Chronic inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is associated with the amount of DENTAL PLAQUE or DENTAL CALCULUS present. Chronic periodontitis occurs mostly in adults and was called adult periodontitis, but this disease can appear in young people.
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.
A fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
Loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. Attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. It has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment.
Removal of dental plaque and dental calculus from the surface of a tooth, from the surface of a tooth apical to the gingival margin accumulated in periodontal pockets, or from the surface coronal to the gingival margin.
A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy.
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.
An index which scores the degree of dental plaque accumulation.
A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium produces a cell-bound, oxygen-sensitive collagenase and is isolated from the human mouth.
Oral tissue surrounding and attached to TEETH.
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
A species of bacteria in the family SPIROCHAETACEAE, frequently isolated from periodontal pockets (PERIODONTAL POCKET).
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.
The structures surrounding and supporting the tooth. Periodontium includes the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium is a common commensal in the gingival crevice and is often isolated from cases of gingivitis and other purulent lesions related to the mouth.
A species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria indigenous to dental surfaces. It is associated with PERIODONTITIS; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; and ACTINOMYCOSIS.
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.
Removal of degenerated and necrotic epithelium and underlying connective tissue of a periodontal pocket in an effort to convert a chronic ulcerated wound to an acute surgical wound, thereby insuring wound healing and attachment or epithelial adhesion, and shrinkage of the marginal gingiva. The term is sometimes used in connection with smoothing of a root surface or ROOT PLANING. (Jablonski; Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures.
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the gingival margin and sulcus and from infections of the upper respiratory tract and pleural cavity.
An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.
Treatment for the prevention of periodontal diseases or other dental diseases by the cleaning of the teeth in the dental office using the procedures of DENTAL SCALING and DENTAL POLISHING. The treatment may include plaque detection, removal of supra- and subgingival plaque and calculus, application of caries-preventing agents, checking of restorations and prostheses and correcting overhanging margins and proximal contours of restorations, and checking for signs of food impaction.
Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.
A species of CAMPYLOBACTER isolated from cases of human PERIODONTITIS. It is a microaerophile, capable of respiring with OXYGEN.
Technique involving the passage of X-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental X-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth.
An acute or chronic GINGIVITIS characterized by redness and swelling, NECROSIS extending from the interdental papillae along the gingival margins, PAIN; HEMORRHAGE, necrotic odor, and often a pseudomembrane. The condition may extend to the ORAL MUCOSA; TONGUE; PALATE; or PHARYNX. The etiology is somewhat unclear, but may involve a complex of FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM along with spirochetes BORRELIA or TREPONEMA.
Selective grinding of occlusal surfaces of the teeth in an effort to eliminate premature contacts and occlusal interferences; to establish optimal masticatory effectiveness, stable occlusal relationships, direction of main occlusal forces, and efficient multidirectional patterns, to improve functional relations and to induce physiologic stimulation of the masticatory system; to eliminate occlusal trauma; to eliminate abnormal muscle tension; to aid in the stabilization of orthodontic results; to treat periodontal and temporomandibular joint problems; and in restorative procedures. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.
Gram-negative bacteria isolated from infections of the respiratory and intestinal tracts and from the buccal cavity, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are probably part of the normal flora of man and animals.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Exposure of the root surface when the edge of the gum (GINGIVA) moves apically away from the crown of the tooth. This is common with advancing age, vigorous tooth brushing, diseases, or tissue loss of the gingiva, the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT and the supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.
Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.
Solutions for rinsing the mouth, possessing cleansing, germicidal, or palliative properties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)
The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health.
##### I apologize, but the term "Jordan" does not have a specific medical definition in the English language. It is primarily used as a personal name or to refer to the country in the Middle East.
The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.
Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. What is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (BIOFILMS) is distinct from protein adhesin.
Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc.
A phylum of bacteria comprised of three classes: Bacteroides, Flavobacteria, and Sphingobacteria.
A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.
'Anaerobic Bacteria' are types of bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth and can often cause diseases in humans, including dental caries, gas gangrene, and tetanus, among others.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.
ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.
A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.

Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis PrtC on cytokine expression in ECV304 endothelial cells and its level in subgingival plaques from patients with chronic periodontitis. (1/253)

AIM: To investigate the effect of the collagenase gene (prtC) product of Porphyromonas gingivalis on inducing host cells to secrete inflammatory cytokines, and to discuss the correlation between the PrtC level in subgingival plaque samples and clinical parameters. METHODS: A prokaryotic expression system pET32a-prtC-Escheria coli BL21DE3 was constructed. Antigenicity and immunoreactivity of the recombinant PrtC protein (rPrtC) was identified by Western blotting. ELISA was applied to detect interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-8, and TNF-alpha levels in supernatants from rPrtC-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) originated ECV304 cells. Clinical parameters recorded at baseline and after treatment included bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and attachment loss (AL). ELISA was established to measure the PrtC level in 196 subgingival plaque samples from 49 patients with chronic periodontitis. RESULTS: After coincubation with 1 microg/mL rPrtC for 24 h and with 5 or 10 microg/mL rPrtC for 12 h, the levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-8, and TNF-alpha secreted by the ECV304 cells increased significantly (P<0.05). The PrtC level in the BOP-positive or the > or =5 mm AL or > or = 6 mm PD sites was higher than that in the BOP-negative or the < or =2 mm AL or < or =6 mm PD sites (P<0.05), respectively. Compared with baseline, the PrtC levels in different AL sites or in the < or =6 mm PD pockets decreased remarkably after treatment (P<0.01), but in the BOP-positive or in the > 6 mm PD sites, the PrtC levels changed insignificantly (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: rPrtC is able to directly induce host cells to synthesize and secrete IL-1 alpha, IL-8, and TNF-alpha. The PrtC level in subgingival samples is correlated with BOP, AL, and PD.  (+info)

Transmission of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans between Brazilian women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children. (2/253)

This study evaluated the transmission of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children. Thirty women (mean age = 36.1+/-6.0 years) who were mothers of at least one child aged 7 to 16 years were enrolled. In order to investigate mother-child transmission of Aa, the children were also evaluated when their mothers were colonized by the bacterium. Subgingival plaque samples of each woman were collected from 3 sites (mean probing depth of 7.3+/-1.2 mm and mean clinical attachment level of 7.9+/-1.5 mm) and pooled in reduced transport fluid (RTF). These samples were processed, inoculated onto TSBV-agar selective medium and incubated at 37 degrees C in microaerophilic atmosphere for 5 days. Aa was identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram staining, catalase and oxidase reactions. Aa was found in 8 out of 30 women. Therefore, 8 children from these women (mean age= 12 +/- 3.7 years) were evaluated, but Aa was found only in 2 of them. Aa strains of the two mother-child pairs were evaluated by arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), although it was not found similarity between the amplitypes of each pair. No Aa transmission was found between Brazilian women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children.  (+info)

Invasive differences among Porphyromonas gingivalis strains from healthy and diseased periodontal sites. (3/253)

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The broad effects of the functional IL-10 promoter-592 polymorphism: modulation of IL-10, TIMP-3, and OPG expression and their association with periodontal disease outcome. (4/253)

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A double-blind randomized clinical trial of subgingival minocycline for chronic periodontitis. (5/253)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, E. corrodens and F. nucleatum in 30 subjects with chronic periodontitis treated by scaling and root planing (SRP) plus minocycline (test group) during 12 months with regular trimester maintenance care. Additionally, we evaluated whether the beneficial effects of the therapy on the microbial flora persisted for 24 months. The test group (n = 15) and the control group [SRP plus placebo (n = 15)] were randomly assigned. After SRP, subjects received minocycline or placebo at the baseline, and at 3, 6, and 9 months at all sites with a periodontal pocket depth (PD) of >or= 6 mm. Moreover, two homologous teeth, initially PD >or= 6 mm, were clinically and microbially monitored by PCR at the baseline, and at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months. Differences in mean PD values between groups were analyzed by Student's t-test (P < 0.05). The results for bacterial frequencies showed no significant differences between groups (Fisher's Exact test, P < 0.05) or between time-points (Friedman test, P < 0.05). We failed to detect any differences between groups related to the presence of target pathogens for 12 months. The effects of both therapies on the microbial flora did not persist for 24 months. The group without supportive periodontal therapy showed an improvement in the pattern of pathogens with either of the therapies.  (+info)

Granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (gcp-2/cxcl6) complements interleukin-8 in periodontal disease. (6/253)

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Interstitial and Langerhans' dendritic cells in chronic periodontitis and gingivitis. (7/253)

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In vivo determination of multiple indices of periodontal inflammation by optical spectroscopy. (8/253)

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Chronic periodontitis is a type of gum disease that is characterized by the inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It is a slow-progressing condition that can lead to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, which can result in loose teeth or tooth loss if left untreated.

Chronic periodontitis is caused by the buildup of dental plaque and calculus (tartar) on the teeth, which harbor bacteria that release toxins that irritate and inflame the gums. Over time, this chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of the periodontal tissues, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.

The signs and symptoms of chronic periodontitis include:

* Red, swollen, or tender gums
* Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing
* Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
* Receding gums (exposure of the tooth root)
* Loose teeth or changes in bite alignment
* Deep periodontal pockets (spaces between the teeth and gums)

Risk factors for chronic periodontitis include poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, genetics, and certain medications. Treatment typically involves a thorough dental cleaning to remove plaque and calculus, followed by additional procedures such as scaling and root planing or surgery to eliminate infection and promote healing of the periodontal tissues. Good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and quitting smoking are essential for preventing chronic periodontitis and maintaining good oral health.

Periodontitis is a severe form of gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting your teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. The body's immune system fights the bacterial infection, which causes an inflammatory response. If the inflammation continues for a long time, it can damage the tissues and bones that support the teeth.

The early stage of periodontitis is called gingivitis, which is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed or flossed. When gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In addition to plaque, other factors that increase the risk of developing periodontitis include smoking or using tobacco products, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, a weakened immune system, and genetic factors.

Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and using an antimicrobial mouth rinse, can help prevent periodontitis. Treatment for periodontitis may include deep cleaning procedures, medications, or surgery in severe cases.

A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.

In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.

Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.

Aggressive periodontitis is a severe form of periodontal disease that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It is characterized by rapid destruction of the periodontal tissues and can result in significant tooth loss if left untreated.

Aggressive periodontitis typically affects younger individuals, often before the age of 30, and can progress rapidly, even in the absence of obvious dental plaque or calculus accumulation. It is often associated with a genetic predisposition and may cluster in families.

The disease is classified as localized or generalized based on the distribution of affected sites. Localized aggressive periodontitis typically affects no more than two teeth next to each other, while generalized aggressive periodontitis involves at least three or four teeth in different areas of the mouth.

In addition to genetic factors, other risk factors for aggressive periodontitis include smoking, diabetes, and hormonal changes. Treatment typically involves a combination of thorough dental cleanings, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention to remove damaged tissue and promote healing. Regular maintenance care is essential to prevent recurrence and further progression of the disease.

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is defined as the serum transudate or inflammatory exudate that flows from the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. It is a physiological fluid found in the narrow space between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue, which deepens during periodontal disease. The analysis of GCF has been used as a non-invasive method to assess the status of periodontal health and disease since it contains various markers of inflammation, host response, and bacterial products.

Periodontal attachment loss (PAL) is a clinical measurement in dentistry that refers to the amount of connective tissue attachment between the tooth and its surrounding supportive structures (including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) that has been lost due to periodontal disease. It is typically expressed in millimeters and represents the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), which is the point where the tooth's crown meets the root, to the bottom of the periodontal pocket.

Periodontal pockets are formed when the gums detach from the tooth due to inflammation and infection caused by bacterial biofilms accumulating on the teeth. As the disease progresses, more and more of the supporting structures are destroyed, leading to increased pocket depths and attachment loss. This can eventually result in loose teeth and even tooth loss if left untreated.

Therefore, periodontal attachment loss is an important indicator of the severity and progression of periodontal disease, and its measurement helps dental professionals assess the effectiveness of treatment interventions and monitor disease status over time.

Dental scaling is a professional dental cleaning procedure that involves the removal of plaque, tartar (calculus), and stains from the tooth surfaces. This is typically performed by a dentist or dental hygienist using specialized instruments called scalers and curettes. The procedure helps to prevent gum disease and tooth decay by removing bacterial deposits that can cause inflammation and infection of the gums. Dental scaling may be recommended as part of a routine dental check-up or if there are signs of periodontal disease, such as red, swollen, or bleeding gums. In some cases, local anesthesia may be used to numb the area and make the procedure more comfortable for the patient.

Root planing is a dental procedure that involves the cleaning and smoothing of the root surfaces of teeth. It is typically performed as a part of periodontal therapy to treat and manage gum disease. The goal of root planing is to remove tartar, calculus, and bacterial toxins from the roots of teeth, which helps to promote the reattachment of the gums to the teeth and prevent further progression of periodontal disease. This procedure is usually performed under local anesthesia and may require multiple appointments depending on the severity of the case.

Gingival hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It refers to the condition where the gums bleed, often as a result of trauma or injury, but also can be caused by various systemic conditions such as disorders of coagulation, leukemia, or scurvy.

Gingival hemorrhage is commonly seen in individuals with poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which can cause inflammation and damage to the gums. This can lead to increased susceptibility to bleeding, even during routine activities such as brushing or flossing. It's important to address any underlying causes of gingival hemorrhage to prevent further complications.

The dental plaque index (DPI) is a clinical measurement used in dentistry to assess the amount of dental plaque accumulation on a person's teeth. It was first introduced by Silness and Löe in 1964 as a method to standardize the assessment of oral hygiene and the effectiveness of oral hygiene interventions.

The DPI is based on a visual examination of the amount of plaque present on four surfaces of the teeth, including the buccal (cheek-facing) and lingual (tongue-facing) surfaces of both upper and lower first molars and upper and lower incisors. The examiner assigns a score from 0 to 3 for each surface, with higher scores indicating greater plaque accumulation:

* Score 0: No plaque detected, even after probing the area with a dental explorer.
* Score 1: Plaque detected by visual examination and/or probing but is not visible when the area is gently dried with air.
* Score 2: Moderate accumulation of soft deposits that are visible upon visual examination before air drying, but which can be removed by scraping with a dental explorer.
* Score 3: Abundant soft matter, visible upon visual examination before air drying and not easily removable with a dental explorer.

The DPI is calculated as the average score of all surfaces examined, providing an overall measure of plaque accumulation in the mouth. It can be used to monitor changes in oral hygiene over time or to evaluate the effectiveness of different oral hygiene interventions. However, it should be noted that the DPI has limitations and may not accurately reflect the presence of bacterial biofilms or the risk of dental caries and gum disease.

The Periodontal Index (PI) is not a current or widely used medical/dental term. However, in the past, it was used to describe a method for assessing and measuring the severity of periodontal disease, also known as gum disease.

Developed by Henry H. Klein and colleagues in 1978, the Periodontal Index was a scoring system that evaluated four parameters: gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, calculus (tartar) presence, and periodontal pocket depths. The scores for each parameter ranged from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating worse periodontal health. The overall PI score was the sum of the individual parameter scores, ranging from 0 to 12.

However, due to its limited ability to predict future disease progression and the introduction of more comprehensive assessment methods like the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE), the use of the Periodontal Index has become less common in dental practice and research.

"Porphyromonas gingivalis" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal disease. It is a major pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which is a severe form of gum disease that can lead to destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.

The bacterium produces several virulence factors, such as proteases and endotoxins, which contribute to its pathogenicity. It has been shown to evade the host's immune response and cause tissue destruction through various mechanisms, including inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.

P. gingivalis has also been linked to several systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanisms of these associations are not fully understood. Effective oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, can help prevent the overgrowth of P. gingivalis and reduce the risk of periodontal disease.

Gingiva is the medical term for the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and forms the margin of the dental groove, also known as the gum. It extends from the mucogingival junction to the base of the cervical third of the tooth root. The gingiva plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the teeth and maintaining oral health by providing a barrier against microbial invasion and mechanical injury.

Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.

Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.

Alveolar bone loss refers to the breakdown and resorption of the alveolar process of the jawbone, which is the part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This type of bone loss is often caused by periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can lead to the destruction of the structures that support the teeth.

In advanced stages of periodontal disease, the alveolar bone can become severely damaged or destroyed, leading to tooth loss. Alveolar bone loss can also occur as a result of other conditions, such as osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. Dental X-rays and other imaging techniques are often used to diagnose and monitor alveolar bone loss. Treatment may include deep cleaning of the teeth and gums, medications, surgery, or tooth extraction in severe cases.

Treponema denticola is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that belongs to the genus Treponema. It is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal diseases such as chronic periodontitis. T. denticola is one of the "red complex" bacteria, which also includes Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, that are strongly associated with periodontal disease. These bacteria form a complex biofilm in the subgingival area and contribute to the breakdown of the periodontal tissues, leading to pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.

T. denticola has several virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteases, fimbriae, and endotoxins, that allow it to evade the host's immune system and cause tissue damage. It can also modulate the host's immune response, leading to a chronic inflammatory state that contributes to the progression of periodontal disease.

In addition to its role in periodontal disease, T. denticola has been linked to several systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between T. denticola and these conditions.

Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.

The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.

The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.

The periodontium is a complex structure in the oral cavity that surrounds and supports the teeth. It consists of four main components:
1. Gingiva (gums): The pink, soft tissue that covers the crown of the tooth and extends down to the neck of the tooth, where it meets the cementum.
2. Cementum: A specialized, calcified tissue that covers the root of the tooth and provides a surface for the periodontal ligament fibers to attach.
3. Periodontal ligament (PDL): A highly vascular and cell-rich connective tissue that attaches the cementum of the tooth root to the alveolar bone, allowing for tooth mobility and absorption of forces during chewing.
4. Alveolar bone: The portion of the jawbone that contains the sockets (alveoli) for the teeth. It is a spongy bone with a rich blood supply that responds to mechanical stresses from biting and chewing, undergoing remodeling throughout life.

Periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, affect the health and integrity of the periodontium, leading to inflammation, bleeding, pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.

Bacteroidaceae is a family of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. Infections caused by Bacteroidaceae are relatively rare, but can occur in cases of severe trauma, surgery, or compromised immune systems. These infections may include bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), abscesses, and wound infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against anaerobic bacteria. It is important to note that proper identification of the specific species causing the infection is necessary for appropriate treatment, as different species within Bacteroidaceae may have different susceptibilities to various antibiotics.

Prevotella intermedia is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It is a normal resident of the human microbiota but can also be an opportunistic pathogen, causing various types of infections such as periodontitis, endocarditis, and brain abscesses. P. intermedia has been associated with several diseases, including respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, and joint infections. It is often found in mixed infections with other anaerobic bacteria. Proper identification of this organism is important for the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

'Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is facultatively anaerobic, meaning it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is commonly found as part of the oral microbiota in humans and is associated with periodontal diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis. Additionally, it has been implicated in various extraoral infections, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions. The bacterium's virulence factors include leukotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and adhesins, which contribute to its pathogenicity.

Periapical periodontitis is a medical condition that affects the tissues surrounding the root tip (apex) of a tooth. It is typically caused by bacterial infection that originates from the dental pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. When the dental pulp becomes inflamed or infected due to decay or injury, it can lead to periapical periodontitis if left untreated.

The infection spreads from the pulp through the root canal and forms an abscess at the tip of the tooth root. This results in inflammation and destruction of the surrounding bone and periodontal tissues, leading to symptoms such as pain, swelling, tenderness, and sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures.

Periapical periodontitis is usually treated with root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected pulp tissue, cleaning and disinfecting the root canal, and filling and sealing the space to prevent reinfection. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help clear up any residual infection. If left untreated, periapical periodontitis can lead to more serious complications such as tooth loss or spread of infection to other parts of the body.

Subgingival curettage is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected tissue from the area below the gum line (subgingival) down to the bottom of the periodontal pocket. This procedure is typically performed by a dentist or dental hygienist during a deep cleaning or scaling and root planing procedure to treat periodontal disease. The goal of subgingival curettage is to remove damaged, infected, or necrotic tissue from the periodontal pocket, which can help promote healing and reduce the depth of the pocket. This procedure may also be used as a diagnostic tool to assess the extent of periodontal damage and guide treatment planning.

Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide is a synthetic substance that is used in laboratory settings as a reagent for the detection and measurement of certain enzymes, specifically proteases such as trypsin. It is a colorless to pale yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. When treated with an enzyme that can cleave it, such as trypsin, it produces a colored product that can be measured and used to quantify the enzyme's activity. This compound is not used for medical purposes in humans or animals.

"Fusobacterium nucleatum" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and plays a significant role in periodontal disease. It has also been implicated in various extraintestinal infections, including septicemia, brain abscesses, and lung and liver infections. This bacterium is known to have a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, such as the ability to adhere to and invade host cells, produce biofilms, and evade the immune response. It has been linked to several systemic diseases, including colorectal cancer, where it may promote tumor growth and progression through various mechanisms.

Peri-implantitis is a medical term used to describe the inflammatory condition that affects the soft and hard tissues surrounding dental implants, leading to their progressive loss. It's characterized by an infection that causes inflammation in the gums and potentially in the bone around the implant.

The primary cause of peri-implantitis is bacterial biofilm accumulation, similar to what leads to periodontal disease around natural teeth. Other factors contributing to its development can include poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, and genetic predisposition.

Symptoms may include redness, swelling, bleeding, and pus formation in the gums around the implant, as well as pain, mobility, or even loss of the affected dental implant if left untreated. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition but often involve mechanical debridement, antibiotic therapy, and possible surgical intervention to regenerate lost tissue.

Dental prophylaxis is a dental procedure aimed at the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. It is commonly known as a "teeth cleaning" and is performed by a dentist or dental hygienist. The procedure involves removing plaque, tartar, and stains from the teeth to prevent tooth decay and gum disease. Dental prophylaxis may also include polishing the teeth, applying fluoride, and providing oral hygiene instructions to promote good oral health. It is recommended that individuals receive a dental prophylaxis every six months or as directed by their dentist.

A furcation defect in dental terminology refers to the loss or destruction of supporting bone in the area where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth, such as a molar, diverge or branch out. This condition is typically caused by periodontal disease, which results in inflammation and infection of the gums and surrounding tissues.

Furcation defects are classified into three categories based on their severity:

1. Class I: The furcation involvement is limited to the function groove, and the bone loss does not extend beyond this area. Treatment usually involves thorough cleaning and root planing of the affected area.
2. Class II: The bone loss extends halfway or more beneath the furcation, but not reaching the bottom of the furcation. This type of defect may require surgical treatment to promote bone regeneration.
3. Class III: The bone loss is so extensive that it reaches the bottom of the furcation and possibly beyond. In such cases, tooth extraction may be necessary if the tooth cannot be saved through regenerative procedures or other treatments.

It's important to note that early detection and treatment of periodontal disease can help prevent furcation defects from developing or worsening. Regular dental checkups and cleanings are essential for maintaining good oral health and preventing periodontal issues.

According to the American Academy of Periodontology, periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. These tissues include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky film that constantly forms on our teeth.

There are two major stages of periodontal disease:

1. Gingivitis: This is the milder form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) without loss of attachment to the teeth. The gums may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage can be reversed with proper dental care and improved oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease. In periodontitis, the inflammation extends beyond the gums and affects the deeper periodontal tissues, leading to loss of bone support around the teeth. Pockets filled with infection-causing bacteria form between the teeth and gums, causing further damage and potential tooth loss if not treated promptly.

Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking or using smokeless tobacco, genetic predisposition, diabetes, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or menopause), certain medications, and systemic diseases like AIDS or cancer. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are crucial for preventing periodontal disease and maintaining overall oral health.

Bacteroides are a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are normally present in the human gastrointestinal tract. They are part of the normal gut microbiota and play an important role in breaking down complex carbohydrates and other substances in the gut. However, some species of Bacteroides can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or when they spread to other parts of the body. They are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria difficult to treat.

'Campylobacter rectus' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause periodontal disease, an infection and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth. It is normally found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease. The bacteria are microaerophilic, meaning they require reduced levels of oxygen to grow. Infection with 'Campylobacter rectus' can lead to tissue destruction, bone loss, and potentially systemic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. Proper oral hygiene and dental care are important in preventing infection and controlling the spread of this bacterium.

Bitewing radiography is a type of dental x-ray examination that involves taking multiple images of the teeth while they are bite together. These x-rays primarily provide a detailed view of the crowns of the upper and lower teeth in a single view, allowing dentists to diagnose and monitor interdental decay (decay between teeth), dental caries, and any bone loss around fillings or near the gum line. Bitewing radiographs are essential for detecting dental problems at an early stage, which can help prevent further damage and costly treatments in the future. They are typically taken annually or biennially during routine dental checkups.

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), also known as trench mouth or acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis, is a severe and painful form of gingivitis that is characterized by the presence of necrosis (tissue death) and ulcers in the gum tissue. It is caused by a combination of factors, including poor oral hygiene, stress, smoking, and a weakened immune system. The condition is often associated with the presence of certain types of bacteria that produce toxins that can damage the gum tissue.

NUG is characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms such as severe pain, bleeding, bad breath, and a grayish-white or yellowish film covering the gums. The gums may also appear bright red, swollen, and shiny, and may bleed easily when brushed or touched. In some cases, the condition can progress to involve other areas of the mouth, such as the lining of the cheeks and lips.

NUG is typically treated with a combination of professional dental cleaning, antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection, and pain management. It is important to maintain good oral hygiene practices to prevent recurrence of the condition. If left untreated, NUG can lead to more serious complications such as tooth loss or spread of the infection to other parts of the body.

Occlusal adjustment is a dental procedure that involves modifying the shape and alignment of the biting surfaces of teeth to improve their fit and relationship with the opposing teeth. The goal of occlusal adjustment is to create a balanced and harmonious bite, which can help alleviate symptoms such as tooth wear, sensitivity, pain, or temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD).

During an occlusal adjustment procedure, the dentist uses specialized instruments like articulating paper or dental burs to identify and eliminate interferences in the bite. These interferences can be caused by high spots, rough edges, or misaligned teeth that prevent the upper and lower teeth from meeting evenly when the jaw is closed. By removing these interferences, the dentist aims to create a more stable and comfortable bite, reducing stress on the jaw joints and muscles.

It's important to note that occlusal adjustment should only be performed by a trained dental professional, as improper modifications can lead to further dental issues or discomfort.

Actinobacillus infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Actinobacillus, which are gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, and non-motile rods. These bacteria can cause a variety of infections in humans and animals, including respiratory tract infections, wound infections, and septicemia.

The most common species that causes infection in humans is Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, which is associated with periodontal disease, endocarditis, and soft tissue infections. Other species such as A. suis, A. lignieresii, and A. equuli can cause infections in animals and occasionally in humans, particularly those who have close contact with animals.

Symptoms of Actinobacillus infections depend on the site of infection and may include fever, chills, swelling, redness, pain, and purulent discharge. Diagnosis is typically made through culture and identification of the bacteria from clinical samples such as blood, wound secretions, or respiratory specimens. Treatment usually involves antibiotics that are effective against gram-negative bacteria, such as aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, or third-generation cephalosporins. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue.

'Eikenella corrodens' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that is commonly found as normal flora in the human oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It is named for its ability to corrode or pit the surface of culture media.

Eikenella corrodens is a opportunistic pathogen that can cause localized infections such as abscesses, cellulitis, and endocarditis, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions or compromised immune systems. It has also been associated with bite wounds, human and animal bites, and trauma to the head and neck.

Eikenella corrodens is often resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin due to the production of beta-lactamase enzyme. However, it remains susceptible to other antibiotics such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines.

Medical treatment for Eikenella corrodens infections typically involves the use of appropriate antibiotics based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, along with surgical debridement or drainage of any abscesses or collections of pus.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Gingival recession is the term used to describe the exposure of the root surface of a tooth as a result of the loss of gum tissue (gingiva) due to periodontal disease or improper oral hygiene practices. It can also occur due to other factors such as aggressive brushing, grinding or clenching of teeth, and misaligned teeth. Gingival recession is often characterized by red, swollen, or sensitive gums, and can lead to tooth sensitivity, decay, and even tooth loss if left untreated.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.

Bacterial load refers to the total number or concentration of bacteria present in a given sample, tissue, or body fluid. It is a measure used to quantify the amount of bacterial infection or colonization in a particular area. The bacterial load can be expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter (ml), gram (g), or other units of measurement depending on the sample type. High bacterial loads are often associated with more severe infections and increased inflammation.

A mouthwash is an antiseptic or therapeutic solution that is held in the mouth and then spit out, rather than swallowed. It is used to improve oral hygiene, to freshen breath, and to help prevent dental cavities, gingivitis, and other periodontal diseases.

Mouthwashes can contain a variety of ingredients, including water, alcohol, fluoride, chlorhexidine, essential oils, and other antimicrobial agents. Some mouthwashes are available over-the-counter, while others require a prescription. It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer or your dentist to ensure the safe and effective use of mouthwash.

Gingival overgrowth, also known as gingival hyperplasia or hypertrophy, refers to an abnormal enlargement or growth of the gum tissue (gingiva) surrounding the teeth. This condition can be caused by various factors, including poor oral hygiene, certain medications (such as phenytoin, cyclosporine, and calcium channel blockers), genetic predisposition, and systemic conditions like vitamin C deficiency or leukemia.

Gingival overgrowth can lead to several complications, such as difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene, which may result in periodontal disease, tooth decay, bad breath, and potential loss of teeth. In some cases, the enlarged gum tissue may also cause discomfort or pain during speaking, chewing, or brushing. Treatment for gingival overgrowth typically involves improving oral hygiene, adjusting medications if possible, and undergoing surgical procedures to remove the excess gum tissue. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings are essential in managing and preventing this condition.

Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental issues such as cavities, gum disease, bad breath, and other oral health problems. It involves regular brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash to remove plaque and food particles that can lead to tooth decay and gum disease. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings are also an essential part of maintaining good oral hygiene. Poor oral hygiene can lead to a range of health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections, so it is important to prioritize oral health as part of overall health and wellbeing.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Jordan" is not a medical term or condition. It is most commonly known as the name of a country in the Middle East, as well as a personal name for both males and females. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help clarify or provide information based on appropriate medical terminology and concepts.

Saliva is a complex mixture of primarily water, but also electrolytes, enzymes, antibacterial compounds, and various other substances. It is produced by the salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva plays an essential role in maintaining oral health by moistening the mouth, helping to digest food, and protecting the teeth from decay by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria.

The medical definition of saliva can be stated as:

"A clear, watery, slightly alkaline fluid secreted by the salivary glands, consisting mainly of water, with small amounts of electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), mucus, and antibacterial compounds. Saliva aids in digestion, lubrication of oral tissues, and provides an oral barrier against microorganisms."

Bacterial adhesins are proteins or structures on the surface of bacterial cells that allow them to attach to other cells or surfaces. This ability to adhere to host tissues is an important first step in the process of bacterial infection and colonization. Adhesins can recognize and bind to specific receptors on host cells, such as proteins or sugars, enabling the bacteria to establish a close relationship with the host and evade immune responses.

There are several types of bacterial adhesins, including fimbriae, pili, and non-fimbrial adhesins. Fimbriae and pili are thin, hair-like structures that extend from the bacterial surface and can bind to a variety of host cell receptors. Non-fimbrial adhesins are proteins that are directly embedded in the bacterial cell wall and can also mediate attachment to host cells.

Bacterial adhesins play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and gastrointestinal infections. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion is important for developing new strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections.

Hemagglutinins are proteins found on the surface of some viruses, including influenza viruses. They have the ability to bind to specific receptors on the surface of red blood cells, causing them to clump together (a process known as hemagglutination). This property is what allows certain viruses to infect host cells and cause disease. Hemagglutinins play a crucial role in the infection process of influenza viruses, as they facilitate the virus's entry into host cells by binding to sialic acid receptors on the surface of respiratory epithelial cells. There are 18 different subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) found in various influenza A viruses, and they are a major target of the immune response to influenza infection. Vaccines against influenza contain hemagglutinins from the specific strains of virus that are predicted to be most prevalent in a given season, and induce immunity by stimulating the production of antibodies that can neutralize the virus.

Bacteroidetes is a large phylum of gram-negative, predominantly anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, including humans. They play an important role in the breakdown and fermentation of complex carbohydrates in the gut, producing short-chain fatty acids as a byproduct. Some species of Bacteroidetes have also been identified as opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals or under certain conditions.

The medical relevance of Bacteroidetes lies in their role in maintaining gut homeostasis, modulating the immune system, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including changes in the abundance and diversity of Bacteroidetes, has been associated with various diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the ecology and function of Bacteroidetes is important for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.

Chlorhexidine is an antimicrobial agent used for its broad-spectrum germicidal properties. It is effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is commonly used as a surgical scrub, hand sanitizer, and healthcare disinfectant. Chlorhexidine is available in various forms, including solutions, gels, and sprays. It works by disrupting the microbial cell membrane, leading to the death of the organism. It is also used in mouthwashes and skin cleansers for its antimicrobial effects.

Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.

Nonparametric statistics is a branch of statistics that does not rely on assumptions about the distribution of variables in the population from which the sample is drawn. In contrast to parametric methods, nonparametric techniques make fewer assumptions about the data and are therefore more flexible in their application. Nonparametric tests are often used when the data do not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, such as normality or equal variances.

Nonparametric statistical methods include tests such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney U test) for comparing two independent groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing two related groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing more than two independent groups. These tests use the ranks of the data rather than the actual values to make comparisons, which allows them to be used with ordinal or continuous data that do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.

Overall, nonparametric statistics provide a useful set of tools for analyzing data in situations where the assumptions of parametric methods are not met, and can help researchers draw valid conclusions from their data even when the data are not normally distributed or have other characteristics that violate the assumptions of parametric tests.

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a member of the interleukin-1 cytokine family and is primarily produced by activated macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli. It is a crucial mediator of the innate immune response and plays a key role in the regulation of various biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. IL-1β is involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and atherosclerosis. It exerts its effects by binding to the interleukin-1 receptor, which triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of various transcription factors and the expression of target genes.

Cysteine endopeptidases are a type of enzymes that cleave peptide bonds within proteins. They are also known as cysteine proteases or cysteine proteinases. These enzymes contain a catalytic triad consisting of three amino acids: cysteine, histidine, and aspartate. The thiol group (-SH) of the cysteine residue acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon of the peptide bond, leading to its cleavage.

Cysteine endopeptidases play important roles in various biological processes, including protein degradation, cell signaling, and inflammation. They are involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, such as apoptosis, immune response, and cancer. Some examples of cysteine endopeptidases include cathepsins, caspases, and calpains.

It is important to note that these enzymes require a reducing environment to maintain the reduced state of their active site cysteine residue. Therefore, they are sensitive to oxidizing agents and inhibitors that target the thiol group. Understanding the structure and function of cysteine endopeptidases is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies that target these enzymes in various diseases.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

The Chi-square distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is often used in statistical hypothesis testing. It is the distribution of a sum of squares of k independent standard normal random variables. The resulting quantity follows a chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom, denoted as χ²(k).

The probability density function (pdf) of the Chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom is given by:

f(x; k) = (1/ (2^(k/2) * Γ(k/2))) \* x^((k/2)-1) \* e^(-x/2), for x > 0 and 0, otherwise.

Where Γ(k/2) is the gamma function evaluated at k/2. The mean and variance of a Chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom are k and 2k, respectively.

The Chi-square distribution has various applications in statistical inference, including testing goodness-of-fit, homogeneity of variances, and independence in contingency tables.

Biofilms are defined as complex communities of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, that adhere to surfaces and are enclosed in a matrix made up of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS matrix is composed of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, and other molecules that provide structural support and protection to the microorganisms within.

Biofilms can form on both living and non-living surfaces, including medical devices, implants, and biological tissues. They are resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and host immune responses, making them difficult to eradicate and a significant cause of persistent infections. Biofilms have been implicated in a wide range of medical conditions, including chronic wounds, urinary tract infections, middle ear infections, and device-related infections.

The formation of biofilms typically involves several stages, including initial attachment, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion. Understanding the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and development is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat biofilm-associated infections.

Root canal therapy, also known as endodontic treatment, is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected or damaged pulp tissue from within a tooth's root canal system. The root canal system is a series of narrow channels that run from the center of the tooth (pulp chamber) down to the tip of the tooth roots, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues.

During the procedure, the dentist or endodontist will gain access to the pulp chamber, carefully clean and shape the root canals using specialized instruments, and then fill and seal them with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha. This helps prevent reinfection and preserves the structural integrity of the tooth. In many cases, a crown or other restoration is placed over the treated tooth to protect it and restore its function and appearance.

Root canal therapy is typically recommended when the pulp tissue becomes inflamed or infected due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures, cracks, or chips in the teeth. The goal of this treatment is to alleviate pain, preserve natural tooth structure, and prevent the need for extraction.

Not every case of gingivitis will progress onto chronic periodontitis, but all chronic periodontitis results from gingivitis. ... and Eikenella corrodens also may play a role in chronic periodontitis. In the early stages, chronic periodontitis has few ... Chronic periodontitis is a common disease of the oral cavity consisting of chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues that ... Chronic periodontitis is one of the seven categories of periodontitis as defined by the American Academy of Periodontology 1999 ...
Cobb CM, Low SB, Coluzzi DJ (2010). "Lasers and the treatment of chronic periodontitis". Dent. Clin. North Am. 54 (1): 35-53. ... McCawley, Tom; McCawley, Mark; Rams, Thomas (2018). "Effects of LANAP on Chronic Periodontitis Microbiota". Journal of the ... "Lasers and bacterial reduction: A comprehensive technique to treat chronic periodontitis". Dentistry IQ. Retrieved 28 April ... As of October 2017 studies of lasers in the treatment of periodontitis have yet to provide sufficient evidence that the use of ...
"Infection patterns in chronic and aggressive periodontitis". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 32 (10): 1055-61. doi:10.1111/ ... Well studied Periodontal pathogens are bacteria that have been shown to significantly contribute to periodontitis. Dental ... of species that have been shown to be more closely related to the initial incidence and continued persistence of periodontitis ...
... is much less common than chronic periodontitis and generally affects younger patients than does the ... "Differential Diagnosis between Chronic versus Aggressive Periodontitis and Staging of Aggressive Periodontitis: A Cross- ... As the overall treatment concepts and goals for AgP are not significantly different from that of chronic periodontitis, the ... Mostly in individuals under 30 years old In GAP, the clinical appearance of the disease resembles chronic periodontitis. The ...
Ioannidou, Effie (August 2017). "The Sex and Gender Intersection in Chronic Periodontitis". Frontiers in Public Health. 5: 192 ...
Otomo-Corgel J, Pucher JJ, Rethman MP, Reynolds MA (2012). "State of the science: Chronic periodontitis and systemic health". ... Frank Billings (1912). "Chronic focal infections and their etiologic relations to arthritis and nephritis". Archives of ... Focal infection theory is the historical concept that many chronic diseases, including systemic and common ones, are caused by ... Meanwhile, by way of continuing case reports claiming cures of chronic diseases like arthritis after extraction of infected or ...
Chai L, Song YQ, Zee KY, Leung WK (2010). "SNPs of Fc-gamma receptor genes and chronic periodontitis". J. Dent. Res. 89 (7): ...
It is also suspected to be involved in chronic periodontitis. Less frequently, A. actinomycetemcomitans is associated with ... A systematic screen by RNA-seq and RT-PCR in HK1651 strain (a clinical isolate from an aggressive periodontitis patient), ... Its role in aggressive periodontitis was first discovered by Danish-born periodontist Jørgen Slots, a professor of dentistry ... Although it has been found more frequently in localized aggressive periodontitis, prevalence in any population is rather high. ...
10 September 2009). "Chronic Periodontitis and the Incidence of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma". Cancer Epidemiology, ... having chronic periodontitis, and, among men, younger age at first intercourse and a history of genital warts. HPV-positive OPC ... chronic periodontitis, and, among men, decreasing age at first intercourse and history of genital warts. Cancers of the ... "Chronic Periodontitis−Human Papillomavirus Synergy in Base of Tongue Cancers". Archives of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. ...
... or apical periodontitis (AP) is an acute or chronic inflammatory lesion around the apex of a tooth ... Note: alternative names for periapical periodontitis include 'apical periodontitis' and 'periradicular periodontitis'.) Acute ( ... Classification of periapical periodontitis is usually based on whether the process is acute/symptomatic or chronic/asymptomatic ... Periapical periodontitis of some form is a very common condition. The prevalence of periapical periodontitis is generally ...
It has been recognised that there is an association between oral and intestinal cancer related deaths and chronic periodontitis ... Together they form the major virulent pathogens that cause chronic periodontitis. Having elevated T. denticola levels in the ... Oral microbiology Periodontitis List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota Parte AC. "Treponema". LPSN. Chan EC, McLaughlin R ( ... the early stage of periodontitis, acute pericoronitis (infection under the gum tissue covering a partially erupted tooth)3, as ...
"Gene expression signatures in chronic and aggressive periodontitis: a pilot study". European Journal of Oral Sciences. 112 (3 ...
Chronic Periodontitis, and Other Clinical Conditions". Journal of Periodontology. 72 (12): 1790-1800. doi:10.1902/jop.2001.72. ... While some cases of gingivitis never progress to periodontitis, periodontitis is always preceded by gingivitis. Gingivitis is ... Periodontitis can ultimately lead to tooth loss. The symptoms of gingivitis are somewhat non-specific and manifest in the gum ... Recurrence of gingivitis Periodontitis Infection or abscess of the gingiva or the jaw bones Trench mouth (bacterial infection ...
PerioChip - For reduction of pocket depth in patients with chronic periodontitis. Invented by Michael Friedman, Michael Sela ...
Another cause is due to untreated necrotic pulp (chronic apical periodontitis). It is also the result of inadequate debridement ... causing a sudden worsening of the symptoms of chronic periradicular periodontitis. This instrumentation is thought to stimulate ... A phoenix abscess is an acute exacerbation of a chronic periapical lesion. It is a dental abscess that can occur immediately ...
... pathogenesis of periodontal inflammation in chronic periodontitis; the interrelationship between periodontal inflammation and ... chronic systemic inflammatory disorders, such as atherosclerosis; and clinical research in oral implantology. The department of ...
"Porphyromonas endodontalis in chronic periodontitis: a clinical and microbiological cross-sectional study". Journal of Oral ... P. ginvigalis: a gram-negative anaerobe and pathological agent of periodontitis. P. endodontalis: Porphyromonas endodontalis is ...
"Prevalence and quantification of the uncommon Archaea phylotype Thermoplasmata in chronic periodontitis". Archives of Oral ...
Zadik Y, Bechor R, Galor S, Justo D, Heruti RJ (April 2009). "Erectile dysfunction might be associated with chronic periodontal ... Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases is one of the seven categories of periodontitis as defined by the ... At least 16 systemic diseases have been linked to periodontitis. These systemic diseases are associated with periodontal ... Associated with hematologic disorders: Acquired neutropenia Leukemia For those patients with periodontitis as a manifestation ...
There is both an acute and chronic form of this condition. Acute apical periodontitis features include moderate to severe pain ... A chronic apical abscess can be asymptomatic as the pressure from the inflammation is being drained through a sinus tract; a ... The chronic form of the condition can be asymptomatic but may also include pain from surrounding tissues when stimulated. ... Apical periodontitis is acute inflammation of the periodontal ligament surrounding the tooth. This can be caused by ...
Unlike chronic periodontitis, it often occurs in patients with good oral health and plaque control and can be genetic. Patients ... Moderate periodontitis Stage III: Severe periodontitis with potential for additional tooth loss Stage IV: Severe periodontitis ... Personal oral hygiene is often considered an essential aspect of controlling chronic periodontitis. Research has shown that it ... "Serum Levels of Cytokines in Subjects with Generalized Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis before and after Non-Surgical ...
P. gingivalis plays an important role in the onset of chronic adult periodontitis. Though it is found in low abundance in the ... This leads to periodontitis through the disruption of the host tissue homeostasis and adaptive immune response. After using ... The role of P. gingivalis in periodontitis is studied using specific pathogen-free mouse models of periodontal infections. In ... Collagen degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species. It ...
It is implicated as a pathogen in chronic periodontitis which can induce bone loss. This motile bacillus is a gram negative, ...
It is implicated as a pathogen in chronic periodontitis which can induce bone loss. This motile bacillus is a gram negative, ...
It is implicated as a pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which can induce bone loss. This motile bacillus is a Gram negative, ...
2004). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with aggressive periodontitis and severe chronic periodontitis in Japanese ...
It is implicated as a pathogen in chronic periodontitis which can induce bone loss. This motile bacillus is a spirochaete. It ...
If gingivitis is not treated pregnant individuals can develop periodontitis. Periodontal disease is a chronic condition caused ... There have been suggestions that severe periodontitis and tooth caries may increase the risk of having preterm birth and low ... birth weight, however, systemic reviews found insufficient evidence to determine if periodontitis or tooth decay can develop ...
Zhang, Yu (May 6, 2016). "A novel species of torque teno mini virus (TTMV) in gingival tissue from chronic periodontitis ...
It may develop rapidly from a periapical granuloma, as a consequence of untreated chronic periapical periodontitis. Periapical ... with chronic inflammatory cells, wherein a plasma cells may be abundant They sometimes have the following features: Rushton ...
Not every case of gingivitis will progress onto chronic periodontitis, but all chronic periodontitis results from gingivitis. ... and Eikenella corrodens also may play a role in chronic periodontitis. In the early stages, chronic periodontitis has few ... Chronic periodontitis is a common disease of the oral cavity consisting of chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues that ... Chronic periodontitis is one of the seven categories of periodontitis as defined by the American Academy of Periodontology 1999 ...
Detection and quantification of periodontal pathogens in smokers and never-smokers with chronic periodontitis by real-time ... Keywords: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; bacteria; chronic periodontitis; microbiology; polymerase chain reaction; ... and number of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of smokers versus never-smokers with chronic periodontitis ...
... in vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel injectable smart gels of azithromycin for chronic periodontitis. ... Development, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel injectable smart gels of azithromycin for chronic periodontitis.. Author( ... and to evaluate in vitro and in vivo for non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. Azithromycin dihydrate, used ... Treatment of periodontitis includes surgical and non surgical management. Systemic antibiotics are also used for the treatment ...
... chronic periodontitis with adjunctive photodynamic therapy - a painless and side effect free supportive method to eliminate ... Home Specialities SpecialitiesPeriodontology Treatment of a Generalized, Severe, Chronic Periodontitis with Adjunctive ... Treatment of a Generalized, Severe, Chronic Periodontitis with Adjunctive Photodynamic Therapy - a Case Report. Step by step Dr ... Steffen Rieger M.Sc., Germany, shows the treatment of a generalized, severe, chronic periodontitis with adjunctive photodynamic ...
In most cases, periodontal diseases are inflammatory lesions of the gum and underlying tissues. These diseases are caused by plaque bacteria, highly
... www.metabiom.org/disease/190/chronic-periodontitis. Keywords: Microbiome, Dysbiosis, Chronic ... Aa has been proposed as a link between periodontitis and autoimmunity in #Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) due to its ability to ... Chronic oral infection establishes ectopic oral F. nucleatum colonization in the intestine and significantly induces systemic ... Elevated IL-6 and CRP levels associated with Periodontitis, as significant risk factors for insulin resistance and diabetes ...
Smoking and some chronic diseases such as diabetes are important modifiable risk factors for periodontitis (13). Since the ... have periodontitis: 8.7% with mild periodontitis, 30.0% with moderate, and 8.5% with severe periodontitis (7). Periodontitis ... Severe periodontitis was estimated to occur in 8.5% of U.S. adults aged ≥30 years (Table 3). Severe periodontitis was twice as ... The prevalence of moderate periodontitis was 30.0% (Table 2). Prevalence of moderate periodontitis increased with age and ...
Comparisons of hBD-1 between individuals (H and chronic periodontitis) and among sites (Hh, Ph, Pg, Pp) were performed through ... Material and Methods: Twenty periodontally healthy individuals (H) and 20 individuals with chronic periodontitis were recruited ... This suggests a potential protective role of hBD-1 in the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis. ... and sites with periodontitis (Pp) from individuals with periodontitis. The levels of hBD-1 (pg/mL) were measured using enzyme- ...
Palavras-chave : Chronic periodontitis.; Dental scaling.; Doxycycline.. · resumo em Português · texto em Inglês · pdf em Inglês ... Methods Fifteen patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, with at least 2 pairs of comparable contralateral ... Non-surgical periodontal therapy for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. RGO, Rev. gaúch. odontol. (Online) [online]. 2013 ... as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. ...
Assessment of the Effect of Three Various Local Drug Delivery Medicaments in the Management of Chronic Periodontitis.. Soniya ... patients with chronic heart failure:. findings in the ALiskiren Observation. of heart Failure Treatment study.. CONCLUSIONS: ... study was to evaluate the efficacy of three different local drug delivery medications in the treatment of chronic periodontitis ... with locally administered antibacterial agents coupled with SRP is an efficient move toward treatment of chronic periodontitis. ...
Until now, no statement on the effectiveness of CoQ10 in non-surgical periodontitis therapy is possible. Further high-quality ... This systematic review focuses on the different study protocols on CoQ10 as an adjunct in non-surgical periodontitis therapy. ... patients of all age and gender with chronic periodontitis according to the criteria of Armitage 1999 [31] or periodontitis of ... Shoukheba, M.; El-Kholy, S. Coenzyme Q10 Food Supplement on the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis in Patients with Type II ...
Chronic periodontitis. Cited by user BDD user on 26 Jul 2022. Chronic periodontitis is one of the seven categories of ... Full-mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults. Overview of attention for article published in ... Full mouth disinfection typically refers to an intense course of treatment for periodontitis typically involving scaling and ... periodontitis as defined by the American Academy of Periodontology 1999 classification system. ...
Peripheral neutrophils from chronic periodontitis patients and age/sex/smoking-matched healthy controls (18 pairs) were assayed ... Peripheral neutrophils from chronic periodontitis patients and age/sex/smoking-matched healthy controls (18 pairs) were assayed ... Peripheral neutrophils from chronic periodontitis patients and age/sex/smoking-matched healthy controls (18 pairs) were assayed ... Peripheral neutrophils from chronic periodontitis patients and age/sex/smoking-matched healthy controls (18 pairs) were assayed ...
Return to Article Details Is Probiotic an Alternative to Systemic Antibiotics in treating Chronic Periodontitis? Download ...
... to evaluate the impact of smoking on angiogenesis by assessing mast cells density and VEGF expression in chronic periodontitis ... Materials& Methods: 52 paraffin embedded block of gingiva tissues with periodontitis obtained from 30 nonsmokers and 22 smokers ... Mast cells and VEGF expression may account for suppressive effect of cigarette smoking on blood vessels in periodontitis. ... The Vasculature in chronic adult periodontitis: A qualitative and quantitative study. J Periodontol 1997; 68(1):50-58.. 21- ...
Periodontitis is characterized by a chronic inflammation produced in response to a disease-associated multispecies bacterial ...
... micros in deep periodontal pockets of severe chronic periodontitis patients. Key words: periodontal pathogens, chronic ... Association of the Bone Loss with main clinical and microbiological parameters in chronic periodontitis. J of IMAB. 2014 Jul- ... Clinical and microbiological data in patients with chronic periodontitis. J of IMAB. 2013; 19(4):313-316. [CrossRef].. 8. ... ASSOCIATION OF THE BONE LOSS WITH MAIN CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS.. Velitchka Dosseva- ...
Chronic periodontitis and cardiovascular disease: A controlled clinical trial. G. Mariotti, Alessandro Quaranta, M. Merli, L. ... Chronic periodontitis and cardiovascular disease : A controlled clinical trial. In: European Journal of Inflammation. 2013 ; ... Chronic periodontitis and cardiovascular disease: A controlled clinical trial. / Mariotti, G.; Quaranta, Alessandro; Merli, M. ... title = "Chronic periodontitis and cardiovascular disease: A controlled clinical trial",. abstract = "Cardiovascular disease is ...
The selection of chronic periodontitis patients were based on two major risk factors in presence or absence of smoking and ... Two hundred and fifty-four patient adult male chronic periodontitis patients were participated in this study, their age ranging ... The present study was designed to evaluate the periodontal conditions and severity of chronic periodontitis patients in ... Severity forms of periodontitis in each group categorized into; mild, moderate and severe; G1 (60.72 %, 31.01%, 8.27 %), G2 ( ...
... Journal: ... Keywords : CBCT; chronic apical periodontitis; diagnostic imaging method; non- invasive diagnostic method; paraclinical ... A major paraclinical diagnostic method for the early and late follow-up of the healing process in chronic periapical lesions is ...
Chronic Periodontitis. *Cleft Lip. *Cleft Lip and Palate. *Cleft Palate. *Cold Sore ...
... with atherosclerosis and chronic periodontitis and 20 systemically healthy patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. ... The role of HBD-2, HBD-3, and calprotectin in the relationship between chronic periodontitis and atherosclerosis ... It is concluded that nonsurgical periodontal treatment of chronic periodontitis positively affects atherosclerosis prognosis. ... This study was carried out to compare individuals diagnosed with atherosclerosis and periodontal periodontitis based on the ...
Immune defects, including HIV/AIDS or chronic candidosis. Medications: Immunosuppressants, antihypertensives. Periodontitis, ... High-risk human papillomavirus infection Immune defects, including HIV/AIDS or chronic candidosis ...
Immune defects, including HIV/AIDS or chronic candidosis. Medications: Immunosuppressants, antihypertensives. Periodontitis, ... Oral squamous cell carcinoma in the most common intraoral site, lateral tongue, initially reported as a chronic leukoplakia, ... Oral squamous cell carcinoma in the anterior buccal mucosa arising from a chronic candidal-associated leukoplakia. The lesion ...
... in periodontitis patients with ap values Andredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) 3% in patients with chronic periodontitis. there ... ABSTRACT:Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease which is characterized by the absence of pain and develops slowly, ... Evaluation of il-6 levels after subgingival application Binahong leaf extract gel 3% on patients of chronic periodontitis. Int ... Evaluation of il-6 levels after subgingival application Binahong leaf extract gel 3% on patients of chronic periodontitis. ...
Efficacy of Diode Laser With Different Intensities as an Adjunct to Traditional Mechanical Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis ...
... and chronic periodontitis will be the most. Background Arthritis rheumatoid (RA) and chronic periodontitis will be the most ... chronic periodontitis, and SNS-032 healthful control subjects. Strategies A hundred and seventy-one sufferers were signed up ... periodontitis has extremely similar cytokine information to RA [4]. For RA, disease development observed in chronic ... while chronic periodontitis and healthful subjects had been recruited through the periodontology departments, Faculty of ...
We also found that the basal level of epithelial EBV-infection is significantly increased in chronic periodontitis, a common ... infection sheds a new light on EBV persistence in healthy carriers and on the role of this ubiquitous virus in periodontitis. ... We also found that the basal level of epithelial EBV-infection is significantly increased in chronic periodontitis, a common ... EBV Infection Is Common in Gingival Epithelial Cells of the Periodontium and Worsens during Chronic Periodontitis. ...
Dive into the research topics of Profiling of Root Canal Bacterial Communities Associated with Chronic Apical Periodontitis ... T1 - Profiling of Root Canal Bacterial Communities Associated with Chronic Apical Periodontitis from Brazilian and Norwegian ... Profiling of Root Canal Bacterial Communities Associated with Chronic Apical Periodontitis from Brazilian and Norwegian ... Profiling of Root Canal Bacterial Communities Associated with Chronic Apical Periodontitis from Brazilian and Norwegian ...
  • Chronic periodontitis is a common disease of the oral cavity consisting of chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues that is caused by the accumulation of profuse amounts of dental plaque. (wikipedia.org)
  • Controlled prospective studies and randomized clinical studies have shown that inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and that a chronic inflammatory systemic reaction increases the risk of cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular attacks. (edu.au)
  • Both RA and periodontitis are seen as a self-maintaining inflammation within a liquid filled compartment next to bone tissue, where an inflammatory procedure result in common scientific symptoms and, eventually, to destruction from the adjacent bone tissue [3]. (healthy-nutrition-plan.com)
  • Background: TNF-α, an adipokine involved in systemic inflammation and a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction, has been related to the pathogenesis of both periodontitis and obesity. (edu.pe)
  • Periodontitis is the inflammation and degeneration of the deep tissues of gum, including the bone, which may arise from an untreated case of gingivitis . (healthhype.com)
  • Consequently, early detection of parameters which increase the likelihood of ATB complication into chronic inflammation and long-term sequelae would inform clinicians on the need for case-specific treatment measures and contribute to minimizing the global TB burden ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The plaque and bacteria cause chronic inflammation that damages the tissue and bone that hold teeth in place. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is associated with the amount of DENTAL PLAQUE or DENTAL CALCULUS present. (bvsalud.org)
  • As far as its link to Alzheimer's disease, meta-analyses of epidemiologic studies show that periodontitis is associated with a 1.7 times greater risk of this type of dementia and that the risk triples among patients with more serious forms of periodontitis. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosing chronic periodontitis is important in its early stages to prevent severe and irreversible damage to the protective and supportive structures of the tooth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Germany, shows the treatment of a generalized, severe, chronic periodontitis with adjunctive photodynamic therapy - a painless and side effect free supportive method to eliminate pathogen microorganisms. (dental-online-college.com)
  • Methods Fifteen patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, with at least 2 pairs of comparable contralateral defects (pocket depth ≥6 mm), were selected. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion The findings suggest that 10% Doxycycline hyclate applied subgingivally as an adjunct to conventional periodontal treatment, did not promote additional benefit when compared to scaling and root planing with a placebo gel in patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results of this study demonstrate statistically significant correlation between periodontal attachment loss and the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Peptostreptococcus (Micromonas) micros in deep periodontal pockets of severe chronic periodontitis patients. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • The severity of chronic periodontitis can be classified as a mild: 1 - 2 mm, moderate: 3 - 4 mm and severe ≥ 5 mm based on the measure of clinical attachment loss [2] . (ommegaonline.org)
  • The prevalence of periodontitis has been reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), which showed a prevalence of severe periodontitis in about 8 - 10% population [4,5] . (ommegaonline.org)
  • It reported that prevalence was classified as mild, medium and severe periodontitis to be 27.6%, 25.2% and 45%, respectively [6] . (ommegaonline.org)
  • The positive effects of treating patients with severe chronic periodontitis with a combination of the antibiotics amoxicillin and metronidazole, as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment, have been reported in the past. (efp.org)
  • The study, which involved 102 patients with severe chronic periodontitis, found that both the three- and the seven-day antibiotic regimens resulted in statistically significantly higher clinical improvements compared to the placebo group. (efp.org)
  • The degree of damage in periodontitis can result in loss of teeth and severe deformity of the gum and oral cavity. (healthhype.com)
  • Gum disease may include a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from the milder gingivitis to the more severe periodontitis. (healthhype.com)
  • Gingivitis is usually a mild form of gum disease while periodontitis is more severe and extensive. (healthhype.com)
  • Dentists take x-rays and measure the depth of pockets in the gums to determine how severe periodontitis is. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some people have severe gingivitis for many years without developing periodontitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is concluded that nonsurgical periodontal treatment of chronic periodontitis positively affects atherosclerosis prognosis. (yyu.edu.tr)
  • To evaluate the effect of Anaheal (Bromelain) drug on the periodontal clinical indices in nonsurgical periodontal treatment of patients with chronic periodontitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • This suggests a potential protective role of hBD-1 in the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis. (unesp.br)
  • Purpose: Recent data indicate that gene polymorphisms, e.g. those of vitamin D-receptor (VDR), are associated with an increased susceptibility to chronic periodontitis (CP). (quintessence-publishing.com)
  • Objective The aim of this split-mouth controlled study was to compare the clinical benefits of administering subgingival 10% Doxycycline (test group) with a placebo gel (control group), as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Clinical and microbiological data in patients with chronic periodontitis. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • The clinical periodontal parameters represent poor periodontal conditions within the population, and presence of smoking and diabetes mellitus exaggerate the severity of periodontitis. (ommegaonline.org)
  • Periodontitis was resulted mainly to untreated gingivitis, Chronic periodontitis may occur as a localized disease in which less than 30% of examined periodontal sites demonstrate clinical attachment and bone loss. (ommegaonline.org)
  • Clinical studies have shown that the composition based on calcium hydroxyapatite , having osteoconductive, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, activates the synthesis of organic and mineral components, that promotes the bioreparation and regeneration processes of periapical tissues in chronic granulomatous periodontitis , which occurred most intensively during the first 6 months after treatment . (bvsalud.org)
  • Clinical measurements, including probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were carried out in patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and periodontal healthy controls. (uchile.cl)
  • Poor oral health is associated with worse clinical outcomes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). (nature.com)
  • describe characteristic clinical presentations of patients with acute and chronic chromium exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • In this double blind clinical trial, 80 patients with chronic moderate periodontitis and a healthy systemic status were chosen, and divided into two 40-subject groups. (bvsalud.org)
  • Administration of oral Anaheal medication after nonsurgical periodontal treatments reduced all the clinical periodontal indices among patients with chronic periodontitis as compared to the control group. (bvsalud.org)
  • scurvy), and emotional distress also are risk factors for periodontitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Systemic antibiotics are also used for the treatment of periodontitis. (druglib.com)
  • View of Is Probiotic an Alternative to Systemic Antibiotics in treating Chronic Periodontitis? (pjmhsonline.com)
  • To handle the case of periodontitis, can be done by scaling and root planning (SRP) and can be combined with systemic ingredients and the application of herbal ingredients. (oraljournal.com)
  • Systemic diseases such as diabetes and HIV infection may be associated with this type of periodontitis. (healthhype.com)
  • The report concludes that the low-grade chronic, systemic, immune-mediated inflammatory response induced by the bacteria and their endotoxins and the proinflammatory mediators circulating through the blood contributes to various biological processes that are involved in neurological impairment and cerebral ischemia," said Leira, who is one of the report's authors. (medscape.com)
  • Results: The Levels Reduced To 1.59±0.50 In Chronic Periodontitis Group One Month After Scaling And Root Planing. (rifanalitica.it)
  • Aa has been proposed as a link between periodontitis and autoimmunity in #Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) due to its ability to induce citrullinated autoantigens targeted by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). (metabiom.org)
  • abstract = "The aim of this study was to compare the bacterial community profiles of the root canal microbiota associated with chronic apical periodontitis from Brazilian and Norwegian patients using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and the ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) approaches. (edu.sa)
  • In developmental or acquired deformities and conditions , faulty occlusion, causing an excessive functional load on teeth, plus the requisite plaque and gingivitis may contribute to progression of a particular type of periodontitis characterized by angular bony defects. (merckmanuals.com)
  • This is the more common type of periodontitis. (healthhype.com)
  • In this type of periodontitis, there is extensive necrosis of the bone, gums, and deeper tissues. (healthhype.com)
  • MADRID - Recent research has confirmed the impact of periodontitis on risk of neurologic diseases, especially the increased risks for stroke and Alzheimer's disease . (medscape.com)
  • This study analyzed, in patients with periodontitis, the impact of the degree of self-perceived malocclusion, the experienced negative psychosocial impact of periodontitis, and the history and timing of orthodontic treatment. (unime.it)
  • The present results suggest that self-perceived dental irregularity and the negative impact of periodontitis might affect oral health, whereas previous extensive orthodontic treatment may have favourable effects by improving dental health compliance. (unime.it)
  • As the U.S. adult population ages and is more likely to retain more teeth than previous generations, the prevalence of periodontitis is expected to increase and consequently could increase the need for expenditures for preventive care and periodontal treatment ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle is the first to include a full-mouth periodontal examination for U.S. adults (aged ≥30 years) and provides the most direct evidence for the true prevalence of periodontitis in this population. (cdc.gov)
  • Severity and prevalence of periodontitis varies in different countries of the world and there are indications that may be extensive in developing more than high developed countries. (ommegaonline.org)
  • The first published research work on the prevalence of periodontitis from an Arab country was an Egyptian study. (ommegaonline.org)
  • As Yago Leira, DDS, PhD, periodontist and coordinator of the SEPA-SEN working group, told Medscape Spanish Edition , "The main takeaway from this scientific report is that patients with periodontitis are at nearly twice the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and at triple the risk of ischemic stroke . (medscape.com)
  • The common types of these diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis [1] . (ommegaonline.org)
  • Chromate dusts can also produce irritation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes, nasal ulcers and perforations, keratitis, gingivitis, and periodontitis [Cohen and Costa 1998]. (cdc.gov)
  • and healthy sites (Ph), sites with gingivitis (Pg), and sites with periodontitis (Pp) from individuals with periodontitis. (unesp.br)
  • Data from the report show that individuals with periodontitis are at 2.8 times' higher risk of ischemic stroke. (medscape.com)
  • Other studies indicate that individuals with periodontitis have worse outcomes on various neuropsychological tests of cognitive function. (medscape.com)
  • One-Way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis One-Way on Ranks, Dunn's Test and multivariable logistic regression (MLR) analyses were conducted to estimate the degree of association between periodontitis and obesity. (edu.pe)
  • The current report presents the evidence from three clearly defined perspectives: the epidemiologic association between periodontitis and these neurologic diseases, the biological mechanisms that may explain this link, and interventional studies of dental treatment as a means of preventing stroke and Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)
  • As far as the evidence of an epidemiologic association between periodontitis and both neurologic diseases, Frank cited the exponential increase in risk brought on by periodontitis. (medscape.com)
  • Periodontitis initially begins as gingivitis and can progress onto chronic and subsequent aggressive periodontitis according to the 1999 classification. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aggressive periodontitis tends to run in families and may be more common in smokers. (healthhype.com)
  • Aggressive periodontitis occurs with people who have gum disease but seem to be otherwise healthy or at least have no other disease that conventional medicine has. (naturalnews.com)
  • Peripheral neutrophils from chronic periodontitis patients and age/sex/smoking-matched healthy controls (18 pairs) were assayed for total ROS generation and extracellular ROS release, with and without stimulation (Fcgamma-receptor and Fusobacterium nucleatum), using luminol and isoluminol chemiluminescence. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • A number of various species belonging to the Fusobacterium genus have been recovered from the subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis patients. (temple.edu)
  • Results: A majority (58.8%) of the chronic periodontitis patients yielded two or three different species of subgingival Fusobacterium on non-selective enriched Brucella blood agar primary isolation plates. (temple.edu)
  • Fusobacterium naviforme was identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis in 14 (41.2%) chronic periodontitis study patients, Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies vincentii in 13 (38.2%) patients, Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies polymorphum in 9 (26.5%) patients, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Fusobacterium species each in 6 (17.6%) patients, Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies nucleatum in 4 (11.8%) patients, and Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies animalis in 3 (8.8%) patients. (temple.edu)
  • Conclusions: These findings indicate that a variety of Fusobacterium species may be identified with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis patients. (temple.edu)
  • Chronic periodontitis is prevalent in adults and seniors worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
  • The purposes of this periodontitis in adults report are to discuss and raise awareness of differences in the characteristics of people with periodontal disease and to prompt actions to reduce these disparities. (cdc.gov)
  • To examine racial/ethnic disparities in the estimated percentage of adults aged ≥30 years with periodontitis by age, sex, education, poverty levels, and smoking status, CDC analyzed data from the 2009-2010 NHANES cycle. (cdc.gov)
  • Adults with periodontitis may be significantly more likely to have higher blood pressure than. (dentistrytoday.com)
  • 6/12/2014 - According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, "Dental caries (tooth decay) remains the most prevalent chronic disease in both children and adults. (naturalnews.com)
  • Periodontitis is one of the main causes of tooth loss in adults and is the main cause of tooth loss in older people. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic periodontitis occurs mostly in adults and was called adult periodontitis, but this disease can appear in young people. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chronic periodontitis can be associated with local predisposing factors (e.g. tooth-related or iatrogenic factors). (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. (wikipedia.org)
  • We also found that the basal level of epithelial EBV-infection is significantly increased in chronic periodontitis, a common inflammatory disease that undermines the integrity of tooth-supporting tissues. (hal.science)
  • Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory oral disease that progressively destroys the tooth-supporting apparatus. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Only the superficial layer of the gum is involved in gingivitis while in periodontitis the deeper layers of the gums may be pulled back from the tooth to form pockets. (healthhype.com)
  • The tooth remains firmly fixed in place in gingivitis while in periodontitis it may become loose in its socket or fall off. (healthhype.com)
  • Microaerophile bacteria Actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, and Eikenella corrodens also may play a role in chronic periodontitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Literature data have reported that certain Gram-negative anaerobe bacteria from the subgingival environment are important etiological agents of chronic periodontal disease. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • 8. Salari MH, Kadkhoda Z. Rate of cultivable subgingival periodontopathogenic bacteria in chronic poeriodontitis. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • INTRODUCTION Chronic periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with specific bacteria in a biofilm (subgingival plaque) and is characterized by resorption of the alveolar bone and other supporting tissues of the teeth (1, 2). (ampkpathway.com)
  • These pockets collect plaque in an oxygen-poor environment, which promotes, in people with immune system susceptibilities to periodontitis, the growth of aggressive forms of bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Material and Methods: Twenty periodontally healthy individuals (H) and 20 individuals with chronic periodontitis were recruited. (unesp.br)
  • 001). Conclusion: Periodontally healthy individuals showed higher gingival crevicular fluid levels of hBD-1 when compared to individuals with chronic periodontitis. (unesp.br)
  • This study investigated whether VDR gene polymorphism is associated with chronic periodontitis in a population in Western Romania, by determining the prevalence of the BsmI (rs1544410), ApaI (rs7975232), TaqI (rs731236) and FokI (rs2228570) genotypes and comparing the CP group with a periodontally healthy group. (quintessence-publishing.com)
  • The objective of this study was to assess the serum levels of adiponectin, leptin and TNF-α of periodontally healthy normal weight (NW) patients, NW patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), periodontally healthy obese patients and obese patients with CP. (edu.pe)
  • Evaluation of 8-Hydroxy Deoxyguanosine Levels, as a Marker of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Gingivitis and Chronic Periodontitis Individuals During the Course of Phase 1 Periodontal Therapy in Comparison with Periodontally Healthy Individuals. (rifanalitica.it)
  • 52 paraffin embedded block of gingiva tissues with periodontitis obtained from 30 nonsmokers and 22 smokers undergoing flap surgery were examined immunohistochemically for VEGF expression. (iranpath.org)
  • The purpose of the present investigation is to compare the presence and number of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of smokers versus never-smokers with chronic periodontitis and matched probing depths (PDs) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of this study was to use MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to rapidly identify the patient distribution of fusobacteria isolated from the subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis patients. (temple.edu)
  • In the early stages, chronic periodontitis has few symptoms and in many individuals the disease has progressed significantly before they seek treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment of periodontitis includes surgical and non surgical management. (druglib.com)
  • The aim of this research was to formulate smart gel system of azithromycin (AZT) and to evaluate in vitro and in vivo for non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. (druglib.com)
  • Azithromycin dihydrate, used systemically in the treatment of periodontitis, was formulated into smart gels using biodegradable, thermosensitive polymer Pluronic® F-127 (PF-127) and Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose (HEC) as copolymer. (druglib.com)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three different local drug delivery medications in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. (qxmd.com)
  • Chosen elimination or prohibition of microbial pathogens with locally administered antibacterial agents coupled with SRP is an efficient move toward treatment of chronic periodontitis. (qxmd.com)
  • Arthritis rheumatoid subjects were chosen from the normal rheumatoid arthritis treatment centers in Khartoum Condition, while chronic periodontitis and healthful subjects had been recruited through the periodontology departments, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Khartoum and Khartoum Oral Teaching Medical center. (healthy-nutrition-plan.com)
  • This study can have a significant impact on the treatment procedures of periodontitis, with the use of blue green algae in the future. (journalcra.com)
  • Addressing these conditions can improve the treatment outcomes of periodontitis. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The treatment of periodontitis may require repeat professional care and more extensive measures, including surgery. (healthhype.com)
  • While good oral hygiene is a requisite, treatment of periodontitis requires more aggressive measures. (healthhype.com)
  • Thereafter, the standard treatment of periodontitis including scaling and root planning in one session by the unit operator was performed for all patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the levels of hBD-1 in the gingival crevicular fluid of individuals with and without chronic periodontitis. (unesp.br)
  • Cytokines and MMPs levels in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with chronic periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. (uchile.cl)
  • Background Arthritis rheumatoid (RA) and chronic periodontitis will be the most typical chronic inflammatory diseases with significant pathological and medical similarities. (healthy-nutrition-plan.com)
  • Psychological common factors in chronic diseases. (unime.it)
  • Chronic diseases comprise 7 of the 10 leading causes of death in areas below the state level. (cdc.gov)
  • ABSTRACT Associations of oral diseases with noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, osteoporosis and chronic renal failure are widely reported in the literature from developed countries. (who.int)
  • Oral diseases are included among the on NCD in this Region and to stress the World Health Organization (WHO) defini- importance of oral health issues in medicine tion of chronic diseases [ 1 ], and the im- in relation to the risk of NCD. (who.int)
  • Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition affecting teeth resulting in progressive destruction of periodontal ligaments, resorption of alveolar bone and loss of teeth. (druglib.com)
  • Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease affecting teeth supportive tissue. (iranpath.org)
  • Gingival bleeding and gingival recession, deep pockets and finally loosening of teeth are common signs of periodontitis. (iranpath.org)
  • Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease which is characterized by the absence of pain and develops slowly, loss of attachment and resorption of bones that causes teeth to mobile and loose. (oraljournal.com)
  • solid course="kwd-title" Keywords: Periodontitis, Arthritis rheumatoid, TNF- Background Periodontal illnesses are damaging inflammatory conditions from the really difficult and soft tissue surrounding one's teeth [1]. (healthy-nutrition-plan.com)
  • abstract = "Some evidence exists that peripheral neutrophils from patients with chronic periodontitis generate higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after Fcgamma-receptor stimulation than those from healthy controls. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • ABSTRACT Smoking is a major, preventable risk factor for periodontitis. (who.int)
  • Necrotizing periodontitis typically occurs in patients with an impaired immune system and thus is often called HIV-associated periodontitis because HIV is a common cause. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Observational studies have shown that those who have had an ischemic stroke and have a confirmed diagnosis of periodontitis are at greater risk of suffering a recurrent vascular event, worse neurologic deficit, and postictal depression than patients without periodontitis. (medscape.com)
  • At least two mechanisms of the microbiology of periodontitis have been described: the specific plaque hypothesis and the non-specific plaque hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • We hypothesized that peripheral neutrophils in periodontitis also show both hyper-reactivity to plaque organisms and hyperactivity in terms of baseline, unstimulated generation and release of ROS. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Although chronic periodontitis is associated with a polymicrobial biofilm (subgingival plaque), one species of the biofilm, LPS on nonpolarized macrophages have shown that the induced immune responses is varied and that many cytokines were only transiently expressed compared to LPS and other Gram-negative pathogens (7,C9). (ampkpathway.com)
  • Methods: A total of 34 chronic periodontitis patients provided 96 fresh subgingival cultivable fusobacteria isolates (one to seven isolates per patient), which were presumptively identified by their chartreuse-positive colony autofluorescence under long-wave ultraviolet light on anaerobically-incubated, non-selective, enriched Brucella blood agar primary isolation plates. (temple.edu)
  • However, due to chronic periodontitis being a painless progressing disease, few patients will seek dental care in the early stages. (wikipedia.org)
  • Professional dental attention is necessary to treat periodontitis effectively. (healthhype.com)
  • This study was carried out to compare individuals diagnosed with atherosclerosis and periodontal periodontitis based on the degree of change in the human beta-defensins (HBD) HBD-2, HBD-3, and calprotectin. (yyu.edu.tr)
  • The study group consists of a total number of 40 subjects, with 20 patients diagnosed with atherosclerosis and chronic periodontitis and 20 systemically healthy patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. (yyu.edu.tr)
  • According to the current paradigm, atherosclerosis is not a bland cholesterol storage disease, as previously thought, but a dynamic, chronic, inflammatory condition due to a response to endothelial injury. (medscape.com)
  • As a result this analysis was made to determine and evaluate the TNF- level in saliva among sufferers with Arthritis rheumatoid (RA), chronic periodontitis, and SNS-032 healthful control subjects. (healthy-nutrition-plan.com)
  • Fifty-seven sufferers with persistent periodontitis in line with the requirements defined with the American Academy of Periodontology Armitage [13] and 57 healthful subjects had been enrolled. (healthy-nutrition-plan.com)
  • Methodology: Eleven patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and eleven healthy subjects were selected for this study. (uchile.cl)
  • In chronic periodontitis patients, obese subjects presented significant more BOP sites than normal weight subjects. (edu.pe)
  • Group 1 Included Healthy Subjects And Group 3 And 4 Included Subjects With Chronic Gingivitis And Chronic Periodontitis Respectively. (rifanalitica.it)
  • This systematic review focuses on the different study protocols on CoQ10 as an adjunct in non-surgical periodontitis therapy. (mdpi.com)
  • The selection of chronic periodontitis patients were based on two major risk factors in presence or absence of smoking and diabetes mellitus and they categorized into the following four groups G1: Non diabetic nonsmokers, G2: Diabetic nonsmokers, G3: Non diabetic smokers, G4: Diabetic smokers. (ommegaonline.org)
  • To establish the dynamics of reparation processes in periapical tissues in chronic granulomatous periodontitis under the influence of the developed composition based on calcium hydroxyapatite in comparison with the generally accepted drug MTA . (bvsalud.org)
  • is connected with chronic periodontitis, an inflammatory disease from the tooth's helping tissues. (ampkpathway.com)
  • Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions involves a communication between the pulp and periodontal tissues. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Mild to moderate chronic periodontitis can be managed by proper mechanical removal of the biofilm and calculus subgingivally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic periodontitis is one of the seven categories of periodontitis as defined by the American Academy of Periodontology 1999 classification system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Association between chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. (uandes.cl)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and chronic periodontitis (CP) may be related due to a bidirectional etiology. (uandes.cl)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Association between chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. (uandes.cl)
  • However, the mild-to-moderate periodontitis is the most common, with prevalence ranging from 13% to 57%, depending on the sample characteristics and the case description. (ommegaonline.org)
  • Two hundred and fifty-four patient adult male chronic periodontitis patients were participated in this study, their age ranging from 24 to 60 years old with mean age of 37.50 ± 0.13 years. (ommegaonline.org)
  • Chronic periodontitis patients were classified based on their compliance level, and factors affecting PC-SPT and the prognosis of PC-SPT were investigated. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • In gingivitis only the gums are inflamed while in periodontitis there may also be additional involvement of deeper structures, including bone and connective tissue. (healthhype.com)
  • Gingivitis is usually a reversible form of gum disease while periodontitis may cause irreversible bone and tissue damage. (healthhype.com)
  • Bone and tissue grafts may be needed in addition to flap surgery in the case of excessive bone and tissue destruction by periodontitis. (healthhype.com)
  • Typically, chronic periodontitis is characterized by a dense inflammatory cell infiltrate of the gingival tissue, including macrophages (3). (ampkpathway.com)
  • In periodontitis, deep pockets form in the periodontal tissue and can harbor anaerobic organisms that do more damage than those usually present in simple gingivitis. (merckmanuals.com)
  • www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2022/21_0459.htm Preventing Chronic Disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Prev Chronic Dis 2022;19:210459. (cdc.gov)
  • #Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is a Gram-negative coccobacillus recognized as a pathogen in periodontitis and infective endocarditis. (metabiom.org)