Chagas Disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
Triatominae
Insect Control
Bolivia
Trypanocidal Agents
Insect Vectors
Nitroimidazoles
Latin America
Xenodiagnosis
Megacolon
Disease Vectors
Argentina
Venezuela
South America
Guatemala
Paraguay
Central America
Panstrongylus
Mummies
Endemic Diseases
Brazil
Pan American Health Organization
Mexico
Seroepidemiologic Studies
Panama
Chronic Disease
Honduras
Nymph
DNA, Kinetoplast
Chile
Food Parasitology
Paleopathology
Neglected Diseases
Pyrethrins
Peru
Americas
Insecticides
Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic
Indians, South American
Host-Parasite Interactions
Parasitemia
Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Protozoan Vaccines
El Salvador
Didelphis
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Antigens, Protozoan
Trypanosoma
Emigrants and Immigrants
Colombia
Immunochromatography
Ecuador
Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
Reduviidae
Topography, Medical
Blood Donors
Disease Reservoirs
Emigration and Immigration
Cytochromes b
14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors
Gordonia Bacterium
Animals, Wild
Sterol 14-Demethylase
Tropical Medicine
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Hemagglutination Tests
Prevalence
Agelas
Animals, Domestic
Piper
Feeding Behavior
Myocarditis
Life Cycle Stages
Entomology
Electrocardiography
Spain
Mandatory Testing
Costa Rica
Ecosystem
Parasitic Diseases
Esophageal Achalasia
Leishmaniasis
Disease Models, Animal
Sensitivity and Specificity
Population Surveillance
Dogs
Geography
Candidate parasitic diseases. (1/1819)
This paper discusses five parasitic diseases: American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and schistosomiasis. The available technology and health infrastructures in developing countries permit the eradication of dracunculiasis and the elimination of lymphatic filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti. Blindness due to onchocerciasis and transmission of this disease will be prevented in eleven West African countries; transmission of Chagas disease will be interrupted. A well-coordinated international effort is required to ensure that scarce resources are not wasted, efforts are not duplicated, and planned national programmes are well supported. (+info)Induction of CD8+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi. (2/1819)
Trypanosoma cruzi was transformed with the Plasmodium yoelii gene encoding the circum-sporozoite (CS) protein, which contains the well-characterized CD8+ T cell epitope, SYVPSAEQI. In vivo and in vitro assays indicated that cells infected with the transformed T. cruzi could process and present this malaria parasite-derived class I MHC-restricted epitope. Immunization of mice with recombinant influenza and vaccinia viruses expressing the SYVPSAEQI epitope induced a large number of specific CD8+ T cells that strongly suppressed parasitemia and conferred complete protection against the acute T. cruzi lethal infection. CD8+ T cells mediated this immunity as indicated by the unrelenting parasitemia and high mortality observed in immunized mice treated with anti-CD8 antibody. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that vaccination of mice with vectors designed to induce CD8+ T cells is effective against T. cruzi infection. (+info)Chagas' disease diagnosis: comparative analysis of parasitologic, molecular, and serologic methods. (3/1819)
During the course of chronic chagasic infection, low parasitemia levels prevent parasite detection by current techniques such as hemoculture and xenodiagnosis. Since serologic tests have sensitivity but lack specificity, molecular assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been proposed as alternative tools for parasite detection in individuals with chronic Chagas' disease. A variable degree of PCR efficiency has been reported in the literature and illustrates the need for further evaluation of large numbers of chagasic patients. In this study, we compared an optimized PCR technique with hemoculture and complement-mediated lysis (CoML) in 113 individuals from or living in endemic areas of Brazil who had conventional serologic results that were either positive, negative, or inconclusive. The PCR amplification yielded positive results in 83.5% (66 of 79) of individuals with positive serology, 47.6% (10 of 21) with negative serology, and 46.2% (6 of 13) with inconclusive serology. Of 10 patients with negative serology and positive PCR result, eight (80%) had positive CoML, indicating that they could have been chagasic but were not mounting immune responses. The PCR results were also positive for all individuals who had positive hemoculture, for 37 individuals with negative hemoculture and positive serology, and for two of six individuals with inconclusive serology and negative hemoculture. Thirteen individuals living in nonendemic areas who had negative serology were used as a negative control group: 100% had negative PCR results. Our results show that the optimized PCR protocol used here was very sensitive in detecting the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic chagasic patients. The PCR and CoML results were well correlated in all of the groups studied, which suggests that our PCR protocol may be effective in the evaluation of cure in patients who receive anti-parasite treatment. (+info)Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgA antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi in congenital infection. (4/1819)
With the aim of achieving earlier diagnosis of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection, we assessed the usefulness of detecting specific IgA antibody by an ELISA. We evaluated 12 pregnant women chronically infected with T. cruzi, their newborn infants, and three additional neonates with parasitemia at birth. The IgA-specific antibody was detected by adapting the procedure for use of a commercial IgG ELISA, the Hemagen Chagas' Kit (Hemagen Diagnostics, Inc., Waltham, MA). Trypanosoma cruzi-specific IgA was detected in 10 (83%) of 12 mothers at delivery, in one of three parasitemic infants, and one of 12 newborns of the chronically infected women. Testing of 13 infants at six months of age revealed IgA in seven infants (54%), of whom four also had persistent T. cruzi-specific IgG. Detection of T. cruzi-specific IgA could provide a criterion for diagnosis of congenital infection in the absence of detectable parasitemia. (+info)Acute Chagas' disease in western Venezuela: a clinical, seroparasitologic, and epidemiologic study. (5/1819)
A clinical, parasitologic, and serologic study carried out between 1988 and 1996 on 59 acute-phase patients in areas of western Venezuela where Chagas' disease is endemic showed 19 symptomatic patterns or groups of symptoms appearing in combination with different frequencies. The symptomatic pattern with the highest frequency was that showing simultaneously fever, myalgia, headache, and Romana's sign, which was detected in 20% of the acute-phase patients. Asymptomatic individuals and patients with fever as the only sign of the disease made up 15% and 11.9% of the total acute cases, respectively. Statistical correlation analysis revealed that xenodiagnosis and hemoculture were the most reliable and concordant of the five parasitologic methods used; these two methods also showed the highest proportions in detecting any clinical symptomatic pattern in acute-phase patients. A similar high reliability and concordance was obtained with a direct agglutination test, an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, and an ELISA as serologic tests, which also showed a higher proportion of positive detection of clinical patterns than parasitologic methods (P < 0.001). It is recommended that individuals coming from endemic areas showing mild and/or severe clinical manifestations should be suspected of being in contact or having been in contact with Trypanosoma cruzi, be referred for parasitologic and serologic evaluations to confirm the presumptive clinical diagnosis of acute Chagas' disease, and start specific treatment. The epidemiologic implications of the present findings are discussed and the use of similar methodology to evaluate other areas where Chagas' disease is endemic is suggested. (+info)CD40 ligation prevents Trypanosoma cruzi infection through interleukin-12 upregulation. (6/1819)
Because of the critical role of the CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) pathway in the induction and effector phases of immune responses, we investigated the effects of CD40 ligation on the control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. First, we observed that supernatants of murine spleen cells stimulated by CD40L-transfected 3T3 fibroblasts (3T3-CD40L transfectants) prevent the infection of mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) by T. cruzi. This phenomenon depends on de novo production of nitric oxide (NO) as it is prevented by the addition of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a NO synthase inhibitor. NO production requires interleukin (IL)-12-mediated gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis as demonstrated by inhibition experiments using neutralizing anti-IL-12, anti-IFN-gamma, and anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies (MAb). We found that an activating anti-CD40 MAb also directly stimulates IFN-gamma-activated MPM to produce NO and thereby to control T. cruzi infection. To determine the in vivo relevance of these in vitro findings, mice were injected with 3T3-CD40L transfectants or 3T3 control fibroblasts at the time of T. cruzi inoculation. We observed that in vivo CD40 ligation dramatically reduced both parasitemia and the mortality rate of T. cruzi-infected mice. A reduced parasitemia was still observed when the injection of 3T3-CD40L transfectants was delayed 8 days postinfection. It was abolished by injection of anti-IL-12 MAb. Taken together, these data establish that CD40 ligation facilitates the control of T. cruzi infection through a cascade involving IL-12, IFN-gamma, and NO. (+info)A multi-epitope synthetic peptide and recombinant protein for the detection of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi in radioimmunoprecipitation-confirmed and consensus-positive sera. (7/1819)
Peptide epitopes of Trypanosoma cruzi have been identified through expression cloning. A tripeptide (2/D/E) containing three epitopes (TcD, TcE, PEP-2) was used in ELISA to detect antibodies to T. cruzi in 239 of 240 consensus-positive sera and 41 of 42 sera confirmed positive by radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The 1 discrepant consensus-positive serum was used to expression-clone a novel gene that contained a repeat sequence. A peptide corresponding to this sequence, TcLo1.2, was specific for T. cruzi. This antigen detected the discrepant consensus-positive serum and enhanced reactivity of low-positive sera in the tripeptide assay. A branched synthetic peptide, 2/D/E/Lo1.2, or a linear recombinant, r2/D/E/Lo1.2, realized all of the diagnostic features of the four epitopes, including the ability to boost reactivity of low-reactive sera. These studies show that peptides and recombinants containing multiple repeat epitopes are powerful tools for developing assays for T. cruzi antibody detection and have direct application in blood screening. (+info)Chagas' disease and the autoimmunity hypothesis. (8/1819)
The notion that the pathology of Chagas' disease has an autoimmune component was initially based on the finding of circulating antibodies binding heart tissue antigens in patients and mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Later, T lymphocytes reactive with heart or nerve tissue antigens were found in chagasic mice and patients, extending the concept to include cell-mediated immunity. However, there is disagreement about whether the observed immunologic autoreactivities are triggered by T. cruzi epitopes and then affect host tissue antigens by virtue of molecular mimicry or are elicited by host antigens exposed to lymphocytes after tissue damage caused by the parasite. There is also disagreement about the relevance of immunologic autoreactivities to the pathogenesis of Chagas' disease because of the lack of reproducibility of some key reports supporting the autoimmunity hypothesis, conflicting data from independent laboratories, conclusions invalidated by advances in our understanding of the immunologic mechanisms underlying cell lysis, and, last but not least, a lack of direct, incontrovertible evidence that cross-reacting antibodies or autoreactive cells mediate the typical pathologic changes associated with human Chagas' disease. The data and views backing and questioning the autoimmunity hypothesis for Chagas' disease are summarized in this review. (+info)Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan *Trypanosoma cruzi*. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the feces of triatomine bugs (also called "kissing bugs"), which defecate on the skin of people while they are sleeping. The disease can also be spread through contaminated food or drink, during blood transfusions, from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth, and through organ transplantation.
The acute phase of Chagas disease can cause symptoms such as fever, fatigue, body aches, headache, rash, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. However, many people do not experience any symptoms during the acute phase. After several weeks or months, most people enter the chronic phase of the disease, which can last for decades or even a lifetime. During this phase, many people do not have any symptoms, but about 20-30% of infected individuals will develop serious cardiac or digestive complications, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or difficulty swallowing.
Chagas disease is primarily found in Latin America, where it is estimated that around 6-7 million people are infected with the parasite. However, due to increased travel and migration, cases of Chagas disease have been reported in other parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Asia. There is no vaccine for Chagas disease, but medications are available to treat the infection during the acute phase and to manage symptoms during the chronic phase.
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis. It's transmitted to humans and other mammals through the feces of triatomine bugs, often called "kissing bugs." The parasite can also be spread through contaminated food, drink, or from mother to baby during pregnancy or birth.
The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi involves two main forms: the infective metacyclic trypomastigote that is found in the bug's feces and the replicative intracellular amastigote that resides within host cells. The metacyclic trypomastigotes enter the host through mucous membranes or skin lesions, where they invade various types of cells and differentiate into amastigotes. These amastigotes multiply by binary fission and then differentiate back into trypomastigotes, which are released into the bloodstream when the host cell ruptures. The circulating trypomastigotes can then infect other cells or be taken up by another triatomine bug during a blood meal, continuing the life cycle.
Clinical manifestations of Chagas disease range from an acute phase with non-specific symptoms like fever, swelling, and fatigue to a chronic phase characterized by cardiac and gastrointestinal complications, which can develop decades after the initial infection. Early detection and treatment of Chagas disease are crucial for preventing long-term health consequences.
Chagas cardiomyopathy is a specific type of heart disease that is caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is spread through the feces of infected triatomine bugs (also known as "kissing bugs"). The disease is named after Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite in 1909.
In Chagas cardiomyopathy, the infection can lead to inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), which can cause damage to the heart over time. This damage can lead to a range of complications, including:
* Dilated cardiomyopathy: This is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened and stretched, leading to an enlarged heart chamber and reduced pumping ability.
* Arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms that can cause symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and fainting.
* Heart failure: This is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid buildup in the body.
* Cardiac arrest: In severe cases, Chagas cardiomyopathy can lead to sudden cardiac arrest, which is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
Chagas cardiomyopathy is most commonly found in Latin America, where the parasite that causes the disease is endemic. However, due to increased travel and migration, cases of Chagas cardiomyopathy have been reported in other parts of the world, including the United States. Treatment for Chagas cardiomyopathy typically involves medications to manage symptoms and prevent further complications, as well as lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise modifications. In some cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery or implantable devices may be necessary to treat severe complications of the disease.
Triatoma is a genus of insects in the family Reduviidae, also known as "kissing bugs" or "conenose bugs." These insects are called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans around the mouth and face. They are found primarily in the Americas, ranging from the southern United States to Argentina.
Triatoma species are of medical importance because they can transmit a parasitic infection called Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) to humans through their feces. The parasite that causes Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is found in the bug's feces and can enter the human body through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.
Chagas disease can cause serious health problems, including heart damage and digestive system complications, if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to take precautions to prevent Triatoma bites and seek medical attention promptly if bitten by one of these insects.
Triatominae is a subfamily of insects in the family Reduviidae, also known as assassin bugs. Triatomines are commonly called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans near the mouth or eyes while they sleep. They are called this because of their habit of feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, and prefer to bite near the lips or eyes where the skin is thin.
Triatomines are vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan that causes Chagas disease, a potentially life-threatening illness endemic in the Americas. The transmission of T. cruzi to humans occurs when feces or urine from an infected triatomine is accidentally rubbed into the bite wound or mucous membranes, such as those found in the eyes or mouth.
Triatomines are typically nocturnal and hide during the day in crevices in walls, roofs, or beds. They are attracted to light and can be found near human dwellings, particularly in rural areas with poor housing conditions. Preventing triatomine infestations and reducing contact with these insects is an important part of Chagas disease prevention.
'Insect control' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it generally refers to the methods and practices used to manage or reduce the population of insects that can be harmful or disruptive to human health, food supply, or property. This can include various strategies such as chemical pesticides, biological control agents, habitat modification, and other integrated pest management techniques.
In medical terms, 'vector control' is a more relevant concept, which refers to the specific practices used to reduce or prevent the transmission of infectious diseases by insects and other arthropods that act as disease vectors (such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas). Vector control measures may include the use of insecticides, larvicides, biological control agents, environmental management, personal protection methods, and other integrated vector management strategies.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bolivia" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Plurinational State of Bolivia. If you have any questions related to geography, history, or culture, I would be happy to try and help with those. However, for medical advice or information, it's always best to consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Trypanocidal agents are a type of medication specifically used for the treatment and prevention of trypanosomiasis, which is a group of diseases caused by various species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. These agents work by killing or inhibiting the growth of the parasites in the human body.
There are two main types of human trypanosomiasis: African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, which is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; and American trypanosomiasis, also known as Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
Trypanocidal agents can be divided into two categories:
1. Drugs used to treat African trypanosomiasis: These include pentamidine, suramin, melarsoprol, and eflornithine. Pentamidine and suramin are used for the early stages of the disease, while melarsoprol and eflornithine are used for the later stages.
2. Drugs used to treat American trypanosomiasis: The main drug used for Chagas disease is benznidazole, which is effective in killing the parasites during the acute phase of the infection. Another drug, nifurtimox, can also be used, although it has more side effects than benznidazole.
It's important to note that trypanocidal agents have limited availability and are often associated with significant toxicity, making their use challenging in some settings. Therefore, prevention measures such as avoiding insect vectors and using vector control methods remain crucial in controlling the spread of these diseases.
"Rhodnius" is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a genus of true bugs in the family Reduviidae. These small, wingless insects are known as "bugs" and are commonly found in tropical regions of the Americas. They feed on plant sap and are also known to be vectors for certain diseases, such as Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. However, they are not typically associated with human medicine or medical conditions.
Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.
Nitroimidazoles are a class of antibiotic drugs that contain a nitro group (-NO2) attached to an imidazole ring. These medications have both antiprotozoal and antibacterial properties, making them effective against a range of anaerobic organisms, including bacteria and parasites. They work by being reduced within the organism, which leads to the formation of toxic radicals that interfere with DNA function and ultimately kill the microorganism.
Some common examples of nitroimidazoles include:
* Metronidazole: used for treating infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, such as bacterial vaginosis, amebiasis, giardiasis, and pseudomembranous colitis.
* Tinidazole: similar to metronidazole, it is used to treat various infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, including trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and amebiasis.
* Secnidazole: another medication in this class, used for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and amebiasis.
Nitroimidazoles are generally well-tolerated, but side effects can include gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Rare but serious side effects may include peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage) and central nervous system toxicity, particularly with high doses or long-term use. It is essential to follow the prescribed dosage and duration closely to minimize potential risks while ensuring effective treatment.
Nifurtimox is an antiprotozoal medication used in the treatment of acute and chronic stages of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It works by inhibiting the parasite's energy metabolism, ultimately leading to its death. Nifurtimox is often given orally in the form of tablets and its use is typically accompanied by close medical supervision due to potential side effects such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and neurological symptoms.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Latin America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical and cultural region that includes parts of North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean where Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and French) are predominantly spoken. The term does not have a specific medical relevance or definition.
Xenodiagnosis is a medical diagnostic technique whereby a parasite or other infectious agent is detected in an alternative host species that has been exposed to a patient's sample. This method is particularly useful in identifying the causative agents of certain diseases, especially those with obscure or unknown etiology, when traditional diagnostic methods have failed.
For example, in the case of Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted mainly through triatomine bugs (also known as "kissing bugs"), xenodiagnosis involves allowing uninfected bugs to feed on a patient's blood. After an incubation period, the bugs are examined for the presence of T. cruzi in their gut, which would confirm the patient's infection.
It is important to note that xenodiagnosis has limited use in modern medicine due to the development of more sensitive and specific diagnostic methods, such as PCR and serological tests. However, it can still be a valuable tool in certain research and clinical settings where traditional diagnostics may not be feasible or conclusive.
Megacolon is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal dilation and/or hypomotility (decreased ability to move) of the colon, resulting in a significantly enlarged colon. It can be congenital or acquired. Congenital megacolon, also known as Hirschsprung's disease, is present at birth and occurs due to the absence of ganglion cells in the distal portion of the colon. Acquired megacolon, on the other hand, can develop in adults due to various causes such as chronic constipation, neurological disorders, or certain medications.
In both cases, the affected individual may experience symptoms like severe constipation, abdominal distention, and fecal impaction. If left untreated, megacolon can lead to complications such as perforation of the colon, sepsis, and even death. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.
A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.
Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Argentina" is a country in South America and not a medical term or concept. The term "argyria" may be what you're looking for, which is a rare condition resulting from the accumulation of silver compounds in the body, causing the skin to turn blue-gray. However, Argentina and argyria are two distinct terms with different meanings.
Antibodies, protozoan, refer to the immune system's response to an infection caused by a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.
When the body is infected with a protozoan, the immune system responds by producing specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B-cell, and they recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the protozoan organism.
There are five main types of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each type of antibody has a different role in the immune response. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody and provides long-term immunity to previously encountered pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is important for activating the complement system, which helps to destroy the protozoan organism.
Overall, the production of antibodies against protozoan organisms is a critical part of the immune response and helps to protect the body from further infection.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Venezuela" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the southern portion of the Americas, which is a continent in the Western Hemisphere. South America is generally defined as including the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela, as well as the overseas departments and territories of French Guiana (France), and the Falkland Islands (UK).
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guatemala" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Central America. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "housing" is not a term that has a medical definition. In a general sense, housing refers to a place where someone lives, such as a house or apartment. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Paraguay" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in the central part of South America, bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Bolivia to the north and west, and Brazil to the east and northeast. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.
Central America is a geographical region that connects North America and South America. It is made up of seven countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. The eastern coast of Central America is bordered by the Caribbean Sea, while the western coast is bordered by the Pacific Ocean.
The region is characterized by its diverse geography, which includes lowland rainforests, volcanic mountain ranges, and coastal plains. It is also home to a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.
Culturally, Central America is a melting pot of indigenous, African, and European influences. The region has a rich history of Mayan civilization, as well as Spanish colonialism. Today, the countries of Central America have diverse economies, with agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism being major industries.
"Panstrongylus" is a genus of kissing bugs (triatomines), which are insects that feed on the blood of mammals, including humans. They are called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans around the mouth and eyes. The most well-known species in this genus is "Panstrongylus megistus," which is a vector for Chagas disease, a potentially life-threatening illness endemic to Central and South America.
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans through the feces of infected triatomines. The infection can lead to serious cardiac and gastrointestinal complications if left untreated.
It's important to note that while "Panstrongylus" species are vectors for Chagas disease, not all kissing bugs transmit the disease. Furthermore, Chagas disease is primarily a concern in endemic areas of Central and South America, and it's rare for travelers to contract the infection elsewhere.
In the field of medicine and particularly in forensic pathology, mummies are human or animal bodies that have been preserved naturally or intentionally after death, through processes such as desiccation (drying), freezing, or exposure to chemicals like salt or smoke. The study of mummies, known as mummy science or mummy studies, can provide valuable insights into various aspects including the biological characteristics, health conditions, dietary habits, and cultural practices of past civilizations.
An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.
Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.
Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.
I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is the specialized international health agency for the Americas. It is an integral part of the United Nations system and functions as the regional office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO). PAHO's mission is to promote equity in health, to combat disease, and to improve the quality of, and length of, life among the peoples of the Americas. It aims to provide technical cooperation and mobilize partnerships to help countries improve their health systems and services, with an emphasis on those most in need. The organization also works to strengthen national and local health institutions and mobilize partnerships for the implementation of effective public policies and actions to combat diseases and injuries.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mexico" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in North America. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.
Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.
These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Panama" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Central America, known for its famous canal and diverse wildlife. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help answer those!
A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Honduras" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Central America, bordered by Guatemala to the west, El Salvador to the southwest, Nicaragua to the southeast, and the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nymph" does not have a medical definition. In general, nymph is a term used in mythology to refer to a minor nature deity typically represented as an attractive maiden or beautiful young woman who animates nature and is often associated with various natural phenomena.
If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.
The kinetoplast is a unique structure found in the single, mitochondrion of certain protozoan parasites, including those of the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania. It consists of a network of circular DNA molecules that are highly concentrated and tightly packed. These DNA molecules contain genetic information necessary for the functioning of the unique mitochondrion in these organisms.
The kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) is organized into thousands of maxicircles and minicircles, which vary in size and number depending on the species. Maxicircles are similar to mammalian mitochondrial DNA and encode proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, while minicircles contain sequences that code for guide RNAs involved in the editing of maxicircle transcripts.
The kDNA undergoes dynamic rearrangements during the life cycle of these parasites, which involves different morphological and metabolic forms. The study of kDNA has provided valuable insights into the biology and evolution of these important pathogens and has contributed to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
There doesn't seem to be a specific medical definition for "DNA, protozoan" as it is simply a reference to the DNA found in protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals.
Protozoan DNA refers to the genetic material present in these organisms. It is composed of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contain the instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of the protozoan.
The DNA in protozoa, like in other organisms, is made up of two strands of nucleotides that coil together to form a double helix. The four nucleotide bases that make up protozoan DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with A always pairing with T and G always pairing with C.
The genetic information stored in protozoan DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nucleotide bases. This information is used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of the organism's cells. Protozoan DNA also contains other types of genetic material, such as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and repetitive elements with no known function.
Understanding the DNA of protozoa is important for studying their biology, evolution, and pathogenicity. It can help researchers develop new treatments for protozoan diseases and gain insights into the fundamental principles of genetics and cellular function.
Antiprotozoal agents are a type of medication used to treat protozoal infections, which are infections caused by microscopic single-celled organisms called protozoa. These agents work by either killing the protozoa or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. They can be administered through various routes, including oral, topical, and intravenous, depending on the type of infection and the severity of the illness.
Examples of antiprotozoal agents include:
* Metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide for treating infections caused by Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica.
* Atovaquone, clindamycin, and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum or other Plasmodium species.
* Pentamidine and suramin for treating African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense.
* Nitroimidazoles, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, for treating Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
* Sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin for treating leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania species.
Antiprotozoal agents can have side effects, ranging from mild to severe, depending on the drug and the individual patient's response. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking these medications and report any adverse reactions promptly.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Chile" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in South America, known for its long and narrow geography, diverse landscapes, and rich cultural heritage. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Food parasitology is not a commonly used term in medical or scientific communities. However, it generally refers to the study of parasites that are transmitted through food, including parasitic protozoa, helminths (worms), and arthropods (e.g., tapeworms, roundworms, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, etc.). Food parasitology involves understanding the life cycles, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these foodborne parasites. It is an important field within medical and veterinary parasitology, as well as food safety and public health.
Paleopathology is the study of ancient diseases and injuries as recorded in bones, mummies, and other archaeological remains. It is an interdisciplinary field that combines knowledge from pathology, epidemiology, anthropology, and archaeology to understand the health and disease patterns of past populations. The findings of paleopathology can provide valuable insights into the evolution of diseases, the effectiveness of ancient medical practices, and the impact of environmental and social factors on human health over time. Examples of conditions that may be studied in paleopathology include infectious diseases (such as tuberculosis or leprosy), nutritional deficiencies, trauma, cancer, and genetic disorders.
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of infectious diseases that primarily affect people living in poverty, in tropical and subtropical areas. These diseases are called "neglected" because they have been largely ignored by medical research and drug development, as well as by global health agencies and pharmaceutical companies.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 diseases as NTDs, including:
1. Buruli ulcer
2. Chagas disease
3. Dengue and chikungunya
4. Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
5. Echinococcosis
6. Endemic treponematoses
7. Foodborne trematodiases
8. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
9. Leishmaniasis
10. Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
11. Lymphatic filariasis
12. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
13. Rabies
14. Schistosomiasis
15. Soil-transmitted helminthiases
16. Snakebite envenoming
17. Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
18. Trachoma
19. Mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses
20. Yaws (Endemic treponematoses)
These diseases can lead to severe disfigurement, disability, and even death if left untreated. They affect more than 1 billion people worldwide, mainly in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. NTDs also have significant social and economic impacts, contributing to poverty, stigma, discrimination, and exclusion.
Efforts are underway to raise awareness and increase funding for research, prevention, and treatment of NTDs. The WHO has set targets for controlling or eliminating several NTDs by 2030, including dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, trachoma, and human African trypanosomiasis.
Pyrethrins are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum. They have been used for centuries as insecticides due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. Pyrethrins are composed of six esters, pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, and jasmolin I and II, which have different insecticidal properties but share a similar mode of action. They are commonly used in household insect sprays, pet shampoos, and agricultural applications to control a wide range of pests. However, pyrethrins can be toxic to fish and some beneficial insects, so they must be used with caution.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Peru" is not a medical term. It is a country located in South America, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and beautiful landscapes. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!
The "Americas" is a term used to refer to the combined landmasses of North America and South America, which are separated by the Isthmus of Panama. The Americas also include numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. This region is home to a diverse range of cultures, ecosystems, and historical sites. It is named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who was one of the first Europeans to explore and map parts of South America in the late 15th century.
Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.
Parasitic pregnancy complications refer to a rare condition where a parasitic twin takes over the development of the dominant twin's reproductive system and becomes pregnant. This condition is also known as fetus in fetu or vanishing twin syndrome with a parasitic twin. The parasitic twin may have some organs developed, but it is not fully formed and relies on the dominant twin for survival. The pregnancy can pose risks to the dominant twin, such as abnormal growth patterns, organ damage, and complications during childbirth. This condition is usually detected during prenatal ultrasound examinations.
I believe you are asking for a description or explanation of the indigenous peoples of South America, rather than a "medical definition." A medical definition would typically apply to a condition or disease. Here is some information about the indigenous peoples of South America:
The indigenous peoples of South America are the original inhabitants of the continent and its islands, who lived there before the European colonization. They include a wide variety of ethnic groups, languages, and cultures, with distinct histories and traditions. Many indigenous communities in South America have faced significant challenges, including displacement from their lands, marginalization, and discrimination.
According to estimates by the United Nations, there are approximately 45 million indigenous people in Latin America, of which about 30 million live in South America. They represent around 7% of the total population of South America. Indigenous peoples in South America can be found in all countries, with the largest populations in Bolivia (62%), Guatemala (41%), and Peru (25%).
Indigenous peoples in South America have a rich cultural heritage, including unique languages, arts, and spiritual practices. Many of these cultures are under threat due to globalization, urbanization, and the loss of traditional lands and resources. In recent years, there has been increased recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples in international law, including the right to self-determination, cultural heritage, and free, prior, and informed consent for projects that affect their territories. However, significant challenges remain, and many indigenous communities continue to face violence, discrimination, and poverty.
Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.
The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.
Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.
Parasitemia is a medical term that refers to the presence of parasites, particularly malaria-causing Plasmodium species, in the bloodstream. It is the condition where red blood cells are infected by these parasites, which can lead to various symptoms such as fever, chills, anemia, and organ damage in severe cases. The level of parasitemia is often used to assess the severity of malaria infection and to guide treatment decisions.
A Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay (RIA) is a highly sensitive laboratory technique used to measure the presence and concentration of specific antigens or antibodies in a sample. This technique combines the use of radioisotopes, immunochemistry, and precipitation reactions.
In an RIA, a known quantity of a radioactively labeled antigen (or hapten) is incubated with a sample containing an unknown amount of antibody (or vice versa). If the specific antigen-antibody pair is present in the sample, they will bind together to form an immune complex. This complex can then be selectively precipitated from the solution using a second antibody that recognizes and binds to the first antibody, thus forming an insoluble immune precipitate.
The amount of radioactivity present in the precipitate is directly proportional to the concentration of antigen or antibody in the sample. By comparing this value to a standard curve generated with known concentrations of antigen or antibody, the unknown concentration can be accurately determined. RIAs have been widely used in research and clinical settings for the quantification of various hormones, drugs, vitamins, and other biomolecules. However, due to safety concerns and regulatory restrictions associated with radioisotopes, non-radioactive alternatives like Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) have become more popular in recent years.
Ectoparasitic infestations refer to the invasion and multiplication of parasites, such as lice, fleas, ticks, or mites, on the outer surface of a host organism, typically causing irritation, itching, and other skin disorders. These parasites survive by feeding on the host's blood, skin cells, or other bodily substances, leading to various health issues if left untreated.
Ectoparasitic infestations can occur in humans as well as animals and may require medical intervention for proper diagnosis and treatment. Common symptoms include redness, rash, inflammation, and secondary bacterial or viral infections due to excessive scratching. Preventive measures such as personal hygiene, regular inspections, and avoiding contact with infested individuals or environments can help reduce the risk of ectoparasitic infestations.
Trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by various species of the protozoan genus Trypanosoma. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly (in African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness) or reduviid bug (in American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease). The parasites enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system, causing symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, skin lesions, and muscle pain. Untreated, it can lead to severe neurological complications and death in both forms of the disease. Prevention measures include avoiding insect bites, using insect repellents, and sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets.
There is no medical definition for "Protozoan Vaccines" as such because there are currently no licensed vaccines available for human protozoan diseases. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniasis.
Researchers have been working on developing vaccines against some of these diseases, but none have yet been approved for use in humans. Therefore, it is not possible to provide a medical definition for "Protozoan Vaccines" as a recognized category of vaccines.
I'm not sure what you're looking for with the term "Medical definition of 'El Salvador'" as El Salvador is a country and not a medical term. However, I can provide some general information about El Salvador and its healthcare system.
El Salvador is a country located in Central America, bordered by Guatemala to the west, Honduras to the north, and Nicaragua to the east. It has a population of approximately 6.5 million people. The official language is Spanish.
The healthcare system in El Salvador is composed of both public and private sectors. The Ministry of Health oversees the public sector, which includes hospitals, health centers, and clinics that provide free or low-cost services to the population. However, due to limited resources and infrastructure, many people seek care in the private sector, which can be expensive and often requires out-of-pocket payments.
El Salvador faces several challenges in its healthcare system, including high rates of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, as well as noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Access to healthcare services can also be limited, particularly in rural areas. The country has made efforts to improve its healthcare system, including the implementation of health reforms aimed at increasing access to care and improving the quality of services.
I hope this information is helpful! If you have any specific questions about El Salvador or its healthcare system, please let me know.
"Didelphis" is a genus of mammals that belongs to the family Didelphidae, which includes opossums. The name "Didelphis" itself is derived from the Greek words "di" meaning two and "delphys" meaning womb, referring to the fact that females of this genus have two separate uteri and two cervices.
The most common species in this genus is Didelphis virginiana, also known as the Virginia opossum or North American opossum. This nocturnal marsupial is native to North America and can be found in a variety of habitats ranging from forests to urban areas. It has a pointed snout, sharp teeth, and a prehensile tail that it uses for climbing and grasping objects.
Didelphis species are known for their adaptability and opportunistic feeding habits. They are omnivores that eat a wide range of foods, including fruits, insects, small mammals, birds, and reptiles. Females give birth to relatively undeveloped young that crawl into a pouch on the mother's belly and continue to develop there for several weeks before becoming independent.
Vertical transmission of infectious diseases refers to the spread of an infection from an infected mother to her offspring during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This mode of transmission can occur through several pathways:
1. Transplacental transmission: The infection crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus while it is still in the womb. Examples include HIV, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis.
2. Intrauterine infection: The mother's infection causes direct damage to the developing fetus or its surrounding tissues, leading to complications such as congenital defects. Examples include rubella and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
3. Perinatal transmission: This occurs during childbirth when the infant comes into contact with the mother's infected genital tract or bodily fluids. Examples include group B streptococcus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and hepatitis B.
4. Postnatal transmission: This occurs after birth, often through breastfeeding, when the infant ingests infected milk or comes into contact with the mother's contaminated bodily fluids. Examples include HIV and HTLV-I (human T-lymphotropic virus type I).
Vertical transmission is a significant concern in public health, as it can lead to severe complications, congenital disabilities, or even death in newborns. Preventive measures, such as prenatal screening, vaccination, and antimicrobial treatment, are crucial for reducing the risk of vertical transmission and ensuring better outcomes for both mothers and their offspring.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.
In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.
ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.
Euglenozoa is a group of unicellular organisms that includes both free-living and parasitic species. Two major parasitic groups within Euglenozoa are the kinetoplastids, which include organisms such as Trypanosoma and Leishmania, and the diplonemids.
Trypanosoma infections can cause diseases such as African sleeping sickness (also known as human African trypanosomiasis) and Chagas disease (also known as American trypanosomiasis), while Leishmania infections can cause various forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. These diseases are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected insect vectors, such as tsetse flies (in the case of African sleeping sickness) or sandflies (in the case of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease).
Diplonemid infections in humans have not been well-studied, and it is currently unclear whether these organisms are capable of causing disease in humans. However, diplonemids have been found to infect a wide range of marine and freshwater organisms, including fish, crustaceans, and other protists.
In general, euglenozoan infections can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific organism involved and the location of the infection within the body. Symptoms may include fever, swelling, skin lesions, anemia, and damage to various organs. Treatment for these infections typically involves the use of antiparasitic drugs, such as pentamidine, suramin, or benznidazole, although the specific treatment approach will depend on the organism involved and the severity of the infection.
Antigens are substances (usually proteins) found on the surface of cells, or viruses, that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. In the context of protozoa, antigens refer to the specific proteins or other molecules found on the surface of these single-celled organisms that can trigger an immune response in a host organism.
Protozoa are a group of microscopic eukaryotic organisms that include a diverse range of species, some of which can cause diseases in humans and animals. When a protozoan infects a host, the host's immune system recognizes the protozoan antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response involves the activation of various types of immune cells, such as T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and target the protozoan antigens.
Understanding the nature of protozoan antigens is important for developing vaccines and other immunotherapies to prevent or treat protozoan infections. For example, researchers have identified specific antigens on the surface of the malaria parasite that are recognized by the human immune system and have used this information to develop vaccine candidates. However, many protozoan infections remain difficult to prevent or treat, and further research is needed to identify new targets for vaccines and therapies.
Trypanosoma is a genus of flagellated protozoan parasites belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae. These microscopic single-celled organisms are known to cause various tropical diseases in humans and animals, including Chagas disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) and African sleeping sickness (caused by Trypanosoma brucei).
The life cycle of Trypanosoma involves alternating between an insect vector (like a tsetse fly or kissing bug) and a mammalian host. The parasites undergo complex morphological changes as they move through the different hosts and developmental stages, often exhibiting distinct forms in the insect vector compared to the mammalian host.
Trypanosoma species have an undulating membrane and a single flagellum that helps them move through their environment. They can be transmitted through various routes, including insect vectors, contaminated food or water, or congenital transmission from mother to offspring. The diseases caused by these parasites can lead to severe health complications and may even be fatal if left untreated.
An emigrant is a person who leaves their native country to live permanently in another country. The process of leaving one's country to settle in another is called emigration.
On the other hand, an immigrant is a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country. The process of coming to live permanently in a new country is called immigration.
So, the main difference between emigrants and immigrants lies in the perspective: emigrants are people leaving their own country, while immigrants are people entering a new country.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Colombia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Republic of Colombia. If you are looking for medical information related to Colombia or its healthcare system, I would be happy to try to help you with that.
An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.
Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.
Examples of acute diseases include:
* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.
Immunochromatography is a rapid and qualitative diagnostic assay that involves the use of immunological reagents, such as antibodies or antigens, to detect the presence or absence of a specific analyte in a sample. It is a type of chromatographic technique that utilizes the properties of antigen-antibody interactions for the detection and quantification of various analytes, including proteins, hormones, drugs, and infectious agents.
The assay typically involves the application of a sample to a porous membrane strip that contains immobilized antibodies or antigens at specific locations. As the sample migrates along the membrane by capillary action, it interacts with these reagents, leading to the formation of visible bands or lines that indicate the presence or absence of the target analyte.
One common type of immunochromatography is lateral flow assay (LFA), which is widely used in point-of-care testing for various applications, such as pregnancy tests, drug screening, and infectious disease diagnosis. LFAs are simple to use, do not require specialized equipment or technical expertise, and provide rapid results within a few minutes.
Overall, immunochromatography is a valuable tool in clinical diagnostics, providing a fast and reliable method for the detection of various analytes in a wide range of samples.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Ecuador" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in South America, officially known as the "República del Ecuador." If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.
In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.
Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.
It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.
Insect bites and stings refer to the penetration of the skin by insects, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, or bees, often resulting in localized symptoms including redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The reaction can vary depending on the individual's sensitivity and the type of insect. In some cases, systemic reactions like anaphylaxis may occur, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves relieving symptoms with topical creams, antihistamines, or in severe cases, epinephrine. Prevention measures include using insect repellent and protective clothing.
Parasitic sensitivity tests, also known as parasite drug susceptibility tests, refer to laboratory methods used to determine the effectiveness of specific antiparasitic medications against a particular parasitic infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which drugs are most likely to be effective in treating an individual's infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance or increased risk of side effects.
There are several types of parasitic sensitivity tests, including:
1. In vitro susceptibility testing: This involves culturing the parasite in a laboratory setting and exposing it to different concentrations of antiparasitic drugs. The growth or survival of the parasite is then observed and compared to a control group that was not exposed to the drug. This helps identify the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug, which is the lowest concentration required to prevent the growth of the parasite.
2. Molecular testing: This involves analyzing the genetic material of the parasite to detect specific mutations or gene variations that are associated with resistance to certain antiparasitic drugs. This type of testing can be performed using a variety of methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing.
3. Phenotypic testing: This involves observing the effects of antiparasitic drugs on the growth or survival of the parasite in a laboratory setting. For example, a parasite may be grown in a culture medium and then exposed to different concentrations of a drug. The growth of the parasite is then monitored over time to determine the drug's effectiveness.
Parasitic sensitivity tests are important for guiding the treatment of many parasitic infections, including malaria, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis. These tests can help healthcare providers choose the most effective antiparasitic drugs for their patients, reduce the risk of drug resistance, and improve treatment outcomes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Protozoan Proteins" is not a specific medical or scientific term. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, and proteins are large biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Therefore, "Protozoan Proteins" generally refers to the various types of proteins found in protozoa.
However, if you're looking for information about proteins specific to certain protozoan parasites with medical relevance (such as Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria), I would be happy to help! Please provide more context or specify the particular protozoan of interest.
Reduviidae is a family of insects in the order Hemiptera, also known as "assassin bugs." These insects are named for their long, narrow bodies and piercing-sucking mouthparts that they use to feed on other insects and sometimes small vertebrates. Some species of Reduviidae are known to be hematophagous (blood-feeding) and can transmit diseases to humans and animals, such as Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted through the feces of infected triatomine bugs. However, most species of Reduviidae are beneficial predators that help control pest insect populations in natural ecosystems.
Medical topography refers to the detailed description and mapping of the locations and relative positions of various anatomical structures, abnormalities, or lesions in the body. It is often used in the context of imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, where it helps to visualize and communicate the spatial relationships between different bodily features. Medical topography may also involve the use of physical examination, surgical exploration, or other diagnostic methods to gather information about the location and extent of medical conditions.
In summary, medical topography is a detailed mapping and description of the location and position of anatomical structures or pathological changes in the body.
A blood donor is a person who voluntarily gives their own blood or blood components to be used for the benefit of another person in need. The blood donation process involves collecting the donor's blood, testing it for infectious diseases, and then storing it until it is needed by a patient. There are several types of blood donations, including:
1. Whole blood donation: This is the most common type of blood donation, where a donor gives one unit (about 450-500 milliliters) of whole blood. The blood is then separated into its components (red cells, plasma, and platelets) for transfusion to patients with different needs.
2. Double red cell donation: In this type of donation, the donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates two units of red cells from the whole blood. The remaining plasma and platelets are returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 112 days.
3. Platelet donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates platelets from the whole blood. The red cells and plasma are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every seven days, up to 24 times a year.
4. Plasma donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates plasma from the whole blood. The red cells and platelets are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 28 days, up to 13 times a year.
Blood donors must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as being in good health, aged between 18 and 65 (in some countries, the upper age limit may vary), and weighing over 50 kg (110 lbs). Donors are also required to answer medical questionnaires and undergo a mini-physical examination before each donation. The frequency of blood donations varies depending on the type of donation and the donor's health status.
A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.
Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:
1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.
2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.
3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.
Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.
Emigration is the process of leaving one's country of origin or habitual residence to settle in another country. It involves giving up the rights and privileges associated with citizenship in the country of origin and acquiring new rights and responsibilities as a citizen or resident of the destination country. Emigrants are people who choose to leave their native land to live elsewhere, often driven by factors such as economic opportunities, political instability, or conflict.
Immigration, on the other hand, is the process of entering and settling in a new country with the intention of becoming a permanent resident or citizen. Immigrants are individuals who come from another country to live in a new place, often seeking better job opportunities, education, or quality of life. They must comply with the immigration laws and regulations of the host country and may be required to undergo medical examinations, background checks, and other screening processes before being granted permission to enter and reside in the country.
In summary, emigration refers to leaving one's home country, while immigration refers to entering and settling in a new country.
A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.
Cytochromes b are a group of electron transport proteins that contain a heme c group, which is the prosthetic group responsible for their redox activity. They play a crucial role in the electron transport chain (ETC) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.
The cytochromes b are part of Complex III, also known as the cytochrome bc1 complex or ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, in the ETC. In this complex, they function as electron carriers between ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome c, participating in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.
There are multiple isoforms of cytochromes b found in various organisms, with different numbers of subunits and structures. However, they all share a common function as essential components of the electron transport chain, facilitating the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration and energy production.
14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors are a class of antifungal medications that work by inhibiting the enzyme 14-alpha demethylase, which is essential for the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. By inhibiting this enzyme, the drugs disrupt the structure and function of the fungal cell membrane, leading to fungal cell death.
Examples of 14-alpha Demethylase Inhibitors include:
* Fluconazole (Diflucan)
* Itraconazole (Sporanox)
* Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
* Posaconazole (Noxafil)
* Voriconazole (Vfend)
These medications are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. However, they can also have significant drug-drug interactions and toxicities, so their use must be monitored closely by healthcare professionals.
Gordonia bacterium is a type of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that belongs to the family Gordoniaceae. These bacteria are typically found in soil, water, and clinical specimens such as respiratory secretions, wounds, and blood. They are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, and many species can produce colonies with a distinctive orange or pink color due to the production of pigments such as gordoniabactin.
Gordonia species are generally considered to be low-virulence organisms, but they have been associated with various types of infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections can include respiratory tract infections, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and skin and soft tissue infections.
Gordonia species are often resistant to many antibiotics, including beta-lactams, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. Therefore, identification of the specific Gordonia species and susceptibility testing are important for guiding appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
A protozoan genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls and have diverse morphology and nutrition modes. The genome of a protozoan includes all the genes that code for proteins, as well as non-coding DNA sequences that regulate gene expression and other cellular processes.
The size and complexity of protozoan genomes can vary widely depending on the species. Some protozoa have small genomes with only a few thousand genes, while others have larger genomes with tens of thousands of genes or more. The genome sequencing of various protozoan species has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, biology, and potential as model organisms for studying eukaryotic cellular processes.
It is worth noting that the study of protozoan genomics is still an active area of research, and new discoveries are continually being made about the genetic diversity and complexity of these fascinating microorganisms.
Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.
Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.
It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.
Mite infestations refer to the presence and multiplication of mites, which are tiny arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida, on or inside a host's body. This can occur in various sites such as the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract, depending on the specific mite species.
Skin infestations by mites, also known as dermatophilosis or mange, are common and may cause conditions like scabies (caused by Sarcoptes scabiei) or demodecosis (caused by Demodex spp.). These conditions can lead to symptoms such as itching, rash, and skin lesions.
Lung infestations by mites, although rare, can occur in people who work in close contact with mites, such as farmers or laboratory workers. This condition is called "mite lung" or "farmer's lung," which is often caused by exposure to high levels of dust containing mite feces and dead mites.
Gastrointestinal infestations by mites can occur in animals but are extremely rare in humans. The most common example is the intestinal roundworm, which belongs to the phylum Nematoda rather than Arachnida.
It's important to note that mite infestations can be treated with appropriate medical interventions and prevention measures.
Sterol 14-demethylase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of sterols, particularly ergosterol in fungi and cholesterol in animals. This enzyme is classified as a cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme and is located in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The function of sterol 14-demethylase is to remove methyl groups from the sterol molecule at the 14th position, which is a necessary step in the biosynthesis of ergosterol or cholesterol. Inhibition of this enzyme can disrupt the normal functioning of cell membranes and lead to various physiological changes, including impaired growth and development.
Sterol 14-demethylase inhibitors (SDIs) are a class of antifungal drugs that target this enzyme and are used to treat fungal infections. Examples of SDIs include fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole. These drugs work by binding to the heme group of the enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to the accumulation of toxic sterol intermediates and disruption of fungal cell membranes.
Tropical medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with health problems that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. These regions are typically characterized by hot and humid climates, and often have distinct ecological systems that can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases.
The field of tropical medicine encompasses a wide range of health issues, including:
1. Infectious diseases: Many tropical diseases are caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Some of the most common infectious diseases in the tropics include malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika virus, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, and Chagas disease.
2. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): A group of chronic infectious diseases that primarily affect poor and marginalized populations in the tropics. NTDs include diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leprosy, Buruli ulcer, and dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease).
3. Zoonotic diseases: Diseases that are transmitted between animals and humans, often through insect vectors or contaminated food and water. Examples of zoonotic diseases in the tropics include rabies, leptospirosis, and Rift Valley fever.
4. Environmental health issues: The tropical environment can pose unique health challenges, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, heat stress, and poor air quality. Tropical medicine also addresses these environmental health issues.
5. Travel medicine: As global travel increases, there is a growing need for medical professionals who are knowledgeable about the health risks associated with traveling to tropical destinations. Tropical medicine physicians often provide pre-travel consultations and post-travel evaluations for international travelers.
Overall, tropical medicine is an essential field that addresses the unique health challenges faced by populations living in or traveling to tropical and subtropical regions.
Chromosomes in insects are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, made up of DNA and proteins, found in the nucleus of a cell. In insects, like other eukaryotes, chromosomes come in pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. They are crucial for the inheritance, storage, and transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.
Insects typically have a diploid number of chromosomes (2n), which varies among species. The chromosomes are present in the cell's nucleus during interphase as loosely coiled structures called chromatin. During cell division, they condense and become visible under the microscope as distinct, X-shaped structures called metaphase chromosomes.
The insect chromosome set includes autosomal chromosomes, which are identical in appearance and function between males and females, and sex chromosomes, which differ between males and females. In many insects, the males have an XY sex chromosome constitution, while the females have an XX sex chromosome constitution. The sex chromosomes carry genes that determine the sex of the individual.
Insect chromosomes play a vital role in various biological processes, including development, reproduction, and evolution. They are also essential for genetic research and breeding programs in agriculture and medicine.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Hemagglutination tests are laboratory procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, typically in blood serum. These tests rely on the ability of certain substances, such as viruses or bacteria, to agglutinate (clump together) red blood cells.
In a hemagglutination test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of red blood cells that have been treated with a specific antigen. If the patient has antibodies against that antigen in their serum, they will bind to the antigens on the red blood cells and cause them to agglutinate. This clumping can be observed visually, indicating a positive test result.
Hemagglutination tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria that have hemagglutinating properties, such as influenza, parainfluenza, and HIV. They can also be used in blood typing and cross-matching before transfusions.
Defecation is the medical term for the act of passing stools (feces) through the anus. It is a normal bodily function that involves the contraction of muscles in the colon and anal sphincter to release waste from the body. Defecation is usually a regular and daily occurrence, with the frequency varying from person to person.
The stool is made up of undigested food, bacteria, and other waste products that are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus. The process of defecation is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.
Difficulties with defecation can occur due to various medical conditions, including constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. These conditions can cause symptoms such as hard or painful stools, straining during bowel movements, and a feeling of incomplete evacuation. If you are experiencing any problems with defecation, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.
Arecaceae is the scientific name for the family of plants that includes palm trees. It is a large and diverse family with over 2,600 known species, distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The plants in this family are characterized by their long, unbranched stems, which can be underground or aboveground, and their large, compound leaves that are arranged in a crown at the top of the stem.
The fruits of many Arecaceae species are also economically important, including coconuts, dates, and acai berries. In addition to their use as food sources, palm trees have many other uses, such as providing materials for construction, fiber for making ropes and baskets, and shade in tropical environments.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "population density" is actually a term used in population geography and epidemiology, rather than medical terminology. It refers to the number of people living in a specific area or region, usually measured as the number of people per square mile or square kilometer.
However, understanding population density can be important in public health and medicine because it can influence various factors related to health outcomes and healthcare delivery, such as:
1. Disease transmission rates: Higher population densities can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, particularly those that are transmitted through close contact between individuals.
2. Access to healthcare services: Areas with lower population density might have fewer healthcare resources and providers available, making it more challenging for residents to access necessary medical care.
3. Health disparities: Population density can contribute to health inequities, as urban areas often have better access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities than rural areas, leading to differences in health outcomes between these populations.
4. Environmental factors: Higher population densities might lead to increased pollution, noise, and other environmental hazards that can negatively impact health.
Therefore, while "population density" is not a medical definition per se, it remains an essential concept for understanding various public health and healthcare issues.
"Agelas" is a genus of demosponges, also known as marine sponges, that belong to the family Agelasidae. These sponges are commonly found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. They are known for their distinctive skeletal structures, which are made up of fused spicules (small, needle-like structures) that form a rigid framework. Some species of Agelas contain compounds with potential medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory and antiviral agents. However, there is no specific medical definition or use of the term "Agelas."
Domestic animals, also known as domestic animals or pets, are species that have been tamed and kept by humans for various purposes. These purposes can include companionship, work, protection, or food production. Some common examples of domestic animals include dogs, cats, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and chickens.
Domestic animals are distinguished from wild animals in that they are dependent on humans for their survival and are able to live in close proximity to people. They have often been selectively bred over generations to possess certain traits or characteristics that make them more suitable for their intended uses. For example, dogs may be bred for their size, strength, agility, or temperament, while cats may be bred for their coat patterns or behaviors.
It is important to note that the term "domestic animal" does not necessarily mean that an animal is tame or safe to handle. Some domestic animals, such as certain breeds of dogs, can be aggressive or dangerous if not properly trained and managed. It is always important to approach and handle any animal, domestic or wild, with caution and respect.
"Piper" is not a medical term. It is a genus of plants in the family Piperaceae, which includes black pepper and many other species. In some cases, "piper" may refer to piperazine, a class of medications used to treat various conditions such as intestinal worm infections and symptoms of mental disorders. However, it's not a commonly used medical term.
Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:
1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.
Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, which is the middle layer of the heart wall. The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart's pumping function. Myocarditis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, autoimmune diseases, toxins, and drugs.
In myocarditis, the inflammation can damage the cardiac muscle cells, leading to decreased heart function, arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms), and in severe cases, heart failure or even sudden death. Symptoms of myocarditis may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen.
The diagnosis of myocarditis is often based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications to support heart function, reduce inflammation, control arrhythmias, and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.
'Life cycle stages' is a term used in the context of public health and medicine to describe the different stages that an organism goes through during its lifetime. This concept is particularly important in the field of epidemiology, where understanding the life cycle stages of infectious agents (such as bacteria, viruses, parasites) can help inform strategies for disease prevention and control.
The life cycle stages of an infectious agent may include various forms such as spores, cysts, trophozoites, schizonts, or vectors, among others, depending on the specific organism. Each stage may have different characteristics, such as resistance to environmental factors, susceptibility to drugs, and ability to transmit infection.
For example, the life cycle stages of the malaria parasite include sporozoites (the infective form transmitted by mosquitoes), merozoites (the form that infects red blood cells), trophozoites (the feeding stage inside red blood cells), schizonts (the replicating stage inside red blood cells), and gametocytes (the sexual stage that can be taken up by mosquitoes to continue the life cycle).
Understanding the life cycle stages of an infectious agent is critical for developing effective interventions, such as vaccines, drugs, or other control measures. For example, targeting a specific life cycle stage with a drug may prevent transmission or reduce the severity of disease. Similarly, designing a vaccine to elicit immunity against a particular life cycle stage may provide protection against infection or disease.
Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their behavior, classification, and evolution. It is a branch of zoology that deals with the systematic study of insects and their relationship with humans, animals, and the environment. Entomologists may specialize in various areas such as medical entomology, agricultural entomology, or forensic entomology, among others. Medical entomology focuses on the study of insects that can transmit diseases to humans and animals, while agricultural entomology deals with insects that affect crops and livestock. Forensic entomology involves using insects found in crime scenes to help determine the time of death or other relevant information for legal investigations.
"Rodentia" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to the largest order of mammals, comprising over 40% of all mammal species. Commonly known as rodents, this group includes mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, squirrels, prairie dogs, capybaras, beavers, and many others.
While "Rodentia" itself is not a medical term, certain conditions or issues related to rodents can have medical implications. For instance, rodents are known to carry and transmit various diseases that can affect humans, such as hantavirus, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV). Therefore, understanding the biology and behavior of rodents is important in the context of public health and preventive medicine.
Antiparasitic agents are a type of medication used to treat parasitic infections. These agents include a wide range of drugs that work to destroy, inhibit the growth of, or otherwise eliminate parasites from the body. Parasites are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive nutrients at the host's expense.
Antiparasitic agents can be divided into several categories based on the type of parasite they target. Some examples include:
* Antimalarial agents: These drugs are used to treat and prevent malaria, which is caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
* Antiprotozoal agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases such as giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, and sleeping sickness.
* Antihelminthic agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by helminths, which are parasitic worms that can infect various organs of the body, including the intestines, lungs, and skin. Examples include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes.
Antiparasitic agents work in different ways to target parasites. Some disrupt the parasite's metabolism or interfere with its ability to reproduce. Others damage the parasite's membrane or exoskeleton, leading to its death. The specific mechanism of action depends on the type of antiparasitic agent and the parasite it is targeting.
It is important to note that while antiparasitic agents can be effective in treating parasitic infections, they can also have side effects and potential risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any antiparasitic medication to ensure safe and appropriate use.
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a medical procedure that records the electrical activity of the heart. It provides a graphic representation of the electrical changes that occur during each heartbeat. The resulting tracing, called an electrocardiogram, can reveal information about the heart's rate and rhythm, as well as any damage to its cells or abnormalities in its conduction system.
During an ECG, small electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes detect the electrical signals produced by the heart and transmit them to a machine that amplifies and records them. The procedure is non-invasive, painless, and quick, usually taking only a few minutes.
ECGs are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions, including arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and electrolyte imbalances. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain medications or treatments.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Spain" is not a medical term. It is a country located in southwestern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terms or topics, I would be happy to help answer them.
Mandatory testing refers to the practice of requiring individuals to undergo medical testing, typically for infectious diseases, as a condition for certain activities or privileges. This can include testing before starting a new job, entering school, receiving medical treatment, or participating in group activities. The purpose of mandatory testing is to protect public health by identifying and isolating infected individuals to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to note that mandatory testing must be implemented in accordance with legal and ethical guidelines to ensure individual rights and privacy are respected.
I apologize, but "Costa Rica" is not a medical term or concept. Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, known for its rich biodiversity and progressive environmental policies. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.
While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.
Parasitology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, their life cycles, the relationship between parasites and their hosts, the transmission of parasitic diseases, and the development of methods for their control and elimination. It involves understanding various types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can infect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitologists also study the evolution, genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of parasites to develop effective strategies for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Parasitic diseases are infections or illnesses caused by parasites, which are organisms that live and feed on host organisms, often causing harm. Parasites can be protozoans (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), or ectoparasites (ticks, mites, fleas). These diseases can affect various body systems and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of parasite and the location of infection. They are typically spread through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with an infected host or contaminated environment. Examples of parasitic diseases include malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, ascariasis, and leishmaniasis.
I'm not a medical professional, but the term "History, Ancient" is not a medical term per se. However, in a broader context, it could refer to the study of ancient medical practices, theories, and beliefs that existed in civilizations prior to the Middle Ages or Classical Antiquity. This might include the examination of ancient texts, artifacts, and archaeological evidence to understand how illnesses were treated and viewed in these historical periods. It forms an essential part of the evolution of medical knowledge and practices over time.
Esophageal achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. In this condition, the muscles at the lower end of the esophagus fail to relax properly during swallowing, making it difficult for food and liquids to pass into the stomach. This results in symptoms such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitation of food, chest pain, and weight loss. The cause of esophageal achalasia is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to damage to the nerves that control the muscles of the esophagus. Treatment options include medications to relax the lower esophageal sphincter, botulinum toxin injections, and surgical procedures such as laparoscopic Heller myotomy or peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM).
Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases caused by the protozoan parasites of the Leishmania species, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease presents with a variety of clinical manifestations, depending upon the Leishmania species involved and the host's immune response.
There are three main forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar. CL typically presents with skin ulcers, while MCL is characterized by the destruction of mucous membranes in the nose, mouth, and throat. VL, the most severe form, affects internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, causing symptoms like fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlarged liver and spleen.
Leishmaniasis is prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Asia, Africa, South America, and southern Europe. The prevention strategies include using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and improving housing conditions to minimize exposure to sandflies. Effective treatment options are available for leishmaniasis, depending on the form and severity of the disease, geographical location, and the Leishmania species involved.
Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.
The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.
Examples of animal disease models include:
1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.
Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
Genes in protozoa refer to the hereditary units of these single-celled organisms that carry genetic information necessary for their growth, development, and reproduction. These genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules, which contain sequences of nucleotide bases that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Protozoan genes are responsible for various functions, such as metabolism, response to environmental stimuli, and reproduction.
It is important to note that the study of protozoan genes has contributed significantly to our understanding of genetics and evolution, particularly in areas such as molecular biology, cell biology, and genomics. However, there is still much to be learned about the genetic diversity and complexity of these organisms, which continue to be an active area of research.
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.
* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.
In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.
It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.
Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.
If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Phylogeography is not a medical term, but rather a subfield of biogeography and phylogenetics that investigates the spatial distribution of genealogical lineages and the historical processes that have shaped them. It uses genetic data to infer the geographic origins, dispersal routes, and demographic history of organisms, including pathogens and vectors that can affect human health.
In medical and public health contexts, phylogeography is often used to study the spread of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, or tuberculosis, by analyzing the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of pathogen isolates. This information can help researchers understand how diseases emerge, evolve, and move across populations and landscapes, which can inform disease surveillance, control, and prevention strategies.
Chagas disease
World Chagas Disease Day
Carlos Chagas
Triatoma sordida
Nifurtimox
Benznidazole
Paleotriatoma
Constipation
Oxidosqualene cyclase
Disease vector
Reduviidae
Evandro Chagas
Triatoma indictiva
Charles Darwin
Triatoma infestans
Eradication of infectious diseases
Sylvatic cycle
María Cecilia Rodríguez
Neglected tropical diseases
Cavernicola (insect)
Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini
Triatoma gerstaeckeri
Pseudocyst
Sahotra Sarkar
Trypanosoma
Panstrongylus megistus
Hugo Sigman
Cracked nipple
Nota praevia (term)
Megacolon
Trypanosomiasis, American / Chagas Disease | CDC Yellow Book 2024
CDC - Chagas Disease - Resources for Health Professionals
Chagas Disease: MedlinePlus
Chagas disease - Wikipedia
CDC - Chagas Disease - General Information - Vector Information
Chagas' disease Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) Medication: Antiprotozoal agents
World Chagas Disease Day
Chagas Disease Serological Test Performance in U.S. Blood Donor Specimens
New Multiplex qPCR Assay May Enable Better Chagas Disease Monitoring | GenomeWeb
Chagas Disease - CVD Roadmaps
World Chagas Disease Day Seminar 2023 | DNDi
Kissing Bugs and Chagas Disease | Poison Control
WHF IASC roadmap on Chagas disease | DNDi
Chagas Disease: Disease Bioinformatics: Novus Biologicals
Canadians Face a Potential Health Risk Due to the Chagas Disease
Virtual Commemoration: World Chagas Disease Day (In Spanish) - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
Chagas disease Information | Mount Sinai - New York
Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Husband and wife want to fight Chagas disease - SDU
Control of Pyrethroid-Resistant Chagas Disease Vectors with Entomopathogenic Fungi | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Effect of parasympathetic impairment on the haemodynamic response to handgrip in Chagas's heart disease. | Heart
Think Ebola Is Bad? Chagas, The 'Kissing Bug' Disease, Is Much Worse And Often Symptomless
Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Benznidazole in Pediatric Chagas Disease Suggests Efficacy despite Lower Plasma...
SciELO - Brazil - Chronic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori in digestive form of Chagas' disease Chronic gastritis and...
Prevalence of Chagas Disease and Associated Factors in an Endemic Area of Northeastern Argentina in: The American Journal of...
Key Role for Enzyme in Chagas Disease Response | Technology Networks
Chagas Disease: An Important Cause of Megaesophagus in Latin America | Archivos de Bronconeumología
New WHF Roadmap Designed to Help Break the Silence on Chagas Disease - American College of Cardiology
Browsing by Subject "Chagas disease"
Trypanosoma29
- Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi . (cdc.gov)
- About 20 to 30% of people with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection eventually develop clinical disease, predominantly cardiac. (cdc.gov)
- Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. (wikipedia.org)
- Triatomine bugs are a type of reduviid bug that can carry Trypanosoma cruzi , the parasite that causes Chagas disease. (cdc.gov)
- Can I get Trypanosoma cruzi , the parasite that causes Chagas disease, from a triatomine bug? (cdc.gov)
- an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, occurring chiefly in tropical America and characterized by irregular fever, palpable lymph nodes, and often heart damage. (dictionary.com)
- The genome sequence of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiologic agent of Chagas disease. (medscape.com)
- NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - About eight million people worldwide are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi , the parasite that causes Chagas disease, but research into epidemiology and treatment of this neglected tropical disease has been hampered by the lack of ideal molecular tests. (genomeweb.com)
- Kissing bugs carry a parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi , which causes Chagas disease. (poison.org)
- Chagas disease is caused by a parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mostly found in Latin America and, occasionally, in southern parts of the United States. (medindia.net)
- Trypanosoma species (American trypanosomiasis, Chagas' disease): biology of trypanosomes. (mountsinai.org)
- Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi . (medscape.com)
- This mechanism of transmission contrasts with that of the two subspecies of African trypanosomes that cause human disease, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , which are transmitted via the saliva of their vectors, and with the mechanism by which a nonpathogenic trypanosome found in the Americas, Trypanosoma rangeli , is transmitted to its mammalian hosts. (medscape.com)
- In an article published recently in the journal Nature Communications, researchers affiliated with the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil describe the central role played by an enzyme called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) in regulating the immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. (technologynetworks.com)
- First discovered by Carlos Chagas more than 100 years ago, Chagas disease is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. (acc.org)
- Altered Cardiomyocyte Function and Trypanosoma cruzi Persistence in Chagas Disease. (fiocruz.br)
- Chagas disease (Chagas), a vector-borne infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , is endemic to Central and South America. (bu.edu)
- Trypanosoma cruzi infection results in debilitating cardiomyopathy, which is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the endemic regions of Chagas disease (CD). (preprints.org)
- Since 2015, Beatty has dedicated his research program to the study of Chagas, a little-known illness caused by a microscopic parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi , passed primarily via the feces of infected kissing bugs. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- The new drug works by targeting the parasite that causes the disease, Trypanosoma cruzi , also known as T. cruzi . (drugtargetreview.com)
- Ramírez JD, Guhl F, Rendón LM, Rosas F, Marin-Neto JA, Morillo CA. Chagas cardiomyopathy manifestations and Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes circulating in chronic Chagasic patients. (medscape.com)
- Chagas disease is an infection caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi , which is transmitted by the bite of a kissing bug (also called an assassin or Triatominae bug). (msdmanuals.com)
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted by blood sucking triatomine insects, also known as "kissing" bugs for their habit of feeding on people's faces while they sleep. (medscape.com)
- Chagas disease (or American trypanosomiasis) is a parasitosis caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi , an hematophagous vector, the triatominae (or kissing bug), and humans. (ldbiodiagnostics.com)
- Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and can affect both cats and dogs. (michelleatyourservice.com)
- If a person is bitten by a triatomine bug, in addition to causing general discomfort, the concern is that these bugs can carry Trypanosoma cruzi , the parasite that causes Chagas disease. (aol.com)
- Also referred to as American trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease is an inflammatory, infectious disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , which can be present in kissing bugs. (aol.com)
- Chagas disease is cased by the parastie Trypanosoma Cruzi and is spread by infected triatomine bugs. (cdc.gov)
- Chagas is a potentially life-threatening illness that is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi . (meridianbioscience.com)
Latin America16
- In the United States, Chagas disease is primarily a disease of immigrants from endemic areas of Latin America. (cdc.gov)
- Chagas disease is common in Latin America, especially in poor, rural areas. (medlineplus.gov)
- In areas of Latin America where human Chagas disease is an important public health problem, the bugs nest in cracks and holes of substandard housing. (cdc.gov)
- First discovered more than 100 years ago, the disease continues to affect more than seven million people worldwide and is one of the most prevalent public health problems in Latin America. (world-heart-federation.org)
- Most cases of Chagas disease occur in Latin America. (poison.org)
- Chagas disease (named after Dr. Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano Chagas, the Brazilian physician who first described it in 1909) is most common in Latin America, where approximately 8-10 million people are infected and where the disease is a major public health problem. (poison.org)
- According to the authors, molecules capable of modulating the cellular signaling pathway mediated by this enzyme may in future be tested as a treatment for Chagas disease, which affects some 7 million people in Latin America - 2 million-3 million in Brazil alone. (technologynetworks.com)
- Chagas disease remains a profound public health issue in Latin America and increasingly on a global scale," said WHF President Karen Sliwa, MD, PhD, FACC . (acc.org)
- Although Chagas disease occurs principally in the continental part of Latin America, in the past decades it has been increasingly detected in the U.S., Canada, many countries in Europe and some countries in the Western Pacific. (acc.org)
- In parts of Latin America, Chagas disease is the most common cause of heart failure in the absence of coronary artery disease. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- Current epidemiological trends for Chagas disease in Latin America and future challenges in epidemiology, surveillance and health policy. (medscape.com)
- Chagas disease is mostly present in Latin America, where it is endemic, but it tends to spread in North America and Europe with the increasing migratory flux and climate changes. (ldbiodiagnostics.com)
- Webinar in commemoration of World Chagas Disease Day, organized by the Center for Research for Health in Latin America (CISeAL), in collaboration with the Vice Presidency of the Republic of Ecuador, the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), the Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute at Ohio University (ITDIOU), and also with our coordinator in the Chagas Global Coalition. (coalicionchagas.org)
- This is critical for the control and elimination of the disease that affects about 6 million people worldwide, mostly in poor households of Latin America. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
- The disease is predominately found in Latin America and mostly spreads by insects called triatomine bugs. (meridianbioscience.com)
- Universal screening of blood banks for Chagas is carried out in most Western and European countries and the screening of women of child-bearing age is essential in Latin America. (meridianbioscience.com)
Dilated cardiomyopathy2
- Cardiac disease usually begins with conduction abnormalities such as right bundle branch block and/or left anterior fascicular block, which may be followed years later by dilated cardiomyopathy. (cdc.gov)
- As the disease progresses, the heart's ventricles become enlarged (dilated cardiomyopathy), which reduces its ability to pump blood. (wikipedia.org)
Enfermedad de Chagas1
- Enfermedad de Chagas : aportes del Programa Nacional de Investigaci'on en Enfermedades Endémicas, 1979-1983. (who.int)
Causes Chagas disease1
- What causes Chagas disease? (medlineplus.gov)
American Trypanosomiasis5
- Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is an illness that can cause serious heart and stomach problems. (medlineplus.gov)
- Triatomid, the kissing bug, can carry Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis). (mountsinai.org)
- Engineer Mads Høi Rasmussen and doctor Signe Høi Rasmussen, are travelling to Bolivia to learn more about the mysterious and deadly Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis. (sdu.dk)
- Prevalence of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) among dogs in Oklahoma. (medscape.com)
- Applied medical geography : American trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease / by Alfonso Torress. (who.int)
Cases of Chagas disease2
- In the US, there are an estimated 300,000 cases of Chagas disease but access to care is limited, according to one recent study . (genomeweb.com)
- What we want to do is unearth undiagnosed cases of Chagas disease," Beatty said. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
Treatment For Chagas Disease1
- Researchers from the University of Georgia, US have discovered a potential treatment for Chagas disease, marking the first medication with promise to successfully and safely target the parasitic infection in more than 50 years. (drugtargetreview.com)
Cruzi9
- Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
- There is a general consensus in favor of antiparasitic treatment for all cases of acute or reactivated Chagas disease, for chronic T cruzi infection of children up to age 18 years, and for all women of child‑bearing age. (medscape.com)
- The protozoa T. cruzi can be classed into six "discrete typing units," or DTUs, based on three nuclear loci, and DTUs are differentially distributed in endemic areas, Alejandro Schijman, a researcher at El Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular inBuenos Aires, told GenomeWeb in an email. (genomeweb.com)
- The organism T cruzi and infection in humans were first described in 1909 by the Brazilian physician Carlos RJ Chagas. (medscape.com)
- A minority of persons with long-standing T cruzi infection develop the serious cardiac and gastrointestinal problems that characterize chronic symptomatic Chagas disease. (medscape.com)
- Transmitted by insects known as triatomine or kissing bugs (mainly Triatoma infestans in South America), as well as by transfusions of blood from donors with Chagas disease and by the ingestion of contaminated food, T. cruzi stays with the patient for life. (technologynetworks.com)
- Florida, home to both the kissing bug and T. cruzi , is thought to have the third-highest number of people living with chronic Chagas, behind California and Texas. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- As part of a three-year investigation, Beatty and UF/IFAS collaborators Samantha Wisely, Nathan Burkett-Cadena and John Diaz, as well as Colin Forsyth from the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative and Eva Novakova from the University of South Bohemia, have been working with urgency to track and diagnose the disease in Florida and investigate the ways in which T. cruzi spreads. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- Transmission of T. cruzi infection via liver transplantation to a nonreactive recipient for Chagas' disease. (medscape.com)
Acute11
- Chagas disease occurs in two stages: an acute stage, which develops one to two weeks after the insect bite, and a chronic stage, which develops over many years. (wikipedia.org)
- In rare cases (less than 1-5%), infected individuals develop severe acute disease, which can involve inflammation of the heart muscle, fluid accumulation around the heart, and inflammation of the brain and surrounding tissues, and may be life-threatening. (wikipedia.org)
- In the study, the new typing protocol characterized all DTUs from patients with acute Chagas infection in total agreement with conventional PCR techniques. (genomeweb.com)
- Chagas Disease is most common in children and starts in an acute stage. (novusbio.com)
- When in the acute stage, Chagas Disease can be treated with medications that focus on killing the parasite. (novusbio.com)
- After the acute phase, the disease goes into remission. (mountsinai.org)
- The acute phase of reactivated Chagas disease should be treated. (mountsinai.org)
- Drawing on the expertise of Chagas expert clinicians, researchers, implementation science experts and patients, it sets out recommendations for screening, diagnosis and treatment of both acute and chronic Chagas cases, while also recommending appropriate health system interventions to tackle the disease. (acc.org)
- Chagas disease usually has two clinical phases, acute and chronic. (ldbiodiagnostics.com)
- Benznidazole is highly effective at treating the disease in its acute stages, but its side effects, ranging from skin rashes to peripheral neuropathy, discourage patients from agreeing to the treatment. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
- Detection during the acute phase is by microscopy or PCR, however, as Chagas does not typically present any symptoms until the later stages of the disease, the most common tests are serological assays which detect the presence of IgM or IgG antibodies to the parasite. (meridianbioscience.com)
Treat Chagas disease2
Leishmaniasis1
- It has also been shown to control sandflies and T. infestans which are known to transmit leishmaniasis and Chagas disease respectively. (who.int)
Diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease1
- At present we are working on a kit prototype for molecular diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease using a similar PCR approach in the context of a private-public consortium financed by the [Argentina] National Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, but have not initiated actions towards the development of a kit for DTU typing," said Shijman. (genomeweb.com)
World Health Organ1
- World Health Organization claims, in this second anniversary, for equitable health access and services to those affected by the disease. (tghn.org)
Vectors4
- Samples from Chagas patients, animal reservoirs, and insect vectors came from about a dozen of the 21 endemic countries in the Americas as well as a number of European research labs. (genomeweb.com)
- Like ticks , mosquitoes , and fleas , kissing bugs are important vectors of disease. (poison.org)
- Lent H, Wygodzinsky P. Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), and their significance as vectors of Chagas' disease. (medscape.com)
- Despite their charming sobriquet, kissing bugs are the vectors of Chagas disease, one of many NTDs re-emerging in Venezuela due to its ongoing healthcare crisis. (biomedcentral.com)
Carlos Chagas4
- The disease was first described in 1909 by Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, after whom it is named. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the Casa de Oswaldo Cruz Researcher and Carlos Chagas expert, Simone Kropf, the recognition of this day is important for two important reasons: the rigorous Brazilian scientific work and a reminder for neglected diseases. (tghn.org)
- This story started back in 1907 when the young Md Carlos Chagas arrived at a small city called Lassance, in the state of Minas Gerais. (tghn.org)
- Carlos Chagas could name and describe it. (tghn.org)
Infection8
- The study reports on a family case of transmissions from mother to unborn children, raising questions over prevention and diagnosis of Chagas disease in Canada, where thousands of individuals live with potentially undetected infection. (medindia.net)
- Without access to resources, patients will continue to manifest the chronic disease state and may die from this infection without ever knowing they had this disease. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- People with a chronic infection should be under the care of a physician to help manage this disease before it becomes potentially fatal. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- Signs and symptoms of the disease may show up years after the initial infection, and include severe damage to the heart or gastrointestinal system . (biomedcentral.com)
- Fortunately, measures to control the spread of infection are reducing the number of Chagas cases. (msdmanuals.com)
- We've actually had a long history of Chagas in the state of Texas and in the United States," said Garcia, adding that the first case of locally acquired infection dates back to 1955. (medscape.com)
- The disease is curable if treatment is initiated soon after infection, however, chronic disease can cause long-term cardiac, digestive, or neurological complications. (meridianbioscience.com)
- Toxocariasis is a human disease caused by infection with the larval stages of the dog or cat roundworm. (cdc.gov)
Benznidazole3
- Early infections are treatable with the medications benznidazole or nifurtimox, which usually cure the disease if given shortly after the person is infected, but become less effective the longer a person has had Chagas disease. (wikipedia.org)
- But the CDC provided only 422 courses of benznidazole or nifurtimox used to treat Chagas during this period. (medscape.com)
- Direct evidence gap on fixed versus adjusted-dose benznidazole for adults with chronic Chagas disease without cardiomyopathy: Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. (bvsalud.org)
Central America2
- It is estimated that 6.5 million people, mostly in Mexico, Central America and South America, have Chagas disease as of 2019, resulting in approximately 9,490 annual deaths. (wikipedia.org)
- The disease is common in South and Central America. (mountsinai.org)
Triatomine bugs3
- Chagas disease is usually spread by triatomine bugs but can also be spread by an infected mother to her unborn baby. (cdc.gov)
- The method also gave positive results in a high percentage of direct samples and culture isolates from the most common Chagas insect vector, triatomine bugs, as well as samples from mammalian reservoirs like raccoons, opossums, and dogs. (genomeweb.com)
- While it's unclear how many triatomine bugs in the United States may carry the Chagas parasite, a pilot study conducted by the Baylor team may shed some light on the issue. (medscape.com)
Burden of Chagas disease2
- The burden of Chagas disease in Southern Texas is 23 times higher than previously estimated, revealed a new study. (medindia.net)
- The World Heart Federation (WHF) has released a new roadmap aimed at reducing the global burden of Chagas disease, a Neglected Tropical Disease that can cause irreversible damage to the heart and other vital organs. (acc.org)
Positive for Chagas disease2
- Soon after the mother received a positive diagnosis, three of her four adult children - two sisters and one brother, born in Canada but with family in South America - also tested positive for Chagas disease. (medindia.net)
- A separate study reported at the conference shows that most people who test positive for Chagas disease go untreated. (medscape.com)
DNDi6
- This event, co-organized by the Brazilian Embassy, San Diego State University, the University of California-San Diego, and DNDi, aims to highlight advances and remaining challenges for Chagas disease and the many people it impacts throughout the world. (dndi.org)
- This event, co-organized by the Brazilian Embassy, San Diego State University, the University of California-San Diego, and the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative ( DNDi ) , will highlight advances and remaining challenges for Chagas disease and the many people it impacts throughout the world. (coalicionchagas.org)
- The trials, carried out at three Bolivian health centers and led by the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), found that a two-week treatment was just as effective in treating the disease as the conventional eight-week course of treatment for Chagas, with treatment succeeding for about 80 percent of patients, according to a DNDi press release issued yesterday. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
- DNDi partnered in the study with the Fundacion Ciencia y Estudios Aplicados para el Desarrollo en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CEADES Foundation) in Bolivia, the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), as well as other pharmaceutical industry and local partners. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
- This major step forward for Chagas disease treatment is part of a DNDi effort to make the disease much less debilitating for future patients. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
- DNDi will now continue to work with national programmes, partners and ministries of health of endemic countries to confirm these results and encourage necessary steps to register the new regimen and turn this breakthrough discovery into a reality for people affected by the disease," Sergio Sosa Estani, head of the Chagas Clinical Programme at DNDi, said in the press release. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
Include Chagas disease1
- Her main areas of interest include Chagas disease, global health, public health policy, and neglected diseases. (uth.edu)
Eradicate Chagas disease2
PLoS Neglected Tropical2
- In the study published last week in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases , Shijman and his collaborators described a multiplex, TaqMan probe-based, real-time PCR assay for the six DTUs. (genomeweb.com)
- PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases is the top Open Access tropical medicine journal, featuring an International Editorial Board and increased support for developing country authors. (plos.org)
South America2
- Chagas disease affects people in Mexico and Central and South America, mainly in rural areas where poverty is widespread. (msdmanuals.com)
- Traditionally, when physicians think of Chagas disease they think of someone from Latin or South America. (medscape.com)
Symptoms10
- What are the symptoms of Chagas disease? (medlineplus.gov)
- After four to eight weeks, untreated individuals enter the chronic phase of disease, which in most cases does not result in further symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- When used in chronic disease, medication may delay or prevent the development of end-stage symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- When present, the symptoms are typically minor and not specific to any particular disease. (wikipedia.org)
- The symptoms of chronic Chagas Disease are irregular heartbeat, congestive heart failure, and difficulty swallowing. (novusbio.com)
- During the chronic stage, it cannot be treated with medications, but the symptoms of Chagas disease can be treated by targeting that specific problem. (novusbio.com)
- We want to collect blood tests and heart scans to understand the disease better, because we will never find a cure, if we don't know the symptoms, Mads Høi Rasmussen points out. (sdu.dk)
- Chagas disease can be a silent killer: Symptoms may take decades to appear and are often irreversible once they are recognized. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- Chagas disease symptoms usually start 1 to 2 weeks after the protozoa enter the body, usually through the bite wound or tissues around an eye. (msdmanuals.com)
- Symptoms of Chagas disease in cats and dogs can vary, but may include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and weight loss. (michelleatyourservice.com)
Endemic4
- Anyone who lived in or visited those countries for an extended period of time and was bitten by a kissing bug, who received a blood transfusion in Chagas-endemic countries, or who was born to a mother diagnosed with Chagas disease should ask their healthcare providers to be tested for the disease," states Dr. Ndao who has been an infectious disease researcher for more than 20 years. (medindia.net)
- We found at our hospital, Boston Medical Center (BMC), that among 3057 patients from Chagas-endemic countries with cardiac complications potentially due to Chagas, only 42 (1.4%) had been tested for Chagas over 5 years (Wheelock A et al. (bu.edu)
- Finally, at-risk populations themselves are generally not aware of Chagas, even when coming from endemic areas. (bu.edu)
- In Texas, where my business is located Chagas disease is considered endemic, meaning it is regularly found in the local population of wildlife, including rodents, armadillos, and opossums, which can serve as reservoirs for the parasite. (michelleatyourservice.com)
Prevalence2
- Little is known about the prevalence of Chagas in Florida. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- We will also discuss current screening and diagnostic protocols that are needed to help us better understand the real prevalence of this underdiagnosed disease. (uth.edu)
Malaria1
- Infectious diseases like malaria or Zika may have dominated recent headlines but Chagas - the "Kissing Bug" disease is in the spotlight following the publication of a new case study in the Canadian Medical Association Journal . (medindia.net)
Affects8
- The disease affects more than 150 types of animals. (wikipedia.org)
- However, over decades with the disease, approximately 30-40% of people develop organ dysfunction (determinate chronic Chagas disease), which most often affects the heart or digestive system. (wikipedia.org)
- Also common in chronic Chagas disease is damage to the digestive system, which affects 10-21% of people. (wikipedia.org)
- Chagas disease affects an estimated 300,000 individuals in the United States. (nih.gov)
- Chagas disease affects approximately one in four people who have contracted it at some point in their lifetime," adds Dr. Plourde. (medindia.net)
- Due to immigration, the disease also affects people in the United States. (mountsinai.org)
- The disease is hard to detect, because it only affects the patient shortly, before it hibernates for 20-30 years. (sdu.dk)
- On 2019, with the Fiocruz support, during the World Health Assembly, World Chagas Disease Day was established reversing one century of silence regarding this illness that affects around 7 million people worldwide. (tghn.org)
Centers10
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
- Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (mountsinai.org)
- The study was conducted at the Center for Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), one of the Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers (RIDCs) supported by FAPESP. (technologynetworks.com)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) (2014). (cdc.gov)
- See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Epidemiology & Risk Factors . (msdmanuals.com)
- That rate is consistent with other studies in the southern U.S., she noted, but is 50 times higher than the national rate of one in 300,000 put forth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
- These illnesses will "continue to tax our public health and medical care systems for years to come," experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, wrote in a 2016 analysis . (grist.org)
- Announcer] This program is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- I'm Dana Woodhall, a Medical Officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
Patients15
- Reactivation disease can occur in immunocompromised patients. (cdc.gov)
- Less frequently, patients with Chagas disease experience gastrointestinal disease (megasyndromes). (cdc.gov)
- The test was less successful on samples from patients with chronic disease, for example. (genomeweb.com)
- Drawing on the expertise of Chagas expert clinicians, researchers, implementation science experts and patients, the WHF-IASC Roadmap on Chagas disease outlines a vision of an ideal pathway of care, identifies potential roadblocks along this pathway, and offers evidence-informed solutions for healthcare professionals, health authorities and governments. (world-heart-federation.org)
- The authors propose strategies and evidence-based solutions for healthcare professionals, health authorities and governments to help overcome the barriers to comprehensive care for Chagas disease patients. (dndi.org)
- We concluded that the microorganism H. pylori should be considered a possible factor connected with the etiopathogenesis of chronic superficial and atrophic gastritis frequently observed in patients with the digestive form of Chagas' disease. (scielo.br)
- Importantly, cardiac ultrasound imaging showed amelioration of ventricular enlargement, suggesting that inhibition of ER stress may be a valuable strategy to combat the progression of cardiomyopathy in Chagas patients. (preprints.org)
- A key research question is determining which patients are most likely to develop the chronic form of the disease. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- Chagas' disease in patients with kidney transplants: 7 years of experience 1989-1996. (medscape.com)
- The high rate of infectious bugs, combined with the high rate of feeding on humans, should be a cause of concern and should prompt physicians to consider the possibility of Chagas disease in U.S. patients with heart rhythm abnormalities and no obvious underlying conditions," Dr. Kristy Murray, associate professor of tropical medicine at Baylor, said in a statement. (medscape.com)
- This podcast is designed to inform health care providers about Chagas disease, diagnosis, and treatment and to assist in identifying infected patients. (holidayinsuranceover70.com)
- Free session on the topic: Voices of Chagas Disease: Patients and Physicians Discuss the Barriers to Care in the U.S. Join this UT Health San Antonio & ECHO (extension for community healthcare outomes) learning event. (coalicionchagas.org)
- Background: We investigated the mortality rates of patients with Chagas disease (CD) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and assessed the association between this mortality and CD clinical presentation and comorbidities. (fiocruz.br)
- Severe side effects make the current course of prolonged drug treatment difficult for many patients with Chagas disease, but a Phase II clinical trial in Bolivia may have found an alternative treatment that is both quicker and significantly safer. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
- Despite the significant difference in length, both treatments eliminated the parasite's presence in 80 percent of patients from each group, who remained disease-free 12 months after the treatment course was finished. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
Brazilian2
Complications4
- The most pressing issues from a public health perspective are congenital transmission, chronic disease leading to cardiac and other complications (e.g. gastrointestinal), and a lack of awareness about Chagas among both healthcare providers (HCPs) and at-risk populations. (bu.edu)
- The worst health outcomes for individuals with Chagas occur in the estimated 30% who develop potentially fatal cardiac complications. (bu.edu)
- In severe cases, Chagas disease can lead to heart failure or other complications. (michelleatyourservice.com)
- We believe treatment can spare people with Chagas the risk of a lifetime of debilitating complications associated with the disease. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
Prevention4
- The WHF IASC Roadmap on Chagas disease offers a comprehensive summary of current knowledge on prevention, diagnosis and management of the disease. (dndi.org)
- The Chagas Disease Roadmap, developed by WHF in partnership with the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC), aims to both help raise awareness of Chagas disease and present a framework for prevention and control efforts at the national, regional and global level. (acc.org)
- Prevention of Chagas disease in pets involves controlling the kissing bug population by eliminating their habitat and using insecticides. (michelleatyourservice.com)
- It presents travel information about Chagas disease and it description, occurrence, risk of travelers, clinical presentation, prevention and treatment. (bvs.br)
Although Chagas1
- Although Chagas was internationally recognized by his findings concerning the disease, there is a long path to acknowledge the situation of Chagas Disease worldwide as a global health emergency. (tghn.org)
Potentially3
- Kissing bugs can transmit a parasite that leads to a potentially serious illness called Chagas disease. (poison.org)
- And yet, some residents of remote areas in the U.S., including parts of Florida, use the nets in their homes each night - not to protect against mosquitoes, but kissing bugs, blood-sucking insects that can spread a potentially lethal disease known as Chagas. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
- These results could change the way Chagas disease is treated, potentially preventing millions more people from living with the toll it takes on the body. (healthpolicy-watch.org)
Infectious disease3
- Even among infectious disease (ID) specialists, knowledge about screening and testing is relatively low. (bu.edu)
- In the United States alone, more than 1 million have died from COVID-19, a painful consequence of how ill-prepared the nation was (and, in many ways, still is) for an infectious disease outbreak. (grist.org)
- It presents informations and research about infectious disease. (bvs.br)
Cardiac4
- Later cardiac disease is sometimes accompanied by apical aneurysm and thrombus formation. (cdc.gov)
- Yet very little is being done to improve access to diagnosis and treatment for both those who already have the disease and those who suffer the serious cardiac manifestations associated with it. (acc.org)
- Up to 30% of people who contract Chagas go on to suffer from cardiac manifestations and up to 10% suffer from digestive, neurological or mixed alterations. (acc.org)
- There are very specific cardiac abnormalities associated with Chagas. (medscape.com)
300,0002
- The often-cited statistic of approximately 300,000 cases in the United States is likely to be a marked underestimation of the true burden of disease. (bu.edu)
- An estimated 300,000 people are living with Chagas disease in the U.S., but fewer than 1% have been diagnosed. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
Blood Donors3
- Since 2007, all potential blood donors in the U.S. are screened for exposure to the Chagas parasite. (medscape.com)
- In a study of Texas blood donors between 2008 and 2012, about one in 6,500 tested positive for the Chagas parasite, reported Melissa N. Garcia, epidemiologist at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. (medscape.com)
- The Baylor team followed 17 Houston-area blood donors infected with the Chagas parasite and found that seven (41%) had undiagnosed electrocardiographic abnormalities consistent with Chagas cardiomyopathy. (medscape.com)
Parasitic3
- Chagas Disease is a parasitic disease caused by coming in contact with the feces of an infected triatomine bug. (novusbio.com)
- Dr. Pierre Plourde, Medical Officer of Health and Medical Director of Travel Health and Tropical Medicine Services with the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority (WRHA), was the study's corresponding author and worked in partnership with parasitic diseases laboratory specialists Dr. Kamran Kadkhoda, Clinical Microbiologist from Cadham Provincial Laboratory in Winnipeg, and Dr. Ndao, head of the National Reference Centre for Parasitology (NRCP) at the RI-MUHC. (medindia.net)
- Is the Subject Area "Parasitic diseases" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Symptomatic2
- About one third of infected people who are not treated will develop chronic or symptomatic Chagas disease. (mountsinai.org)
- Symptomatic disease occurs when dead or dying larvae cause a reaction in the body. (cdc.gov)
Roadmap3
- The World Heart Federation and Inter-American Society of Cardiology Roadmap on Chagas disease is an essential guiding document for anyone involved in the planning, development and implementation of interventions to eliminate the disease. (world-heart-federation.org)
- This Roadmap is a timely and necessary intervention, providing concrete solutions to counter barriers to the diagnosis, treatment and management of this deadly disease. (acc.org)
- In order to be implemented successfully, the Chagas roadmap requires committed global action," said Luis Echeverría, head of Department at the Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia and chair of the Chagas Roadmap Writing Group. (acc.org)
Occurs3
- The most common long-term manifestation is heart disease, which occurs in 14-45% of people with chronic Chagas disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Chagas disease occurs in three stages. (msdmanuals.com)
- The transmission of Chagas disease occurs through the bite of a triatomine bug, also known as the kissing bug, which is found in Texas and other southern states. (michelleatyourservice.com)
20161
- Created in 2016, the Brazilial Social Forum Against Infectious and Neglected Diseases is an initiative that brings together social representative movements in Brazil that have for decades been defending fundamental rights and building public policies for neglected infectious diseases, all over the country. (fiocruz.br)
Left untreated2
- If left untreated, Chagas can cause irreversible damage to the heart and other vital organs. (world-heart-federation.org)
- According to the Mayo Clinic, if Chagas disease is left untreated, it can cause serious heart and digestive problems. (aol.com)
Infections3
- Up to 45% of people with chronic infections develop heart disease 10-30 years after the initial illness, which can lead to heart failure. (wikipedia.org)
- Most chronic infections are asymptomatic, which is referred to as indeterminate chronic Chagas disease. (wikipedia.org)
- It is not a reportable disease to Florida's Department of Health, meaning that the state is not monitoring its occurrence, and researchers are unable to track infections via routine blood and organ donor screening. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
20181
- 2018 'Inhibition of ER Stress by 2-Aminopurine Treatment Modulates Cardiomyopathy in a Murine Chronic Chagas Disease Model' Preprints. (preprints.org)
Gastrointestinal1
- About one-third will develop chronic Chagas, which can attack the heart, brain and gastrointestinal and peripheral systems with fatal results. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
Flow Cytometry1
- We have 5636 products for the study of Chagas Disease that can be applied to Flow Cytometry, Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot from our catalog of antibodies and ELISA kits. (novusbio.com)
Illness2
- Chagas disease is an illness caused by tiny parasites and spread by insects. (mountsinai.org)
- Courtesy UF Kissing bugs, seen above, are the primary spreader of chagas, a little-known illness caused by a microscopic parasite. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
Healthcare Providers1
- Many healthcare providers aren't even aware Chagas is in Florida, and testing can be limited, Beatty said. (mainstreetdailynews.com)
Chronic disease1
- Chronic disease may ultimately be amenable to approaches that characterize the human immune response to Chagas disease, as recently reported by GenomeWeb. (genomeweb.com)
Insect3
- To avoid Chagas disease, travelers should follow insect bite precautions (see Sec. 4, Ch. 6, Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods ) and food and water precautions (see Sec. 2, Ch. 8, Food & Water Precautions ). (cdc.gov)
- Insect control with insecticides and houses that are less likely to have high insect populations will help control the spread of the disease. (mountsinai.org)
- Chagas was intrigued by an insect that fed on the blood of the inhabitants of the city. (tghn.org)
Transmission12
- The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, consuming food or drink contaminated with the parasites, and vertical transmission (from a mother to her baby). (wikipedia.org)
- Although kissing bugs are present in the US, Chagas disease transmission here is very rare. (poison.org)
- The disease can spread via transmission from mother to child during pregnancy and from infected blood transfusions or organ transplantation. (medindia.net)
- Chagas disease is a real public health problem due to the transmission from mother to child (baby) up to at least three generations," says co-author Dr. Momar Ndao, a scientist from the Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), and an associate professor in the Department of Medicine at McGill University. (medindia.net)
- The overall risk of mother to fetus transmission of Chagas disease is only about 6 per cent but when the mother has a high number of parasites in her blood during pregnancy the risk of transmission has been described as high as 30 per cent," explains Dr. Plourde. (medindia.net)
- Few studies have been done to determine the rate of congenital transmission of Chagas. (bu.edu)
- Historically, disease control has been based on indoor residual spraying and the improvement of housing conditions in rural areas, but the absence of reliable surveillance has resulted in continued transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
- Together with the low reports of R. prolixus (assumed to be the most common Chagas disease vector in Venezuela ), this has scientists taking a closer look at the role each vector might be playing in the transmission of Chagas disease in Venezuela. (biomedcentral.com)
- Blood transfusion has been and continues to be a possible source of disease transmission. (medscape.com)
- Despite the potential for disease transmission through transfused blood, the safety of the blood supply in the United States continues to improve and, in fact, is the greatest that it has ever been. (medscape.com)
- Webinar for communicators and journalists on how to interrupt mother-to-child transmission of this neglected tropical disease. (coalicionchagas.org)
- However, there are other routes of transmission such as food-borne, congenital, and blood transfusions, which have enabled the disease to spread to other continents. (meridianbioscience.com)
Vector borne3
- A tropical blood parasite, which causes harmful vector borne diseases can cause harm to Canadians. (medindia.net)
- Some of these risks come from diseases that many of us are already familiar with: Lyme disease, for example, which is carried by ticks, or West Nile virus, proliferated by mosquitoes - both vector-borne diseases spread by blood-sucking arachnids and insects. (grist.org)
- With global temperatures rising, well-known vector-borne illnesses are becoming more common , and other, lesser-known diseases are spreading into new areas. (grist.org)