A species of the PESTIVIRUS genus causing exceedingly contagious and fatal hemorrhagic disease of swine.
An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.
The lone species of the genus Asfivirus. It infects domestic and wild pigs, warthogs, and bushpigs. Disease is endemic in domestic swine in many African countries and Sardinia. Soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros are also infected and act as vectors.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
A sometimes fatal ASFIVIRUS infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE, also known as mucosal disease virus group, which is not arthropod-borne. Transmission is by direct and indirect contact, and by transplacental and congenital transmission. Species include BORDER DISEASE VIRUS, bovine viral diarrhea virus (DIARRHEA VIRUS, BOVINE VIRAL), and CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS.
A species of PESTIVIRUS causing a congenital sheep disease characterized by an abnormally hairy birth-coat, tremors, and poor growth.
A family of large icosahedral DNA viruses infecting insects and poikilothermic vertebrates. Genera include IRIDOVIRUS; RANAVIRUS; Chloriridovirus; Megalocytivirus; and Lymphocystivirus.
Infections with viruses of the genus PESTIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
The type species of the FLAVIVIRUS genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by AEDES spp. mosquitoes.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
A mosquito-borne species of the PHLEBOVIRUS genus found in eastern, central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. It also has caused disease in humans.
A group of viruses in the genus PESTIVIRUS, causing diarrhea, fever, oral ulcerations, hemorrhagic syndrome, and various necrotic lesions among cattle and other domestic animals. The two species (genotypes), BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 , exhibit antigenic and pathological differences. The historical designation, BVDV, consisted of both (then unrecognized) genotypes.
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
A species of SWINE, in the family Suidae, comprising a number of subspecies including the domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the PHARYNX. There is one on each side of the oropharynx in the fauces between the anterior and posterior pillars of the SOFT PALATE.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
A species of NAIROVIRUS of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. It is primarily transmitted by ticks and causes a severe, often fatal disease in humans.
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
The presence of viruses in the blood.
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.
The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.
An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.
A genus of softbacked TICKS, in the family ARGASIDAE, serving as the vector of BORRELIA, causing RELAPSING FEVER, and of the AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS.
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
A family of double-stranded DNA viruses containing one genus Asfivirus. It is the source of AFRICAN SWINE FEVER.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.

Localization of pestiviral envelope proteins E(rns) and E2 at the cell surface and on isolated particles. (1/236)

The glycoproteins E(rns) of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and E(rns) and E2 of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) are shown to be located at the surface of infected cells by the use of indirect immunofluorescence and by cytofluorometric analysis. The positive immunostaining of the cell surface was further analysed by immunogold electron microscopy and it could be shown that only extracellular virions were labelled. Gold granules were not seen at the cellular plasma membrane. In contrast to BVDV E2, the CSFV E2 of virions sticking to the plasma membrane was not accessible to the respective monoclonal antibodies. However, CSFV particles isolated from culture supernatant were able to bind both monoclonal anti-E(rns) and anti-E2 antibodies. For CSFV and BVDV, binding of anti-E(rns) antibodies to the virions was more pronounced than that of anti-E2. This finding was unexpected since E2 is considered to be the immunodominant glycoprotein.  (+info)

Cytopathogenic and noncytopathogenic RNA replicons of classical swine fever virus. (2/236)

To determine the minimal requirements for autonomous RNA replication of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), genomes having in-frame deletions within the genes for structural and flanking nonstructural proteins were constructed, based on an infectious cDNA clone of CSFV Alfort/187. RNA was transcribed in vitro from the respective plasmids and transfected into SK-6 swine kidney cells. The replication competence of the RNA was determined by immunostaining transfected cells for CSFV NS3 protein and by analysis of cell extracts for viral RNA, as well as protein synthesis at different times after transfection. The genes encoding N(pro), C, E(rns), E1, E2, p7, and NS2 proved to be dispensable for RNA replication, but the efficiency of replication varied strongly between individual constructs. RNA replicons containing the complete NS2-NS3 gene persisted in transfected cells and continued to replicate without causing any obvious morphological or functional damage to the cells, whereas genomes lacking the NS2 gene replicated more efficiently and induced a cytopathic effect. These findings suggest that NS2, although it is not essential for pestivirus RNA replication, has a regulatory function therein. Both cytopathogenic and noncytopathogenic replicons were packaged into virus particles provided in trans by a cotransfected full-length helper virus genome.  (+info)

Classical swine fever in Sardinia: epidemiology of recent outbreaks. (3/236)

A variable region of the gene encoding the major glycoprotein (E2) of Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) was sequenced from 12 Sardinian isolates which had been obtained from three geographically distinct regions of the Island. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses and others characterized in previous studies [1, 2] indicated that (a) the Sardinian viruses were all members of the common European subgroup 2.3 and were clearly distinct from live vaccines recently used in this area; (b) they could be resolved into four distinct groups in accordance with the region or date of isolation; (c) in at least two regions wild boar/domestic swine contact was implicated in virus spread; (d) the oldest isolate (1983) and some of the recent isolates were possibly introduced from mainland Italy. In addition, this study has wider implications for the interpretation of CSFV variation. We have been able to demonstrate that small variations within this region of the virus genome (possibly less than 2.7% or five nucleotide substitutions) can be used to separate isolates into groups that precisely fit their geographical distribution. This finding is especially important for deducing the epidemiological relationships between multiple outbreaks caused by similar viruses that occur in close proximity.  (+info)

Mutations abrogating the RNase activity in glycoprotein E(rns) of the pestivirus classical swine fever virus lead to virus attenuation. (4/236)

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe hemorrhagic disease of swine caused by the pestivirus CSF virus (CSFV). Amino acid exchanges or deletions introduced by site-directed mutagenesis into the putative active site of the RNase residing in the glycoprotein E(rns) of CSFV abolished the enzymatic activity of this protein, as demonstrated with an RNase test suitable for detection of the enzymatic activity in crude cell extracts. Incorporation of the altered sequences into an infectious CSFV clone resulted in recovery of viable viruses upon RNA transfection, except for a variant displaying a deletion of the histidine codon at position 297 of the long open reading frame. These RNase-negative virus mutants displayed growth characteristics in tissue culture that were undistinguishable from wild-type virus and were stable for at least seven passages. In contrast to animals inoculated with an RNase-positive control virus, infection of piglets with an RNase-negative mutant containing a deletion of the histidine codon 346 of the open reading frame did not lead to CSF. Neither fever nor extended viremia could be detected. Animals infected with this mutant did not show decrease of peripheral B cells, a characteristic feature of CSF in swine. Animal experiments with four other mutants with either exchanges of codons 297 or 346 or double exchanges of both codons 297 and 346 showed that all these RNase-negative mutants were attenuated. All viruses with mutations affecting codon 346 were completely apathogenic, whereas those containing only changes of codon 297 consistently induced clinical symptoms for several days, followed by sudden recovery. Analyses of reisolated viruses gave no indication for the presence of revertants in the infected animals.  (+info)

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of different members of the family Flaviviridae exhibit similar properties in vitro. (5/236)

The virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is required for replication of the positive-strand RNA genome, is a key enzyme of members of the virus family Flaviviridae. By using heterologously expressed proteins, we demonstrate that the 77 kDa NS5B protein of two pestiviruses, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and classical swine fever virus, and the 100 kDa NS5 protein of the West Nile flavivirus possess RdRp activity in vitro. As originally shown for the RdRp of hepatitis C virus, RNA synthesis catalysed by the pestivirus and flavivirus enzymes is strictly primer-dependent in vitro. Accordingly, initiation of RNA polymerization on homopolymeric RNAs and heteropolymeric templates, the latter with a blocked 3'-hydroxyl group, was found to be dependent on the presence of complementary oligonucleotide primer molecules. On unblocked heteropolymeric templates, including authentic viral RNAs, the RdRps were shown to initiate RNA synthesis via intramolecular priming at the 3'-hydroxyl group of the template and 'copy-back' transcription, thus yielding RNase-resistant hairpin molecules. Taken together, the RdRps of different members of the Flaviviridae were demonstrated to exhibit a common reactivity profile in vitro, typical of nucleic acid-polymerizing enzymes.  (+info)

Classical swine fever virus E(rns) deletion mutants: trans-complementation and potential use as nontransmissible, modified, live-attenuated marker vaccines. (6/236)

An SK6 cell line (SK6c26) which constitutively expressed the glycoprotein E(rns) of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was used to rescue CSFV E(rns) deletion mutants based on the infectious copy of CSFV strain C. The biochemical properties of E(rns) from this cell line were indistinguishable from those of CSFV E(rns). Two E(rns) deletion mutants were constructed, virus Flc23 and virus Flc22. Virus Flc23 encoded only the utmost N- and C-terminal amino acids of E(rns) (deletion of 215 amino acids) to retain the original protease cleavage sites. Virus Flc22 is not recognized by a panel of E(rns) antibodies, due to a deletion of 66 amino acids in E(rns). The E(rns) deletion mutants Flc22 and Flc23 could be rescued in vitro only on the complementing SK6c26 cells. These rescued viruses could infect and replicate in SK6 cells but did not yield infectious virus. Virus neutralization by E(rns)-specific antibodies was similar for the wild-type virus and the recombinant viruses, indicating that E(rns) from SK6c26 cells was incorporated in the viral particles. Pigs vaccinated with Flc22 or Flc23 were protected against a challenge with a lethal dose of CSFV strain Brescia. This is the first demonstration of trans-complementation of defective pestivirus RNA with a pestiviral structural protein and opens new ways to develop nontransmissible modified live pestivirus vaccines. In addition, the absence of (the antigenic part of) E(rns) in the recombinant viral particles can be used to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals.  (+info)

Pathogenesis of granulocytopenia and bone marrow atrophy during classical swine fever involves apoptosis and necrosis of uninfected cells. (7/236)

Granulocytopenia, a hematological hallmark of classical swine fever, is partially responsible for the suppression of innate immune defenses during classical swine fever. The present report demonstrates that this depletion was apparent as early as 3 days postinfection (p.i.). Both mature peripheral and bone marrow neutrophils were affected, whereas immature neutrophils increased absolutely in the periphery and coincidentally immature myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow. These data suggest that a pathogenic relationship exists between these compartments. The central event was not the arrest of hematopoietic cell proliferation or of the mobilization process, but instead apoptosis and possibly also necrosis were shown to play a role. This increase in apoptotic and dead cells was detected as early as 1-3 days p.i. In contrast, viral RNA in bone marrow hematopoietic cells (BMHC) was first detected 5 days p.i., and significant amounts of infected BMHC were detected only 7 days p.i., with the major target being the myeloid compartment. The increased caspase-3 activity observed supported a role for apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, the elevated caspase-9 activity indicated the involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Taken together, the results demonstrate that granulocytopenia and bone marrow atrophy are mediated by hematopoietic cell death and that indirect virus-host-mediated mechanisms are likely to be responsible.  (+info)

Ultrastructural glomerular changes in experimental infection with the classical swine fever virus. (8/236)

Ultrastructural studies of glomerular changes were performed on 16 pigs experimentally infected with a highly virulent strain of the classical swine fever virus. Our observations revealed the thickening of glomerular basement membranes, swelling of endothelial cells and cytoplasmic vacuolization within podocytes containing abundant viral particles. An early viral infection of podocytes was suggested as the cause of selective swelling of the foot processes of these cells with the consequent obliteration of the glomerular urinary spaces. To our knowledge this is the first report of ultrastructural evidence of classical swine fever virions infecting glomerular podocytes.  (+info)

Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. It is the causative agent of Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as hog cholera, which is a highly contagious and severe disease in pigs. The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their body fluids, but it can also be spread through contaminated feed, water, and fomites.

CSFV infects pigs of all ages, causing a range of clinical signs that may include fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, and respiratory distress. In severe cases, the virus can cause hemorrhages in various organs, leading to high mortality rates. CSF is a significant disease of economic importance in the swine industry, as it can result in substantial production losses and trade restrictions.

Prevention and control measures for CSF include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and stamping-out policies. Vaccines against CSF are available but may not provide complete protection or prevent the virus from shedding, making it essential to maintain strict biosecurity measures in pig farms. In some countries, stamping-out policies involve the rapid detection and elimination of infected herds to prevent the spread of the disease.

Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as Hog Cholera, is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease in pigs that is caused by a Pestivirus. The virus can be spread through direct contact with infected pigs or their bodily fluids, as well as through contaminated feed, water, and objects.

Clinical signs of CSF include fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, reddening of the skin, vomiting, diarrhea, abortion in pregnant sows, and neurological symptoms such as tremors and weakness. The disease can cause significant economic losses in the swine industry due to high mortality rates, reduced growth rates, and trade restrictions.

Prevention and control measures include vaccination, biosecurity measures, quarantine, and stamping out infected herds. CSF is not considered a public health threat as it does not infect humans. However, it can have significant impacts on the swine industry and food security in affected regions.

African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Asfarviridae family. It is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious and deadly disease in domestic pigs and wild boars. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated feed, or fomites (inanimate objects).

ASFV infects cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and replicates in the cytoplasm of these cells. The virus causes a range of clinical signs, including fever, loss of appetite, hemorrhages, and death in severe cases. There is no effective vaccine or treatment available for ASF, and control measures rely on early detection, quarantine, and culling of infected animals to prevent the spread of the disease.

It's important to note that African swine fever virus is not a threat to human health, but it can have significant economic impacts on the pig industry due to high mortality rates in affected herds and trade restrictions imposed by countries to prevent the spread of the disease.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease that affects both domestic and wild pigs. It is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which belongs to the Asfarviridae family. The disease is not zoonotic, meaning it does not infect or cause disease in humans.

Clinical signs of ASF can vary depending on the strain of the virus and the age and overall health status of the infected pig. However, common symptoms include high fever, loss of appetite, weakness, skin redness or blueness, diarrhea, vomiting, coughing, difficulty breathing, and abortion in pregnant sows. In severe cases, ASF can cause sudden death within a few days after infection.

ASF is transmitted through direct contact with infected pigs or their body fluids, as well as through contaminated feed, water, and fomites (inanimate objects). The virus can also be spread by soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, which can transmit the virus to wild suids such as warthogs and bushpigs.

There is no effective treatment or vaccine available for ASF, and control measures rely on early detection, quarantine, and culling of infected animals. Prevention measures include strict biosecurity protocols, restriction of pig movements, and proper disposal of carcasses and waste.

ASF is endemic in many African countries and has spread to other parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and South America. It poses a significant threat to the global pork industry due to its high mortality rate and lack of effective control measures.

Pestivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae, which are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. There are several species within this genus that can cause disease in animals, including bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle, border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in pigs. These viruses can cause a range of clinical signs, including respiratory and enteric diseases, reproductive failures, and immunosuppression. They are primarily spread through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, and can also be transmitted through contaminated fomites and semen. Prevention and control measures include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and testing and culling of infected animals.

Border Disease Virus (BDV) is a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. It is a viral pathogen that primarily affects sheep and goats, causing a disease known as Border Disease in these animals. The virus is named after the geographical location where it was first identified, the border region between England and Scotland.

BDV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that can cause a range of clinical signs in infected sheep and goats, including abortion, stillbirths, congenital defects, and poor growth rates in newborn lambs or kids. The virus is transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected animals, their bodily fluids, or contaminated objects. Vertical transmission from ewes to their offspring can also occur, resulting in the birth of persistently infected (PI) lambs that serve as a significant source of infection within flocks.

Infection with BDV can lead to economic losses for farmers due to reduced productivity and increased mortality rates. There is no specific treatment for Border Disease, but vaccination programs can help control the spread of the virus in sheep and goat populations.

Iridoviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including insects, fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The name "iridovirus" comes from the Greek word "iris," meaning rainbow, due to the characteristic iridescent coloration of infected insects' cuticles.

Iridoviruses are large, icosahedral virions with a diameter of approximately 120-300 nanometers. They have a complex internal structure, including a lipid membrane and several protein layers. The genome of iridoviruses is a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that ranges in size from about 100 to 200 kilobases.

Iridoviruses can cause a variety of diseases in their hosts, including hemorrhagic septicemia, hepatopancreatic necrosis, and developmental abnormalities. Infection typically occurs through ingestion or injection of viral particles, and the virus replicates in the host's nuclei.

There are several genera within the family Iridoviridae, including Ranavirus, Lymphocystivirus, Megalocyivirus, and Iridovirus. Each genus has a specific host range and causes distinct clinical symptoms. For example, ranaviruses infect amphibians, reptiles, and fish, while lymphocystiviruses primarily infect teleost fish.

Iridoviruses are of interest to medical researchers because they have potential as biological control agents for pests and vectors of human diseases, such as mosquitoes and ticks. However, their use as biocontrol agents is still being studied, and there are concerns about the potential ecological impacts of releasing iridoviruses into the environment.

Pestivirus infections refer to a group of diseases caused by viruses of the genus Pestivirus, which belongs to the family Flaviviridae. There are several different types of Pestiviruses, including bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and border disease virus (BDV).

These viruses can cause a range of clinical signs in animals, depending on the species infected, the age and immune status of the animal, and the strain of the virus. In general, Pestivirus infections can cause fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and various symptoms related to the respiratory, digestive, or reproductive systems.

For example, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 are important pathogens in cattle and can cause a variety of clinical signs, including respiratory disease, diarrhea, reproductive failure, and immunosuppression. CSFV is a highly contagious virus that affects pigs and can cause fever, loss of appetite, hemorrhages, and neurological symptoms. BDV infects sheep and goats and can cause abortion, stillbirth, and congenital defects in offspring.

Prevention and control measures for Pestivirus infections include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and testing and culling of infected animals.

Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, most commonly Aedes and Haemagogus species. The virus is named for the jaundice that can occur in some patients, giving their skin and eyes a yellowish color.

Yellow fever is endemic in tropical regions of Africa and South America, with outbreaks occurring when large numbers of people are infected. After an incubation period of 3 to 6 days, symptoms typically begin with fever, chills, headache, back pain, and muscle aches. In more severe cases, the infection can progress to cause bleeding, organ failure, and death.

Prevention measures include vaccination, mosquito control, and personal protective measures such as wearing long sleeves and using insect repellent in areas where yellow fever is endemic or outbreaks are occurring.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus, a type of virus that is transmitted through the bite of infected arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks. It belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus. The virus was first identified in 1930 during an investigation into a large epidemic of cattle deaths near Lake Naivasha in the Rift Valley of Kenya.

RVFV primarily affects animals, particularly sheep, goats, and cattle, causing severe illness and death in newborn animals and abortions in pregnant females. The virus can also infect humans, usually through contact with infected animal tissues or fluids, or through the bite of an infected mosquito. In humans, RVFV typically causes a self-limiting febrile illness, but in some cases, it can lead to more severe complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and retinitis (inflammation of the retina), which can result in permanent vision loss.

RVFV is endemic to parts of Africa, particularly in the Rift Valley region, but it has also been found in other parts of the continent, as well as in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The virus can be transmitted through the movement of infected animals or contaminated animal products, as well as through the spread of infected mosquitoes by wind or travel.

Prevention measures for RVFV include vaccination of livestock, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling animals or their tissues, and avoidance of mosquito bites in areas where the virus is known to be present. There is currently no approved vaccine for humans, but several candidates are in development. Treatment for RVFV infection typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease that primarily affects cattle, but can also infect other ruminants such as sheep and goats. The disease is caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which belongs to the family Flaviviridae and genus Pestivirus.

There are two biotypes of BVDV, type 1 and type 2, which can be further divided into various subtypes based on their genetic makeup. The virus can cause a range of clinical signs in infected animals, depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus.

Acute infection with BVDV can cause fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, nasal discharge, and diarrhea, which can be severe and life-threatening in young calves. In addition, BVDV can cause reproductive problems such as abortion, stillbirth, and the birth of persistently infected (PI) calves. PI animals are those that were infected with BVDV in utero and have the virus continuously present in their bloodstream and other tissues throughout their lives. These animals serve as a source of infection for other cattle and can spread the virus to naive herds.

BVDV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. The virus can also be spread indirectly through contaminated feed, water, and equipment. Prevention and control measures for BVDV include biosecurity practices, vaccination, and testing to identify and remove PI animals from herds.

Viral envelope proteins are structural proteins found in the envelope that surrounds many types of viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the virus's life cycle, including attachment to host cells, fusion with the cell membrane, and entry into the host cell. They are typically made up of glycoproteins and are often responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host organism. The exact structure and function of viral envelope proteins vary between different types of viruses.

'Sus scrofa' is the scientific name for the wild boar, a species of suid that is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa. It is not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

The palatine tonsils, also known as the "tonsils," are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx, at the back of the throat. They are part of the immune system and play a role in protecting the body from inhaled or ingested pathogens. Each tonsil has a surface covered with crypts and follicles that contain lymphocytes, which help to filter out bacteria and viruses that enter the mouth and nose.

The palatine tonsils are visible through the mouth and can be seen during a routine physical examination. They vary in size, but typically are about the size of a large olive or almond. Swelling or inflammation of the tonsils is called tonsillitis, which can cause symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. In some cases, enlarged tonsils may need to be removed through a surgical procedure called a tonsillectomy.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Viral structural proteins are the protein components that make up the viral particle or capsid, providing structure and stability to the virus. These proteins are encoded by the viral genome and are involved in the assembly of new virus particles during the replication cycle. They can be classified into different types based on their location and function, such as capsid proteins, matrix proteins, and envelope proteins. Capsid proteins form the protein shell that encapsulates the viral genome, while matrix proteins are located between the capsid and the envelope, and envelope proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds some viruses.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.

Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.

Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.

It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

A Cytopathic Effect (CPE) is a visible change in the cell or group of cells due to infection by a pathogen, such as a virus. When the cytopathic effect is caused specifically by a viral infection, it is referred to as a "Viral Cytopathic Effect" (VCPE).

The VCPE can include various changes in the cell's morphology, size, and structure, such as rounding, shrinkage, multinucleation, inclusion bodies, and formation of syncytia (multinucleated giant cells). These changes are often used to identify and characterize viruses in laboratory settings.

The VCPE is typically observed under a microscope after the virus has infected cell cultures, and it can help researchers determine the type of virus, the degree of infection, and the effectiveness of antiviral treatments. The severity and timing of the VCPE can vary depending on the specific virus and the type of cells that are infected.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral disease transmitted to humans through tick bites or contact with infected animal blood or tissues during and after slaughter. The virus belongs to the Nairovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family. The disease was first identified in Crimea in 1944 and later in the Congo in 1956, hence the name Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.

The CCHF virus causes severe illness with a case fatality rate of up to 40% in hospitalized patients. The symptoms include sudden onset of fever, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, neck pain and stiffness, back pain, sore eyes, and sensitivity to light. After a few days, patients may develop nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bleeding from the mouth, nose, gums, and private parts.

There is no specific treatment or vaccine available for CCHF, but early supportive care with oral or intravenous fluids, analgesics, and antipyretics can significantly reduce mortality. Ribavirin has been used in the treatment of severe cases, but its efficacy is not fully proven. Preventive measures include avoiding tick bites, using protective clothing and gloves while handling animals or their tissues, and practicing good hygiene and food safety.

Fever, also known as pyrexia or febrile response, is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation in core body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) due to a dysregulation of the body's thermoregulatory system. It is often a response to an infection, inflammation, or other underlying medical conditions, and it serves as a part of the immune system's effort to combat the invading pathogens or to repair damaged tissues.

Fevers can be classified based on their magnitude:

* Low-grade fever: 37.5-38°C (99.5-100.4°F)
* Moderate fever: 38-39°C (100.4-102.2°F)
* High-grade or severe fever: above 39°C (102.2°F)

It is important to note that a single elevated temperature reading does not necessarily indicate the presence of a fever, as body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day and can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, environmental conditions, and the menstrual cycle in females. The diagnosis of fever typically requires the confirmation of an elevated core body temperature on at least two occasions or a consistently high temperature over a period of time.

While fevers are generally considered beneficial in fighting off infections and promoting recovery, extremely high temperatures or prolonged febrile states may necessitate medical intervention to prevent potential complications such as dehydration, seizures, or damage to vital organs.

Neutralizing antibodies are a type of antibody that defends against pathogens such as viruses or bacteria by neutralizing their ability to infect cells. They do this by binding to specific regions on the surface proteins of the pathogen, preventing it from attaching to and entering host cells. This renders the pathogen ineffective and helps to prevent or reduce the severity of infection. Neutralizing antibodies can be produced naturally in response to an infection or vaccination, or they can be generated artificially for therapeutic purposes.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.

Viremia is a medical term that refers to the presence of viruses in the bloodstream. It occurs when a virus successfully infects a host and replicates within the body's cells, releasing new viral particles into the blood. This condition can lead to various clinical manifestations depending on the specific virus involved and the immune response of the infected individual. Some viral infections result in asymptomatic viremia, while others can cause severe illness or even life-threatening conditions. The detection of viremia is crucial for diagnosing certain viral infections and monitoring disease progression or treatment effectiveness.

A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.

Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease that's transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that can occur in some patients, resulting from liver damage caused by the virus. The disease is endemic in tropical regions of Africa and Central and South America.

The yellow fever virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus. It's closely related to other mosquito-borne viruses like dengue and Zika. The virus has three distinct geographical variants (West African, East African, and South American), each with different epidemiological patterns and clinical features.

The incubation period for yellow fever is typically 3 to 6 days after infection. The initial symptoms include fever, chills, headache, back pain, myalgia, and fatigue. Most patients recover after this initial phase, but around 15% of those infected enter a more severe phase characterized by high fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, bleeding, and often rapid death within 7 to 10 days.

There is no specific treatment for yellow fever, and management is focused on supportive care, including fluid replacement, blood transfusions, and addressing any complications that arise. Prevention relies on vaccination and mosquito control measures. The yellow fever vaccine is safe and highly effective, providing immunity in 95% of those who receive it. A single dose offers lifelong protection in most individuals. Mosquito control efforts, such as reducing breeding sites and using insecticide-treated materials, can help prevent the spread of the virus in affected areas.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Attenuated vaccines consist of live microorganisms that have been weakened (attenuated) through various laboratory processes so they do not cause disease in the majority of recipients but still stimulate an immune response. The purpose of attenuation is to reduce the virulence or replication capacity of the pathogen while keeping it alive, allowing it to retain its antigenic properties and induce a strong and protective immune response.

Examples of attenuated vaccines include:

1. Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV): This vaccine uses live but weakened polioviruses to protect against all three strains of the disease-causing poliovirus. The weakened viruses replicate in the intestine and induce an immune response, which provides both humoral (antibody) and cell-mediated immunity.
2. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine: This combination vaccine contains live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. It is given to protect against these three diseases and prevent their spread in the population.
3. Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine: This vaccine uses a weakened form of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. By introducing this attenuated virus into the body, it stimulates an immune response that protects against future infection with the wild-type virus.
4. Yellow fever vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to prevent yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. The vaccine contains a weakened form of the yellow fever virus that cannot cause the disease but still induces an immune response.
5. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to protect against tuberculosis (TB). It contains a weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which does not cause TB in humans but stimulates an immune response that provides some protection against the disease.

Attenuated vaccines are generally effective at inducing long-lasting immunity and can provide robust protection against targeted diseases. However, they may pose a risk for individuals with weakened immune systems, as the attenuated viruses or bacteria could potentially cause illness in these individuals. Therefore, it is essential to consider an individual's health status before administering live attenuated vaccines.

Host-pathogen interactions refer to the complex and dynamic relationship between a living organism (the host) and a disease-causing agent (the pathogen). This interaction can involve various molecular, cellular, and physiological processes that occur between the two entities. The outcome of this interaction can determine whether the host will develop an infection or not, as well as the severity and duration of the illness.

During host-pathogen interactions, the pathogen may release virulence factors that allow it to evade the host's immune system, colonize tissues, and obtain nutrients for its survival and replication. The host, in turn, may mount an immune response to recognize and eliminate the pathogen, which can involve various mechanisms such as inflammation, phagocytosis, and the production of antimicrobial agents.

Understanding the intricacies of host-pathogen interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. This knowledge can help identify new targets for therapeutic interventions, inform vaccine design, and guide public health policies to control the spread of infectious agents.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonotic disease that primarily affects animals, but can also have serious consequences for humans. It is caused by the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), which belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus.

The disease is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes or through contact with the blood, milk, or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and camels. In humans, RVF can cause a range of symptoms, from mild fever and headache to severe complications such as retinitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever, which can be fatal in some cases.

RVF is endemic in parts of Africa, particularly in the Rift Valley region, and has also been reported in the Arabian Peninsula. It poses a significant public health and economic threat to affected regions due to its potential to cause large-scale outbreaks with high mortality rates in both animals and humans. Prevention and control measures include vaccination of animals, vector control, and avoidance of mosquito bites.

Ornithodoros is a genus of hard-bodied ticks that belong to the family Argasidae, also known as soft ticks. These ticks are characterized by their lack of a distinct rear end or capitulum, and they have a leathery cuticle that appears smooth and shiny when they are engorged with blood.

Ornithodoros ticks are known to be vectors of various diseases, including relapsing fever caused by Borrelia spp. They can transmit these pathogens through their saliva during feeding, which typically occurs at night. Ornithodoros ticks are also capable of surviving for long periods without food, making them efficient carriers and transmitters of disease-causing agents.

These ticks are often found in the nests or burrows of animals such as birds, reptiles, and mammals, where they feed on the host's blood. Some species of Ornithodoros ticks can also bite humans, causing skin irritation and other symptoms. It is important to take precautions when entering areas where these ticks may be present, such as wearing protective clothing and using insect repellent.

Endopeptidases are a type of enzyme that breaks down proteins by cleaving peptide bonds inside the polypeptide chain. They are also known as proteinases or endoproteinases. These enzymes work within the interior of the protein molecule, cutting it at specific points along its length, as opposed to exopeptidases, which remove individual amino acids from the ends of the protein chain.

Endopeptidases play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as digestion, blood coagulation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). They are classified based on their catalytic mechanism and the structure of their active site. Some examples of endopeptidase families include serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, and metalloproteases.

It is important to note that while endopeptidases are essential for normal physiological functions, they can also contribute to disease processes when their activity is unregulated or misdirected. For instance, excessive endopeptidase activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and inflammatory conditions.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Asfarviridae is a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that includes a single genus, Asfivirus. The most well-known member of this family is the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which causes a highly contagious and often fatal disease in domestic pigs and wild boars. ASFV can also infect a variety of other animals, including warthogs, bushpigs, and soft ticks.

The name "Asfarviridae" comes from the acronym "ASF-like viruses" and the Arabic word "asfar," which means "yellow," in reference to the yellow color of ASFV virions (virus particles) when viewed under an electron microscope.

ASFV is a complex virus that encodes many proteins involved in various aspects of its replication cycle, including entry into host cells, DNA replication, transcription, and assembly of new virions. It can cause a wide range of clinical signs in infected animals, from mild fever and loss of appetite to severe hemorrhagic disease with high mortality rates.

There is currently no effective vaccine or treatment for African swine fever, and the virus poses a significant threat to the global pig industry. Researchers are actively studying ASFV and related viruses in order to better understand their biology and develop new strategies for prevention and control.

Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.

Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.

It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.

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... then returned to Minnesota and studied classical swine fever (also known as hog cholera). Bachrach found that the disease could ... Bachrach was able to purify the virus responsible for foot-and-mouth disease. In 1950, having spent a year in Europe, Bachrach ... The other 90% of the specimen was "gunk" from the cells involved in the process of growing the virus, but no previous ... "Howard Bachrach, pioneer in fight against polio and other viruses". Star Tribune. July 25, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2016. George ...
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 21 August 2019. ...Classical swine fever virus becomes Pestivirus C ... Classical Swine Fever, Iowa State University Species Profile - Classical Swine Fever, National Invasive Species Information ... "Classical Swine Fever-An Updated Review". Viruses. MDPI. 9 (4): 86. doi:10.3390/v9040086. PMC 5408692. PMID 28430168. Paton, D. ... Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera (also sometimes called pig plague based on the German word Schweinepest) is a highly ...
... classical swine fever virus MeSH B04.909.777.411 - hepatitis delta virus MeSH B04.909.777.415 - hepatitis e virus MeSH B04.909. ... diarrhea virus 2, bovine viral MeSH B04.820.250.700.400 - classical swine fever virus MeSH B04.820.410.050 - allolevivirus MeSH ... yellow fever virus MeSH B04.820.250.400 - gb virus a MeSH B04.820.250.405 - gb virus b MeSH B04.820.250.410 - GB virus C MeSH ... rift valley fever virus MeSH B04.820.087.710.750 - sandfly fever naples virus MeSH B04.820.087.710.900 - uukuniemi virus MeSH ...
The clinical symptoms of ASFV infection are very similar to classical swine fever, and the two diseases normally have to be ... Wikispecies has information related to African swine fever virus. Canadian Food Inspection Agency African swine fever ... Viruses portal Veterinary virology Dixon; et al. (2008). "African Swine Fever Virus". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. ... African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus in the Asfarviridae family. It is the causative agent of ...
"African Swine Fever Summary sheets" (PDF). "Classical Swine Fever" (PDF). August 2008. "Classical Swine Fever (hog cholera) ... "With high virulent forms of the virus, ASF is characterized by high fever, loss of appetite, hemorrhages in the skin and ... Lesions of classical swine fever are clinico-pathologically indistinguishable from African swine fever; it is essential to send ... Classical swine fever was once widespread, but has been eradicated from many countries from domestic swine, including the US. A ...
... such as classical swine fever, avian influenza, Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Salmonella infections in pigs. Prior to the ... Eggs were used for virus propagation in the development of a yellow fever vaccine in 1935 and an influenza vaccine in 1945. In ... "Glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus expressed in insect cells protects swine from hog cholera". Journal of Virology. 67 (9): ... Viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken eggs (e.g., for influenza) or on continuous cell lines such as ...
"Negative impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection on the efficacy of classical swine fever ... simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), wobbly possum disease virus, and lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV). PRRSV is a ... virus isolate and the virus dose. It was shown that pigs could be infected with PRRS virus by several routes of exposure: ... immune response to swine influenza virus challenge in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at ...
... bovine viral diarrhea virus 1) and Pestivirus C (classical swine fever virus, previously hog cholera virus)). Viruses in this ... Yellow fever virus, and Zika virus) Genus Hepacivirus (includes Hepacivirus C (hepatitis C virus) and Hepacivirus B (GB virus B ... Guaico Culex virus, Jingmen tick virus and Mogiana tick virus. These viruses have a segmented genome of 4 or 5 pieces. Two of ... These include Wenling shark virus. Jingmenvirus is a group of unclassified viruses in the family which includes Alongshan virus ...
African horse sickness virus African swine fever virus Avian influenza virus (highly pathogenic) Classical swine fever virus ... viruses: African VHF viruses: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Ebola virus* Lassa fever virus Lujo virus Marburg virus* ... Asian VHF viruses: Kyasanur Forest disease virus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus South American VHF viruses: Chapare virus ... Hendra virus Nipah virus Rift Valley fever virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (excluding enzootic subtypes ID and IE) ...
... modelling classical swine fever incursions in wild pigs in Australia". Veterinary Research. 43 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/1297-9716-43 ... Contemporary diseases of zoonotic origin include SARS, Lyme disease and West Nile virus. Disease emergence and resurgence in ... red grouse and louping ill virus". Journal of Applied Ecology. 47 (4): 926-930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01834.x. ISSN 1365 ...
... african swine fever MeSH C22.905.170 - classical swine fever MeSH C22.905.260 - edema disease of swine MeSH C22.905.323 - ... marburg virus disease MeSH C22.735.500.850 - simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MeSH C22.735.750 - monkeypox MeSH ... swine erysipelas MeSH C22.905.850 - swine vesicular disease MeSH C22.905.927 - vesicular exanthema of swine The list continues ... of swine MeSH C22.905.626 - pneumonia of swine, mycoplasmal MeSH C22.905.700 - porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome ...
... disease is considered to be the most economically important viral disease of swine in areas where classical swine fever (hog ... The virus is shed in the saliva and nasal secretions of swine infected by the respiratory route. Aerosolization of the virus ... Swine (both domestic and feral) are usual reservoirs for this virus, though it does affect other species. Aujeszky's disease ... Diagnosis is made mainly by virus isolation in tissue cultures, or through ELISA or PCR tests. Vaccines are available for swine ...
Some, like classical swine fever and scrapie are specific to one type of stock, while others, like foot-and-mouth disease ... This virus is easily transmissible to domestic poultry, and to humans living in close proximity with them. Other infectious ... "Classical swine fever" (PDF). The Center for Food Security and Public Health. Retrieved 20 May 2017. "Scrapie Fact Sheet". ... An outbreak of Nipah virus in Malaysia in 1999 was traced back to pigs becoming ill after contact with fruit-eating flying ...
... bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease MeSH C02.782.350.675.200 - classical swine fever MeSH C02.782.350.675.400 - hemorrhagic ... african swine fever MeSH C02.081.885.200 - colorado tick fever MeSH C02.081.885.400 - encephalitis, tick-borne MeSH C02.081. ... phlebotomus fever MeSH C02.782.147.810 - rift valley fever MeSH C02.782.160.927 - vesicular exanthema of swine MeSH C02.782. ... lassa fever MeSH C02.782.417.560 - marburg virus disease MeSH C02.782.417.762 - rift valley fever MeSH C02.782.450.100 - ...
BDV, border disease virus; CSFV, classical swine fever virus; boxes indicate virus neutralization test titers for homologous ... Close Relationship of Ruminant Pestiviruses and Classical Swine Fever Virus Alexander Postel, Stefanie Schmeiser, Tuba Cigdem ... Close Relationship of Ruminant Pestiviruses and Classical Swine Fever Virus. ...
Diagnosis of classical swine fever virus in a limited resource setting: The influence of pig breed on methodology and sample ... Diagnosis of classical swine fever virus in a limited resource setting: The influence of pig breed on methodology and sample ... Harmonised Zika virus research protocols published * Birth attendant training course may be global model for safer birth care ... Causes of fever in primary care in Southeast Asia and the performance of C-reactive protein in discriminating bacterial from ...
... we assessed the infection generated in 7-week-old CSFV PI wild boars after infection with the African swine fever virus (ASFV ... Recently moderate-virulence classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains have been proven capable of generating postnatal ... African swine fever virus infection in Classical swine fever subclinically infected wild boars. ...
Swine Fever Virus Antibody Rapid Test is a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative detection of Classical ... Swine Fever Virus Antibody (CSFV Ab) in pigs serum, or plasma specimen. ... Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibody Rapid Test. The Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibody Rapid Test is a lateral flow ... The Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibody Rapid test is a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative detection ...
The non-classical major histocompatibility complex II protein SLA-DM is crucial for African swine fever virus replication * ...
Development and evaluation of a rapid immunomagnetic bead assay for the detection of classical swine fever virus antigen ... Development and evaluation of a rapid immunomagnetic bead assay for the detection of classical swine fever virus antigen ... Tackling typhoid fever burden in south Asia * Contribution of genetic factors to high rates of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia on ... Screening for monkeypox virus infections in men who have sex with men in a sexual health clinic in Hanoi, Viet Nam ...
Classical Swine Fever Virus E2 Protein , AG05-0313-Z , Immunology Consultatnt Laboratory Species Reactivity: CSFV Format: ... Classical Swine Fever Virus E2 Protein , AG05-0313-Z Immunology Consultant Laboratory ...
Rabbit Anti-classical Swine fever Virus , Gentaur MSRP: Was: Now: €340.00 Quick view Compare Add to Cart ...
Learn about the veterinary topic of Classical Swine Fever. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from the ... Etiology and Epidemiology of Classical Swine Fever Classical swine fever is caused by a small, enveloped RNA virus in the genus ... Clinical Findings and Lesions of Classical Swine Fever Classical swine fever is characterized by fever, hemorrhages, ataxia, ... Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is antigenically related to the other pestiviruses, mainly to bovine viral diarrhea virus ...
"U18666A inhibits classical swine fever virus replication through interference with intracellular cholesterol trafficking". ... Finally, SNX8 also plays an antiviral role against RNA viruses such as SeV (Sendai virus) through VISA-mediated activation of ... In addition, SNX8 plays an antiviral role against DNA viruses such as HSV-1 through the MITA-mediated activation of the IFNβ ... SNX8 is a key component in the induction of downstream effector antiviral gene transcription in response to RNA viruses, as it ...
Categories: Classical swine fever virus Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
The new emerging ovine pestivirus can infect pigs and confers strong protection against classical swine fever virus. Bohórquez ... Efficient detection of African Swine Fever Virus using minimal equipment through a LAMP PCR method. Bohorquez JA, Lanka S, ... The FlagT4G Vaccine Confers a Strong and Regulated Immunity and Early Virological Protection against Classical Swine Fever. ... Among authors: rosell r. Viruses. 2022 Sep 2;14(9):1954. doi: 10.3390/v14091954. Viruses. 2022. PMID: 36146761 Free PMC article ...
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically significant, highly contagious swine disease. The etiological agent, CSF virus ( ... there is no information regarding the effect of IFN therapy in infection with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in swine. Here ... Title: Treatment with interferon-alpha delays disease in swine infected with a highly virulent CSFV strain Author. FERNANDEZ- ... Interpretive Summary: Interferon (IFN) is one of the mechanisms used by humans and animals to control virus infections. In ...
... for a possible pharmacophore model against the viral NS3 protein of the Classical Swine Fever virus, were studied. Classical ... Vlachakis D and Kossida S: Molecular modeling and pharmacophore elucidation study of the classical swine fever virus helicase ... Spondweni virus (SPONV), a possible emerging virus, is a member of the Flaviviridae virus family, of the genus Flavivirus and ... SPONV, Spondweni virus; DENV-4, Dengue virus-4; HCV, hepatitis C virus. ...
Pigs given the current modified live virus classical swine fever vaccine test positive for the disease. Shis other discovery ... Veterinary researcher licenses new vaccine to fight swine feverVeterinary researcher licenses new vaccine to fight swine fever ... Classical swine fever is one of the diseases that will be studied at NBAF, and were proud to be supporting progress in ... Classical swine fever has not been eliminated in China, and each of the 700 million pigs raised annually in the country ...
... is a contagious disease of pigs and wild boars that is transmitted through direct/indirect contact between animals or CSF virus ... Nishi T, Kameyama KI, Kato T, Fukai K. Genome sequence of a classical swine fever virus of subgenotype 2.1, isolated from a pig ... Experimental infection of pigs with a classical swine fever virus isolated in Japan for the first time in 26 years. J Vet Med ... Blome S, Staubach C, Henke J, Carlson J, Beer M. Classical swine fever-an updated review. Viruses. 2017;9:1-24. ...
20. Detection of Classical swine fever virus infection by individual oral fluid of pigs following experimental inoculation. 254 ... identification from various swine clinical samples. 245-249页 作者:Carlos E C,Matajira; Luisa Z,Moreno; Vasco T M,Gomes; Ana Paula ... 4. Experimental acute infection of alpacas with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subgenotype b alters peripheral blood and GALT ...
Characterising the early protection of C strain vaccine against subsequent classical swine fever virus infection. Frontiers in ... McCleary, S., McCarthy, RR., Strong, R., Edwards, J. and Crooke, H. (2021) Inactivation of African Swine Fever Virus by ... Evaluation of Lesions and Viral Antigen Distribution in Domestic Pigs Inoculated Intranasally with African Swine Fever Virus ... of warthog NF-κB motifs into RELA of domestic pigs is not sufficient to confer resilience to African swine fever virus. ...
classical swine fever virus Family: Flaviviridae. Declared Pest, Prohibited - s12 (C1 Prohibited). Common names: hog cholera, ... Bovine virus diarrhoea Type 2 virus Family: Flaviviridae. Declared Pest, Prohibited - s12 (C1 Prohibited). Common names: ... west nile virus (except subtype kunjin) Family: Flaviviridae. Declared Pest, Prohibited - s12 (C1 Prohibited). Common name: ... encephalitides viruses (tick borne) Family: Flaviviridae. Declared Pest, Prohibited - s12 (C1 Prohibited). Common names: ...
... and viruses. The main biological roles of these ribonucleases are cleaving or degrading RNA substrates. They preferentially ... A) Amino acid sequence of RNases T2 from human, mouse, rabbit, fruit fly, and classical swine fever virus showing the wide ... Complementation of vaccinia virus lacking the double-stranded RNA-binding protein gene E3L by human cytomegalovirus. J Virol. ( ... Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the pathogen of Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), encodes a protein Tax and is found to ...
... are recruited to regulate the endocytic trafficking and RNA replication compartment assembly during classical swine fever virus ...
Molecular epidemiology of current classical swine fever virus isolates of wild boar in Germany. J Gen Virol 91:2687-2697 ... Wiedmann RT, Smith TP, Nonneman DJ (2008) SNP discovery in swine by reduced representation and high throughput pyrosequencing. ... dissecting within-host viral population diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus using next-generation genome sequencing. J ...
An immuno-chromatographic lateral flow assay (LFA) for rapid on-the-farm detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). ... zooepidemicus swine isolates from Pennsylvania. Microbiology Resource Announcements, Surendran Nair, M, Nair, Meera Surendran, ... NLRC5 Serves as a Pro-viral Factor During Influenza Virus Infection in Chicken Macrophages. Frontiers in cellular and infection ... Avian and human influenza virus compatible sialic acid receptors in little brown bats. Scientific Reports, Chothe, S, Bhushan, ...
Title of the poster: "Long range RNA-RNA interactions within the genome of classical swine fever virus; influence on viral RNA ... Title of the poster: "Mosquito species involved in West Nile and Usutu viruses transmission in Italy between 2008 and 2014".. ...
... which is an linear epitope on Genome polyprotein from Classical swine fever virus. The Genome polyprotein-binding antibody 912 ...
Structural Glycoproteins of Classical Swine Fever Virus Implication for Vaccine Development. May 25, 2013 - admin Filed under: ... Structural Glycoproteins of Classical Swine Fever Virus Implication for Vaccine Development. May 25, 2013 - admin Filed under: ... Review of Different Strategies for Preventing and Controlling Classical Swine Fever. December 21, 2012 - admin Filed under: * ...
... classical swine fever, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (more commonly known as mad cow disease), African swine fever virus, ... and Nipah virus. Despite an already unbelievably high number of live animals being exported worldwide, a significant increase ...
Initiation of translation of hepatitis C virus and classical swine fever virus mRNAs outcomes from internal ribosomal entry. ... Initiation of translation of hepatitis C virus and classical swine fever. admin November 30, 2019 Adrenergic ??3 Receptors PA- ...
Classical Swine Fever Virus E2 Protein , AG05-0313-Z MSRP: Was: Now: €410.00 ...
Specificity: African Category: Swine Group: Fever Assay. Porcine/Swine/Pig Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) Erns IgG positive ... Porcine/Swine/Pig Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) E2 IgG negative control serum. ... Porcine/Swine/Pig Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) E2 IgG positive control serum. ... Porcine/Swine/Pig Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) Erns IgG negative control serum. ...
  • The Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibody Rapid Test is a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibody (CSFV Ab) in pig's serum, or plasma specimen. (hwtai.com)
  • The Classical Swine Csfv Antibody Test is based on sandwich lateral flow immunochromatographic assay. (hwtai.com)
  • Diagnostic tests for CSFV detection include RT-qPCR, virus isolation, immunofluorescence assay, and detection of antibodies by serologic tests such as ELISA and virus neutralization. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a high consequence pathogen. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Currently, there is no information regarding the effect of IFN therapy in infection with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in swine. (usda.gov)
  • Here, we report the effect of IFN treatment in swine experimentally infected a highly virulent CSFV strain called Brescia. (usda.gov)
  • This is the first report describing the effect of IFN treatment during CSFV infection in swine. (usda.gov)
  • The etiological agent, CSF virus (CSFV), is an enveloped virus with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, classified as a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae (Becher et al. (usda.gov)
  • 2007) and recombinant CSFV lacking N^pro is attenuated in swine (Mayer et al. (usda.gov)
  • 2009). Therefore, the actual role of IFN during CSFV infection in swine is poorly understood. (usda.gov)
  • Here, we report the effect of IFN-alpha treatment (delivered by a replication defective human adenovirus type 5, Ad5) on the course of experimental infection of swine infected with the highly virulent CSFV Brescia strain. (usda.gov)
  • With regard to fencing, it could be a method to restrict wild boar movement and to prevent the spread of CSF virus (CSFV), but the efficacy of fencing depends on the intactness of the fences and the practical feasibility in larger areas is limited [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results showed that CGIA did not cross-react with positive sera of viruses, such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SIV), showing high specificity. (elis.sk)
  • However, there is limited information on epidemiology and coinfection rate of PCV2 with other critical swine diseases in this area, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides of PCVs, there are other viral pathogens threatening the pig raising industry at regional, national and global level, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV). (biomedcentral.com)
  • By this means, the device can indicate the presence of Classical Swine Fever Virus antibodies in the specimen. (hwtai.com)
  • Igg Antibody Laboratories manufactures the igg antibodies to virus reagents distributed by Genprice. (herpes-pics.com)
  • Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease of swine. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically significant, highly contagious swine disease. (usda.gov)
  • A Kansas State University researcher has licensed a new vaccine to an animal health company to fight a highly contagious swine disease overseas. (farmprogress.com)
  • Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious disease of pigs and wild boars that is transmitted through direct/indirect contact between animals or CSF virus-contaminated fomites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious disease that affects pigs and wild boars. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The FlagT4G Vaccine Confers a Strong and Regulated Immunity and Early Virological Protection against Classical Swine Fever. (nih.gov)
  • Jishu Shi, professor of vaccine immunology and director of U.S.-China Center for Animal Health in KSU's College of Veterinary Medicine, has developed a method of producing a classical swine fever vaccine safely and inexpensively. (farmprogress.com)
  • Shi's vaccine uses a protein from the virus rather than a live or attenuated virus, which means the vaccine poses no biosecurity risk to produce in the U.S., where classical swine fever was eradicated in 1978. (farmprogress.com)
  • Classical swine fever has not been eliminated in China, and each of the 700 million pigs raised annually in the country currently receives two doses of vaccine against the virulent disease. (farmprogress.com)
  • Pigs given the current modified live virus classical swine fever vaccine test positive for the disease. (farmprogress.com)
  • Pre-registration efficacy study of a novel marker vaccine against classical swine fever on maternally derived antibody positive (MDA+) target animals. (sciensano.be)
  • Efficacy of marker vaccine candidate CP7_E2alf against challenge with classical swine fever virus isolates of different genotypes. (sciensano.be)
  • HC-VAC live attenuated Classical swine fever virus vaccine. (dkshdiscover.com)
  • ABSTRACT Understanding the genetic evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses can help better select strains to be included in the annual influenza vaccine. (who.int)
  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused huge economic losses in the global swine industry. (researchsquare.com)
  • PCV2 has been recognized as an economically important swine pathogen that threaten the global swine industry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comparison of two real-time RT-PCR assays for differentiation of C-strain vaccinated from classical swine fever infected pigs and wild boars. (sciensano.be)
  • Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the african swine fever assay reagents distributed by Genprice. (mitokor.com)
  • Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the latest in virus antibody test reagents distributed by Genprice. (essentialbiosafety.info)
  • Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a member of the genus Circovirus and family Circoviridae , is a closed, small, circular, and single-stranded DNA virus, and it is a crucial swine pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The European Classical Swine Fever Virus Database: Blueprint for a Pathogen-Specific Sequence Database with Integrated Sequence Analysis Tools. (cdc.gov)
  • Cytokine and immunoglobulin isotype profiles during CP7_E2alf vaccination against a challenge with the highly virulent Koslov strain of classical swine fever virus. (sciensano.be)
  • For the evaluation of the accuracy and reliability of the model in structure‑based drug design strategies, the crystal structure of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) helicase was used, complexed with a single‑stranded RNA, a key molecule for the establishment of interactions with a future inhibitor of the SPONV helicase. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Initiation of translation of hepatitis C virus and classical swine fever virus mRNAs outcomes from internal ribosomal entry. (bioinf.org)
  • Classical swine fever is caused by a small, enveloped RNA virus in the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • It is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family and is transmitted through direct/indirect contact between animals or virus-contaminated fomites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Serological relationship between a novel ovine pestivirus and classical swine fever virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Spondweni virus (SPONV), a possible emerging virus, is a member of the Flaviviridae virus family, of the genus Flavivirus and belongs to a serogroup with the Zika virus. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Arthropod vectors, mainly ticks and mosquitoes, constitute the transmission pathway of Flaviviridae viruses, causing epidemics and medical concerns due to the large number of diseases that they inflict on both humans and animals ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Being a promising antiviral target, helicase inhibition leads to the pause of the replication, proliferation and consequently, to the survival and transmission of Flaviviridae viruses ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the crucial swine viral pathogens, caused porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD). (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, there is lack of information on PCV2 prevalence and its coinfection with other crucial swine viral diseases in intensive pig farms in Shandong. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These viruses are highly prevalent in bovine and ovine populations and can infect pigs. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • 2021) ' Evaluation of Lesions and Viral Antigen Distribution in Domestic Pigs Inoculated Intranasally with African Swine Fever Virus Ken05/Tk1 (Genotype X) '. Pathogens , 10 (6). (brunel.ac.uk)
  • PRRSV causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory distress in pigs of all ages, resulting in significant economic losses for the swine industry worldwide (1, 2). (researchsquare.com)
  • In order to develop ASF serodiagnostic reagents with high specificity and sensitivity, in the present study, the antigenic epitopes of P72 protein of African swine fever virus (ASFV) were analyzed, and the ASFV multi-epitope fusion gene MeP72 in tandem with the dominant linear epitopes was constructed. (elis.sk)
  • The African Swine Fever Assay reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (mitokor.com)
  • Frequent genetic variations in this virus cause difficulties in controlling and accurately diagnosing PRRSV. (researchsquare.com)
  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Arteriviridae of the order Nidovirales . (researchsquare.com)
  • Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Goat Swine IgG from Swine. (mitokor.com)
  • Description: The product is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of monkeypox virus antigen in human whole blood, serum, plasma or rash exuudate. (essentialbiosafety.info)
  • West Nile virus infection. (wa.gov.au)
  • Influenza viruses are considered one of and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 erated with SeqMan DNA Lasergene the most common causes of respira- and H3N2 viruses in Jordan between 7 software (DNASTAR, Madison, tory infection among humans and they March 2010 and March 2013. (who.int)
  • These presentations have been described in children with influenza virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Severe neurologic infection is more common when the virus is introduced in an area of nonendemic disease. (medscape.com)
  • In 1999, during the New York City outbreak of West Nile virus infection, 62 patients developed encephalitis, and 7 died (a case fatality rate of 12%, with all deaths occurring in older patients). (medscape.com)
  • Delayed weakness or recurrent clinical weakness after West Nile virus infection has been described. (medscape.com)
  • Classical swine fever (CSF) is among the most detrimental diseases for the swine industry worldwide. (sciensano.be)
  • Development and Characterization of Recombinant Virus Generated from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone. (cdc.gov)
  • Following tissue damage, RNase T2 is secreted and participates in resistance against RNA viruses or functions as an alarm signaling molecule to regulate the host immune response and contributes to tissue remodeling and repair ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, the present study proposes the three‑dimensional structure of the helicase/protease enzyme of SPONV through homology modeling, using the crystal structure of the Dengue virus‑4 helicase/protease of the same viral family as a template. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • [ 34 ] classically presents with a severe influenzalike illness or dengue hemorrhagic fever. (medscape.com)
  • Less commonly, dengue fever can lead to encephalitis or encephalopathy, transverse myelitis, and mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy similar to that in Guillain-Barré syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • PCV2 was first detected in PK-15(ATCC-CCL) cells in 1974, which has caused significant economic loss to the swine industry throughout the world. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The transformation of PCV2 genotypes changed the virulence of the virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Description: Qualitativeindirect ELISA kit for measuring Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibody (IgG) in samples from serum. (mitokor.com)
  • This Goat Swine IgG antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. (mitokor.com)
  • There is little information on their evolution in Jordan so this study investigated the genetic and antigenic variability of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses in Jordan by performing phylogenetic and genetic analyses of the HA and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses between 2011 and 2013. (who.int)
  • Jordanian H1N1 viruses had mutations that are characteristic of antigenic group 6 while H3N2 virus mutations belonged to group 3. (who.int)
  • SNX8 is a key component in the induction of downstream effector antiviral gene transcription in response to RNA viruses, as it is necessary for RLR-mediated activation of the IFNβ promoter that leads to host defense in a dose-dependent manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intra-host variation structure of classical swine fever virus NS5B in relation to antiviral therapy. (sciensano.be)
  • (A) Amino acid sequence of RNases T2 from human, mouse, rabbit, fruit fly, and classical swine fever virus showing the wide evolutionary conservation of these enzymes. (frontiersin.org)
  • African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and severe infectious disease that seriously endangers the global porcine industry. (elis.sk)
  • Porcine Circoviruses (PCVs) are single-standard circular DNA virus, which belong to the member of genus Circovirus within the family of Circoviridae [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The latest epidemic of Zika fever, which broke out in the Western Hemisphere, warns about the risk of the corresponding urban epidemic potential of SPONV and calls for the design of anti‑SPONV therapies. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • ZikaVR: An Integrated Zika Virus Resource for Genomics, Proteomics, Phylogenetic and Therapeutic Analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence of the presence of the Zika virus in Mexico since early 2015. (cdc.gov)
  • IFN treatment delayed the appearance of clinical signs and virus replication in the infected animals although it did not prevent lethal disease. (usda.gov)
  • identification from various swine clinical samples. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • Classical swine fever (CSF) is a notifiable disease to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Border Disease Border disease is observed in young ruminants exposed to border disease virus during gestation. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Bursal Disease Virus. (medicalanka.com)
  • Pathogens are defined as micro- organisms (including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, parasites, fungi) and other agents such as prions, which can cause disease in humans or animals.Cultures are the result of a process by which pathogens are intentionally propagated. (un3373.com)
  • Rabies virus usually incubates for 20-60 days but is capable of incubating for years. (medscape.com)
  • The full HA and NA genes of 16 H1N1-positive samples obtained in our study and 21 published HA sequences and 20 published NA sequences from Jordanian viruses that were available on online gene databases were analysed. (who.int)
  • Allergies to these ingredients have be en reported af ter vaccination. (nsearch.com)