The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.
The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.
One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.
A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.
Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.
Normal human serum albumin mildly iodinated with radioactive iodine (131-I) which has a half-life of 8 days, and emits beta and gamma rays. It is used as a diagnostic aid in blood volume determination. (from Merck Index, 11th ed)
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.
A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.
A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.
Volume of PLASMA in the circulation. It is usually measured by INDICATOR DILUTION TECHNIQUES.
A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.
An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
A phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid is elevated or depressed, because of the relative attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The vascular resistance to the flow of BLOOD through the CAPILLARIES portions of the peripheral vascular bed.
A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A separation technique which combines LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY and CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS.
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
Cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, p22)

Potent mast cell degranulation and vascular permeability triggered by urocortin through activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors. (1/3442)

Urocortin (Ucn) is related to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and both are released in the brain under stress where they stimulate CRH 1 and 2 receptors (CRHR). Outside the brain, they may have proinflammatory actions through activation of mast cells, which are located perivascularly close to nerve endings and degranulate in response to acute psychological stress. Here, we report that a concentration of intradermal Ucn as low as 10 nM induced dose-dependent rat skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability. This effect appeared to be equipotent to that of calcitonin gene-related peptide and neurotensin. Ucn-induced skin vasodilation was inhibited by pretreatment with the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) and was absent in the mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice. The selective nonpeptide CRH receptor 1 antagonist, antalarmin and the nonselective peptide antagonist astressin both reduced vascular permeability triggered by Ucn but not that by Substance P or histamine. In contrast, the peptide antagonist alpha-helical CRH-(9-41) reduced the effect of all three. The vasodilatory effect of Ucn was largely inhibited by pretreatment with H1 receptor antagonists, suggesting that histamine is the major mediator involved in vitro. Neuropeptide depletion of sensory neurons, treatment with the ganglionic blocker hexamethonium, or in situ skin infiltration with the local anesthetic lidocaine did not affect Ucn-induced vascular permeability, indicating that its in situ effect was not mediated through the peripheral nervous system. These results indicate that Ucn is one of the most potent triggers of rat mast cell degranulation and skin vascular permeability. This effect of Ucn may explain stress-induced disorders, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, and may lead to new forms of treatment.  (+info)

Reduction of sodium deoxycholic acid-induced scratching behaviour by bradykinin B2 receptor antagonists. (2/3442)

1. Subcutaneous injection of sodium deoxycholic acid into the anterior of the back of male ddY mice elicited dose-dependent scratching of the injected site with the forepaws and hindpaws. 2. Up to 100 microg of sodium deoxycholic acid induced no significant increase in vascular permeability at the injection site as assessed by a dye leakage method. 3. Bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor antagonists, FR173657 and Hoe140, significantly decreased the frequency of scratching induced by sodium deoxycholic acid. 4. Treatment with aprotinin to inhibit tissue kallikrein reduced the scratching behaviour induced by sodium deoxycholic acid, whereas treatment with soybean trypsin inhibitor to inhibit plasma kallikrein did not. 5. Although injection of kininase II inhibitor, lisinopril together with sodium deoxycholic acid did not alter the scratching behaviour, phosphoramidon, a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, significantly increased the frequency of scratching. 6. Homogenates of the skin excised from the backs of mice were subjected to gel-filtration column chromatography followed by an assay of kinin release by trypsin from each fraction separated. Less kinin release from the fractions containing kininogen of low molecular weight was observed in the skin injected with sodium deoxycholic acid than in normal skin. 7. The frequency of scratching after the injection of sodium deoxycholic acid in plasma kininogen-deficient Brown Norway Katholiek rats was significantly lower than that in normal rats of the same strain, Brown Norway Kitasato rats. 8. These results indicate that BK released from low-molecular-weight kininogen by tissue kallikrein, but not from high-molecular-weight kininogen by plasma kallikrein, may be involved in the scratching behaviour induced by the injection of sodium deoxycholic acid in the rodent.  (+info)

Role for nitric oxide in the hyperpermeability and hemodynamic changes induced by intravenous VEGF. (3/3442)

PURPOSE: To explore the effects of brief intravenous (IV) infusion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on vascular albumin permeability, blood flow, and vascular conductance (blood flow normalized to arterial blood pressure) in ocular tissues and brain and to assess the role of nitric oxide in mediating these changes. METHODS: A quantitative, double-tracer, radiolabeled albumin permeation method was combined with radiolabeled microspheres for assessment of changes in vascular permeability and blood flow, respectively, induced in ocular tissues by IV infusion of recombinant human VEGF165 for 20 minutes (80-450 picomoles/kg body weight). An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 50 micromoles/kg body weight infused simultaneously with VEGF), was used to explore the role of nitric oxide in mediating the vascular changes induced by VEGF. RESULTS: Infusion of VEGF165 in thiopental-anesthetized rats dose-dependently increased 125I albumin permeation in the retina, anterior uvea, and choroid/sclera and in brain, aorta, lung, kidney, small intestine, and peripheral nerve. Mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume were decreased only at the highest dose of VEGF, whereas heart rate remained unchanged. Blood flow was increased in the anterior uvea, and vascular conductance was increased in retina, anterior uvea, choroid/sclera, and brain at the highest dose of VEGF. The NOS inhibitor, L-NMMA, blocked VEGF-induced vascular hyperpermeability in all ocular and nonocular tissues, prevented the increase in vascular conductance in all ocular tissues, and blocked the decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume. Infusion of L-NMMA alone decreased vascular conductance in choroid/sclera and kidney, slightly increased mean arterial blood pressure, and in general, did not affect 125I-albumin permeation. (L-NMMA slightly decreased albumin permeation in the retina and increased it in the brain.) CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous infusion of VEGF can acutely impair endothelial cell barrier functional integrity and relax resistance arterioles in ocular tissues and brain through a mechanism involving activation of NOS.  (+info)

Strain-dependent induction of allergic sensitization caused by peanut allergen DNA immunization in mice. (4/3442)

To investigate the potential application of allergen gene immunization in the modulation of food allergy, C3H/HeSn (C3H) mice received i.m. injections of pAra h2 plasmid DNA encoding one of the major peanut allergens, Ara h2. Three weeks following pDNA immunization, serum Ara h2-specific IgG2a, IgG1, but not IgE, were increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. IgG1 was 30-fold higher in multiply compared with singly immunized mice. Ara h2 or peanut protein injection of immunized mice induced anaphylactic reactions, which were more severe in multiply immunized mice. Heat-inactivated immune serum induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, suggesting that anaphylaxis in C3H mice was mediated by IgG1. IgG1 responses were also induced by intradermal injection of pAra h2, and by i.m. injection of pOMC, the plasmid DNA encoding the major egg allergen protein, ovomucoid. To elucidate whether the pDNA immunization-induced anaphylaxis was a strain-dependent phenomenon, AKR/J and BALB/c mice also received multiple i.m. pAra h2 immunizations. Injection of peanut protein into these strains at weeks 3 or 5 following immunization did not induce reactions. Although IgG2a was increased significantly from week 2 in AKR/J mice and from week 4 in BALB/c mice and remained elevated for at least 6 wk, no IgG1 or IgE was detected. These results indicate that the type of immune responses to pDNA immunization in mice is strain dependent. Consequently, models for studying human allergen gene immunization require careful selection of suitable strains. In addition, this suggests that similar interindividual variation is likely in humans.  (+info)

Antipsoriatic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of an extract of red propolis. (5/3442)

AIM: To study the antipsoriatic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of ethanolic extract of red propolis. METHODS AND RESULTS: This extract induced the formation of granular layer in the mouse tail test used as a model of psoriasis. Propolis 50 mg.kg-1 i.g. showed anti-inflammatory activity in the cotton-pellet granuloma assay in rats, in croton oil-induced edema in mice at a dose of 25% (2.5 microL), and in the peritoneal capillary permeability test in mice at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1. The extract (25 mg.kg-1 i.g.) showed analgesic effect in the model of acetic acid-induced writhings, whereas 40 mg.kg-1 was effective in the hot plate test in mice. CONCLUSION: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipsoriatric properties of Cuban red propolis were evident.  (+info)

Endogenous nitric oxide in the maintenance of rat microvascular integrity against widespread plasma leakage following abdominal laparotomy. (6/3442)

1. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the maintenance of microvascular integrity during minor surgical manipulation has been evaluated in the rat. 2. The NO synthase inhibitors, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 5 mg kg(-1), s.c.) and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 50 mg kg(-1), s.c.) had no effect on microvascular leakage of radiolabelled albumin over 1 h in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, colon, lung and kidney in the un-operated conscious or pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rat. 3. In contrast, in anaesthetized rats with a midline abdominal laparotomy (5 cm), L-NAME (1-5 mg kg(-1), s.c.) or L-NMMA (12.5-50 mg kg(-1), s.c.) dose-dependently increased gastrointestinal, renal and pulmonary vascular leakage, effects reversed by L-arginine pretreatment (300 mg kg(-1), s.c., 15 min). These actions were not observed in anaesthetized rats that had only received a midline abdominal skin incision (5 cm). 4. Pretreatment with a rabbit anti-rat neutrophil serum (0.4 ml kg(-1), i.p.), 4 h before laparotomy, abolished the plasma leakage induced by L-NAME in all the organs investigated. 5. These results indicate that the following abdominal laparotomy, inhibition of constitutive NO synthase provokes vascular leakage in the general microcirculation, by a process that may involve neutrophils. Such effects could thus confound studies on the microvascular actions of NO synthase inhibitors using acute surgically prepared in vivo models. The findings thus suggest that constitutively-formed NO has a crucial role in the maintenance of acute microvascular integrity following abdominal surgical intervention.  (+info)

Neurogenic plasma leakage in mouse airways. (7/3442)

1. This study sought to determine whether neurogenic inflammation occurs in the airways by examining the effects of capsaicin or substance P on microvascular plasma leakage in the trachea and lungs of male pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice. 2. Single bolus intravenous injections of capsaicin (0.5 and 1 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) or substance P (1, 10 and 37 nmol kg(-10, i.v.) failed to induce significant leakage in the trachea, assessed as extravasation of Evans blue dye, but did induce leakage in the urinary bladder and skin. 3. Pretreatment with captopril (2.5 mg kg(-1), i.v.), a selective inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), either alone or in combination with phosphoramidon (2.5 mg kg(-1), i.v.), a selective inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP), increased baseline leakage of Evans blue in the absence of any exogenous inflammatory mediator. The increase was reversed by the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140 (0.1 mg kg(-1), i.v.). 4. After pretreatment with phosphoramidon and captopril, capsaicin increased the Evans blue leakage above the baseline in the trachea, but not in the lung. This increase was reversed by the tachykinin (NK1) receptor antagonist SR 140333 (0.7 mg kg(-1), i.v.), but not by the NK2 receptor antagonist SR 48968 (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.). 5. Experiments using Monastral blue pigment as a tracer localized the leakage to postcapillary venules in the trachea and intrapulmonary bronchi, although the labelled vessels were less numerous in mice than in comparably treated rats. Blood vessels of the pulmonary circulation were not labelled. 6. We conclude that neurogenic inflammation can occur in airways of pathogen-free mice, but only after the inhibition of enzymes that normally degrade inflammatory peptides. Neurogenic inflammation does not involve the pulmonary microvasculature.  (+info)

Enhancement of fluid filtration across tumor vessels: implication for delivery of macromolecules. (8/3442)

Cancer therapies using genes and other macromolecules might realize their full clinical potential if they could be delivered to tumor tissue in optimal quantities. Unfortunately, the compromised circulation within tumors poses a formidable resistance to adequate and uniform penetration of these agents. Previously, we have proposed elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) as a major physiological barrier to delivery of macromolecules. Here we postulate that modulation of tumor microvascular pressure (MVP) and associated changes in IFP would enhance macromolecular delivery into a solid tumor. To test our hypothesis, we altered tumor MVP by either periodic injection or continuous infusion of angiotensin II (AII) and measured the resulting changes in IFP and uptake of macromolecules. We used the nicotinyl hydrazine derivative of human polyclonal IgG (HYNIC-IgG) as a nonspecific macromolecule and CC49 antibody as a specific macromolecule. We found that both chronic and periodic modulation of tumor MVP enhances transvascular fluid filtration, leading to a 40% increase in total uptake of the specific antibody within 4 hr of its administration. Conversely, neither continuous nor periodic infusion of AII induced any increase in uptake of nonspecific antibodies. Strategies to improve delivery of macromolecules and limitations of this approach are identified.  (+info)

Capillary permeability refers to the ability of substances to pass through the walls of capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body. These tiny vessels connect the arterioles and venules, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

The capillary wall is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that are held together by tight junctions. The permeability of these walls varies depending on the size and charge of the molecules attempting to pass through. Small, uncharged molecules such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse through the capillary wall, while larger or charged molecules such as proteins and large ions have more difficulty passing through.

Increased capillary permeability can occur in response to inflammation, infection, or injury, allowing larger molecules and immune cells to enter the surrounding tissues. This can lead to swelling (edema) and tissue damage if not controlled. Decreased capillary permeability, on the other hand, can lead to impaired nutrient exchange and tissue hypoxia.

Overall, the permeability of capillaries is a critical factor in maintaining the health and function of tissues throughout the body.

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, with diameters that range from 5 to 10 micrometers. They form a network of tiny tubes that connect the arterioles (small branches of arteries) and venules (small branches of veins), allowing for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

Capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that surround a hollow lumen through which blood flows. The walls of capillaries are extremely thin, allowing for easy diffusion of molecules between the blood and the surrounding tissue. This is essential for maintaining the health and function of all body tissues.

Capillaries can be classified into three types based on their structure and function: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal. Continuous capillaries have a continuous layer of endothelial cells with tight junctions that restrict the passage of large molecules. Fenestrated capillaries have small pores or "fenestrae" in the endothelial cell walls that allow for the passage of larger molecules, such as proteins and lipids. Sinusoidal capillaries are found in organs with high metabolic activity, such as the liver and spleen, and have large, irregular spaces between the endothelial cells that allow for the exchange of even larger molecules.

Overall, capillaries play a critical role in maintaining the health and function of all body tissues by allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Pheniramine is an antihistamine drug that works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. It is used to relieve or prevent symptoms of hay fever and other allergies such as rash, itching, watery eyes, and runny nose. Pheniramine may also be used to treat motion sickness and to help with sleep before surgery.

It's important to note that pheniramine can cause drowsiness, so it should not be taken with alcohol or other drugs that may also cause drowsiness. It is also recommended to consult a healthcare professional before taking this medication, especially for children under 2 years old and people with certain medical conditions such as glaucoma, enlarged prostate, and difficulty urinating.

Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is a rare, but serious condition characterized by the abnormal leakage of plasma from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues. This occurs due to increased permeability of the capillary walls, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body that connect arterioles and venules, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases between the blood and the tissues.

In CLS, the leakage of plasma leads to a rapid loss of intravascular volume, resulting in hypotension (low blood pressure), hemoconcentration (increased concentration of red blood cells due to reduced plasma volume), and edema (swelling) in various parts of the body. The fluid shift from the bloodstream to the tissues can also cause organ dysfunction and failure if not promptly treated.

The exact causes of capillary leak syndrome are not fully understood, but it can be associated with certain medical conditions, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, medications, or cancer. In some cases, CLS may occur without an identifiable underlying cause, known as idiopathic capillary leak syndrome.

Treatment for capillary leak syndrome typically involves supportive care to maintain blood pressure, replace lost fluids and electrolytes, and manage any organ dysfunction. Medications such as corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, or vasopressors may be used depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of underlying causes. In severe cases, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or other intensive care interventions might be necessary to support organ function and ensure adequate blood flow.

In the context of medicine and physiology, permeability refers to the ability of a tissue or membrane to allow the passage of fluids, solutes, or gases. It is often used to describe the property of the capillary walls, which control the exchange of substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

The permeability of a membrane can be influenced by various factors, including its molecular structure, charge, and the size of the molecules attempting to pass through it. A more permeable membrane allows for easier passage of substances, while a less permeable membrane restricts the movement of substances.

In some cases, changes in permeability can have significant consequences for health. For example, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (a specialized type of capillary that regulates the passage of substances into the brain) has been implicated in a number of neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury.

Radio-iodinated serum albumin refers to human serum albumin that has been chemically bonded with radioactive iodine isotopes, typically I-125 or I-131. This results in a radiolabeled protein that can be used in medical imaging and research to track the distribution and movement of the protein in the body.

In human physiology, serum albumin is the most abundant protein in plasma, synthesized by the liver, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining oncotic pressure and transporting various molecules in the bloodstream. Radio-iodination of serum albumin allows for non-invasive monitoring of its behavior in vivo, which can be useful in evaluating conditions such as protein losing enteropathies, nephrotic syndrome, or liver dysfunction.

It is essential to handle and dispose of radio-iodinated serum albumin with proper radiation safety protocols due to its radioactive nature.

Exfoliative dermatitis is a severe form of widespread inflammation of the skin (dermatitis), characterized by widespread scaling and redness, leading to the shedding of large sheets of skin. It can be caused by various factors such as drug reactions, underlying medical conditions (like lymphoma or leukemia), or extensive eczema. Treatment typically involves identifying and removing the cause, along with supportive care, such as moisturizers and medications to control inflammation and itching. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and management of fluid and electrolyte balance.

Dicloxacillin is a type of antibiotic known as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other types of penicillins. Dicloxacillin is effective against many gram-positive cocci, including staphylococci that produce penicillinases (enzymes that destroy penicillins).

The medical definition of dicloxacillin is:

"A semi-synthetic antibiotic derived from 6-aminopenicillanic acid and dichloroacetyl coenzyme A. It is resistant to staphylococcal penicillinases and is used to treat infections caused by susceptible organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes."

Dicloxacillin is available in oral capsule form and is typically taken two to four times daily, depending on the severity of the infection. It is important to take dicloxacillin for the entire prescribed course of treatment, even if symptoms improve, to ensure that the infection is completely treated and to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Like all antibiotics, dicloxacillin can cause side effects, including gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It may also cause allergic reactions in some people, ranging from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. People with a history of penicillin allergy should inform their healthcare provider before taking dicloxacillin or any other antibiics.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Paramethasone" does not appear to be a recognized medication or substance in modern medical practice. It's possible that there may be a spelling error or it could be an outdated or less-known term.

If you meant "DEXAMETHASONE," however, I can provide a definition. Dexamethasone is a type of corticosteroid medication used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. It's often used in the treatment of various conditions such as allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain skin diseases. It can also be used to treat cancer and to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Please confirm if this is the medication you intended to inquire about.

Pulmonary edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli (air sacs) and interstitial spaces (the area surrounding the alveoli) within the lungs. This buildup of fluid can lead to impaired gas exchange, resulting in shortness of breath, coughing, and difficulty breathing, especially when lying down. Pulmonary edema is often a complication of heart failure, but it can also be caused by other conditions such as pneumonia, trauma, or exposure to certain toxins.

In the early stages of pulmonary edema, patients may experience mild symptoms such as shortness of breath during physical activity. However, as the condition progresses, symptoms can become more severe and include:

* Severe shortness of breath, even at rest
* Wheezing or coughing up pink, frothy sputum
* Rapid breathing and heart rate
* Anxiety or restlessness
* Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis) due to lack of oxygen

Pulmonary edema can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, chest X-ray, and other diagnostic tests such as echocardiography or CT scan. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, as well as providing supportive care such as supplemental oxygen, diuretics to help remove excess fluid from the body, and medications to help reduce anxiety and improve breathing. In severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to support respiratory function.

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in the body tissues. It can affect any part of the body, but it's most commonly noticed in the hands, feet, ankles, and legs. Edema can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, or venous insufficiency.

The swelling occurs when the capillaries leak fluid into the surrounding tissues, causing them to become swollen and puffy. The excess fluid can also collect in the cavities of the body, leading to conditions such as pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs) or ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity).

The severity of edema can vary from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as skin discoloration, stiffness, and pain. Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures.

Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure of blood, which helps to regulate the fluid balance between the intravascular and extravascular spaces.

Serum albumin has a molecular weight of around 66 kDa and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It contains several binding sites for various endogenous and exogenous substances, such as bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, and drugs, facilitating their transport throughout the body. Additionally, albumin possesses antioxidant properties, protecting against oxidative damage.

Albumin levels in the blood are often used as a clinical indicator of liver function, nutritional status, and overall health. Low serum albumin levels may suggest liver disease, malnutrition, inflammation, or kidney dysfunction.

Cell membrane permeability refers to the ability of various substances, such as molecules and ions, to pass through the cell membrane. The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. Its primary function is to protect the cell's internal environment and maintain homeostasis.

The permeability of the cell membrane depends on its structure, which consists of a phospholipid bilayer interspersed with proteins. The hydrophilic (water-loving) heads of the phospholipids face outward, while the hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails face inward, creating a barrier that is generally impermeable to large, polar, or charged molecules.

However, specific proteins within the membrane, called channels and transporters, allow certain substances to cross the membrane. Channels are protein structures that span the membrane and provide a pore for ions or small uncharged molecules to pass through. Transporters, on the other hand, are proteins that bind to specific molecules and facilitate their movement across the membrane, often using energy in the form of ATP.

The permeability of the cell membrane can be influenced by various factors, such as temperature, pH, and the presence of certain chemicals or drugs. Changes in permeability can have significant consequences for the cell's function and survival, as they can disrupt ion balances, nutrient uptake, waste removal, and signal transduction.

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) is a medical condition characterized by the enlargement of the ovaries and the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which can occur as a complication of fertility treatments that involve the use of medications to stimulate ovulation.

In OHSS, the ovaries become swollen and may contain multiple follicles (small sacs containing eggs) that have developed in response to the hormonal stimulation. This can lead to the release of large amounts of vasoactive substances, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which can cause increased blood flow to the ovaries and fluid leakage from the blood vessels into the abdominal cavity.

Mild cases of OHSS may cause symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea. More severe cases can lead to more serious complications, including blood clots, kidney failure, and respiratory distress. In extreme cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage the symptoms of OHSS and prevent further complications.

OHSS is typically managed by monitoring the patient's symptoms and providing supportive care, such as fluid replacement and pain management. In severe cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to drain excess fluid from the abdominal cavity. Preventive measures, such as adjusting the dosage of fertility medications or canceling treatment cycles, may also be taken to reduce the risk of OHSS in high-risk patients.

Plasma volume refers to the total amount of plasma present in an individual's circulatory system. Plasma is the fluid component of blood, in which cells and chemical components are suspended. It is composed mainly of water, along with various dissolved substances such as nutrients, waste products, hormones, gases, and proteins.

Plasma volume is a crucial factor in maintaining proper blood flow, regulating body temperature, and facilitating the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other essential components throughout the body. The average plasma volume for an adult human is approximately 3 liters, but it can vary depending on factors like age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Changes in plasma volume can have significant effects on an individual's cardiovascular function and fluid balance. For example, dehydration or blood loss can lead to a decrease in plasma volume, while conditions such as heart failure or liver cirrhosis may result in increased plasma volume due to fluid retention. Accurate measurement of plasma volume is essential for diagnosing various medical conditions and monitoring the effectiveness of treatments.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze charged particles such as proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules based on their size and charge. In CE, the sample is introduced into a narrow capillary tube filled with a buffer solution, and an electric field is applied. The charged particles in the sample migrate through the capillary towards the electrode with the opposite charge, and the different particles become separated as they migrate based on their size and charge.

The separation process in CE is monitored by detecting the changes in the optical properties of the particles as they pass through a detector, typically located at the end of the capillary. The resulting data can be used to identify and quantify the individual components in the sample. Capillary electrophoresis has many applications in research and clinical settings, including the analysis of DNA fragments, protein identification and characterization, and the detection of genetic variations.

Fluorescein is not a medical condition or term, but rather a diagnostic dye used in various medical tests and procedures. Medically, it is referred to as Fluorescein Sodium, a fluorescent compound that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits light at another longer wavelength when excited.

In the field of ophthalmology (eye care), Fluorescein is commonly used in:

1. Fluorescein angiography: A diagnostic test to examine blood flow in the retina and choroid, often used to diagnose and manage conditions like diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vessel occlusions.
2. Tear film assessment: Fluorescein dye is used to evaluate the quality of tear film and diagnose dry eye syndrome by observing the staining pattern on the cornea.
3. Corneal abrasions/foreign body detection: Fluorescein dye can help identify corneal injuries, such as abrasions or foreign bodies, under a cobalt blue light.

In other medical fields, fluorescein is also used in procedures like:

1. Urinary tract imaging: To detect urinary tract abnormalities and evaluate kidney function.
2. Lymphangiography: A procedure to visualize the lymphatic system.
3. Surgical navigation: In some surgical procedures, fluorescein is used as a marker for better visualization of specific structures or areas.

Histamine is defined as a biogenic amine that is widely distributed throughout the body and is involved in various physiological functions. It is derived primarily from the amino acid histidine by the action of histidine decarboxylase. Histamine is stored in granules (along with heparin and proteases) within mast cells and basophils, and is released upon stimulation or degranulation of these cells.

Once released into the tissues and circulation, histamine exerts a wide range of pharmacological actions through its interaction with four types of G protein-coupled receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors). Histamine's effects are diverse and include modulation of immune responses, contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, increased vascular permeability, stimulation of gastric acid secretion, and regulation of neurotransmission.

Histamine is also a potent mediator of allergic reactions and inflammation, causing symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and wheezing. Antihistamines are commonly used to block the actions of histamine at H1 receptors, providing relief from these symptoms.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Blood volume refers to the total amount of blood present in an individual's circulatory system at any given time. It is the combined volume of both the plasma (the liquid component of blood) and the formed elements (such as red and white blood cells and platelets) in the blood. In a healthy adult human, the average blood volume is approximately 5 liters (or about 1 gallon). However, blood volume can vary depending on several factors, including age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Blood volume plays a critical role in maintaining proper cardiovascular function, as it affects blood pressure, heart rate, and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body. Changes in blood volume can have significant impacts on an individual's health and may be associated with various medical conditions, such as dehydration, hemorrhage, heart failure, and liver disease. Accurate measurement of blood volume is essential for diagnosing and managing these conditions, as well as for guiding treatment decisions in clinical settings.

Perfusion, in medical terms, refers to the process of circulating blood through the body's organs and tissues to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. It is a measure of the delivery of adequate blood flow to specific areas or tissues in the body. Perfusion can be assessed using various methods, including imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and perfusion scintigraphy.

Perfusion is critical for maintaining proper organ function and overall health. When perfusion is impaired or inadequate, it can lead to tissue hypoxia, acidosis, and cell death, which can result in organ dysfunction or failure. Conditions that can affect perfusion include cardiovascular disease, shock, trauma, and certain surgical procedures.

The endothelium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. The vascular endothelium, specifically, refers to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, inflammation, and permeability of the vessel wall. They also contribute to the growth and repair of the vascular system and are involved in various pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.

Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:

1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.

Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:

1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.

Capillary action, also known as capillarity, is the ability of a liquid to rise or get drawn into narrow spaces, such as small tubes or gaps between particles, against gravity. This phenomenon occurs due to the attractive forces between the molecules of the liquid and the solid surface of the narrow space.

The height to which a liquid will rise in a capillary tube is determined by several factors, including the surface tension of the liquid, the radius of the capillary tube, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube's material. In general, liquids with higher surface tension and stronger adhesion to the tube's material will rise higher than those with lower surface tension and weaker adhesion.

Capillary action plays an essential role in many natural and industrial processes, such as water absorption by plants, fluid transport in biological systems, and ink movement in fountain pens.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

Capillary resistance, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to the resistance to blood flow that is offered by the small capillaries in the circulatory system. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect the arteries and veins, and they play a critical role in the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the body's tissues.

The resistance provided by the capillaries is determined by several factors, including the diameter and length of the capillaries, as well as the viscosity of the blood that flows through them. Capillary resistance is an important factor in regulating blood flow and blood pressure throughout the body. In general, an increase in capillary resistance can lead to a decrease in blood flow and an increase in blood pressure, while a decrease in capillary resistance can have the opposite effect.

It's worth noting that the term "capillary resistance" is not commonly used in medical literature or clinical practice. Instead, physicians and researchers may use more specific terms to describe the resistance provided by different parts of the circulatory system, such as "total peripheral resistance," which refers to the resistance provided by all of the body's blood vessels excluding the heart and lungs.

A capillary hemangioma is a benign (non-cancerous) vascular tumor that is made up of an overgrowth of small blood vessels called capillaries. These lesions are quite common and usually appear during the first few weeks or months of life, although they can also develop later in childhood or even in adulthood.

Capillary hemangiomas typically appear as a bright red, raised, and rubbery lesion on the skin. They may be small and localized, or they can grow and spread to cover a larger area of the body. In some cases, capillary hemangiomas may also form on internal organs such as the liver, brain, or gastrointestinal tract.

While capillary hemangiomas are generally harmless, they can cause cosmetic concerns if they appear on the face or other visible areas of the body. In some cases, these lesions may also interfere with vision, hearing, or other bodily functions if they grow too large or are located in sensitive areas.

Most capillary hemangiomas will eventually shrink and disappear on their own over time, typically within the first few years of life. However, in some cases, medical treatment may be necessary to help speed up this process or to address any complications that arise. Treatment options for capillary hemangiomas may include medications such as corticosteroids or beta-blockers, laser therapy, or surgical removal.

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a separation technique that combines the principles of capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In CEC, an electric field is applied to a liquid flowing through a narrow fused-silica capillary tube packed with a stationary phase.

The analytes (the substances being separated) are carried by the electroosmotic flow of the liquid and interact with the stationary phase as they migrate through the capillary, resulting in separation based on both charge and size/hydrophobicity. CEC offers high efficiency, resolution, and sensitivity for the separation of a wide range of analytes, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The medical definition of Capillary Electrochromatography is not commonly used as it is primarily employed in research settings for the analysis of various biological samples, pharmaceuticals, and environmental pollutants.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized, selective interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulating blood. It is formed by unique endothelial cells that line the brain's capillaries, along with tight junctions, astrocytic foot processes, and pericytes, which together restrict the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the CNS. This barrier serves to protect the brain from harmful agents and maintain a stable environment for proper neural function. However, it also poses a challenge in delivering therapeutics to the CNS, as most large and hydrophilic molecules cannot cross the BBB.

Tight junctions, also known as zonula occludens, are specialized types of intercellular junctions that occur in epithelial and endothelial cells. They are located near the apical side of the lateral membranes of adjacent cells, where they form a continuous belt-like structure that seals off the space between the cells.

Tight junctions are composed of several proteins, including occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), which interact to form a network of strands that create a tight barrier. This barrier regulates the paracellular permeability of ions, solutes, and water, preventing their uncontrolled movement across the epithelial or endothelial layer.

Tight junctions also play an important role in maintaining cell polarity by preventing the mixing of apical and basolateral membrane components. Additionally, they are involved in various signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Schnitzer, J. E.; Oh, P. (1994). "Albondin-mediated capillary permeability to albumin. Differential role of receptors in ...
The most interesting are: Capillary bed permeability, which varies between tissues. Blood-brain barrier: this is located ... The distribution of a drug between tissues is dependent on vascular permeability, regional blood flow, cardiac output and ...
A hydrodynamic capillary effect can be used to manipulate cell permeability. In plants the DNA is often inserted using ...
Viberti GC (November 1983). "Increased capillary permeability in diabetes mellitus and its relationship to microvascular ... leading to the growth of friable and poor-quality new blood vessels in the retina or capillary closure which causes ischemia or ...
The injection of IP activators into the skin of rodents increases local capillary permeability and swelling; IP(-/-) mice fail ... IP antagonists likewise reduce experimentally-induced capillary permeability and swelling in rats. This actions is also ... to show this increased capillary permeability and swelling in response not only to IP activators but also in a model of ...
Also, the damage on the blood vessels resulted in increased capillary permeability. This increased permeability lead to a ...
In the acute phase of ALI, there is increased permeability of this barrier and protein rich fluid leaks out of the capillaries ... The direct toxicity to the cells leads to an increase in capillary permeability. Furthermore, when phosgene hydrolyzes it forms ... The core pathology is disruption of the capillary-endothelial interface: this actually refers to two separate barriers - the ...
It is a densely vascularized structure with subregional capillary specializations for high permeability for circulating blood ... A tanycyte barrier partially compensates for high capillary permeability in the area postrema. Physiological subregional ... whereas medial and dorsal area postrema capillaries had microscopic characteristics of high permeability, a characteristic ... Capillary blood flow appears to be uniquely slow in the area postrema, prolonging the contact time for blood-borne hormones to ...
Farquhar, M G; Wissig S L; Palade G E (December 1999). "Glomerular permeability I. Ferritin transfer across the normal ... glomerular capillary wall. 1961". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 10 (12): 2645-62. ISSN 1046-6673. PMID ...
Some fundamental petrophysical properties determined are lithology, porosity, water saturation, permeability, and capillary ... Darcy's law is applied in the laboratory to measure the core plug permeability with an inert gas or liquid (i.e. that does not ... It is known by the symbol S w {\displaystyle S_{w}} . Permeability: The quantity of fluid (water or hydrocarbon) that can flow ... Vcl = volume of wet clay (Vdcl +Vcbw). Vcap = volume of capillary bound water. Vfw = volume of free water. Vhyd = volume of ...
Porosity Defining Permeability Tailoring porous media to control permeability Permeability of Porous Media Graphical depiction ... and Capillary Pressure from Pore-Scale Modeling". Transport in Porous Media. 102 (1): 71-90. doi:10.1007/s11242-013-0262-7. ... Reactive transport Permeability Porous media Filtration Poromechanics Bulk density Tang, H. P.; Wang, J.; Qian, Ma (1 January ... The intrinsic permeability is the attribute primarily influenced by the pore structure, and the fundamental physical factors ...
PDGF and VEGF have growth promoting properties and cause connective tissue hypertrophy and capillary permeability. When ... They are then trapped within the capillary beds within the extremities, such as the digits, and release platelet-derived growth ... megakaryocytes that arise from the bone marrow are trapped in the pulmonary capillary bed and broken down before they enter the ...
High protein (> 2.5 mg/dL) suggests increased capillary permeability associated with peritonitis, intestinal compromise, or ... Capillary refill time (CRT) may be decreased early in the colic, but generally prolongs as the disease progresses and ... The poor blood supply also has effects on the vascular endothelium, leading to an increased permeability which first leaks ... Inflammation of the bowel may lead to increased permeability and subsequent endotoxemia. The underlying cause of inflammation ...
It is a synthetic molecule with the ability to reduce capillary permeability in the body. In Switzerland the drug is sold by ... In fact, it reduces capillary permeability both by stabilizing the basement membrane for an action on the collagen chains that ... Calcium dobesilate is indicated in states of fragility and altered capillary permeability, e.g. diabetic retinopathy, chronic ... constitute it, and by interacting with different biochemical mediators that favor endothelial permeability itself. In this way ...
Reverses capillary permeability and lysosomal stabilization at the cellular level to prevent or control inflammation. Has a ...
Capillary Permeability: The Transfer of Molecules and Ions Between Capillary Blood and Tissue (C. ed.). Munksgaard: Copenhagen ... Betz, A.L.; Goldstein, G.W. "Brain capillaries: structure and function". In Lajtha, A. (ed.). Structural Elements of the ... Smith, Q.R. (1989). "Quantitation of blood-brain barrier permeability". In Neuwelt, E.A. (ed.). Implications of the Blood-Brain ...
Histamine causes dilation and increased permeability of capillaries close to the basophil. Injured basophils and other ... Increased permeability of the inflamed tissue also allows for more phagocyte migration to the site of infection so that they ...
Concerning two-phase flows an important problem is to estimate the relative permeabilities and the capillary pressures. The ... Chavent, Guy; Cohen, Gary; Espy, M. (1980). "Determination of relative permeabilities and capillary pressures by an automatic ... see for an application to the determination of permeabilities that match the existing permeability data), neural networks, ... Tahmasebi, Pejman; Javadpour, Farzam; Sahimi, Muhammad (August 2016). "Stochastic shale permeability matching: Three- ...
Capillary pressure Permeability (fluid) Relative permeability Darcy's law S.E. Buckley and M.C. Leverett (1942). "Mechanism of ... k r w ( S w ) {\displaystyle k_{rw}(S_{w})} and k r n ( S w ) {\displaystyle k_{rn}(S_{w})} denote the relative permeability ... Flow is linear and horizontal Both wetting and non-wetting phases are incompressible Immiscible phases Negligible capillary ...
The higher the specific gravity, the greater the likelihood of capillary permeability changes in relation to body cavities. For ...
The events preceding OM are acute inflammatory changes such as hyperemia, increased capillary permeability and infiltration of ...
It also inhibits the effects of the prostaglandin mediated vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability, thereby ... Etamsylate was also thought to stabilise capillaries, reinforcing capillary membranes by polymerising hyaluronic acid. ... vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. Prophylaxis and control of haemorrhages from small blood vessels, neonatal ... Etamsylate limits capillary bleeding through its action on hyaluronic acid and initial studies showed a reduction in ...
These changes are due to increased capillary permeability and an influx of inflammatory cells into the gingival tissues. When ...
IgE with Aspergillus antigens results in mast cell degranulation with bronchoconstriction and increased capillary permeability ...
In addition, brodifacoum (as with other anticoagulants in toxic doses) increases permeability of blood capillaries; the blood ...
Fluid from the bloodstream leaks through the wall of small blood vessels into body cavities due to capillary permeability. As a ... Severe disease is marked by the problems of capillary permeability (an allowance of fluid and protein normally contained within ... Leaky capillaries (and the critical phase) are thought to be caused by an immune system response. Other processes of interest ... Some petechiae (small red spots that do not disappear when the skin is pressed, which are caused by broken capillaries) can ...
... involves fluid accumulation in the outer plexiform layer secondary to abnormal perifoveal retinal capillary permeability. The ... causing the capillaries in the retina to dilate and leak fluid into the retina. Less common today with modern lens replacement ... is similarly caused by leaking macular capillaries. DME is the most common cause of visual loss in both proliferative, and non- ...
... water vapor permeability and capillary. They are lightweight , soft, flexible and silky texture. They are disposable and ...
... e increases the blood vessel's permeability and dilates capillaries, enabling a faster distribution of the venom. ... The dilation of capillaries is the cause of the hypotension. At first, it was thought that the impairment of the respiratory ... The formation of pores in capillaries, for example, is the cause of hypotension caused by stonefish envenomation. The venom of ...
Vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries are a result of both H1 and H2 receptor types. Stimulation of histamine ... and vascular permeability in brain tumors. The mast cell is very similar in both appearance and function to the basophil, ... and increases blood vessel permeability. This leads to local edema (swelling), warmth, redness, and the attraction of other ... such as eosinophil chemotactic factor reactive oxygen species Histamine dilates post-capillary venules, activates the ...
You have to enable JavaScript in your browsers settings in order to use the eReader.. Or try downloading the content offline. DOWNLOAD ...
ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism modulates capillary permeability in hypertension Giulia Dellomo 1 , Giuseppe Penno, ... ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism modulates capillary permeability in hypertension Giulia Dellomo et al. Clin Sci (Lond ... whether this genetic profile is accompanied by disturbed macromolecular permeability of systemic capillary endothelium, ... This may reflect noxious genetic influences on systemic vascular permeability, a critical control mechanism for atherogenesis ...
Nonequilibrium capillary pressure and relative permeability curves of porous media. Tsakiroglou; CD; Theodoropoulou; MA; ...
keywords = "Capillary bundle, Capillary pressure, Mixed-wet, Pore occupancy, Process-based model, Relative permeability, ... Three-phase capillary pressure and relative permeability relationships in mixed-wet systems. / Van Dijke, M. I J; McDougall, S ... Three-phase capillary pressure and relative permeability relationships in mixed-wet systems. Transport in Porous Media. 2001 ... Van Dijke, M. I J ; McDougall, S. R. ; Sorbie, K. S. / Three-phase capillary pressure and relative permeability relationships ...
The unidirectional influx of biotin across cerebral capillaries, the anatomical locus of the blood-brain barrier, was measured ... The permeability-surface area products were 10(-4) s-1 with a biotin concentration of 0.02 microM in the perfusate. Probenecid ... The unidirectional influx of biotin across cerebral capillaries, the anatomical locus of the blood-brain barrier, was measured ...
Systemic vasodilation; natriuresis and diuresis; increased capillary permeability. Nitroprusside. 0.2-2 μg/kg/min IV. Increases ... Systemic vasodilation; natriuresis and diuresis; increased capillary permeability. Nitroprusside. 0.2-2 μg/kg/min IV. Increases ... The elevated pressures of the left heart are transmitted back to the pulmonary capillary bed, the pulmonary arteries, and ... mPAP = mean pulmonary artery pressure; PCWP = pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PH = pulmonary hypertension; PVR = pulmonary ...
Schnitzer, J. E.; Oh, P. (1994). "Albondin-mediated capillary permeability to albumin. Differential role of receptors in ...
OKT3 and pulmonary capillary permeability. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 295 :1099 (Published 31 October 1987) ...
... and pulmonary capillary permeability was significantly increased as quantified by the Evans blue dye assay and [(131)I]albumin ... these data suggest that overexpression of VEGF in the lung may be one mechanism of increased pulmonary vascular permeability in ... permeability. To confirm the specificity of these observations, mice were pretreated with intranasal administration of an ...
Increased capillary permeability will alter albumin kinetics and abnormal distribution may occur in conditions such as severe ...
Increased capillary permeability (third-spacing and vasodilation) can result in hypovolemic shock. Sinus tachycardia can be an ... Arsenic has direct toxic effects on endothelial cells, increasing the permeability of small blood vessels (ATSDR 2005; HSDB ...
... which promotes the growth of new blood vessels and can increase capillary permeability. This increased permeability can lead to ...
MeSH Terms: Breast Neoplasms/pathology*; Capillary Permeability; Cell Adhesion/drug effects; Cell Movement/drug effects; Cells ... Title: VEGF regulates PCB 104-mediated stimulation of permeability and transmigration of breast cancer cells in human ... on the endothelial permeability and transendothelial migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Exposure of human ...
Categories: Capillary Permeability Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Capillary Permeability* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... VEGFA treatment results in increased monolayer permeability, while S1P treatment results in decreased monolayer permeability. ... Permeability assays (panels D and E) were done as 3 biological replicates with at least 3 technical repeats per each ... C) Schematic diagram illustrating the HUVEC monolayer permeability assay. Briefly, HUVECs are seeded in the inner well of a ...
Increased vascular permeability of retinal capillaries. * Closure of retinal capillaries and arterioles. * Proliferation of new ... It is known that diabetes causes the retinal capillaries to become functionally less competent. Five clinical pathological ... Formation of microaneurysms (outpouchings of the capillary walls). * ...
May decrease inflammation by reversing increased capillary permeability and suppressing PMN activity. Oral prednisone is ...
Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is a rare disease with profound vascular leakage, which can be associated with a high mortality. ... Clarkson, B.; Thompson, D.; Horwith, M.; Luckey, E.H. Cyclical edema and shock due to increased capillary permeability. Am. J. ... Patients with CLS show a profound increase of capillary permeability, which can result in the leakage of plasma with proteins ... All study patients developed capillary leak syndrome after receiving anti-cancer agents. There were no capillary leak syndrome ...
Previous studies have suggested that immune responses contribute to an increase in capillary permeability. We examined the ...
Albondin-mediated capillary permeability to albumin. Differential role of receptors in endothelial transcytosis and endocytosis ...
... endothelial cell permeability changes and retinal capillary occlusion. In diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy, capillary ... supporting pericytes from retinal capillaries. These changes are followed by ...
Effect of temperature change on the permeability of eel rete capillaries. Circ Res 70:272-284. Google Scholar ... Since the permeability to water increases more rapidly than the permeability to Na+ after an increase in temperature in ... Temperature-dependence of permeability to water and to sodium of the gill epithelium of the eel Anguilla Anguilla. J Exp Biol ... The temperature dependence of permeability to water and Na+ has been demonstrated in the gill epithelia of teleost fishes ( ...
Increased capillary permeability (causes of swelling and edema). *Increased mucus secretion and bronchoconstriction. ... The mast cells job is to maintain intestinal permeability and make sure that no microorganisms or antigens enter the body. (A ... Elevated histamine levels in the body occur when there is an increase in intestinal permeability (regardless of the cause), ... Mast cells also affect disruption/permeability of the blood-brain barrier enabling toxin and immune cell entry exacerbating an ...
Evaluation of crack patterns in SHCC with respect to water permeability and capillary suction C. Wagner, A. Dollase & V. Slowik ... The pore structure and water permeability of cement paste blended with fly ash over a long period up to one year Z. Yu & G. Ye ... Effect of matrix permeability on durability of structural grade geopolymer and conventional concretes K. Sagoe-Crentsil, S.Yan ... Measuring permeability of cementitious materials Q.T. Phung, G. De Schutter, N. Maes, D. Jacques & G. Ye ...
  • Transplantation-associated lung injury was characterized by an increased alveolar-capillary permeability and myeloperoxidase activity and decreased levels of arterial oxygen tension/inspired oxygen concentration ratio. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Intratracheal administration of AdVEGF165 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in lung wet/dry weight ratios over time, lung histology showed widespread intra- alveolar edema, and pulmonary capillary permeability was significantly increased as quantified by the Evans blue dye assay and [(131)I]albumin permeability. (nih.gov)
  • OKT3 and pulmonary capillary permeability. (bmj.com)
  • Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is an ex- of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas. (cdc.gov)
  • The systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is an extremely rare disorder characterized by transient episodes of hypotensive shock due to reversible vascular hyper-permeability. (nih.gov)
  • May decrease inflammation by reversing increased capillary permeability and suppressing PMN activity. (medscape.com)
  • Capillary permeability and inflammation in rabbits given heparin. (nih.gov)
  • CFE can cause capillary inflammation and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, without associated hemorrhage or permanent neurologic deficit. (ajnr.org)
  • Together, these data suggest that overexpression of VEGF in the lung may be one mechanism of increased pulmonary vascular permeability in the early stages of acute lung injury. (nih.gov)
  • Application of episodic SCLS sera, but neither purified IgG nor sera obtained from subjects during remission, to human microvascular endothelial cells caused vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-Cad) internalization, disruption of cell-cell adherens junctions, actin stress fiber formation, and increased permeability in complementary functional assays without inducing endothelial apoptosis. (nih.gov)
  • It is unknown, however, whether this genetic profile is accompanied by disturbed macromolecular permeability of systemic capillary endothelium, possibly in the context of generalized endothelial dysfunction. (nih.gov)
  • VEGF regulates PCB 104-mediated stimulation of permeability and transmigration of breast cancer cells in human microvascular endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
  • pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 104), a representative of highly ortho-substituted non-coplanar PCB congeners, on the endothelial permeability and transendothelial migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. (nih.gov)
  • In the heart, endothelial staining is mainly in the capillaries of the myocardium and varies from focal immunostaining in some cases to diffuse and extensive staining in others. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results support a model of SCLS pathogenesis in which canonical permeability mediators such as VEGF and Angiopoietin 2, but not immunoglobulins, transiently activate pathogenic endothelial contraction pathways, suggesting a molecular mechanism and novel potential targets for this highly lethal disorder. (nih.gov)
  • the 1-h decline rate of intravenous (125)I-albumin, a measure of integrity of systemic capillary endothelium), albuminuria and forearm vasodilation to intra-arterial acetylcholine, an index of NO (nitric oxide)-mediated vasomotion, in addition to a series of sensitive parameters of albumin permeation (blood pressure, metabolic status and smoking habits). (nih.gov)
  • Immunohistochemistry analysis has shown that viral antigens are distributed primarily within the endothelium of capillaries throughout various tissues from patients with HPS. (cdc.gov)
  • Indeed, findings from recent animal model studies suggest that fat embolism can result in the breakdown of the capillary endothelium and the blood-brain barrier, causing focal vasogenic edema without infarction or hemorrhage ( 7 , 8 ). (ajnr.org)
  • The walls of capillaries are composed of only a single layer of cells, the endothelium. (confusedofcalcutta.com)
  • Albondin-mediated capillary permeability to albumin. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is unclear how the shock syndrome relates to factors such as viral distribution and immunologic and pharmacological mediators of capillary permeability. (cdc.gov)
  • Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is the result of thickening of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries and increased cellularity of the mesangium, along with an increase in the mesangial matrix. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Glomerular permeability I. Ferritin transfer across the normal glomerular capillary wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kinins cause increased capillary permeability and venous constriction, along with arterial vasodilation in specific organs. (cvphysiology.com)
  • Model parameters were fit to both blood capillary permeability data and lymphatic clearance data. (cdc.gov)
  • Severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis, can cause widespread capillary leakage and generalized edema. (labtestsguide.com)
  • Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), one promising therapy for SCLS, mitigated the permeability effect of episodic sera. (nih.gov)
  • Two circulating permeability factors, VEGF and Angiopoietin 2 (Ang2), were significantly elevated in episodic SCLS sera. (nih.gov)
  • The model presently takes into account the changes in the relative permeability, capillary pressure, and capillary desaturation curves. (doe.gov)
  • This addition will provide a unique simulator that can model surfactant floods in naturally fractured reservoirs by coupling wettability effects on relative permeabilities, capillary pressure, and capillary desaturation curves. (doe.gov)
  • The mathematical models for segregated flow of CO2 plume below the seal accounting for capillary hysteresis, chemical reactions, and leakage allows maximizing CO2 entrapment by the rock until its arrival to the trap. (edu.au)
  • Inflammatory responses due to injuries, infections, or certain medical conditions can cause capillaries to become more permeable, leading to fluid leakage into the tissues. (labtestsguide.com)
  • Analysis of the derived pore occupancies leads to the establishment of a number of relationships showing the phase dependencies of three-phase capillary pressures and relative permeabilities in mixed-wet systems. (hw.ac.uk)
  • Detailed investigation of the morphology of the pore space in clay is a key factor in understanding the sealing capacity, coupled flows, capillary processes and associated deformation present in mudstones. (epj-conferences.org)
  • The swelling in edema happens when excess fluid, typically water, leaks out of tiny blood vessels (capillaries) and accumulates in the surrounding tissues. (labtestsguide.com)
  • In each region, we find that only one phase may be specified as being the 'intermediate-wetting' phase and it is only the relative permeability of this phase and the capillary pressure between the two remaining phases that depend upon more than one saturation. (hw.ac.uk)
  • We showed that the capillary end effect cannot be removed completely but can be reduced significantly by controlling the wellbore flowing pressure and by altering the formation wettability. (onepetro.org)
  • Hence, once the fresh fracturing water invades, the formation experiences large gas-water capillary pressure. (onepetro.org)
  • Passive congestion is due either to high blood pressure in the capillaries, caused by a cardiac disorder, or to relaxation of the blood capillaries followed by blood seepage. (britannica.com)
  • The blood pressure becomes high in the alveolar capillaries, and they begin to distend. (britannica.com)
  • Eventually the pressure becomes too great, and blood escapes through the capillary wall into the alveoli, flooding them. (britannica.com)
  • Available models generally assume that capillary pressure and relative permeability are unique functions of saturation. (civilica.com)
  • Non-equilibrium effects is introduced by a pair of effective water and gas saturations related to the actual saturations by the extension of Barenblatt model to three-phase systems considering dynamic effects in both relative permeability and capillary pressure functions. (civilica.com)
  • Perfusion" is defined as the steady-state delivery of blood to an element of tissue (ie, capillary blood flow). (ajnr.org)
  • When combined with existing models for stratum corneum permeability and appropriate measures of tissue binding, the developed model has the potential to significantly improve tissue concentration estimates for large or highly protein bound permeants following dermal exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • After the tissue has been perfused, capillaries widen to become venules and then widen more to become veins, which return blood to the heart. (confusedofcalcutta.com)
  • However, the metabolism- and tissue-dependent permeability of [ 11 C]-butanol presents challenges. (snmjournals.org)
  • On the design of test molds based on unidirectional saturated flows to measure transverse permeability in liquid composite molding. (polymtl.ca)
  • Blood flows from digestive system heart to arteries, which narrow into arterioles, and then narrow further still into capillaries. (confusedofcalcutta.com)
  • The simulation results show that the capillary end effect cause significant formation damage during the flow back and production period by holding the water volume and saturation near the fracture at higher levels than that based on only the spontaneous imbibition of water. (onepetro.org)
  • All of these mechanisms are favorable for increased capillary imbibition. (doe.gov)
  • Laboratory surfactant floods have shown a great potential to increase oil recovery from reservoirs that are naturally fractured and have low-permeability oil-wet or mixed- wet matrix rocks. (doe.gov)
  • In ultra-low permeability formations, such as tight gas and shale, the sizes of the pores and cracks contributing to the transport of fluids are significantly reduced. (onepetro.org)
  • Exchange capacity (permeability (P)-surface area (S) product relative to blood flow (FB)) was increased in test mice compared to controls, but the contributions from P, S, and FB were different in these two phenotypes. (uib.no)
  • The alveolar walls and the capillaries in them become distended with blood. (britannica.com)
  • The unidirectional influx of biotin across cerebral capillaries, the anatomical locus of the blood-brain barrier, was measured with an in situ rat brain perfusion technique employing [3H]biotin. (nih.gov)
  • Performance Evaluation of Unidirectional Molds used for Measuring Saturated Transverse Permeability of Engineering Textiles. (polymtl.ca)
  • Capillary end effect develops in tight gas and shale formations near hydraulic fractures during flow back of the fracturing treatment water and extends into the natural gas production period. (onepetro.org)
  • Previous studies have suggested that immune responses contribute to an increase in capillary permeability. (who.int)
  • Leading to hypotension and increase capillary permeability. (englishgratis.com)
  • A simple process-based model of three-phase displacement cycles for both spreading and non-spreading oils in a mixed-wet capillary bundle model is presented. (hw.ac.uk)
  • In this study, a new multi-phase reservoir flow simulation model is used to understand the role the capillary end effect plays on the removal of the water from the formation and on the gas production. (onepetro.org)
  • The model simulates water-gas flow in this network with a capillary discontinuity at the hydraulic fracture-matrix interface. (onepetro.org)
  • The dermal clearance model combined with existing models for stratum corneum permeability and appropriate measures of protein binding were used to analyze in vivo concentration data from the literature and compare it to predictions made by the current mathematical model. (cdc.gov)
  • However, these studies did not consider the existence of capillary end effect (CEE). (onepetro.org)
  • We aimed to study the physiological roles of these two components of the permeability barrier non-invasively in striated muscle in mice deficient in collagen XV or XVIII by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). (uib.no)
  • Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy demonstrated alterations in capillary density and morphology in both knockout mouse strains in comparison to the control mice. (uib.no)
  • Both collagen XV and XVIII are important for maintaining normal capillary permeability in the striated muscle. (uib.no)
  • Children in septic disgust inclination much ask for larger volumes of running as a result of the increased capillary permeability. (daubnet.com)
  • Consequently, the two-phase flow dynamics during the flow-back could be controlled by capillary forces. (onepetro.org)