Choline deficiency. Medical search. Web

A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

2-Amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. An antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular ATP utilization. It also produces liver neoplasms.

An enzyme that catalyses three sequential METHYLATION reactions for conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE.

A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed) It counteracts the effects of urea on enzymes and other macromolecules.

Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.

A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

An enzyme that is active in the first step of choline phosphoglyceride (lecithin) biosynthesis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of choline to phosphorylcholine in the presence of ATP. Ethanolamine and its methyl and ethyl derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.32.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.

Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed)

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.

A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.

Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Different frequencies and patterns of beta-catenin mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet in rats. (1/288)

To allow a study of beta-catenin mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) induced by exogenous and endogenous carcinogens, we induced tumors in male Fischer 344 rats with N-nitrosodiethylamine and a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet. Administration of the former was followed by partial hepatectomy with colchicine to induce cell cycle disturbance and a selection pressure regimen (K. Ohashi et al., Cancer Res., 56: 3474-3479, 1996; M. Tsutsumi et al., Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 87: 5-9, 1996). HCCs were obtained after 42 weeks. With continuous choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined feeding, tumors were sampled after 75 weeks. Total RNA was extracted from individual lesions and mutations in the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta phosphorylation consensus motif of beta-catenin were investigated by reverse transcriptase-PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by nucleotide sequencing. Changes were detected in 5 of 11 HCCs induced by the exogenous carcinogen. The observed shifts of C:G-->G:C or C:G-->A:T at codon 33 and G:C-->T:A transversions at codon 34 were associated with beta-catenin protein accumulation and confirmed by Western blot analysis. Only 2 of 15 HCCs induced in the endogenous carcinogenesis regimen demonstrated mutations, those being transitions of C:G-->T:A at codon 41 without amino acid alteration. These results suggest that different genetic pathways underlie exogenous and endogenous liver carcinogenesis in rats. (+info)

Single versus multiple deficiencies of methionine, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline elicit surprising growth responses in young chicks. (2/288)

A soy-protein isolate diet that was deficient in methionine (Met), zinc (Zn), riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline for chick growth (Assay 1) was used to study individual or multiple deficiencies of several of these nutrients. In all cases, adding all three deficient nutrients together resulted in growth responses that were superior to those resulting from supplementation with any pairs of deficient nutrients. In Assay 2, single addition of Zn but not of methionine or riboflavin produced a growth response, but the combination of either Zn and Met or Zn and riboflavin resulted in growth responses that were greater than the response elicited by Zn alone. Assay 3 involved individual or multiple deficiencies of choline, riboflavin and vitamin B-6, and individual additions suggested that choline was first limiting. Choline + riboflavin supplementation, however, produced marked growth and gain:food responses that were far greater than those resulting from supplemental choline or riboflavin alone. Moreover, the growth response to a combination of choline + pyridoxine (PN) was also greater than that obtained from any of the three nutrients fed alone; even PN + riboflavin (in the absence of choline) produced responses greater than those observed with the unsupplemented negative-control diet. In Assay 4, chicks responded to individual additions of riboflavin, PN or Met, and in Assay 5, to either riboflavin or PN; all two-way combinations resulted in growth rates that were far greater than those occurring with any single addition. The data from these experiments show that unlike the situation with three deficient amino acids, the expected responses to first-, second- and third-limiting B-vitamins or deficient vitamins combined with deficient levels of Zn or Met do not follow the expected pattern of response to first-, further response to first- and second- and an even further response to first-, second- and third-limiting nutrients. (+info)

CYP2E1 and CYP4A as microsomal catalysts of lipid peroxides in murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (3/288)

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic liver disease have similar pathological features. Because CYP2E1 plays a key role in alcoholic liver disease with its ability to stimulate lipid peroxidation, we tested the proposal that CYP2E1 could also be a factor in the development of NASH. In a dietary model - mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet - liver injury was associated with both induction of CYP2E1 and a 100-fold increase in hepatic content of lipid peroxides. Microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid oxidases contributed to the formation of these lipid peroxides, and in vitro inhibition studies demonstrated that CYP2E1 was the major catalyst. To further define the role of CYP2E1 as an initiator of oxidative stress in NASH, Cyp2e1(-/-)mice were administered the MCD diet. CYP2E1 deficiency neither prevented the development of NASH nor abrogated the increased microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation, indicating the operation of a non-CYP2E1 peroxidase pathway. In Cyp2e1(-/-) mice with NASH (but not in wild-type mice), CYP4A10 and CYP4A14 were upregulated. Furthermore, hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation was substantially inhibited by anti-mouse CYP4A10 antibody in vitro. These results show that experimental NASH is strongly associated with hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation. CYP2E1, the main enzyme associated with that process in wild-type mice, is not unique among P450 proteins in catalyzing peroxidation of endogenous lipids. We have now identified CYP4A enzymes as alternative initiators of oxidative stress in the liver. (+info)

Choline supplementation inhibits diethanolamine-induced morphological transformation in syrian hamster embryo cells: evidence for a carcinogenic mechanism. (4/288)

DEA, an amino alcohol, and its fatty acid condensates are widely used in commerce. DEA is hepatocarcinogenic in mice, but shows no evidence of mutagenicity or clastogenicity in a standard testing battery. However, it increased the number of morphologically transformed colonies in the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell morphologic transformation assay. The goal of this work was to test the hypothesis that DEA treatment causes morphologic transformation by a mechanism involving altered cellular choline homeostasis. As a first step, the ability of DEA to disrupt the uptake and intracellular utilization of choline was characterized. SHE cells were cultured in medium containing DEA (500 microg/ml), and (33)P-phosphorus or (14)C-choline was used to label phospholipid pools. After 48 h, SHE cells were harvested, lipids were extracted, and radioactive phospholipids were quantified by autoradiography after thin layer chromatographic separation. In control cells, phosphatidylcholine (PC) was the major phospholipid, accounting for 43 +/- 1% of total phospholipid synthesis. However, with DEA treatment, PC was reduced to 14 +/- 2% of total radioactive phospholipids. DEA inhibited choline uptake into SHE cells at concentrations > or = 50 microg /ml, reaching a maximum 80% inhibition at 250-500 microg/ml. The concentration dependence of the inhibition of PC synthesis by DEA (0, 10, 50, 100, 250, and 500 microg/ml) was determined in SHE cells cultured over a 7-day period under the conditions of the transformation assay and in the presence or absence of excess choline (30 mM). DEA treatment decreased PC synthesis at concentrations > or = 100 microg/ml, reaching a maximum 60% reduction at 500 microg/ml. However, PC synthesis was unaffected when DEA-treated cells were cultured with excess choline. Under 7-day culture conditions, (14)C-DEA was incorporated into SHE lipids, and this perturbation was also inhibited by choline supplementation. Finally, DEA (10-500 microg/ml) transformed SHE cells in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas with choline supplementation, no morphologic transformation was observed. Thus, DEA disrupts intracellular choline homeostasis by inhibiting choline uptake and altering phospholipid synthesis. However, excess choline blocks these biochemical effects and inhibits cell transformation, suggesting a relationship between the two responses. Overall, the results provide a plausible mechanism to explain the morphologic transformation observed with DEA and suggest that the carcinogenic effects of DEA may be caused by intracellular choline deficiency. (+info)

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (massive necrosis) with fat necrosis induced in mice by DL-ethionine fed with a choline-deficient diet. (5/288)

Female, albino mice were fed a choline-deficient diet containing 0.5% DL-ethionine. All animals died within 5 days due to the development of an acute hemorrhagic pancreatis with fat necrosis throughout the peritoneal cavity. The apancreatitis was characterized by a massive necrosis of the exocrine parenchyma with intense hemorrhage and inflammatory reaction of the stroma. The sequence of histologic and ultrastructural alterations occurring in the acinar cells of the pancreas were studied in mice fed the diet for 1, 2, and 3 days. Major findings consited of accumulation of zymogen granules, vacuolation due to foci of cytoplasmic degradation, and alterations in the morphology of the zymogen granules. The pancreatitis appears to be due to intraparenchymal activation of zymogens, resulting from a synergistic action of choline deficiency with the basic toxicity of ethionine toward the acinar cells of the pancreas. The experimental model simulates closely the acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis with fat necrosis occurring in humans and may prove useful for exploring the pathogenesis of this condition. (+info)

Starvation impairs antioxidant defense in fatty livers of rats fed a choline-deficient diet. (6/288)

Although fatty liver (FL) is considered an innocuous condition, the frequent incidence of graft failure when FL are transplanted has renewed interest in the intracellular disorders causative of or consequent to fatty degeneration. Oxidative stress and nutritional status modulate the tolerance to reperfusion injury in control livers (CL), but very little is known in the case of FL. This study was designed to compare the oxidative balance in CL and FL from fed and food-deprived rats. Serum and liver samples were collected from fed and starved (18 h) rats with CL or FL induced by a choline-deficient diet. Hepatic injury was assessed by transaminase activities and histology. The hepatic concentrations of glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (PC) were measured. Fed rats with FL had significantly greater TBARS and lower alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C levels than those with CL, whereas GSH and PC concentrations were not affected. Starvation impaired the oxidative balance in both groups. However, compared with the other groups, FL from food-deprived rats generally had the lowest hepatic concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C and GSH. Unlike in CL, protein oxidation occurred in FL. These data indicate that fatty liver induced by consumption of a choline-deficient diet is associated with a lower level of antioxidants, which results in lipid peroxidation. Starvation further affects these alterations and extends the damage to proteins. In conclusion, steatosis and starvation may act synergistically on the depletion of antioxidants, predisposing fatty livers to a reduced tolerance to oxidative injury. (+info)

Increased uracil misincorporation in lymphocytes from folate-deficient rats. (7/288)

The development of certain human cancers has been linked with inadequate intake of folates. The effects of folate deficiency in vivo on DNA stability (strand breakage, misincorporated uracil and oxidative base damage) in lymphocytes isolated from rats fed a diet deficient in folic acid was determined. Because the metabolic pathways of folate and other methyl donors are closely coupled, the effects of methionine and choline deficiency alone or in combination with folate deficiency were determined. Feeding male Hooded Lister rats a folate-free diet for 10 weeks created a moderate folate deficiency (25-50% (approx.) decrease in plasma, red blood cell and hepatic folate concentrations (P < 0.05) and a 20% rise in plasma homocysteine (P < 0.05)). Lymphocyte DNA strand breakage was increased successively in all groups after 4 weeks and 8 weeks on the diet (50-100% (approx.) after 8 weeks). Only low folate specifically and progressively induced uracil misincorporation throughout the study (100% (approx.) after 8 weeks). Neither folate deficiency nor choline/methionine deficiency altered oxidative DNA base damage. In summary, moderate folate deficiency in vivo is associated with a decrease in DNA stability, measured as increased DNA strand breakage and misincorporated uracil. (+info)

Effect of choline deficiency on utilization of labeled precursors of choline and turnover of choline in the liver of mature Japanese quail. (8/288)

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of choline deficiency on utilization of various labeled precursors of choline and rate of choline biosynthesis in mature Japanese quail. A deficiency of dietary choline did not change the in vivo incorporation of 14C-label from (1,2-14C) ETHANOLAMINE, N, N-dimethyl (1,2-14C) ethanolamine, and L-(methyl-14C) methionine into liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) or total phospholipids. Incorporation of radioactivity from (14C) serine into liver PC was increased, but the difference was not significant (PGREATER THAN3.35). In vitro studies confirmed these observations as there were no differences in liver microsomal methyltransferase activities, expressed as the incorporation of methyl-14C from labeled S-adenosylmethionine into microsomal PC from quail fed a purified diet with with or without choline. Rats appeared to incorporate an increased amount of 14C into PC when fed a diet devoid of choline, but the differences were not significant. There were differences in methyltransferase activities among species, and quail had the lowest activity. A slower turnover of choline was found in quail liver (t1/2=7.5 hours) as compared with that of hen liver (t1/2=2.0 hours). The methyltransferase responsible for the first methylation of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine from quail liver appears to differ from most other biosynthetic enzymes in that it occurs in liver and catalyzes the reaction at a slow rate but cannot adapt to exogenous choline supply to meet the requirements for normal bodily functions in quail. (+info)

Choline deficiency is a condition that occurs when an individual's diet does not provide adequate amounts of choline, which is an essential nutrient required for various bodily functions. Choline plays a crucial role in the synthesis of phospholipids, which are critical components of cell membranes, and it also serves as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is involved in memory, muscle control, and other nervous system functions.

Choline deficiency can lead to several health problems, including fatty liver disease, muscle damage, and cognitive impairment. Symptoms of choline deficiency may include fatigue, memory loss, cognitive decline, and peripheral neuropathy. In severe cases, it can also cause liver dysfunction and even liver failure.

It is important to note that choline deficiency is relatively rare in the general population, as many foods contain choline, including eggs, meat, fish, dairy products, and certain vegetables such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts. However, some individuals may be at higher risk of choline deficiency, including pregnant women, postmenopausal women, and those with certain genetic mutations that affect choline metabolism. In these cases, supplementation with choline may be necessary to prevent deficiency.

Choline is an essential nutrient that is vital for the normal functioning of all cells, particularly those in the brain and liver. It is a water-soluble compound that is neither a vitamin nor a mineral, but is often grouped with vitamins because it has many similar functions. Choline is a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which plays an important role in memory, mood, and other cognitive processes. It also helps to maintain the structural integrity of cell membranes and is involved in the transport and metabolism of fats.

Choline can be synthesized by the body in small amounts, but it is also found in a variety of foods such as eggs, meat, fish, nuts, and cruciferous vegetables. Some people may require additional choline through supplementation, particularly if they follow a vegetarian or vegan diet, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or have certain medical conditions that affect choline metabolism.

Deficiency in choline can lead to a variety of health problems, including liver disease, muscle damage, and neurological disorders. On the other hand, excessive intake of choline can cause fishy body odor, sweating, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. It is important to maintain adequate levels of choline through a balanced diet and, if necessary, supplementation under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Ethionine is a toxic, synthetic analog of the amino acid methionine. It is an antimetabolite that inhibits the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase, which plays a crucial role in methionine metabolism. Ethionine is often used in research to study the effects of methionine deficiency and to create animal models of various human diseases. It is not a natural component of human nutrition and has no known medical uses. Prolonged exposure or high levels of ethionine can lead to liver damage, growth impairment, and other harmful health effects.

Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase (PEMT) is an enzyme that plays a role in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major phospholipid component of cell membranes. The enzyme catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to phosphatidylethanolamine, converting it into phosphatidylcholine in a three-step methylation process. This enzyme is found primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of cells and has implications in lipid metabolism, liver function, and inflammation. Genetic variations and altered expression levels of PEMT have been associated with various diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

Glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) is not typically considered a medical term, but it is a choline-containing phospholipid that can be found in various tissues and fluids within the human body. It is also available as a dietary supplement. Here's a definition of Glycerylphosphorylcholine:

Glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) is a natural choline-containing compound that is present in various tissues and fluids within the human body, including neural tissue, muscle, and blood. It plays an essential role in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is involved in memory, learning, and other cognitive functions. GPC can also be found in some foods, such as egg yolks and soybeans, and is available as a dietary supplement. In the body, GPC can be converted to phosphatidylcholine, another important phospholipid that is necessary for maintaining cell membrane structure and function.

Phosphorylcholine is not a medical condition or disease, but rather a chemical compound. It is the choline ester of phosphoric acid, and it plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes. Phosphorylcholine is also found in certain types of lipoproteins, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or "bad" cholesterol.

In the context of medical research and therapy, phosphorylcholine has been studied for its potential role in various diseases, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and other inflammatory conditions. Some studies have suggested that phosphorylcholine may contribute to the development of these diseases by promoting inflammation and immune responses. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of phosphorylcholine in human health and disease.

Betaine, also known as trimethylglycine, is a naturally occurring compound that can be found in various foods such as beets, spinach, and whole grains. In the body, betaine functions as an osmolyte, helping to regulate water balance in cells, and as a methyl donor, contributing to various metabolic processes including the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.

In medical terms, betaine is also used as a dietary supplement and medication. Betaine hydrochloride is a form of betaine that is sometimes used as a supplement to help with digestion by providing additional stomach acid. Betaine anhydrous, on the other hand, is often used as a supplement for improving athletic performance and promoting liver health.

Betaine has also been studied for its potential role in protecting against various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential.

Methionine is an essential amino acid, which means that it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including:

1. Protein synthesis: Methionine is one of the building blocks of proteins, helping to create new proteins and maintain the structure and function of cells.
2. Methylation: Methionine serves as a methyl group donor in various biochemical reactions, which are essential for DNA synthesis, gene regulation, and neurotransmitter production.
3. Antioxidant defense: Methionine can be converted to cysteine, which is involved in the formation of glutathione, a potent antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative damage.
4. Homocysteine metabolism: Methionine is involved in the conversion of homocysteine back to methionine through a process called remethylation, which is essential for maintaining normal homocysteine levels and preventing cardiovascular disease.
5. Fat metabolism: Methionine helps facilitate the breakdown and metabolism of fats in the body.

Foods rich in methionine include meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, and some nuts and seeds.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Choline kinase is an enzyme that plays a role in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major component of cell membranes. It catalyzes the phosphorylation of choline to form phosphocholine, which is then used in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Choline kinase exists as multiple isoforms, and its activity has been found to be elevated in some types of cancer cells, making it a potential target for cancer therapy.

Phosphatidylcholines (PtdCho) are a type of phospholipids that are essential components of cell membranes in living organisms. They are composed of a hydrophilic head group, which contains a choline moiety, and two hydrophobic fatty acid chains. Phosphatidylcholines are crucial for maintaining the structural integrity and function of cell membranes, and they also serve as important precursors for the synthesis of signaling molecules such as acetylcholine. They can be found in various tissues and biological fluids, including blood, and are abundant in foods such as soybeans, eggs, and meat. Phosphatidylcholines have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their role in maintaining healthy lipid metabolism and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) is a metabolic byproduct formed from the demethylation of various compounds or from the breakdown of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which is a major methyl group donor in the body. SAH is rapidly hydrolyzed to homocysteine and adenosine by the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Increased levels of SAH can inhibit many methyltransferases, leading to disturbances in cellular metabolism and potential negative health effects.

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a physiological compound involved in methylation reactions, transulfuration pathways, and aminopropylation processes in the body. It is formed from the coupling of methionine, an essential sulfur-containing amino acid, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the action of methionine adenosyltransferase enzymes.

SAMe serves as a major methyl donor in various biochemical reactions, contributing to the synthesis of numerous compounds such as neurotransmitters, proteins, phospholipids, nucleic acids, and other methylated metabolites. Additionally, SAMe plays a crucial role in the detoxification process within the liver by participating in glutathione production, which is an important antioxidant and detoxifying agent.

In clinical settings, SAMe supplementation has been explored as a potential therapeutic intervention for various conditions, including depression, osteoarthritis, liver diseases, and fibromyalgia, among others. However, its efficacy remains a subject of ongoing research and debate within the medical community.

Ethanolamines are a class of organic compounds that contain an amino group (-NH2) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. They are derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which one or two hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a ethanol group (-CH2CH2OH).

The most common ethanolamines are:

* Monethanolamine (MEA), also called 2-aminoethanol, with the formula HOCH2CH2NH2.
* Diethanolamine (DEA), also called 2,2'-iminobisethanol, with the formula HOCH2CH2NHCH2CH2OH.
* Triethanolamine (TEA), also called 2,2',2''-nitrilotrisethanol, with the formula N(CH2CH2OH)3.

Ethanolamines are used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products, including as solvents, emulsifiers, detergents, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. They also have applications as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals. In the body, ethanolamines play important roles in various biological processes, such as neurotransmission and cell signaling.

Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate, a type of B vitamin (B9). It is widely used in dietary supplements and fortified foods because it is more stable and has a longer shelf life than folate. Folate is essential for normal cell growth and metabolism, and it plays a critical role in the formation of DNA and RNA, the body's genetic material. Folic acid is also crucial during early pregnancy to prevent birth defects of the brain and spine called neural tube defects.

Medical Definition: "Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate (vitamin B9), a water-soluble vitamin involved in DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. It is used in dietary supplementation and food fortification due to its stability and longer shelf life compared to folate. Folic acid is critical for normal cell growth, development, and red blood cell production."

Fatty liver, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver. The liver's primary function is to process nutrients, filter blood, and fight infections, among other tasks. When excess fat builds up in the liver cells, it can impair liver function and lead to inflammation, scarring, and even liver failure if left untreated.

Fatty liver can be caused by various factors, including alcohol consumption, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, and certain medications or medical conditions. NAFLD is the most common cause of fatty liver in the United States and other developed countries, affecting up to 25% of the population.

Symptoms of fatty liver may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain or discomfort, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, many people with fatty liver do not experience any symptoms, making it essential to diagnose and manage the condition through regular check-ups and blood tests.

Treatment for fatty liver depends on the underlying cause. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss, exercise, and dietary modifications are often recommended for people with NAFLD or alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Medications may also be prescribed to manage related conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, or metabolic syndrome. In severe cases of liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Choline O-Acetyltransferase (COAT, ChAT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to choline, resulting in the formation of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a vital neurotransmitter involved in various physiological processes such as memory, cognition, and muscle contraction. COAT is primarily located in cholinergic neurons, which are nerve cells that use acetylcholine to transmit signals to other neurons or muscles. Inhibition of ChAT can lead to a decrease in acetylcholine levels and may contribute to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

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How Do I Know If My Dog Is Getting Enough Choline? Discover the signs of choline deficiency in dogs and learn how to ensure ... How Do I Know If My Dog Is Getting Enough Choline?. Guides / By sweetdoglife ... From cognitive function to muscle health, choline is vital for their well-being. Read more now! ...

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Choline O-Acetyltransferase / deficiency * Dementia / enzymology* * Humans * Middle Aged * Parasympathetic Nervous System* / ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/63862/

Choline deficiency can lead to the development of NAFLD. Higher consumption of processed, red, and organ meats have been ... heredity or by deficiencies in parenteral nutrition such as choline and endocrine conditions. If any of these factors are ... Studies in experimental animals implicated choline inadequacy in the 1920s and excess sugar consumption in 1949. The name "non- ... Best CH, Hartroft WS (November 1949). "Liver damage produced by feeding alcohol or sugar and its prevention by choline". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease

Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency ... Craciun, S. & Balskus, E. P. Microbial conversion of choline to trimethylamine requires a glycyl radical enzyme. Proc. Natl ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0061-3?WT.feed_name=subjects_biotechnology&error=cookies_not_supported&code=002f5e99-1982-4825-99ef-127c6befde33

vitamin deficiencies in folate, choline, or vitamins B12, B6, or riboflavin. In these cases, your doctor may suggest ... supplementation to address deficiencies along with medications or treatments to address the specific health condition. ... Dean L. (2016). Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66131/. ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/mthfr-gene?utm_source=ReadNext

Particularly important in pregnancy, choline deficiency has been linked with neural tube defects. Choose omega-3 rich eggs for ... Egg yolks are rich with choline, a B vitamin which aids memory and brain function. Choline is also required for the synthesis ... Vitamin B12 is vital for healthy brain, and a deficiency of this vitamin may contribute to brain shrinkage. Mental fogginess ...

https://www.askmen.com/sports/galleries/foods-to-boost-brain-power-6.html

Choline is required to fully potentiate acetylcholine synthesis by brain neurons. A deficiency of choline leads to reduced ... Patients with pain disorders and inflammatory conditions are known to have nutritional deficiencies of tryptophan, choline, ... PD and IC as a Metabolic Deficiency Disease A critical component of the definition of a Medical Food is the requirement for a ... Oral supplementation with L-tryptophan, L-arginine or choline at high doses up to 15 grams daily is generally well tolerated. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=99265e39-af23-43eb-a552-305f0a218fdf&type=display

These effects of choline are correlated with modifications in histone and DNA methylation in brain, and with alterations in the ... Dietary choline intake in the adult may also influence cognitive function via an effect on PC containing eicosapentaenoic and ... High choline intake during gestation and early postnatal development in rat and mouse models improves cognitive function in ... Choline is an essential nutrient for humans. It is a precursor of membrane phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholine (PC)), the ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/8/815/htm

Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00865/full

This first study highlights how a choline deficiency leads to physical and neurological changes in the brain that result in ... news.asu.edu/20230117-study-explores-effects-dietary-choline-deficiency-neurologic-systemwide-health. Accessed on February 02, ... You see, choline is the precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in your brain responsible for the continual ... If eating eggs isnt an option, you can still get the brain-boosting benefits from supplementing with choline. A study by ...

https://alsearsmd.com/can-this-breakfast-food-reverse-alzheimers/

... deficiencies of choline, carnitine, essential fatty acids; or poorly controlled CFRD.1 Other non-CF-related conditions also can ... Zinc deficiency from malabsorption and sodium deficiency related to CFTR dysfunction also can contribute to poor growth.3 Serum ... due to deficiency of vitamins D and K.15 Bone density scans are part of routine monitoring. ... patients with CF frequently have essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD),6 which contributes to poor growth and can lead to ...

https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/gastrointestinal-manifestations-cystic-fibrosis-primer-pediatricians

Infantile cobalamin deficiency with cerebral lactate accumulation and sustained choline depletion.. Horstmann M, Neumaier- ...

https://www.uke.de/english/physicians-and-scientists/arztprofilseite_martin_horstmann.html

Though choline deficiency is rare, most people arent consuming enough choline in their diet. Whole eggs, though, provide about ... Contains Important Choline. Choline is rarely talked about, but it should be. This nutrient is essential for building the cell ... 100 mg of choline per serving, making them one of the best sources. ...

https://gasparinutrition.com/blogs/fitness-facts/the-almighty-egg-a-nutritional-powerhouse

The acknowledgement of widespread deficiency will play a role in cholines prioritization in the developmental nutrition space ... While severe deficiencies are rare, its clear that the lions share of Americans are still not receiving the recommended daily ... While deficiency in these vitamins is rare, a great deal of evidence supports structure/function claims related to the ... A growing body of evidence has confirmed choline plays a vital role in the development of brain areas involved in cognition, ...

https://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/issues/2020-12/view_features/brain-health-a-mysterious-frontier/?widget=listSection

EPA/DHA, choline and astaxanthin all support optimal health. ... Studies indicate choline deficiency can increase the risk of ... 12 Increased choline intake may therefore lead to improved health outcomes for individuals suffering from choline deficiency. ... Krill oils trifecta of nutrients-EPA/DHA, choline and astaxanthinKrill oils trifecta of nutrients-EPA/DHA, choline and ... choline contributes to cardiovascular, liver and cognitive health.8,9 Choline is an organic, water-soluble compound, neither a ...

https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/specialty-nutrients/krill-oil-s-trifecta-of-nutrients-epa-dha-choline-and-astaxanthin

Mehedint MG, Craciunescu CN, Zeisel SH.Maternal dietary choline deficiency alters angiogenesis in fetal mouse hippocampus.Proc ... For example, diets rich in methyl donors (e.g., folate and choline) and bioactive compounds (e.g., resveratrol) may support ... Various dietary components, such as folate, methyl donors (e.g., choline and betaine), and bioactive compounds found in fruits ... Kim YI.Nutritional epigenetics: Impact of folate deficiency on DNA methylation and colon cancer susceptibility.J Nutr. 2005;135 ...

https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/epigenetic-regulation-of-adiposity-the-molecular-complexity-of-obesity-26972.html

choline multiple interactions. ISO. Cryzl1 (Mus musculus). 6480464. [Methionine deficiency co-treated with Choline deficiency ... Methionine deficiency co-treated with Choline deficiency co-treated with Folic Acid deficiency] results in increased ... co-treated with Folic Acid deficiency] results in increased methylation of CRYZL1 gene. CTD. PMID:20938992. ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/report/gene/main.html?id=1310219

This finding may be explained by the relatively greater deficiency of choline acetyltransferase and the better preservation of ...

https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0515/p2038.html

Broitman SA, Gottlieb LS, Zamcheck N. Influence of neomycin and ingested endotoxin in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency ... IL-10 deficiency unleashes an influenza-specific Th17 response and enhances survival against high-dose challenge. J Immunol. ... First, the Zn2+ deficiency that is common in alcoholics also adversely affects gut epithelial integrity[48,49]. Second, in ...

https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v16/i11/1304.htm

There is no recommended daily intake for choline. A deficiency of choline can result in increased fatty deposits in the liver, ... Choline is also available as a dietary supplement, in such forms as phosphatidylcholine, choline chloride, or choline ... Cholines most vital role may lie in its activity in the brain and central nervous system. Choline is a precursor of the ... Foods highest in choline include egg yolks, liver, meats, brewers yeast, milk, legumes and whole grain cereals. Choline can be ...

https://nutritionreview.org/2013/10/choline-2/

The effect of oral choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) on markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) was ... Although humans can synthesize choline in small amounts, dietary sources are needed to prevent deficiency [53]. Choline is a ... Dietary choline deficiency in rats led to a marked reduction in osteogenesis [55]. Microscopic observation revealed that ... Finally, choline, the stabilizing agent in ch-OSA might act synergistically with orthosilicic acid on bone. In fact, choline is ...

https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-9-85

We conclude that tocopherol and BHA and BHT tend to decrease the effects of choline deficiency on the liver, renal and ... Fatty liver, hemorrhagic kidneys and cardiovascular damage characteristic of choline deficiency were observed in deficient ... Weanling and 6-week-old male rats were fed casein- peanut meal diets devoid of choline for 8 and 10 days, respectively. ... dZ-o-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on the fatty liver and on the renal and cardiovascular systems of choline-deficient rats. ...

https://www.earthclinic.com/remedies/BHT2.html

You have some of the top rated choline sources and supplements. In case you have deficiency of choline things can be corrected ... The Routine Intake of Choline In fact, it would be best to select from the top rated choline sources and supplements. With the ... The Ways by Which Choline Acts You have some of the best and the popular sources of choline. The variety is immense and in this ... The effects of choline are perfect and they are considered s wonder brain boosters. Choline can protect and cherish the brain. ...

https://unlike.net/the-popular-and-the-notable-sources-and-supplements-of-choline/

1 high-fat-choline deficiency diet. *1 lipid metabolism. Has File(s) ...

https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/handle/10219/2070/simple-search?query=&sort_by=score&order=desc&rpp=10&filter_field_1=dateIssued&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=2020&etal=0&filtername=author&filterquery=Ali%2C+Amr&filtertype=equals

For instance, theres one little-known nutrient called choline: The deficiency symptom for it (what happens if you do not get ... but choline. Ironically and sadly, it is safer to take fish oil that has been processed to remove mercury and PCBs than it is ... enough) is a reduced capacity to learn-and its estimated that ninety percent of American kids have low intake of choline. ...

https://goop.com/wellness/health/a-nutritionists-approach-to-adhd/

... the deficiency of choline is responsible for AD; therefore, the inhibition of AChE is a lucrative therapeutic strategy for the ... the deficiency of choline is responsible for AD; therefore, the inhibition of AChE is a lucrative therapeutic strategy for the ... Acetylcholinesterases (AChE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of ACh to choline and acetic acid (Quinn, 1987). Thus, a ... that hydrolyzes ACh to acetate and choline (Harel et al., 1993). The mechanism of the hydrolysis starts from the carboxyl ester ...

https://peerj.com/articles/2322/

Choline is a vital and essential nutrient for our health. You can get it from eggs, salmon, soybeans and of course krill oil! ... Choline Deficiency. Although small amounts of choline can be made in the liver, the majority needs to come from our diets, ... Studies show that choline deficiency may increase the risk of developing fatty liver and muscle dysfunction. ... The Importance of Choline. Choline is an organic, water-soluble compound that is neither a vitamin nor a mineral. It is often ...

https://www.superbakrill.com/blog/choline-underrated-nutrient

Reduced acetylcholine resynthesis due to choline acetyltransferase deficiency. *. End-plate acetylcholinesterase deficiency ... SLE], pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 Deficiency Dietary vitamin B12 deficiency usually results from inadequate absorption, but ... but deficiency can develop in vegans who do not take vitamin supplements. Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia, damage... ... pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 Deficiency Dietary vitamin B12 deficiency usually results from inadequate absorption, ...

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/myasthenia-gravis

People with excessive alcohol intake and malnutrition are still at high risk of folate deficiency. ... The prevalence of folate deficiency has decreased since many countries in the western hemisphere introduced a mandatory folic ... biotin and choline. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1998. ... encoded search term (Folate Deficiency) and Folate Deficiency ... Notable considerations regarding folate deficiency are as follows:. * An association between folate deficiency and elevated ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/200184-overview

How Do I Know If My Dog Is Getting Enough Choline? (sweetdoglife.com)
Though choline deficiency is rare, most people aren't consuming enough choline in their diet. (gasparinutrition.com)
The body can't make enough choline on its own, so we need to get it from our diet. (superbakrill.com)
Many studies suggest that having enough choline in our diet can help our brain function better. (defendingtheblueline.org)
Supplements are also available for those who don't get enough choline from their diet. (tambawaras.co)
But most people don't consume enough choline - this is especially true for pregnant women. (healthlinepalace.com)
In the meantime, make sure to consume enough choline to meet your needs and FDA approved. (healthlinepalace.com)
Did you know up to 91% of Americans are not consuming enough choline? (umzu.com)

Since acetylcholine levels increase rapidly after consuming choline, researchers have employed choline supplements in the treatment of various disorders marked by lowered levels of acetylcholine in the brain, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and tardive dyskinesia. (nutritionreview.org)

It is required that you have the right amount of choline each day. (unlike.net)
While it may not improve your body's ability to burn fat, having the right amount of choline can prevent the symptoms of choline deficiency that include increased weight gain Vitamin B6 and B12 These micronutrients play a vital role in neurological development and muscle function Vitamin B deficiency is common in vegans and vegetarians and can present as fatigue. (jewishledger.com)
Our bodies are able to make a small amount of choline on their own, but the rest we must obtain from food sources. (umzu.com)
The answer is simply: Most people do not get an adequate amount of choline from food alone. (umzu.com)

You have some of the best and the popular sources of choline. (unlike.net)
Is It Sources Of Choline Bitartrate For The Brain! (healthlinepalace.com)
Some of the best sources of choline bitartrate include liver, eggs, and legumes. (healthlinepalace.com)
There are many sources of choline available, but be sure to choose the best ones for your own specific needs. (healthlinepalace.com)
There are many different sources of choline, but some may have side effects. (healthlinepalace.com)
The nutrient choline is crucial for preventing the development of fatty liver, and eggs are one of the best sources of choline. (ambersnaturalnutrition.com)

High choline intake during gestation and early postnatal development in rat and mouse models improves cognitive function in adulthood, prevents age-related memory decline, and protects the brain from the neuropathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neurological damage associated with epilepsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, and inherited conditions such as Down and Rett syndromes. (mdpi.com)
There is no recommended daily intake for choline. (nutritionreview.org)
For instance, there's one little-known nutrient called choline: The deficiency symptom for it (what happens if you do not get enough) is a reduced capacity to learn-and it's estimated that ninety percent of American kids have low intake of choline. (goop.com)
According to the Institute of Medicine, an adequate daily intake of choline is 550 mg for men and 425 mg for women (rising to 450 mg for pregnant women and 550 mg for women who are breastfeeding). (superbakrill.com)
Low choline diets are also associated with increased rates of birth defects, which is why choline intake is important during pregnancy. (superbakrill.com)
In fact, choline intake in the last two trimesters of pregnancy is correlated with memory function in seven year olds and studies show that choline during pregnancy is needed for brain and cognitive development. (superbakrill.com)
According to the U.S. Department of Health , more than 90% of the population fails to achieve an intake of choline is 425-550 mg/day. (superbakrill.com)
Furthermore, in most of the population groups studied in Europe, the average choline intake was below the adequate intake (AI) set by the Institute of Medicine in the USA. (superbakrill.com)
People with excessive alcohol intake and malnutrition are still at high risk of folate deficiency. (medscape.com)
Another recently published paper in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) raises concerns over the current trend toward plant-based diets, warning that an unintended deficiency in dietary choline intake may also be placing unborn children at risk. (tangoherbs.com)
Monitor your intake of dietary supplements or medications containing this nutrient and limit your consumption of foods high in choline. (tambawaras.co)
Adequate intake of choline can help prevent fatty liver disease and other chronic diseases associated with inadequate choline intake . (tambawaras.co)
Let's explore the dangers of excessive choline intake and which health problems it can cause. (tambawaras.co)
Kidney Damage: Excessive intake of choline may also cause harm to the kidneys as it increases uric acid levels in the body which can lead to kidney stones or other renal problems. (tambawaras.co)
From animal products to lecithin-rich food products, you'll be able to find everything you need to boost your choline intake. (healthlinepalace.com)
Health care providers should work with lactating mothers to determine if they need an iodine or choline supplement to achieve adequate intake. (cdc.gov)

See 21 Hidden Clues to Diagnosing Nutritional Deficiencies , a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify clues to conditions associated with malnutrition. (medscape.com)
However,increased energy demand, especially during pregnancy or lactation, diabetes mellitus, nutritional deficiencies such as choline deficiency, or hepatocellular injury can also result in hepatic lipidosis. (purdue.edu)
However, some people, such as those with vegetarian and vegan diets, may not get adequate nutrients through their diet alone and may be at greater risk for nutritional deficiencies. (cdc.gov)

Experts believe that vegetarians, vegans and those who over-consume alcohol are more inclined to be at risk for choline deficiency, therefore supplementation for this target group is especially important. (superbakrill.com)
Folate deficiency in pregnancy can result in birth defects (anencephaly and spina bifida), which underlies the strong recommendation for folic acid supplementation in women of reproductive age. (medscape.com)
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2003-2006 showed that certain groups, including women of childbearing age and non-Hispanic black women, are also at risk of folate deficiency, while some older adults are at risk of over-supplementation. (medscape.com)
While folate deficiency clearly predisposes to a number of health consequences, more recent studies raise concerns of toxicities and health consequences related to over-supplementation. (medscape.com)
These findings were supported by another early study that demonstrated benefits of lifelong choline supplementation in male mice with AD-like symptoms. (tangoherbs.com)
Their research revealed how choline supplementation protects the brain from Alzheimer's disease in two ways. (tangoherbs.com)
Secondly, choline supplementation was shown to reduce the activation of microglia, a type of specialized cell that helps the brain rid itself of harmful debris. (tangoherbs.com)
We found that lifelong choline supplementation altered the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine and Sigma-1 receptor," resulting in the reduction of diseased associated activated microglia and improvements in behavior, Velazquez said. (tangoherbs.com)
This makes choline supplementation a good choice for almost anyone, since the majority of humans do not consume the recommended value. (umzu.com)

Choline can be manufactured in the human body with the help of vitamin Bl2, folic acid, and the amino acid called methionine, although not necessarily in optimal amounts. (nutritionreview.org)
Hepatic lipidosis can occur due to alterations in any point of normal lipid metabolism, including increased delivery of fatty acids to the liver, decreased use or oxidation of fatty acids, preferential esterification of triglycerides, choline or methionine deficiency resulting in decreased phospho-lipid synthesis, or decreased lipoprotein secretion. (purdue.edu)
Low dietary choline loweres methionine formation and causes a marked increase in S-adenosylmethionine utilization in the liver. (nih.gov)
Betaine is a significant determinant of plasma tHcy, particularly in case of folate deficiency, methionine load, or alcohol consumption. (nih.gov)
This study aimed to investigate the potential role of icariin in mitigating methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH in C57BL/6J mice. (bvsalud.org)
Here, the hepatoprotective effects of hemp seed oil on methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH in C57BL/6 mice were explored via integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics. (bvsalud.org)

You see, choline is the precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in your brain responsible for the continual communication between your nerve cells and your brain. (alsearsmd.com)
Choline is a precursor of the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical used in the transmission of brain impulses between nerves, muscles and organs. (nutritionreview.org)
Choline is used by the body to produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in neuronal networks associated with memory and muscle function. (superbakrill.com)
In the brain choline is converted into acetylcholine, a vital neurotransmitter responsible for memory, muscle control and mood. (tangoherbs.com)
Eggs are a rich source of choline, which is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (defendingtheblueline.org)
As a source of Choline, CDP Choline is able to raise the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, this is important because the supplement acts as an essential neurotransmitter for synaptic plasticity and learning. (ultramedsglobal.com)
After the compound crosses the blood-brain barrier it is absorbed as CDP Choline where it's used and absorbed through the Acetylcholine receptors which are responsible for thought and memory creation. (ultramedsglobal.com)
Choline is a water soluble vitamin that helps to form brain chemicals, including acetylcholine. (healthlinepalace.com)

Due to fat malabsorption and dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism, patients with CF frequently have essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), 6 which contributes to poor growth and can lead to immune system compromise, dermatitis, alopecia, and thrombocytopenia. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
The link between choline, betaine, and energy metabolism in humans indicates novel functions for these nutrients. (nih.gov)
Rarely, people who take pure choline can develop a fish odor- this is due to a liver enzyme deficiency that impairs choline metabolism. (kellymom.com)
Choline is a micronutrient that's important for liver function, normal brain development, nerve function, muscle movement, supporting energy levels and maintaining a healthy metabolism. (umzu.com)
Just like B vitamins, choline plays a similar role in terms of supporting energy and brain function, as well as keeping the metabolism active. (umzu.com)
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency results in delayed metabolism of only a few compounds of clinical significance, including the following: succinylcholine, mivacurium, procaine, and cocaine. (medscape.com)

The form of choline in lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) should not cause this problem. (kellymom.com)
Choline bitartrate is the most common form of choline, and it's found in a variety of foods. (healthlinepalace.com)

A deficiency of choline can result in increased fatty deposits in the liver, memory loss, and poor muscle coordination. (nutritionreview.org)
Choline is crucial for the body for many things such as cell structure, function, and signalling, and like omega-3 fatty acids, choline contributes to cardiovascular, liver and cognitive health. (superbakrill.com)
Although small amounts of choline can be made in the liver , the majority needs to come from our diets, similar to omega-3s. (superbakrill.com)
Studies show that choline deficiency may increase the risk of developing fatty liver and muscle dysfunction. (superbakrill.com)
Choline is an essential nutrient vital for many body functions, such as nerve signaling, as well as liver and muscle functioning. (superbakrill.com)
Choline is also needed for the production and metabolization of fats and cholesterol, and aids in protecting the liver from the accumulation of excess fatty deposits. (tangoherbs.com)
Choline is also produced by the human liver, but not in the amounts needed to meet the body's requirements. (tangoherbs.com)
Research now shows that choline deficiency , a key nutrient found in egg yolks and beef liver, is one of the key risk factors that trigger fatty liver disease , along with fructose. (ascendwellnesse.com)
When you combine a low choline diet with excessive fructose and starches , you are almost guaranteed to develop fatty liver disease at some point. (ascendwellnesse.com)
People with liver failure may develop this deficiency, as may those with normal livers who take more than 20 grams of (pure) choline per day. (kellymom.com)
Additionally, long-term exposure to high levels of choline can increase the risk of liver damage and other serious medical conditions. (tambawaras.co)
It can also occur from excessive consumption of foods high in choline or from certain medical conditions such as liver disease or kidney failure. (tambawaras.co)
Liver Toxicity: High levels of choline can lead to liver toxicity due to the accumulation of fat in the organ. (tambawaras.co)
Be sure to research any potential risks before taking a choline supplement, as some of them may contain harmful ingredients like liver damage. (healthlinepalace.com)
For example, choline bitartrate (a type of choline supplement) is a good source of choline, but it's also been linked to liver damage. (healthlinepalace.com)
Alternatively, choline acetate (found in fatty fish, liver, and dairy products) is a better option because it doesn't have any side effects. (healthlinepalace.com)
However, choline acetate has been linked to side effects like liver damage, heart problems, and nervous system issues. (healthlinepalace.com)
You can find choline in a variety of food sources, such as liver, eggs, and fish. (healthlinepalace.com)
Choline has been used by 10,000's to improve nervous system health, brain health and function, liver health, heart health and more. (umzu.com)
Lack of choline can cause swelling in liver. (medlineplus.gov)
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - In patients with Wilson's disease, once-daily oral treatment with bis-choline tetrathiomolybdate rapidly lowered free copper levels, which correlated with reduced disability, improved neurological status, and stable liver function in an open-label phase 2 study. (medscape.com)

These effects of choline are correlated with modifications in histone and DNA methylation in brain, and with alterations in the expression of genes that encode proteins important for learning and memory processing, suggesting a possible epigenomic mechanism of action. (mdpi.com)
Choline helps in the process of methylation, which is used to create DNA, for nerve signaling, and for detoxification. (umzu.com)

Choline is also available as a dietary supplement, in such forms as phosphatidylcholine, choline chloride, or choline bitartrate. (nutritionreview.org)
In krill oil, choline is found in the form of phosphatidylcholine (PC), which has been shown to be twelve times better in terms of raising blood choline levels compared to a choline salt. (superbakrill.com)
Choline can be synthesized from phosphatidylcholine via the cytidine-diphosphate (CDP) pathway. (nih.gov)

Eggs, rich in choline, support cognitive functions and can potentially alleviate brain fog. (defendingtheblueline.org)

Therefore, consuming eggs, which are a natural source of choline, can potentially help in reducing brain fog and improving cognitive functions. (defendingtheblueline.org)
It's a good source of choline and has no side effects. (healthlinepalace.com)

The effects of choline are perfect and they are considered s wonder brain boosters. (unlike.net)
Are there any side effects of choline? (healthlinepalace.com)

While not toxic, excess consumption of choline can lead to over-stimulation of muscles, leading to tightening of the shoulders and neck, resulting in a tension headache. (nutritionreview.org)
Cancer Risk: Long-term excessive consumption of choline has been associated with an increased risk for certain types of cancer, such as prostate cancer. (tambawaras.co)

Choline is an organic, water-soluble compound that is neither a vitamin nor a mineral. (superbakrill.com)
Choline is a water soluble nutrient that is related to those in the B vitamin complex family. (umzu.com)

Krill oil has a trifecta effect when it comes to nutrients EPA/DHA, choline and astaxanthin are all important for optimal health. (naturalproductsinsider.com)
Krill oil also offers choline and astaxanthin, two essential nutrients often overlooked and underrated, but with a multitude of health benefits. (naturalproductsinsider.com)
In addition to its unique phospholipid advantage, krill oil contains other powerful nutrients such as astaxanthin and choline. (superbakrill.com)
One of these nutrients is choline. (defendingtheblueline.org)

In case you have deficiency of choline things can be corrected with the amount of external supplement contribution. (unlike.net)
Then it is important for you to have the same either in form of a supplement or you can even have choline by means of diet. (unlike.net)
Not all choline sources are effective and this is the reason you have to think to stack the supplement with other nootropic element. (unlike.net)
New research suggests that the common dietary supplement, choline, may play a role in preventing Alzheimer's disease (AD). (tangoherbs.com)
Choline is also available as an inexpensive and safe dietary supplement. (tangoherbs.com)
If you think a deficiency of essential fatty acids is the cause of your eczema, taking an EFA supplement is a good place to start. (healthylevelup.com)
If you think you may be deficient in Choline, a supplement is an option, in addition to increasing the Choline-rich foods in your diet like dark green leafy vegetables, whole grains, brewer's yeast, legumes, soybeans, and peanuts. (healthylevelup.com)
If you have any preexisting health conditions speak with your doctor before taking any form of supplement containing choline. (tambawaras.co)
By now you may have heard about the various benefits that CDP Choline supplements provide, but still, you might want to know more about the best Citicoline supplement. (ultramedsglobal.com)
This substance is a nootropic, a brain enhancing supplement, and is an improved version of Choline. (ultramedsglobal.com)
Hopefully, the above article has helped in your knowledge about CDP Choline Supplements and will help you make the best decision when you have to purchase the best citicoline supplement. (ultramedsglobal.com)
Best Choline Supplement! (healthlinepalace.com)
To help ensure that you're getting the choline your body needs, this blog has compiled a list of the best choline supplement sources! (healthlinepalace.com)
However, before you start taking any choline supplement, be sure to read the side effects and scam warnings associated with this nutrient. (healthlinepalace.com)
Choline Vyvamind is an essential nutrient for the brain, and it's often recommended that people take a choline supplement to ensure they're getting enough. (healthlinepalace.com)
Make sure to get your choline supplement from a reputable source! (healthlinepalace.com)
If you're looking for a choline supplement to help with memory and cognitive function, choline bitartrate is a good option. (healthlinepalace.com)
Why Supplement with Choline? (umzu.com)

Choline supplements should be avoided by persons who suffer from manic depression, as they may deepen the depressive phase of this disorder. (nutritionreview.org)
The supplements of choline fall under the group of effective nootropic and they have the best of cognitive benefits to offer. (unlike.net)
You have some of the top rated choline sources and supplements. (unlike.net)
In fact, it would be best to select from the top rated choline sources and supplements . (unlike.net)
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Dietary vitamin B12 deficiency usually results from inadequate absorption, but deficiency can develop in vegans who do not take vitamin supplements. (msdmanuals.com)
If you develop a fishy body odor, stop taking choline supplements and see your physician. (kellymom.com)
In some cases, choline toxicity is caused by overconsumption of dietary supplements or medications containing this nutrient. (tambawaras.co)
CDP Choline Supplements: How Do They Work? (ultramedsglobal.com)
However, be sure to read the label before taking choline supplements, as some of them may contain harmful ingredients. (healthlinepalace.com)
The body can't produce choline on its own, so it needs to get it from food or supplements. (healthlinepalace.com)
In terms of choline supplements, bitartrate is the most common type and is the most beneficial. (healthlinepalace.com)
So, make sure to read the labels of all choline supplements before taking them! (healthlinepalace.com)
Some supplements claim to provide choline bitartrate, but these products are often scams and should be avoided. (healthlinepalace.com)
Some people believe that choline supplements are a scam because they contain bitartrate as an ingredient. (healthlinepalace.com)

Choline is a component of lecithin and is used in the manufacture of cell membranes. (nutritionreview.org)
Choline is a component of lecithin - the lecithin sold in health food stores is about 1-2% choline. (kellymom.com)

Apart from choline, eggs also have omega-3 fatty acids. (defendingtheblueline.org)

That the choline in eggs has the potential to prevent Alzheimer's disease. (alsearsmd.com)
Whole eggs, though, provide about 100 mg of choline per serving, making them one of the best sources. (gasparinutrition.com)
Choline toxicity occurs when the body has too much of this nutrient, which is found in many foods such as eggs, fish, legumes, and some vegetables. (tambawaras.co)
In fact, eggs are sometimes called a "brain food" because of their high concentration of choline. (umzu.com)

Choline, while closely related to the B complex family of vitamins, is not truely considered a vitamin since researchers cannot agree on any common definitions of deficiency symptoms. (nutritionreview.org)
A deficiency of Choline, an unofficial B vitamin, has also been known to lead to symptoms of eczema. (healthylevelup.com)

it may also be secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency. (medscape.com)
Testing to rule out cobalamin deficiency is very important because deficiency of folate and vitamin B12 produce overlapping neurologic manifestations, and both cause megaloblastic anemia. (medscape.com)
Is choline a vitamin? (healthlinepalace.com)
However, choline is not a vitamin - it is an essential nutrient. (healthlinepalace.com)
Choline is not actually considered a mineral or a vitamin, but is an essential micronutrient needed for many functions in the body, especially for brain function. (umzu.com)
A vitamin deficiency occurs when you do not get enough of a certain vitamin. (medlineplus.gov)
Vitamin deficiency can cause health problems. (medlineplus.gov)

A low serum folate level is suggestive of folate deficiency, but is not diagnostic. (medscape.com)
If there is strong clinical suspicion of folate deficiency but the serum folate level is normal and cobalamin deficiency has been ruled out, the red blood cell folate level may be measured. (medscape.com)
The dosage of folic acid needed to prevent or reverse folate deficiency varies with the clinical circumstances. (medscape.com)
The prevalence of folate deficiency has decreased since many countries in the western hemisphere introduced a mandatory folic acid food fortification program starting in the late 1990s. (medscape.com)

A mother's need for iodine and choline increases during lactation. (cdc.gov)

Changes in plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy) reflect one aspect of the metabolic consequences of methyl group deficiency or nutrient supplementations. (nih.gov)

while adequate amounts of choline are necessary for optimal health benefits, it's important to be mindful not to overdo it - as too much could lead to negative effects on your body's systems. (tambawaras.co)

Choline is a nutrient that is essential for healthy brain and nervous system function. (healthlinepalace.com)
Choline helps in normal functioning of the brain and nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)

Choline was officially recognized as a conditionally essential nutrient by the Institute of Medicine in 1998. (superbakrill.com)

Choline is a vital nutrient found in many foods and it is important for maintaining good health. (tambawaras.co)

This finding may be explained by the relatively greater deficiency of choline acetyltransferase and the better preservation of postsynaptic muscarinic receptors in Lewy-body dementia. (aafp.org)
This is because choline can help to prevent problems like memory loss and dementia. (healthlinepalace.com)

Choline is an essential nutrient that many of us consume on a daily basis, but did you know it can become toxic if consumed in excess? (tambawaras.co)
How much choline should I consume? (healthlinepalace.com)
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, males aged 20-59 consume an average of 406-421mg of choline per day, while females in the same age group consume around 290-303mg per day. (umzu.com)
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend lactating parents consume 290 mcg of iodine and 550mg of choline daily throughout the first year postpartum. (cdc.gov)

Choline is rarely talked about, but it should be. (gasparinutrition.com)

Choline is found in all living cells, and is known to play a vital role in maintaining the central nervous system and in numerous metabolic functions. (nutritionreview.org)

Another study confirmed that nine in ten Americans are deficient in choline. (superbakrill.com)
Here, we report that LPAR6 is involved in the choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. (bvsalud.org)

Choline also is used to direct metabolic functions and plays a vital role in regulating gene expression. (tangoherbs.com)

Their results showed that female mice fed on a high-choline diet throughout life showed improvements in spatial memory, compared with those receiving less choline. (tangoherbs.com)

Choline is an essential nutrient for humans. (mdpi.com)
This was the first observation of a possible dietary silicon deficiency in humans. (biomedcentral.com)

Although more research is needed to fully understand how genetics, gender, life stage and lifestyle factors influence a person's choline requirements, krill oil remains a good option to help consumers raise their levels of choline. (superbakrill.com)
Scientific studies show that the omega-3 and choline naturally found in krill oil can benefit sports performance and recovery. (superbakrill.com)

In a previous study they determined that feeding choline to pregnant mice helped to protect the offspring, preventing their babies from developing Alzheimer's as they matured. (tangoherbs.com)
Building on that prior research they designed their new study to evaluate the benefits of giving choline to adult female mice also bred to develop Alzheimer's. (tangoherbs.com)
First, choline blocks the production of amyloid-beta plaques, the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. (tangoherbs.com)
Additionally, studies have shown that choline may reduce the risk of certain types of cancer and Alzheimer's disease. (tambawaras.co)

Eczema is also associated with a deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFAs), as EFA deficiencies are often seen in the hair and skin. (healthylevelup.com)
Choline is an essential nutrient that provides a range of health benefits. (tambawaras.co)
Choline is an essential nutrient for the brain, and is essential for memory and cognitive function. (healthlinepalace.com)
Choline is an essential nutrient for the brain that is often deficiency-prone. (healthlinepalace.com)
Choline is a nutrient essential for the brain, and it's important to have enough of it. (healthlinepalace.com)

Closely related to the B complex family of vitamins, choline is found in virtually all living cells where it plays a role in manufacturing cellular membranes. (tangoherbs.com)
Mice supplemented with choline were found to have reduced levels of toxic amyloid-beta formations in their hippocampus, a brain region known to play a central role in memory formation. (tangoherbs.com)
What is Choline Found in? (umzu.com)
Some reports have shown that a percentage of the choline found in food sources isn't actually absorbed by the body. (umzu.com)

From cognitive function to muscle health, choline is vital for their well-being. (sweetdoglife.com)

Though you can find choline in a variety of foods, be sure to read the labels carefully. (healthlinepalace.com)

You have the best variety of choline levels and the sources are different too. (unlike.net)
Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: Research suggests that consuming too much choline can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke by raising cholesterol levels in the blood. (tambawaras.co)
Gastrointestinal Issues: High levels of choline have been linked to gastrointestinal upset such as diarrhea or vomiting. (tambawaras.co)
Cognitive Decline: Some studies suggest that high levels of choline may contribute to cognitive decline in older adults. (tambawaras.co)
In addition, experts recommend getting even higher levels of choline in order to boost brain function and retain memory. (umzu.com)
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency can result in higher levels of intact succinylcholine molecules reaching receptors in the neuromuscular junction, causing the duration of paralytic effect to continue for as long as 8 hours. (medscape.com)

Zinc deficiency from malabsorption and sodium deficiency related to CFTR dysfunction also can contribute to poor growth. (contemporarypediatrics.com)

In addition to eczema, signs of an EFA deficiency can also include things like dry, flaky or scaly skin, psoriasis, or dry, brittle hair. (healthylevelup.com)

Which Health Problem Can Result From Choline Toxicity? (tambawaras.co)
Unfortunately, choline toxicity is a serious health issue that can have long-term consequences. (tambawaras.co)
So what exactly happens when the body has too much choline and which health problems can result from it? (tambawaras.co)
What is Choline and How Can it Affect Your Health? (tambawaras.co)
Choline has been linked to improved cognitive performance, better cardiovascular health, and reduced inflammation. (tambawaras.co)
Choline toxicity is a serious health issue that can occur when the body has too much of this nutrient. (tambawaras.co)
However, consuming too much choline can lead to serious health problems. (tambawaras.co)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs14

Phenomena and Processes2

Different frequencies and patterns of beta-catenin mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet in rats. (1/288)

Single versus multiple deficiencies of methionine, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline elicit surprising growth responses in young chicks. (2/288)

CYP2E1 and CYP4A as microsomal catalysts of lipid peroxides in murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (3/288)

Choline supplementation inhibits diethanolamine-induced morphological transformation in syrian hamster embryo cells: evidence for a carcinogenic mechanism. (4/288)

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (massive necrosis) with fat necrosis induced in mice by DL-ethionine fed with a choline-deficient diet. (5/288)

Starvation impairs antioxidant defense in fatty livers of rats fed a choline-deficient diet. (6/288)

Increased uracil misincorporation in lymphocytes from folate-deficient rats. (7/288)

Effect of choline deficiency on utilization of labeled precursors of choline and turnover of choline in the liver of mature Japanese quail. (8/288)

Choline Deficiency

Choline

Ethionine

Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase

Glycerylphosphorylcholine

Phosphorylcholine

Betaine

Methionine

Liver

Choline Kinase

Phosphatidylcholines

S-Adenosylhomocysteine

S-Adenosylmethionine

Ethanolamines

Folic Acid

Fatty Liver

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Diet

Pregnancy

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Different frequencies and patterns of beta-catenin mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine and a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet in rats. (1/288)

Single versus multiple deficiencies of methionine, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline elicit surprising growth responses in young chicks. (2/288)

CYP2E1 and CYP4A as microsomal catalysts of lipid peroxides in murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (3/288)

Choline supplementation inhibits diethanolamine-induced morphological transformation in syrian hamster embryo cells: evidence for a carcinogenic mechanism. (4/288)

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (massive necrosis) with fat necrosis induced in mice by DL-ethionine fed with a choline-deficient diet. (5/288)

Starvation impairs antioxidant defense in fatty livers of rats fed a choline-deficient diet. (6/288)

Increased uracil misincorporation in lymphocytes from folate-deficient rats. (7/288)

Effect of choline deficiency on utilization of labeled precursors of choline and turnover of choline in the liver of mature Japanese quail. (8/288)

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Probing the origins of human acetylcholinesterase inhibition via QSAR modeling and molecular docking [PeerJ]

Choline, an Important, Yet Underrated Nutrient

Myasthenia Gravis - Neurologic Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition

Folate Deficiency: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

Enough Choline8

Employed choline supplements1

Amount of choline4

Sources of choline6

Intake16

Nutritional Deficiencies3

Supplementation9

Methionine6

Acetylcholine8

Metabolism6

Form of choline2

Liver21

Methylation2

Phosphatidylcholine3

Rich in choline1

Source of choline2

Effects of choline2

Consumption of choline2

Water-soluble2

Nutrients4

Supplement18

Supplements14