oral irrigator • Oral medicine • Oral microbiology • Oral mucosa • Oral pathology • Oral Surgery • Oral torus ... British Society of Oral Implantology • Bruxism • Buccal bifurcation cyst • Buccal mucosa • Buccal space CAD/CAM Dentistry • ... DenTek Oral Care • Dentifrice • Dentigerous Cyst • Dentin • Dentin dysplasia • Dentine bonding agents • Dentine ...
Different presentations of oral Candidiasis include: Pseudomembranous Candidiasis Erythematous Candidiasis Denture Stomatitis ... Akpan, A.; Morgan, R. (2002-08-01). "Oral candidiasis". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 78 (922): 455-459. doi:10.1136/pmj.78.922 ... Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases at eMedicine Squier, Christopher A.; Kremer, Mary J. (2001). "Biology of Oral Mucosa ... It accounts for 60% of oral mucosa. Secretion - Saliva is the primary secretion of the oral mucosa. It has many functions ...
Oral candidiasis can be tested for with use of a swabs, smears, an oral rinse or saliva samples. It has been suggested that ... Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 131 (2): 186-194. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2020.11.019. ISSN 2212- ... Oral candidiasis. Herpetic infection (herpes simplex virus). Fissured tongue. Lichen planus. Allergies and contact ... de S. (2002). Cawsonś essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine (7. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 216. ISBN ...
Erythroplakia; Speckled erythroplakia; Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis. Oral submucosal fibrosis; Syphilitic glossitis; ... Idrees M, Kujan O, Shearston K, Farah CS (January 2020). "Oral lichen planus has a very low malignant transformation rate: A ... The two types of oropharyngeal cancers are HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, which is caused by an oral human papillomavirus ... A research conducted in 2017 demonstrated that HPV vaccination induces HPV antibodies levels at the oral cavity that correlate ...
... treatment for oral candidiasis that occurs with the use of asthma pumps. Suspected cases of esophageal candidiasis should be ... When symptoms recover after therapy, we can diagnosis esophageal candidiasis and do not need more investigations. Oral ... People with esophageal candidiasis typically present with difficult or painful swallowing. Longstanding esophageal candidiasis ... For patients who cannot tolerate oral medication, IV fluconazole can be used alternatively. Other oral triazoles, such as ...
Bacteremia Candidiasis Fungicide Mycosis "Statistics". Invasive Candidiasis. United States: Centers for Disease Control and ... Oral or intravenous fluconazole is an acceptable alternative. The lipid formulation amphotericin B is a reasonable alternative ... The gold standard for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis and candidemia is a positive culture. Blood cultures should be ... The most common type, also known as candidemia, candedemia, or systemic candidiasis, is caused by Candida species; candidemia ...
Hofer U (July 2022). "How antibiotics predispose to candidiasis". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 20 (7): 382. doi:10.1038/s41579 ... Teeth, saliva, and oral tissues are the major components of the oral environment in which the oral microbiome resides. Like ... Oral ecology, like all forms of ecology, involves the study of the living things found in oral cavities as well as their ... The host of the oral cavity in which the oral ecology is studied is also of importance. This is an example of a biotic, or ...
"Therapeutic tools for oral candidiasis: Current and new antifungal drugs". Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 24 (2 ... Oral candidiasis, also commonly referred to as oral thrush, is a fungal infection caused mainly by Candida albicans, which ... Vila T, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Jabra-Rizk MA (January 2020). "Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity". Journal ... It is estimated that oral candidiasis affects approximately 2 million people every year worldwide. Onychomycosis, a fungal ...
5. Oral candidiasis - may be present in cases of Sjogren's syndrome or in associate with a connective tissue disorder. Key ... Oral candidiasis may also be present. Common key diagnostic factors 1. Fever - may present with an acute infective sialadenitis ... 4. Dry eyes and mouth - dryness affecting the eyes and oral cavity are key symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome and may be seen in ... M., Bruch, Jean (2010). Clinical oral medicine and pathology. Treister, Nathaniel S. New York: Humana Press. ISBN 9781603275200 ...
... work Of the Epidemics describing oral candidiasis. The genome of C. albicans is almost 16Mb for the haploid size (28Mb for the ... Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 121 (1): 39-42. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2015.10.001. PMID 26679358. ... For subtyping of candidiasis, a fungal culture can be performed, followed by a germ tube test in which a sample of fungal ... Candidiasis is, for example, often observed in HIV-infected patients.C. albicans is the most common fungal species isolated ...
"Oral lactoferrin treatment of experimental oral candidiasis in mice". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47 (8): 2619-23. ... Masci JR (October 2000). "Complete response of severe, refractory oral candidiasis to mouthwash containing lactoferrin and ... Oral administration of lactoferrin to animals also reduced the number of pathogenic organisms in the tissues close to the ... Lactoferrin also acts against the Candida albicans - a diploid fungus (a form of yeast) that causes opportunistic oral and ...
... has been proven to be involved in oral candidiasis. Candida albicans Hwp1 allows through the use of transglutaminase from ... Micrograph of esophageal candidiasis showing hyphaes Hwp1 of Candida albicans shares similar sequence homology of amino acids ... Meresse B, Ripoche J, Heyman M, Cerf-Bensussan N (2009). "Celiac disease: from oral tolerance to intestinal inflammation, ... Journal of Oral Microbiology. 5: 22434. doi:10.3402/jom.v5i0.22434. PMC 3805843. PMID 24155995. Stepniak D, Koning F (2006). " ...
"Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) vs. Placebo in Subjects With Acute Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (Vanish 306)" ... It is the first non-azole oral antifungal drug to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment ... "Vulvovaginal Candidiasis - STI Treatment Guidelines". www.cdc.gov. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2022. "Scynexis Announces ... Azie N, Angulo D, Dehn B, Sobel JD (September 2020). "Oral Ibrexafungerp: an investigational agent for the treatment of ...
It is by far the most common type of oral candidiasis. Bouquot, Brad W. Neville, Douglas D. Damm, Carl M. Allen, Jerry E. (2002 ... oral candidosis". Oral Diseases. 19 (3): 245-61. doi:10.1111/odi.12013. PMID 22998462. Scully, Crispian (2008). Oral and ... Denture-related stomatitis is the most common form of oral candidiasis (a yeast infection of the mouth). It is more common in ... In about 90% of cases, Candida species are involved, which are normally a harmless component of the oral microbiota in many ...
Internal application is used for oral candidiasis or vaginal thrush (yeast infection). Miconazole is generally well tolerated. ... Oral treatment: (brand names Daktarin in UK, Fungimin Oral Gel in Bangladesh):[citation needed] In 2010, the US Food and Drug ... The oral gel can cause dry mouth, nausea and an unpleasant taste in about 1-10% of people. Anaphylactic reactions are rare. The ... Miconazole is partly absorbed in the intestinal tract when used orally, as with the oral gel, and possibly when used vaginally ...
Fukushima C, Matsuse H, Tomari S, Obase Y, Miyazaki Y, Shimoda T, Kohno S (2003). "Oral candidiasis associated with inhaled ... Deposition on the tongue and throat may promote oral candidiasis, which appears as a white coating, possibly with irritation. ... Willey R, Milne L, Crompton G, Grant I (1976). "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol and oropharyngeal candidiasis". Br J Dis ... Salzman G, Pyszczynski D (1988). "Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients treated with beclomethasone dipropionate delivered by ...
Oral and pharyngeal mucositis and esophagitis suggest Herpes simplex infection or candidiasis. Either empirical antiviral or ... Cefepime is an injectable and is not available in an oral form. c. Third choice: gentamicin or amikacin (both aminoglycosides ... A mass casualty situation may mandate the use of oral antimicrobials. Modifications of this initial antibiotic regimen should ... Infections caused by ionizing radiation can be endogenous, originating from the oral and gastrointestinal bacterial flora, and ...
Fukushima, C.; Matsuse, H.; Tomari, S.; Obase, Y.; Miyazaki, Y.; Shimoda, T.; Kohno, S. (2003). "Oral candidiasis associated ... Aljebab, F; Choonara, I; Conroy, S (April 2016). "Systematic review of the toxicity of short-course oral corticosteroids in ... notably candidiasis. Pregnancy: Corticosteroids have a low but significant teratogenic effect, causing a few birth defects per ... "Risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in asthma due to oral and inhaled corticosteroids: two population-based nested ...
Lyu X, Zhao C, Yan ZM, Hua H (2016). "Efficacy of nystatin for the treatment of oral candidiasis: a systematic review and meta- ... It is effective in treating oral candidiasis in elderly people who wear dentures. It is also used in very low birth-weight ( ... Nystatin pastilles have been shown to be more effective in treating oral candidiasis than nystatin suspensions. Due to its ... for oral infections) to 1 million (for intestinal ones). As it is not absorbed from the gut, it is fairly safe for oral use and ...
The lack of oral lesions and intercellular antibodies distinguishes familial benign pemphigus from other forms of pemphigus.[ ... candidiasis, frictional or contact dermatitis, and inverse psoriasis. A biopsy and/or family history can confirm. ...
Nystatin suspension is an antifungal ingredient used for the treatment of oral candidiasis. A randomized clinical trial found ... crossover study assessing different doses of oral rinse". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 123 ( ... Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 116 (4): 433-9. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2013.05.021. PMID 23969334. ... Other uses of chlorhexidine mouthwash include prevention of oral candidiasis in immunocompromised persons, treatment of denture ...
Vaginal candidiasis can very rarely cause congenital candidiasis in newborns. Infection occurs in about 30% of women who are ... Oral contraceptive use is also associated with increased risk of vaginal thrush. In pregnancy, higher levels of estrogen make a ... Candidiasis is one of the three most common vaginal infections along with bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas. About 75% of ... This may be either as a cream such as clotrimazole or with oral medications such as fluconazole. Despite the lack of evidence, ...
Oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus include candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, oral ulcers, oral warts, oral ... which significantly lowers the prevalence of oral lesions, particularly oral candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia. Nascimento ... The oral manifestations present as orofacial granulomatosis, an inflammatory condition affecting the oral mucosa. It is non- ... candidiasis, ulceration and gingivitis/periodontitis (Godara et al., 2011). There are a number of oral complications following ...
... symptoms of oral candidiasis include difficulty in swallowing, pain on swallowing and oral lesions. Recurrent eczema-like ... A telltale sign of X-SCID is candidiasis, a type of fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. Candidiasis involves moist ...
After reading publications by C. Orian Truss, M.D., Crook proposed the idea that a condition he termed systemic candidiasis, or ... adverse effects of oral antifungal agents are rare, but some inevitably will occur; and (5) neither patients nor doctors can ... Several Candida species can also cause a serious infection known as invasive candidiasis, which can be systemic if blood borne ... "Candidiasis Hypersensitivity". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved 18 January 2014. (Articles with short ...
"Recognition of Candida albicans and Role of Innate Type 17 Immunity in Oral Candidiasis". Microorganisms. 8 (9): 1340. doi: ... Oral administration of SCFA has been shown to have beneficial effects in EAE in promoting Treg activity. Vivier E, Artis D, ...
Oral candidiasis can affect the tongue. Risk factors for oral candidiasis include antibiotic and corticosteroid use, and ... Ravikiran Ongole; Praveen BN (10 Feb 2014). Textbook of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology. Elsevier Health ... Glossitis Oral lichen planus Hypoglossal nerve weakness can cause atrophy and fasciculation of the tongue. Melkersson-Rosenthal ... The sides (lateral) and undersurface (ventral) of the tongue are high risk sites for the development of oral cancer, most ...
Oral candidiasis, also known as oral thrush among other names, is candidiasis that occurs in the mouth. That is, oral ... "Oral candidiasis. History, classification, and clinical presentation". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology. 78 (2 ... Oral candidiasis is a mycosis (fungal infection). Traditionally, oral candidiasis is classified using the Lehner system, ... Overall, this is the most common type of oral candidiasis, accounting for about 35% of oral candidiasis cases. It is ...
Lakshman P. Samaranayake on Oral candidiasis, part of a collection of multimedia lectures. ... Other Talks in the Series: Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine. Acute oral complications of cancer therapy Acute oral complications ... Oral candidiasis. *Prof. Lakshman P. Samaranayake - University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ... Welcome to the presentation on oral candidiasis. My name is Lakshman Samaranayake and I am an Emeritus Professor at the ...
Topical antifungals (oral preparations). Class Summary. These agents are used for the treatment of oral candidiasis (thrush). ... Nystatin oral suspension is the drug of choice (DOC) for oral candidiasis. It is a fungicidal and fungistatic antibiotic ... Nystatin and one of the imidazoles are the most commonly used agents for oral or cutaneous candidiasis. Noting the resistance ... Fluconazole oral is a synthetic oral antifungal (broad-spectrum bistriazole) that selectively inhibits fungal CYP450 and sterol ...
Inhaled corticosteroids for treatment of lung conditions (e.g, asthma or COPD) may also result in oral candidiasis which may be ... Uncontrolled diabetes are more likely to get oral thrush, because the extra glucose in saliva acts as a substrate for Candida. ... People who have uncontrolled diabetes are more likely to get oral thrush because the extra sugar in saliva acts as a substrate ... High doses of antibiotics or extended use of antibiotics also increases the risk of oral thrush. Antibiotics kill bacterial ...
Adult Oral Health. ___________________________. Acute Dental Problems. ___________________________. Pregnancy and Womens Oral ... A National Oral Health Curriculum was originally developed in 2005 by the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine Group on Oral ...
Many white lesions involving the oral mucosa are benign and do not require treatment. These include congenital or developmental ... for the treatment of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: an open clinical trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral ... laser resection of T1/T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011 Aug. 112(2):180-7 ... Also see Candidiasis, Candidiasis Empiric Therapy, Mucosal Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis, and Noncandidal ...
Candidiasis that develops in the mouth or throat. ... Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:488- ... Oral candidiasis. History, classification, and clinical presentation.external icon Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;78:189- ... Candidiasis in the mouth and throat is also called thrush or oropharyngeal candidiasis. Candidiasis in the esophagus (the tube ... Coronado-Castellote L, Jimenez-Soriano Y. Clinical and microbiological diagnosis of oral candidiasisexternal icon. J Clin Exp ...
BioAlliance Gets Swiss Regulatory Okay for Oral Candidasis Drug GEN Staff Writer - ... Antibiotics Induce Invasive Candidiasis in Mice and Humans, Immunotherapy Could Help Anjali A. Sarkar, PhD - ...
Oral candidiasis, also referred to as thrush, is a fungal infection called mycosis of any of the yeasts of the Candida species ... Oral candidiasis, also referred to as thrush, is a fungal infection called mycosis of any of the yeasts of the Candida species ... Candidiasis includes infections that range from superficial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, to systemic and potentially ...
Invasive candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections in patients with COVID-19. ... Clues in the Oral Cavity: Are You Missing the Diagnosis? Expert Commentary ... "In fact, the true burden of invasive candidiasis might be twice as high as the estimate for candidemia," Profounda said in a ... Of note, invasive candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections in patients with COVID-19. ...
Tag: oral candidiasis. * Prevention of oral candidiasis. Because oral candidiasis is generally exaggerated growth of candida ...
Randomized pilot study on probiotic effects on recurrent candidiasis in oral lichen planus patients. Oral Dis. 2018, 24, 1107- ... Oral candidiasis (OC) is an increasing health problem due to the introduction of new drugs, population aging, and increasing ... Van Boven, J.F.; De Jong-van den Berg, L.T.W.; Vegter, S. Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Occurrence of Oral Candidiasis: A ... Candida spp. oral candidiasis Candida spp. treatment Candida spp. prevention Candida spp. carriage probiotics microbiota ...
Routine oral examination of patients in the ICU will detect early oral candidiasis, favoring treatment and prognosis. The aim ... SIQUEIRA, Jonathan da Silva Santos et al. Oral candidiasis in patients admitted to ICU. Rev. Bras. Odontol. [online]. 2014, vol ... Oral candidiasis may develop as a consequence of poor hygiene. It is frequently observed in patients admitted to intensive care ... Oral candidiasis may disseminate and complicate patient`s condition, increasing the time of hospitalization and mortality rates ...
Advair Diskus and Oral Candidiasis. This page shows results related to Advair Diskus and Oral Candidiasis from the FDA Adverse ... Advair Diskus and Oral Candidiasis. Age. 60 Years">,60 Years. 60 Years">49 ... Which medications reported to the FDA are most commonly associated with Oral Candidiasis? ...
With oral thrush, a persons mouth feels furry. A white coating in the mouth and throat area is typical. Find out more. ... The condition is also known as oral candidiasis.. The fungus settles in the mucous membrane in the oral cavity, and it can be ... What are the symptoms of oral thrush? The typical sign of oral thrush is a white deposit on the affected mucosa in the mouth ... How is oral thrush diagnosed? Anyone who is at risk of oral thrush needs to quickly tell their doctor or nurse if they have ...
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an inherited condition that affects many of the ... Almost all affected individuals develop infections of the oral cavity (known as thrush). Infections of the tube that carries ... Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an inherited condition that affects many of the ... Autoantibodies against IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmune ...
candidiasis_oral-300×182. Leave a Comment / By admin / December 7, 2019 ... ya que cuenta con una lista de recetas caseras muy completas y efectivas para ayudarnos a combatir la Candidiasis además de ...
Vaginal and oral forms also occur. The finger nail may be involved, causing redness, ridging, and swelling. Actions indicated ... Candidiasis Candida albicans typically grows in the moist, warm areas of the body, often near mucosal areas such as the mouth ... Alternative TherapiesAlternative YouCandidiasisConditionsDiabetesGeneralHerbHerbal MedicineInfectionInflammationMenstrual ... women using oral contraceptives. Predisposing factors include pregnancy, menstruation, diabetes mellitus, constrictive clothing ...
... candidiasis) describes a group of yeast-like fungal infections involving the skin and mucous membranes, including the mouth. ... Oral Candida colonization in oral cancer patients and its relationship with traditional risk factors of oral cancer: a matched ... a common form of oral candidiasis. From Scully C, Flint SF, Bagan JV, Porter SR, Moos K. Atlas of Oral and Maxillofacial ... Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia). Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003. 14(4):253-67. [QxMD MEDLINE ...
Minor Ailments Moment: Oral Candidiasis. by PrestonWalker , May 30, 2023 , Blog, Featured , 0 comments ...
Oral Thrush): Read more about Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, Causes and Prognosis. ... oral Candidiasis: erythematous Candidiasis: erythematous Candidiasis: erythematous (atrophic) Candidiasis: oral Candidiasis: ... oral Candidiasis: erythematous Candidiasis: erythematous Candidiasis: erythematous (atrophic) Candidiasis: oral Candidiasis: ... oral Candidiasis: erythematous Candidiasis: erythematous Candidiasis: erythematous (atrophic) Candidiasis: oral Candidiasis: ...
... jawpeer.se/en/remove-oral-fungus/embed/#?secret=UwJ7PXUAms width=600 height=400 title=“Remove Oral Fungus” &# ... blockquote class=wp-embedded-content data-secret=UwJ7PXUAms,,a href=https://jawpeer.se/en/remove-oral-fungus/,Remove Oral ...
... called oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). However, in healthy individuals C. albicans causes no harm. Unlike humans mice do not ... B-cell deficiency increased the oral fungal load without causing severe OPC. Thus, in the oral cavity B lymphocytes contribute ... B cell deficiency increased the oral fungal load without causing severe OPC. Thus, in the oral ca... ... Thus, oral fungal challenge generates an acute immune response in a naive host. Therefore, we utilized C. albicans clinical ...
RT-PCR analysis of Candida albicans ALS gene expression in a hyposalivatory rat model of oral candidiasis and in HIV-positive ... RT-PCR analysis of Candida albicans ALS gene expression in a hyposalivatory rat model of oral candidiasis and in HIV-positive ... RT-PCR analysis of Candida albicans ALS gene expression in a hyposalivatory rat model of oral candidiasis and in HIV-positive ... RT-PCR analysis of Candida albicans ALS gene expression in a hyposalivatory rat model of oral candidiasis and in HIV-positive ...
Oral candidiasis. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/oral-candidiasis. Accessed March 25, ... Diagnosis and management of oral candidosis. Br Dent J. 2017 Nov 10;223(9):675-681. ... Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/thrush/index.html. Accessed March 25, 2021. ...
Management of oral candidiasis: A review. This is a temporary file and hence do not link it from a website, instead link the ...
... , Suparna Dugal and ... Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection seen in debilitated and immunocompromised patients. In the current study, an ... Control of Oral Candidiasis Using Clotrimazole and Quercitin Impregnated Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Films. ... This current study helps to establish a novel treatment regimen for oral candidiasis using an innovative drug delivery system ...
Itraconazole Oral Solution for Oropharyngeal Candidiasis JEFFREY. T. KIRCHNER. Home Use of Rectal Diazepam Gel for Repetitive ...
ESTRADA PEREIRA, Gladys Aída; MARQUEZ FILIU, Maricel; DIAZ FERNANDEZ, José Manuel and SANCHEZ CUZA, Odalis. Oral candidiasis in ... A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 40 patients with cancer who presented oral candidiasis due to the treatment with ... Keywords : oral candidiasis; antineoplastic therapy; radiotherapy; chemotherapy; thogen pseudohifa; levaduriform cell; ... The erythematous candidiasis was the most usual clinical form and the pathogen pseudohifas, as well as the levaduriform cells, ...
Candida albicans (C.albicans) are the most prevalent species that caused oral candidiasis. IL-17 pathway play role in ... IL-17 Expression in Oral-Candidiasis-Immunosuppressed-Models treated with Acanthus Ilicifolius Extracts  ... Browsing Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi by Subject "immunosupressed, oral candidiasis, candida albicans, achanthus ilicifolius, IL-17 ... Browsing Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi by Subject "immunosupressed, oral candidiasis, candida albicans, achanthus ilicifolius, IL-17 ...
  • That is, oral candidiasis is a mycosis (yeast/fungal infection) of Candida species on the mucous membranes of the mouth. (wikipedia.org)
  • This candidal carriage state is not considered a disease, but when Candida species become pathogenic and invade host tissues, oral candidiasis can occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • I have published more than 300 articles on the subject of Candida infections of the oral cavity. (hstalks.com)
  • After a brief preamble, I'll be discussing the predisposing factors for oral Candida infections and go on to classification of candidiasis. (hstalks.com)
  • Candida is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of the oral cavity, so called because it causes infection when an opportunity arises, for example, when the immunity of the host wanes. (hstalks.com)
  • Almost one half of the human population carry yeast, particularly Candida in the oral cavity, and the most common residential site of the yeast is on the dorsum of the tongue. (hstalks.com)
  • Uncontrolled diabetes are more likely to get oral thrush, because the extra glucose in saliva acts as a substrate for Candida . (wikidoc.org)
  • Candidiasis is an infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida . (cdc.gov)
  • Candidiasis in the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach) is called esophageal candidiasis or Candida esophagitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Oral candidiasis, also referred to as thrush, is a fungal infection called mycosis of any of the yeasts of the Candida species, of which Candida albicans is the most common. (studiodentaire.com)
  • Currently, miltefosine is typically used only for invasive candidiasis "in desperate situations of infections caused by multiresistant Candida species when the novel drugs in the pipeline are not made available through their compassionate use programs," Martin Hoenigl, MD, of the Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • Because oral candidiasis is generally exaggerated growth of candida fungus is commonly found in the mouth, prevention strategies focus on limiting growth, supracresterii them and avoid re-exposure to the candidates. (about-health-problems.com)
  • oral candidiasis Candida spp. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Oral thrush is usually caused by a yeast (candida). (bund.de)
  • The prevalence and intra-oral distribution of Candida albicans in man. (medscape.com)
  • Oral-resident natural Th17 cells and γδ T cells control opportunistic Candida albicans infections. (medscape.com)
  • Pakshir K, Ghasemi N, Zomorodian K, Jowkar F, Nouraei H, Dastgheib L. Identification and Antifungal Activity Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris with Oral Lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Oral Candida colonization in oral cancer patients and its relationship with traditional risk factors of oral cancer: a matched case-control study. (medscape.com)
  • Lafleur MD, Qi Q, Lewis K. Patients with long-term oral carriage harbor high-persister mutants of Candida albicans. (medscape.com)
  • Glocker E, Grimbacher B. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and congenital susceptibility to Candida. (medscape.com)
  • Candidiasis Candida albicans typically grows in the moist, warm areas of the body, often near mucosal areas such as the mouth or genitalia. (healthy.net)
  • OPC is often caused by overgrowth of commensal Candida strains which asymptomatically colonize oral cavity of HIV+ patients. (symptoma.com)
  • The fungus Candida albicans colonizes the oral mucosal surface of 30-70% of healthy individuals. (frontiersin.org)
  • As part of the human mycobiome the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans colonizes the oral mucosal surface of up to 70% of healthy individuals ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Candida albicans (C.albicans) are the most prevalent species that caused oral candidiasis. (hangtuah.ac.id)
  • Candidiasis is infection by Candida species (most often C. albicans ), manifested by mucocutaneous lesions, fungemia, and sometimes focal infection of multiple sites. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Etiology Candidiasis is skin and mucous membrane infection with Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Disseminated candidiasis Candidiasis is infection by Candida species (most often C. albicans ), manifested by mucocutaneous lesions, fungemia, and sometimes focal infection of multiple sites. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Histatin 5 is a histidine-rich, intrinsically disordered, multifunctional saliva protein known to act as a first line of defense against oral candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. (lu.se)
  • Oral candidiasis, also known as oral thrush among other names, is candidiasis that occurs in the mouth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis is a classic form of oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as thrush. (wikipedia.org)
  • These agents are used for the treatment of oral candidiasis (thrush). (medscape.com)
  • High doses of antibiotics or extended use of antibiotics also increases the risk of oral thrush. (wikidoc.org)
  • Candidiasis in the mouth and throat is also called thrush or oropharyngeal candidiasis. (cdc.gov)
  • Candidiasis includes infections that range from superficial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, to systemic and potentially life-threatening diseases. (studiodentaire.com)
  • If a person's mouth constantly feels furry, it may be caused by oral thrush. (bund.de)
  • A weakened immune system makes a person more susceptible to oral thrush. (bund.de)
  • Oral thrush is a condition that is not necessarily identified at first glance. (bund.de)
  • Oral thrush is usually harmless, but it can be very unpleasant and badly impair a person's quality of life. (bund.de)
  • What is oral thrush? (bund.de)
  • Oral thrush cannot necessarily be identified at first glance. (bund.de)
  • What are the symptoms of oral thrush? (bund.de)
  • The typical sign of oral thrush is a white deposit on the affected mucosa in the mouth and throat. (bund.de)
  • If the oral thrush is bad, swallowing and talking can also be difficult. (bund.de)
  • Oral thrush usually occurs as a result of illnesses or as a side effect of a treatment. (bund.de)
  • But other factors can favor oral thrush, too. (bund.de)
  • How can oral thrush be prevented? (bund.de)
  • Healthy people do not have to do anything to prevent oral thrush. (bund.de)
  • To date there has not been enough research into other measures that can protect against oral thrush. (bund.de)
  • So-called probiotics can possibly help older people in particular protect from oral thrush. (bund.de)
  • How is oral thrush diagnosed? (bund.de)
  • Anyone who is at risk of oral thrush needs to quickly tell their doctor or nurse if they have burning sensations or soreness in their mouth. (bund.de)
  • Almost all affected individuals develop infections of the oral cavity (known as thrush). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Oral Fungal Microbiota: To Thrush and Beyond. (medscape.com)
  • Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/thrush/index.html. (epnet.com)
  • When it affects the mouth, it is known as oral thrush . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Oral thrush typically occurs when the natural flora inside the mouth changes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It can occur in conjunction with oral thrush . (logicalimages.com)
  • Oral candidiasis, or thrush, is a fungal infection of the mouth. (nih.gov)
  • Traditionally, oral candidiasis is classified using the Lehner system, originally described in the 1960s, into acute and chronic forms (see table). (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the subtypes almost always occur as acute (e.g., acute pseudomembranous candidiasis), and others chronic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute and chronic pseudomembranous candidiasis are indistinguishable in appearance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic erythematous candidiasis is more usually associated with denture wearing (see denture-related stomatitis). (wikipedia.org)
  • The 2 types of candidiasis that cause white oral tissue include pseudomembranous candidiasis and chronic/hyperplastic candidiasis. (medscape.com)
  • Also see Candidiasis , Candidiasis Empiric Therapy , Mucosal Candidiasis , Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis , and Noncandidal Fungal Infections of the Mouth . (medscape.com)
  • Oral candidiasis (OC) is an increasing health problem due to the introduction of new drugs, population aging, and increasing prevalence of chronic illness. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This condition commonly involves three characteristic features: chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), hypoparathyroidism, and adrenal gland insufficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sitheeque MA, Samaranayake LP. Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia). (medscape.com)
  • Major forms of oral candidiasis are pseudomembranous and atrophic form, but chronic hyperplastic candidiasis (CHC) is rarely seen. (symptoma.com)
  • There are three broad groupings consisting of acute candidiasis, chronic candidiasis, and angular cheilitis . (symptoma.com)
  • Advair Diskus and Advair HFA (fluticasone propionate and salmeterol oral inhaler) is a combination of a corticosteroid and a beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator used to treat asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) associated with chronic bronchitis . (medicinenet.com)
  • Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is persistent or recurrent candidal infection due to inherited T-cell defects. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic candidiasis is classically the first clinical sign, occurring before the age of 5. (lu.se)
  • Many white lesions involving the oral mucosa are benign and do not require treatment. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, many diseases that may require dental intervention can cause whitening of the oral mucosa, depending on symptoms and potential morbidity or mortality. (medscape.com)
  • These medications should be applied to the oral mucosa and to any removable oral prostheses. (medscape.com)
  • Distinctive features of oral cancer in Changhua County: high incidence, buccal mucosa preponderance, and a close relation to betel quid chewing habit. (medscape.com)
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is an EBV-associated condition of the oral mucosa, which is often painless. (nih.gov)
  • Physicians must be aware of the rare but nevertheless possible adverse events associated with topical steroid use, particularly when such medication is prescribed over a long period for inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa. (nih.gov)
  • Clinical changes of the beak and oral mucosa of PBFD positive birds are characterizes by progressive elongation, transverse or longitudinal fractures, palatine necrosis and oral ulceration. (vin.com)
  • This photo shows oral candidiasis manifesting as a white exudate overlying a beefy, red, and raw mucosal surface of the labial mucosa. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In addition, a high proportion of patients develop squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. (lu.se)
  • Normal cells are also affected during antineoplastic treatment, including oral mucosa cells, which potentially causes oral complications. (bvsalud.org)
  • Due to local or systemic immunosuppression, this commensal fungus is able to proliferate resulting in oral disease, called oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). (frontiersin.org)
  • This article presents the most recent information related to the management of several types of white lesions of the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
  • represent a commensal yeast belonging to the normal microbiota localized on the surface of different body sites (skin, oral cavity, and the gastro-intestinal, uro-genital, and respiratory tracts) of human beings [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The fungus settles in the mucous membrane in the oral cavity, and it can be found in many people without them getting ill. (bund.de)
  • Therefore, we utilized C. albicans clinical isolates which are able to persist in the oral cavity without causing disease to analyze adaptive responses to oral fungal commensalism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, in the oral cavity B lymphocytes contribute to control commensal C. albicans carriage by secreting IgA at foci of colonization thereby preventing fungal dysbiosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Indeed, the oral cavity hosts various commensal fungal species ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Bilateral or symmetric reticular changes with or without ulcers and erythema occurring anywhere in the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
  • Cancer Stat Facts: Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer. (medscape.com)
  • a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify the causes of abnormalities of the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
  • The saliva sample was collected with closed lips within the oral cavity, and then it was expelled into a falcon tube and was centrifugation (5 min at 2500 rpm), we took 250 microliters from the supernatant (clarified saliva), and after that analyzed by (Electrolytes Analyzer machine). (edu.iq)
  • Three main clinical appearances of candidiasis are generally recognized: pseudomembranous, erythematous (atrophic) and hyperplastic. (wikipedia.org)
  • As an erythematous surface is revealed beneath the pseudomembranes, some consider pseudomembranous candidiasis and erythematous candidiasis stages of the same entity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Erythematous (atrophic) candidiasis is when the condition appears as a red, raw-looking lesion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some sources consider denture-related stomatitis, angular stomatitis, median rhomboid glossitis, and antiobiotic-induced stomatitis as subtypes of erythematous candidiasis, since these lesions are commonly erythematous/atrophic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some sources state that erythematous candidiasis accounts for 60% of oral candidiasis cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Where it is associated with inhalation steroids (often used for treatment of asthma), erythematous candidiasis commonly appears on the palate or the dorsum of the tongue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute erythematous candidiasis usually occurs on the dorsum of the tongue in persons taking long term corticosteroids or antibiotics, but occasionally it can occur after only a few days of using a topical antibiotic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Erosive lichen planus Lesions are painful , but mostly when eating, whereas erythematous candidiasis may be associated with constant burning pain . (symptoma.com)
  • in all, 18 cases of two forms of oral candidiasis were identified (13 erythematous and 5 pseudomembranous), with the majority, 27.7% (11/51), observed among ART-naïve patients against 6.3% (7/112) in ART-experienced (p=0.006). (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • It should be noted that in the literature there are two terms candidiasis and candidosis, which are synonymous but in this presentation we shall use the term candidiasis throughout. (hstalks.com)
  • Diagnosis and management of oral candidosis. (epnet.com)
  • ALS gene expression was studied in the hyposalivatory rat model of oral candidiasis and in clinical specimens collected from HIV-positive patients to assess similarities in expression patterns between the model system and clinical isolates. (illinois.edu)
  • Expression of all ALS genes was observed in oral clinical material collected from HIV-positive patients although ALS6 and ALS7 transcripts required an extra PCR amplification step to be detected. (illinois.edu)
  • A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 40 patients with cancer who presented oral candidiasis due to the treatment with antineoplastic therapies, assisted in the estomatological department of the Specialties Polyclinic from "Saturnine Lora Torres" Teaching Provincial Clinical-Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from February, 2013 to the same month of 2015, in order to evaluate the results of the clinical and histopatological diagnosis of this disorder. (sld.cu)
  • pain, ardour, as well as the oral dryness, simultaneously prevailed in the case material, as the most significant clinical symptoms and the affected ones who had received radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy. (sld.cu)
  • This clinical study assessed and compared the efficacy of tea tree oil (TTO), an alternative form of medicine, with clotrimazole (i.e., allopathy) and a conservative form of management in the treatment of oral fungal infection. (nih.gov)
  • Chainani-Wu N, Epstein J, Touger-Decker R. Diet and prevention of oral cancer: strategies for clinical practice. (medscape.com)
  • SAN DIEGO--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Cidara Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq:CDTX), a biotechnology company developing novel anti-infectives and immunotherapies to treat fungal and other infections, today announced that the first patient has been dosed in RADIANT, a Phase 2 clinical trial comparing the safety and tolerability of the novel echinocandin, CD101, to standard-of-care fluconazole for the treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). (biospace.com)
  • No patient presented candidiasis during clinical examination. (bvsalud.org)
  • The strains produced similar oral lesions at 3 days. (illinois.edu)
  • Human papillomavirus: its identity and controversial role in oral oncogenesis, premalignant and malignant lesions (review). (medscape.com)
  • Oral steroid guidelines, why patients using inhalers containing steroids are prone to oral candidiasis. (riinalaerre.com)
  • If the problem has become a big problem, you should seek out a dermatologist and have them look over your case, why patients using inhalers containing steroids are prone to oral candidiasis. (riinalaerre.com)
  • Risk of impaired adrenal function when transferring from oral steroids to inhaled corticosteroids. (drugs.com)
  • An 81-year-old HIV-negative woman, treated for 3 months with topical steroids for oral lichen planus, developed an asymptomatic white, corrugated, non-removable plaque with vertical folds on the lateral edge of the tongue. (nih.gov)
  • Consultation with the patient's physician is warranted if the recurrent candidiasis is the result of prolonged corticosteroid or other immunosuppressant use or from diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • CD101 topical is being developed for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and the prevention of recurrent VVC (RVVC), a prevalent mucosal infection. (biospace.com)
  • Nystatin and one of the imidazoles are the most commonly used agents for oral or cutaneous candidiasis. (medscape.com)
  • Who most commonly reported Oral Candidiasis? (drugcite.com)
  • Which medications reported to the FDA are most commonly associated with Oral Candidiasis? (drugcite.com)
  • Thus, oral fungal challenge with the commonly used laboratory C. albicans strain SC5314 generates an acute immune response in a naive host ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Candidiasis commonly affects the mouth, vagina, and esophagus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The global human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic has been an important factor in the move away from the traditional classification since it has led to the formation of a new group of patients who present with atypical forms of oral candidiasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Itraconazole is an effective oral systemic antifungal, but is rarely used in pediatrics. (medscape.com)
  • Unlike other systemic mycoses, candidiasis results from endogenous organisms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Probiotics and Oral Candidiasis" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/13497 (accessed November 29, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • It has been said that the candidiasis or candidal infections are seen in the very young, the very old and the very sick. (hstalks.com)
  • Patients with HIV infection may first present with mucocutaneous candidal infections or genital candidiasis. (logicalimages.com)
  • As these patients are being treated with high levels of immunosuppressives, it is important to look for mucocutaneous and genital candidiasis. (logicalimages.com)
  • Jané-Salas E, Chimenos-Küstner E, López-López J, Roselló-Llabrés X. Importance of diet in the prevention of oral cancer. (medscape.com)
  • The resolution further emphasized the need to build capacity in oral health systems at primary health care level as a means of prevention and control of oral diseases. (who.int)
  • The outcomes of the meeting re-emphasized that the promotion of oral health and prevention of oral diseases must be provided through primary health care and that integrated approaches are the most cost-effective and realistic ways of reducing the gap between the poor and the rich. (who.int)
  • The Brazzaville Declaration on NCDs in the WHO African Region was a milestone political commitment prior to the UN High-Level Meeting on the Prevention and Control of NCDs held in 2011 in New York.5 Oral health is increasingly being recognized as a major public health problem in Africa in light of the rising NCD burden. (who.int)
  • Voriconazole oral is used for primary treatment of invasive aspergillosis and salvage treatment of Fusarium species or Scedosporium apiospermum infections. (medscape.com)
  • The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted orphan drug designation approval of miltefosine (Profounda, Inc) for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. (medscape.com)
  • Invasive candidiasis can affect the heart, kidney, bones, and other internal organs without being detected in the blood. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, the true burden of invasive candidiasis might be twice as high as the estimate for candidemia," Profounda said in a press statement announcing the new orphan drug designation. (medscape.com)
  • Of note, invasive candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections in patients with COVID-19. (medscape.com)
  • Conversely, "the consequence of invasive candidiasis is serious, up to and including death," he said. (medscape.com)
  • Sometimes, the superficial infection can spread out into the body, into the blood stream, causing deep and invasive candidiasis, which is associated with high hospitalization rate and even mortality [ 13 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Invasive Candidiasis. (edu.iq)
  • For candidemia and invasive candidiasis, initial treatment with an echinocandin and potential step-down to fluconazole or another azole is recommended. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Oral candidiasis is a mycosis (fungal infection). (wikipedia.org)
  • Given that this yeastlike fungal organism is opportunistic and proliferates in the presence of an imbalance in normal oral flora, one of the approaches to reestablishing oral flora equilibrium and eliminating infection is via the use of antifungal medication. (medscape.com)
  • 400 colony-forming units (CFU) per mL, an infection occurs called "oral candidiasis" (OC) [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The study concluded that TTO, being a natural product, is a better nontoxic modality compared to clotrimazole, in the treatment of oral fungal infection and has a promising future for its potential application in oral health products. (nih.gov)
  • Oral swabs had the highest prevalence of C. albicans followed by vaginal/urethral samples (52.6 vs. 29.7) subjects had C. albicans infection at more than one collection site. (bvsalud.org)
  • Symptoms of candidiasis in the esophagus usually include pain when swallowing and difficulty swallowing. (cdc.gov)
  • Contact your healthcare provider if you have symptoms that you think are related to candidiasis in the mouth, throat, or esophagus. (cdc.gov)
  • Candidiasis in the mouth, throat, or esophagus is uncommon in healthy adults. (cdc.gov)
  • Most people who get candidiasis in the esophagus have weakened immune systems, meaning that their bodies don't fight infections well. (cdc.gov)
  • People who get candidiasis in the esophagus often also have candidiasis in the mouth and throat. (cdc.gov)
  • Healthcare providers usually diagnose candidiasis in the esophagus by doing an endoscopy. (cdc.gov)
  • Candidiasis in the mouth, throat, or esophagus is usually treated with antifungal medicine. (cdc.gov)
  • The treatment for candidiasis in the esophagus is usually fluconazole. (cdc.gov)
  • The exact number of cases of candidiasis in the mouth, throat, and esophagus in the United States is difficult to determine. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, oral fungal challenge generates an acute immune response in a naive host. (frontiersin.org)
  • Poulopoulos A, Papadopoulos P, Andreadis D. Chemotherapy: oral side effects and dental interventions. (edu.iq)
  • Jena S, Hasan S, Panigrahi R, Das P, Mishra N, Saeed S. Chemotherapy-associated oral complications in a south Indian population: a cross-sectional study. (edu.iq)
  • This study aimed to assess the prevalence of the main oral complications and the oral hygiene index in children and adolescents aged 5 to 12 years, who received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The prevalence of candidiasis in the study population was 67.8 (95 CI: 62.5-73.1) and that of C. albicans was 42.8 (95 CI: 37.2-48.4). (bvsalud.org)
  • This page shows results related to Advair Diskus and Oral Candidiasis from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). (drugcite.com)
  • Of those reporting Oral Candidiasis, why were they taking Advair Diskus? (drugcite.com)
  • Share your experience with Advair Diskus and Oral Candidiasis. (drugcite.com)
  • What is Advair Diskus (fluticasone propionate and salmeterol oral inhaler)? (medicinenet.com)
  • What are the important side effects of Advair Diskus (fluticasone propionate and salmeterol oral inhaler)? (medicinenet.com)
  • Clotrimazole 1% cream is a second-line agent in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. (medscape.com)
  • Inhaled corticosteroids for treatment of lung conditions (e.g, asthma or COPD ) may also result in oral candidiasis which may be reduced by regularly rinsing the mouth with water after taking the medication. (wikidoc.org)
  • Treatment of xerostomia and conditions causing the problem (eg, diabetes) may also improve one of the underlying conditions predisposing a patient to candidiasis. (medscape.com)
  • Routine oral examination of patients in the ICU will detect early oral candidiasis, favoring treatment and prognosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Infectious Disease Society of America has published "Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Candidiasis " on their web site, http://www.idsociety.org. (symptoma.com)
  • In the case of rhinoplasty, the recommendation is that patients be informed of potential adverse events before treatment commenced, oral steroid equivalency chart. (riinalaerre.com)
  • You can consult a dermatologist when the lesion becomes so large that it cannot be treated with traditional treatment options, oral steroid liquid. (riinalaerre.com)
  • oral candidiasis in HIV-disease generally indicates immune incompetence both among antiretroviral treatment (ART) naive and experienced patients. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • 2. Oral diseases have a negative social impact and adverse consequences on the quality of life of affected people, while their treatment places a considerable economic burden on individuals, communities and countries. (who.int)
  • Candidiasis needs an antimycotic treatment. (lu.se)
  • It is concluded that the main oral complications in children during antineoplastic treatment were mucositis and xerostomia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Oral candidiasis may disseminate and complicate patient`s condition, increasing the time of hospitalization and mortality rates. (bvsalud.org)
  • Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an inherited condition that affects many of the body's organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • According to a 2020 article, this means that a person with leukoplakia is at higher risk of developing oral cancer . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Between 1-9% of people with leukoplakia will develop oral cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Non-homogenous leukoplakia is more likely to turn malignant, developing into oral cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In a recent safety communication, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advised caution in the prescribing of oral fluconazole for yeast infections during pregnancy based on a published study concluding there is an increased risk of miscarriage. (biospace.com)
  • A number of interesting but relatively untested therapeutic approaches may yet find their way into the management of oral candidiasis. (medscape.com)
  • Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/oral-candidiasis. (epnet.com)
  • Candidiasis is the leading opportunistic mycosis in HIV and AIDS patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the data related to oral candidiasis in ICU patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Oral and dental health status in patients with primary antibody deficiencies. (medscape.com)
  • In the OIRR group, 65.2 percent of patients who experienced dysphagia developed oral candidiasis, compared with only 10 percent in the ONIRR group. (symptoma.com)
  • Patients may complain of tenderness, burning, and dysphagia , especially if oro- pharyngeal candidiasis is associated with œsophageal infections. (symptoma.com)
  • To locate a dermatologist near you, call your nearest Poison Help hotline at 1-800-222-1222, patients using why to oral prone candidiasis. (riinalaerre.com)
  • The third cohort will include 25 patients who will be treated with oral fluconazole. (biospace.com)
  • Candidiasis is common in AIDS patients, but it takes years to develop AIDS after becoming HIV positive and Candidiasis can happen to anyone who isn't HIV/AIDS infected as well. (medhelp.org)
  • A more recently proposed classification of oral candidiasis distinguishes primary oral candidiasis, where the condition is confined to the mouth and perioral tissues, and secondary oral candidiasis, where there is involvement of other parts of the body in addition to the mouth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pseudomembraneous candidiasis can involve any part of the mouth, but usually it appears on the tongue, buccal mucosae or palate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Who gets candidiasis in the mouth or throat? (cdc.gov)
  • How can I prevent candidiasis in the mouth or throat? (cdc.gov)
  • Healthcare providers can usually diagnose candidiasis in the mouth or throat simply by looking inside. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite good oral hygiene sufferers constantly have a furry feeling in the mouth. (bund.de)
  • To prevent oral infections, dentists may recommend medicated mouth rinses or more frequent dental hygiene appointments. (symptoma.com)
  • Candidiasis is clinically diagnosed by a physician or dentist when the characteristic-looking white patches are found in the mouth or throat. (symptoma.com)
  • Oral and pharyngeal cancer in Europe: Incidence, mortality and trends as presented to the Global Oral Cancer Forum. (medscape.com)
  • Besides CD19 + CD138 − B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells were enriched in the tongue of mice colonized with C. albicans suggesting a potential role of B lymphocytes during oral fungal colonization. (frontiersin.org)
  • Oral candidiasis takes many forms, including angular cheilitis and pseudomembranous plaques on the oral mucosae, which can be associated with dentures, as in this image (top), or develop on the tongue (bottom) or pharynx. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Oral candidiasis may develop as a consequence of poor hygiene. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was observed a high rate of dental caries as a consequence of an inadequated oral hygiene. (bvsalud.org)
  • Candidiasis can result from a patient's use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or corticosteroids over a prolonged period, use of medications or presence of disease that causes severe oral dryness (xerostomia), disease that causes immunosuppression, poor oral hygiene, or poorly fitting prosthetics. (medscape.com)
  • oral hygiene. (bvsalud.org)
  • In any case, good oral hygiene is recommended, especially for people with dentures. (bund.de)
  • The indicators used were DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) for dental caries, SOHI (simplified oral hygiene index) for oral hygiene, and the presence of mucositis, xerostomia, and candidiasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • C. albicans is carried in the mouths of about 50% of the world's population as a normal component of the oral microbiota. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pathway analysis revealed an upregulation of adaptive host responses due to C. albicans oral persistence, including the upregulation of the immune network for IgA production. (frontiersin.org)
  • Morphologically, the tissue models closely parallel native buccal human tissues, thus providing a useful in vitro means to assess irritancy, disease and other basic oral biology phenomena. (swedishwebagency.com)
  • Syphilis is an STD that is transmitted by oral, genital and anal sex. (medhelp.org)