Clostridium
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium botulinum
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium thermocellum
Clostridium tetani
Botulinum Toxins
Clostridium sordellii
Bacterial Toxins
Clostridium butyricum
Clostridium septicum
Enterotoxins
Clostridium beijerinckii
Botulism
Ribotyping
Spores, Bacterial
Clostridium botulinum type A
Feces
Clostridium cellulolyticum
Clostridium cellulovorans
Clostridium chauvoei
Cellulase
Gas Gangrene
Clostridium botulinum type E
Clostridium kluyveri
Clostridium histolyticum
Diarrhea
Spores
Cellulose
Molecular Sequence Data
Bacteria, Anaerobic
ADP Ribose Transferases
Cytotoxins
Antitoxins
Clostridium botulinum type B
Toxins, Biological
Cellulosomes
Clostridium tyrobutyricum
Enterotoxemia
Clostridium botulinum type D
Culture Media
Clostridium botulinum type F
Food Microbiology
Fermentation
Anaerobiosis
Metronidazole
Cellobiose
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Ferredoxins
Rubredoxins
Toxoids
Clostridium sticklandii
Amino Acid Sequence
Foodborne Diseases
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Vancomycin
Eubacterium
Clostridium botulinum type C
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Clostridium tertium
Base Sequence
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
DNA, Ribosomal
Bacterial Typing Techniques
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Cecum
Species Specificity
Clostridium bifermentans
Characteristics of a strain of Clostridium carnis causing septicaemia in a young infant. (1/851)
Clostridium carnis is a species which is only rarely isolated from man or animals and is occasionally found in the soil. This paper is an account of a single isolate found in blood cultures obtained from an 8-week-old boy who was suffering from gastroenteritis. (+info)Hemorrhagic enteritis associated with Clostridium perfringens type A in a dog. (2/851)
A female Shetland sheep dog died suddenly with hemorrhagic diarrhea and vomitting, and was examined pathologically and microbiologically. Gross pathological change was restricted to the intestinal tract. The intestine contained watery, blood-stained fluid. Histopathologically, the principal intestinal lesion was superficial mucosal hemorrhagic necrosis at the jejunoileum. Many Gram-positive bacilli were found adhering to the necrotic mucosal surface in parts of the intestinal tract. Clostridium perfringens in pure culture were isolated from jejunal contents by anaerobic culture. These results suggested that the typical lesion of this case coincided with canine hemorrhagic enteritis and enterotoxemia due to C. perfringens infection could be the cause of sudden death. (+info)Naturally occurring Tyzzer's disease in a calf. (3/851)
Naturally occurring Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer's disease) was found in a calf. Light microscopic examination revealed multifocal coagulative necrosis in the liver, catarrhal gastroenteritis, tracheitis and pneumonia, and thymic atrophy. Warthin-Starry staining clearly showed large filamentous bacilli in bundles or criss-cross patterns within the hepatocytes and epithelium and smooth muscle cells of the ileum and cecum. Immunohistochemistry using anti-C. piliforme RT and MSK strain antisera showed positive reaction against the bacilli. Electron microscopic examination revealed bacilli within the hepatocytes that demonstrated a characteristic vegetative form, with peritrichous flagella, and spores. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study using the paraffin-embedded liver sections, the 196-bp DNA fragment specific to 16S ribosomal RNA of C. piliforme was amplified. The characteristics of these bacilli are consistent with those of of C. piliforme. The PCR technique using paraffin-embedded sections should be useful for confirming C. piliforme infection in spontaneous cases. (+info)Production of phospholipase C (alpha-toxin), haemolysins and lethal toxins by Clostridium perfringens types A to D. (4/851)
To obtain high yields of extracellular enzymes and toxins for immunological analysis, type culture collection strains of Clostridium perfringens types A to D and 28 fresh isolates of C. perfringens type A from humans were grown in fermenters under controlled conditions in a pre-reduced proteose peptone medium. The type culture collection strains all showed different characteristics with respect to growth rates and pH optima for growth. Production of phospholipase C (alpha-toxin), haemolysin and lethal activity varied considerably between the different types. Growth and extracellular protein production in fermenters with pH control and static or stirred cultures were compared. Production of all extracellular proteins measured was markedly improved by cultivation in fermenters with pH control. Strain ATCC13124 produced five times more phospholipase C than any of 28 freshly isolated strains of C. perfringens type A, grown under identical conditions. Haemolytic and lethal activities of the ATCC strain were equal or superior to the activities of any of the freshly isolated strains. There were no differences in the bacterial yields and in the production of extracellular toxins between type A strains isolated from clinical cases of gas gangrene and abdominal wounds, and those isolated from faecal samples from healthy persons. (+info)Factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to Clostridium difficile. (5/851)
OBJECTIVE: toxigenic Clostridium difficile is responsible for a spectrum of disease severity ranging from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis. This study attempts to determine the proportion of patients in each category of severity and evaluate the risk factors for a more prolonged and complicated course. DESIGN: prospective cohort study. SETTING: university teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: all patients with symptomatic C. difficile infection during 4 months of an outbreak (January-April 1995); n=73; median age 74 years (range 17-91). MEASUREMENTS: incidence of C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD); severity of disease; percentage of patients in each category of severity; risk factors for severe disease/prolonged symptoms (univariate and multivariable analyses). RESULTS: the incidence of CDAD was 0.93%. Of the cases identified, 18 (24.7%) had mild, self-limiting disease; 26 (35.6%) had moderately severe disease; 23 (31.5%) had prolonged symptoms and six (8.2%) had a complicated course. Although CDAD was more common in older patients (P < 0.001), increasing age was not a risk factor for severity. Significant risk factors for severe CDAD included low Barthel and abbreviated mental test scores (P < 0.01, P < 0.001 respectively) and recent endoscopy (P=0.03). Logistic regression analysis revealed the following independent predictors of severe CDAD: endoscopy [odds ratios (OR) 4.0, P=0.03] and cognitive impairment (OR 11.0, P < 0.01). A trend towards significance was noted for nasogastric tube insertion (OR 3.1, P=0.08). Complications of infection included dehydration, malnutrition and faecal incontinence (which was statistically significantly associated with more severe disease; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: risk factors for severity of CDAD include functional disability, cognitive impairment, and recent endoscopy. Anticipation of severe CDAD may limit morbidity and mortality. (+info)Molecular subtyping of Clostridium perfringens by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to facilitate food-borne-disease outbreak investigations. (6/851)
Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food-borne illness. The illness is characterized by profuse diarrhea and acute abdominal pain. Since the illness is usually self-limiting, many cases are undiagnosed and/or not reported. Investigations are often pursued after an outbreak involving large numbers of people in institutions, at restaurants, or at catered meals. Serotyping has been used in the past to assist epidemiologic investigations of C. perfringens outbreaks. However, serotyping reagents are not widely available, and many isolates are often untypeable with existing reagents. We developed a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method for molecular subtyping of C. perfringens isolates to aid in epidemiologic investigations of food-borne outbreaks. Six restriction endonucleases (SmaI, ApaI, FspI, MluI, KspI, and XbaI) were evaluated with a select panel of C. perfringens strains. SmaI was chosen for further studies because it produced 11 to 13 well-distributed bands of 40 to approximately 1,100 kb which provided good discrimination between isolates. Seventeen distinct patterns were obtained with 62 isolates from seven outbreak investigations or control strains. In general, multiple isolates from a single individual had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. Epidemiologically unrelated isolates (outbreak or control strains) had unique patterns; isolates from different individuals within an outbreak had similar, if not identical, patterns. PFGE identifies clonal relationships of isolates which will assist epidemiologic investigations of food-borne-disease outbreaks caused by C. perfringens. (+info)Differences in the carboxy-terminal (Putative phospholipid binding) domains of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium bifermentans phospholipases C influence the hemolytic and lethal properties of these enzymes. (7/851)
The phospholipases C of C. perfringens (alpha-toxin) and C. bifermentans (Cbp) show >50% amino acid homology but differ in their hemolytic and toxic properties. We report here the purification and characterisation of alpha-toxin and Cbp. The phospholipase C activity of alpha-toxin and Cbp was similar when tested with phosphatidylcholine in egg yolk or in liposomes. However, the hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin was more than 100-fold that of Cbp. To investigate whether differences in the carboxy-terminal domains of these proteins were responsible for differences in the hemolytic and toxic properties, a hybrid protein (NbiCalpha) was constructed comprising the N domain of Cbp and the C domain of alpha-toxin. The hemolytic activity of NbiCalpha was 10-fold that of Cbp, and the hybrid enzyme was toxic. These results confirm that the C-terminal domain of these proteins confers different properties on the enzymatically active N-terminal domain of these proteins. (+info)Septicemia in neutropenic patients infected with Clostridium tertium resistant to cefepime and other expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. (8/851)
Clostridium tertium was isolated from two immunocompromised patients with septicemia, fever, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The strains were resistant to ceftazidime, cefepime, and clindamycin; intermediately resistant to penicillin; and susceptible to metronidazole, quinolones, and vancomycin. (+info)Clostridium infections are caused by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, which are gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, and often anaerobic organisms. These bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human gastrointestinal tract. Some Clostridium species can cause severe and potentially life-threatening infections in humans. Here are some of the most common Clostridium infections with their medical definitions:
1. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI): An infection caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile, previously known as Clostridium difficile. It typically occurs after antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut microbiota, allowing C. difficile to overgrow and produce toxins that cause diarrhea, colitis, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe cases can lead to sepsis, toxic megacolon, or even death.
2. Clostridium tetani infection: Also known as tetanus, this infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The spores of this bacterium are commonly found in soil and animal feces. They can enter the body through wounds, cuts, or punctures, germinate, and produce a potent exotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin causes muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the neck and jaw (lockjaw), which can lead to difficulty swallowing, breathing, and potentially fatal complications.
3. Clostridium botulinum infection: This infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and results in botulism, a rare but severe paralytic illness. The bacteria produce neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) that affect the nervous system, causing symptoms such as double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, botulism can lead to respiratory failure and death.
4. Gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens infection): A rapidly progressing soft tissue infection caused by Clostridium perfringens or other clostridial species. The bacteria produce potent exotoxins that cause tissue destruction, gas production, and widespread necrosis. Gas gangrene is characterized by severe pain, swelling, discoloration, and a foul-smelling discharge. If left untreated, it can lead to sepsis, multi-organ failure, and death.
5. Clostridioides difficile infection (C. difficile infection): Although not caused by a typical clostridial species, C. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in hospitalized patients or those who have recently taken antibiotics. The bacteria produce toxins A and B, which damage the intestinal lining and contribute to inflammation and diarrhea. C. difficile infection can range from mild to life-threatening, with complications such as sepsis, toxic megacolon, and bowel perforation.
'Clostridium' is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in nature, including in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many species of Clostridium are anaerobic, meaning they can grow and reproduce in environments with little or no oxygen. Some species of Clostridium are capable of producing toxins that can cause serious and sometimes life-threatening illnesses in humans and animals.
Some notable species of Clostridium include:
* Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus (also known as lockjaw)
* Clostridium botulinum, which produces botulinum toxin, the most potent neurotoxin known and the cause of botulism
* Clostridium difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in people who have recently taken antibiotics
* Clostridium perfringens, which can cause food poisoning and gas gangrene.
It is important to note that not all species of Clostridium are harmful, and some are even beneficial, such as those used in the production of certain fermented foods like sauerkraut and natto. However, due to their ability to produce toxins and cause illness, it is important to handle and dispose of materials contaminated with Clostridium species carefully, especially in healthcare settings.
'Clostridium difficile' (also known as 'C. difficile' or 'C. diff') is a type of Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can be found in the environment, including in soil, water, and human and animal feces. It is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in individuals who have recently received antibiotics or have other underlying health conditions that weaken their immune system.
C. difficile produces toxins that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe colitis (inflammation of the colon) and potentially life-threatening complications such as sepsis and toxic megacolon. The most common toxins produced by C. difficile are called TcdA and TcdB, which damage the lining of the intestine and cause inflammation.
C. difficile infections (CDIs) can be difficult to treat, particularly in severe cases or in patients who have recurrent infections. Treatment typically involves discontinuing any unnecessary antibiotics, if possible, and administering specific antibiotics that are effective against C. difficile, such as metronidazole, vancomycin, or fidaxomicin. In some cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be recommended as a last resort for patients with recurrent or severe CDIs who have not responded to other treatments.
Preventing the spread of C. difficile is critical in healthcare settings, and includes measures such as hand hygiene, contact precautions, environmental cleaning, and antibiotic stewardship programs that promote the appropriate use of antibiotics.
'Clostridium botulinum' is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria that produces one or more neurotoxins known as botulinum toxins. These toxins are among the most potent naturally occurring biological poisons and can cause a severe form of food poisoning called botulism in humans and animals. Botulism is characterized by symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis, which can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular failure, and ultimately death if not treated promptly.
The bacteria are widely distributed in nature, particularly in soil, sediments, and the intestinal tracts of some animals. They can form spores that are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and other environmental stresses, allowing them to survive for long periods in adverse conditions. The spores can germinate and produce vegetative cells and toxins when they encounter favorable conditions, such as anaerobic environments with appropriate nutrients.
Human botulism can occur through three main routes of exposure: foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Foodborne botulism results from consuming contaminated food containing preformed toxins, while wound botulism occurs when the bacteria infect a wound and produce toxins in situ. Infant botulism is caused by the ingestion of spores that colonize the intestines and produce toxins, mainly affecting infants under one year of age.
Prevention measures include proper food handling, storage, and preparation practices, such as cooking and canning foods at appropriate temperatures and for sufficient durations. Wound care and prompt medical attention are crucial in preventing wound botulism. Vaccines and antitoxins are available for prophylaxis and treatment of botulism in high-risk individuals or in cases of confirmed exposure.
Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the inner lining of the small intestine (enteritis) and large intestine (colitis), resulting in the formation of pseudomembranes – raised, yellowish-white plaques composed of fibrin, mucus, and inflammatory cells. The condition is most commonly caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), which can overgrow in the gut following disruption of the normal gut microbiota, often after antibiotic use. Symptoms may include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and dehydration. Severe cases can lead to complications such as sepsis, toxic megacolon, or even death if left untreated. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending antibiotic, administering oral metronidazole or vancomycin to eliminate C. difficile, and managing symptoms with supportive care. In some cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be considered as a treatment option.
'Clostridium acetobutylicum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and aquatic environments. It is a species of the genus Clostridium, which includes many bacteria capable of producing industrial chemicals through fermentation.
'Clostridium acetobutylicum' is particularly known for its ability to produce acetic acid and butyric acid, as well as solvents such as acetone and butanol, during the process of anaerobic respiration. This makes it a potential candidate for biotechnological applications in the production of biofuels and other industrial chemicals.
However, like many Clostridium species, 'Clostridium acetobutylicum' can also produce toxins and cause infections in humans and animals under certain circumstances. Therefore, it is important to handle this organism with care and follow appropriate safety protocols when working with it in a laboratory setting.
'Clostridium thermocellum' is a type of anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium that is known for its ability to produce cellulases and break down cellulose. It is thermophilic, meaning it grows optimally at higher temperatures, typically between 55-70°C. This organism is of interest in the field of bioenergy because of its potential to convert plant biomass into useful products such as biofuels. However, it's important to note that this bacterium can also produce harmful metabolic byproducts and can be potentially pathogenic to humans.
'Clostridium tetani' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that is the causative agent of tetanus. The bacteria are commonly found in soil, dust, and manure, and can contaminate wounds, leading to the production of a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin causes muscle spasms and stiffness, particularly in the jaw and neck muscles, as well as autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which can be life-threatening. Tetanus is preventable through vaccination with the tetanus toxoid vaccine.
Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic proteins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. They are the most potent naturally occurring toxins, and are responsible for the paralytic illness known as botulism. There are seven distinct botulinum toxin serotypes (A-G), each of which targets specific proteins in the nervous system, leading to inhibition of neurotransmitter release and subsequent muscle paralysis.
In clinical settings, botulinum toxins have been used for therapeutic purposes due to their ability to cause temporary muscle relaxation. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is the most commonly used serotype in medical treatments, including management of dystonias, spasticity, migraines, and certain neurological disorders. Additionally, botulinum toxins are widely employed in aesthetic medicine for reducing wrinkles and fine lines by temporarily paralyzing facial muscles.
It is important to note that while botulinum toxins have therapeutic benefits when used appropriately, they can also pose significant health risks if misused or improperly handled. Proper medical training and supervision are essential for safe and effective utilization of these powerful toxins.
'Clostridium sordellii' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium. It is part of the normal microbiota found in the human and animal gastrointestinal tract. However, it can cause severe and potentially fatal infections in humans, such as sepsis, myonecrosis (gas gangrene), and soft tissue infections. These infections are more commonly associated with contaminated wounds, surgical sites, or drug use (particularly black tar heroin). The bacterium produces powerful toxins that contribute to its virulence and can lead to rapid progression of the infection. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment, which typically involves antibiotics, surgical debridement, and supportive care.
Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.
Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.
Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.
'Clostridium butyricum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including soil and water. It is also part of the normal gut microbiota in humans and animals. This organism produces butyric acid as one of its main fermentation products, hence the name 'butyricum'.
While 'Clostridium butyricum' can sometimes be associated with human diseases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying gastrointestinal disorders, it is also being investigated for its potential probiotic properties. Some studies suggest that certain strains of this bacterium may help prevent and treat various conditions, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and establish the safety and efficacy of 'Clostridium butyricum' as a probiotic.
'Clostridium septicum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. It is an obligate anaerobe, meaning it grows best in environments with little or no oxygen.
The bacterium can cause a serious infection known as clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene, which is characterized by rapidly spreading tissue death and gas formation in muscles. This condition is often associated with traumatic injuries, surgical wounds, or underlying conditions that compromise the immune system, such as cancer or diabetes.
'Clostridium septicum' infection can also lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by overwhelming inflammation throughout the body. Symptoms of 'Clostridium septicum' infection may include fever, severe pain, swelling, and discoloration at the site of infection, as well as systemic symptoms such as low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and confusion.
Treatment typically involves surgical debridement of infected tissue, along with antibiotic therapy targeting 'Clostridium septicum' and other anaerobic bacteria. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent the spread of infection and reduce the risk of serious complications or death.
Enterotoxins are types of toxic substances that are produced by certain microorganisms, such as bacteria. These toxins are specifically designed to target and affect the cells in the intestines, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. One well-known example of an enterotoxin is the toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which can cause food poisoning. Another example is the cholera toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae, which can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration. Enterotoxins work by interfering with the normal functioning of intestinal cells, leading to fluid accumulation in the intestines and subsequent symptoms.
'Clostridium beijerinckii' is a species of gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria found in various environments such as soil, aquatic sediments, and the intestinal tracts of animals. It is named after the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Willem Beijerinck.
This bacterium is capable of fermenting a wide range of organic compounds and producing a variety of metabolic end-products, including butanol, acetone, and ethanol. 'Clostridium beijerinckii' has attracted interest in biotechnology due to its potential for the production of biofuels and industrial chemicals through fermentation processes.
However, it is also known to cause food spoilage and, under certain circumstances, can produce harmful metabolites that may pose a risk to human health. Therefore, proper handling and safety precautions are necessary when working with this bacterium in laboratory or industrial settings.
Botulism is a rare but serious condition caused by the toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The neurotoxin causes muscle paralysis, which can lead to respiratory failure and death if not treated promptly. Botulism can occur in three main forms: foodborne, wound, and infant.
Foodborne botulism is caused by consuming contaminated food, usually home-canned or fermented foods with low acid content. Wound botulism occurs when the bacterium infects a wound and produces toxin in the body. Infant botulism affects babies under one year of age who have ingested spores of the bacterium, which then colonize the intestines and produce toxin.
Symptoms of botulism include double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness, and paralysis that progresses downward from the head to the limbs. Treatment typically involves supportive care such as mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit monitoring, and antitoxin therapy. Prevention measures include proper food handling and canning techniques, prompt wound care, and avoiding consumption of known sources of contaminated food.
Ribotyping is a molecular technique used in microbiology to identify and differentiate bacterial strains based on their specific PCR-amplified ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. This method involves the use of specific DNA probes or primers to target conserved regions of the rRNA operon, followed by hybridization or sequencing to analyze the resulting patterns. These patterns, known as "ribotypes," are unique to different bacterial species and strains, making ribotyping a valuable tool in epidemiological studies, outbreak investigations, and taxonomic classification of bacteria.
I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. Bacteria do not produce spores; instead, it is fungi and other types of microorganisms that produce spores for reproduction and survival purposes. Spores are essentially reproductive cells that are resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals, allowing them to survive under harsh conditions.
If you meant to ask about endospores, those are produced by some bacteria as a protective mechanism during times of stress or nutrient deprivation. Endospores are highly resistant structures containing bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes. They can survive for long periods in extreme environments and germinate into vegetative cells when conditions improve.
Here's the medical definition of endospores:
Endospores (also called bacterial spores) are highly resistant, dormant structures produced by certain bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. They contain a core of bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes surrounded by a protective layer called the spore coat. Endospores can survive under harsh conditions for extended periods and germinate into vegetative cells when favorable conditions return. Common examples of endospore-forming bacteria include Bacillus species (such as B. anthracis, which causes anthrax) and Clostridium species (such as C. difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea).
'Clostridium botulinum type A' is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that produces a potent neurotoxin known as botulinum toxin type A. This toxin is one of the most deadly substances known, with a lethal dose estimated to be as low as 1 nanogram per kilogram of body weight. The bacterium and its toxin are the causative agents of botulism, a rare but serious paralytic illness in humans and animals.
The neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type A works by blocking the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is essential for muscle contraction. This results in flaccid paralysis, which can affect the muscles used for breathing and lead to respiratory failure and death if not treated promptly.
Botulinum toxin type A has also found therapeutic use in the treatment of various medical conditions, including strabismus, blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, and chronic migraine. It is marketed under the brand names Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin, among others. However, it is important to note that these therapeutic uses involve carefully controlled doses administered by trained medical professionals, and should not be attempted outside of a clinical setting.
Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.
'Clostridium cellulolyticum' is a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria found in soil and aquatic environments. It is known for its ability to break down complex carbohydrates such as cellulose and hemicellulose into simple sugars through the process of fermentation. This makes it a potential candidate for biofuel production from plant biomass.
The bacterium produces a range of enzymes that can degrade these polysaccharides, including cellulases and xylanases. These enzymes work together in a complex system to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose into monosaccharides, which can then be fermented by the bacterium to produce various end products such as acetate, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
'Clostridium cellulolyticum' is also known to produce a number of other enzymes and metabolites that have potential applications in industry, including amylases, proteases, and lipases. However, further research is needed to fully understand the biology and potential uses of this organism.
'Clostridium cellulovorans' is a species of gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria that is commonly found in soil and aquatic environments. It is known for its ability to break down complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose and xylan, into simpler sugars, which it then ferments to produce various end products, including acetate, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
The bacterium is of interest in the field of bioenergy, as its ability to efficiently convert plant biomass into useful chemicals has potential applications in the production of biofuels and other bioproducts. Additionally, 'C. cellulovorans' has been studied for its potential use in bioremediation, as it is capable of degrading a variety of pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides.
It is important to note that while 'C. cellulovorans' is generally considered to be a non-pathogenic bacterium, it can cause infections in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions. As with any potential pathogen, appropriate precautions should be taken when handling this organism in the laboratory setting.
'Clostridium chauvoei' is a species of gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria that causes a disease called blackleg in ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. The bacteria are commonly found in soil and the intestinal tracts of animals. Blackleg is characterized by rapidly progressive gangrene of the muscles, leading to severe lameness, swelling, and fever. In advanced stages, the affected tissue turns black due to the production of a potent exotoxin called alpha-toxin. The disease can be prevented through vaccination.
Cellulase is a type of enzyme that breaks down cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate and the main structural component of plant cell walls. Cellulases are produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, and are used in various industrial applications such as biofuel production, food processing, and textile manufacturing. In the human body, there are no known physiological roles for cellulases, as humans do not produce these enzymes and cannot digest cellulose.
Butanols are a family of alcohols with four carbon atoms and a chemical formula of C4H9OH. They are commonly used as solvents, intermediates in chemical synthesis, and fuel additives. The most common butanol is n-butanol (normal butanol), which has a straight chain of four carbon atoms. Other forms include secondary butanols (such as isobutanol) and tertiary butanols (such as tert-butanol). These compounds have different physical and chemical properties due to the differences in their molecular structure, but they all share the common characteristic of being alcohols with four carbon atoms.
Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.
Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:
1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
Gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis, is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that can rapidly spread in the muscles and tissues. It is caused by certain types of bacteria, particularly Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, which produce toxins and gases as they multiply within the body's tissues.
The infection often occurs in traumatized or compromised soft tissues, such as those that have been crushed, severely injured, or poorly perfused due to vascular insufficiency. Gas gangrene can also develop following surgical procedures, especially in cases where there is a lack of adequate blood supply or devitalized tissue.
The hallmark symptoms of gas gangrene include severe pain, swelling, discoloration, and a foul-smelling discharge at the infection site. Additionally, crepitus (a crackling or popping sensation) may be present due to the accumulation of gas within the tissues. If left untreated, gas gangrene can lead to sepsis, organ failure, and even death. Immediate medical attention, including surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen treatment, is crucial for managing this potentially fatal condition.
'Clostridium botulinum type E' is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that produces the neurotoxin botulinum toxin type E. This toxin is one of the seven types of botulinum neurotoxins (A-G) produced by various strains of Clostridium botulinum and related species. The botulinum toxin type E causes a form of botulism, a rare but serious illness characterized by muscle paralysis that can lead to respiratory failure and death.
Botulism caused by C. botulinum type E is often associated with the consumption of contaminated fish or marine products in aquatic environments of cold temperature, such as the Baltic and North Seas, and the Great Lakes in North America. The spores of this bacterium are resistant to heat and can survive in improperly processed or preserved food, leading to intoxication when ingested.
Preventive measures include proper handling, storage, and cooking of susceptible foods, as well as prompt medical attention if symptoms of botulism appear, such as double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. Botulinum toxin type E antitoxin is available for the treatment of botulism caused by this strain, but early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for a favorable prognosis.
'Clostridium kluyveri' is a type of anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, such as in soil and sewage. It is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause opportunistic infections in humans, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.
The bacterium is named after the Dutch microbiologist Albert Jan Kluyver, who made significant contributions to the field of microbiology in the early 20th century. 'Clostridium kluyveri' is known for its ability to ferment a variety of substrates and produce acetate, butyrate, and hydrogen as end products.
Infections caused by 'Clostridium kluyveri' are rare but can include bacteremia, brain abscesses, and soft tissue infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are active against anaerobic bacteria, such as metronidazole or clindamycin.
'Clostridium histolyticum' is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that is known to produce several exoenzymes, including collagenases and gelatinases. This organism is commonly found in soil and the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It can cause severe soft tissue infections, including gas gangrene, due to its ability to produce powerful toxins that can cause tissue necrosis. 'Clostridium histolyticum' is also used in medical treatments for conditions such as chronic wounds and urinary tract disorders due to its collagenase production.
Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.
In the context of medicine, spores are typically discussed in relation to certain types of infections and diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. Spores are a dormant, resistant form of these microorganisms that can survive under harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures, lack of nutrients, and exposure to chemicals.
Spores can be highly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants, making them difficult to eliminate from contaminated surfaces or medical equipment. When the conditions are favorable, spores can germinate and grow into mature microorganisms that can cause infection.
Some examples of medically relevant spores include those produced by Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), a bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis in hospitalized patients, and Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus that can cause invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals.
It's worth noting that spores are not unique to medical contexts and have broader relevance in fields such as botany, mycology, and biology.
Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that is the main structural component of the cell walls of green plants, many algae, and some fungi. It is a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of beta-glucose molecules linked together by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, and it is resistant to digestion by humans and non-ruminant animals due to the lack of cellulase enzymes in their digestive systems. However, ruminants such as cows and sheep can digest cellulose with the help of microbes in their rumen that produce cellulase.
Cellulose has many industrial applications, including the production of paper, textiles, and building materials. It is also used as a source of dietary fiber in human food and animal feed. Cellulose-based materials are being explored for use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.
ADP Ribose Transferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose groups from donor molecules, such as NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), to specific acceptor molecules. This transfer process plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, gene expression regulation, and modulation of protein function.
The reaction catalyzed by ADP Ribose Transferases can be represented as follows:
Donor (NAD+ or NADP+) + Acceptor → Product (NR + ADP-ribosylated acceptor)
There are two main types of ADP Ribose Transferases based on their function and the type of modification they perform:
1. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs): These enzymes add multiple ADP-ribose units to a single acceptor protein, forming long, linear, or branched chains known as poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). PARylation is involved in DNA repair, genomic stability, and cell death pathways.
2. Monomeric ADP-ribosyltransferases: These enzymes transfer a single ADP-ribose unit to an acceptor protein, which is called mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation. This modification can regulate protein function, localization, and stability in various cellular processes, such as signal transduction, inflammation, and stress response.
Dysregulation of ADP Ribose Transferases has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.
Cytotoxins are substances that are toxic to cells. They can cause damage and death to cells by disrupting their membranes, interfering with their metabolism, or triggering programmed cell death (apoptosis). Cytotoxins can be produced by various organisms such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, and they can also be synthesized artificially.
In medicine, cytotoxic drugs are used to treat cancer because they selectively target and kill rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells. Examples of cytotoxic drugs include chemotherapy agents such as doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. However, these drugs can also damage normal cells, leading to side effects such as nausea, hair loss, and immune suppression.
It's important to note that cytotoxins are not the same as toxins, which are poisonous substances produced by living organisms that can cause harm to other organisms. While all cytotoxins are toxic to cells, not all toxins are cytotoxic. Some toxins may have systemic effects on organs or tissues rather than directly killing cells.
Antitoxins are substances, typically antibodies, that neutralize toxins produced by bacteria or other harmful organisms. They work by binding to the toxin molecules and rendering them inactive, preventing them from causing harm to the body. Antitoxins can be produced naturally by the immune system during an infection, or they can be administered artificially through immunization or passive immunotherapy. In a medical context, antitoxins are often used as a treatment for certain types of bacterial infections, such as diphtheria and botulism, to help counteract the effects of the toxins produced by the bacteria.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
'Clostridium botulinum type B' is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that produces botulinum neurotoxin type B. This toxin is one of the seven types of botulinum neurotoxins (A-G) produced by various strains of Clostridium botulinum and related species. Botulinum neurotoxin type B is responsible for causing botulism, a rare but serious illness that affects the nervous system and can cause paralysis and even be fatal. The bacterium is commonly found in soil and water and can produce spores that are resistant to heat, which allows them to survive in adverse conditions. Botulinum neurotoxin type B is also used in medical treatments for various neurological disorders, such as cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, and chronic migraine, under the brand name Myobloc or NeuroBloc.
Biological toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by living organisms such as bacteria, plants, and animals. They can cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment. Biological toxins can be classified into different categories based on their mode of action, such as neurotoxins (affecting the nervous system), cytotoxins (damaging cells), and enterotoxins (causing intestinal damage).
Examples of biological toxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria, ricin toxin from the castor bean plant, and saxitoxin produced by certain types of marine algae.
Biological toxins can cause a range of symptoms depending on the type and amount of toxin ingested or exposed to, as well as the route of exposure (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, skin contact). They can cause illnesses ranging from mild to severe, and some can be fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.
Prevention and control measures for biological toxins include good hygiene practices, vaccination against certain toxin-producing bacteria, avoidance of contaminated food or water sources, and personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling or working with potential sources of toxins.
Cellulosomes are large, complex enzymatic structures produced by certain anaerobic bacteria that allow them to break down and consume cellulose, a major component of plant biomass. These structures are composed of multiple enzymes that work together in a coordinated manner to degrade cellulose into simpler sugars, which the bacteria can then use as a source of energy and carbon.
The individual enzymes in a cellulosome are non-covalently associated with a central scaffoldin protein, forming a multi-enzyme complex. The scaffoldin protein contains cohesin modules that bind to dockerin modules on the enzyme subunits, creating a highly organized and stable structure.
Cellulosomes have been identified in several species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genera Clostridium and Ruminococcus. They are thought to play a key role in the global carbon cycle by breaking down plant material and releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
'Clostridium tyrobutyricum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and dairy products. It is a member of the genus Clostridium, which includes several species that are important human and animal pathogens.
'Clostridium tyrobutyricum' is not typically considered a human pathogen, but it can cause spoilage of certain foods, particularly cheese, through the production of large amounts of butyric and acetic acids. These acids can lower the pH of the food and give it an unpleasant odor and taste.
In addition to its role in food spoilage, 'Clostridium tyrobutyricum' has been studied for its potential industrial applications. It is capable of producing a variety of chemicals, including butanol, acetone, and hydrogen, which have potential uses as biofuels or in other industrial processes.
It is important to note that while 'Clostridium tyrobutyricum' is not typically harmful to humans, other species of Clostridium can cause serious illness, so it is always important to handle and store food properly to prevent contamination and spoilage.
Enterotoxemia is a condition characterized by the presence of toxins (specifically, enterotoxins) produced by certain types of bacteria in the intestines. This condition primarily affects ruminant animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, although it can also occur in other species including humans.
The bacteria responsible for enterotoxemia are often part of the normal gut flora but can cause disease when they overgrow and produce large amounts of toxins. The most common bacterial species associated with enterotoxemia are Clostridium perfringens types C and D, and occasionally type A. These bacteria produce potent enterotoxins that can cause damage to the intestinal lining, leading to inflammation, diarrhea, dehydration, and potentially fatal septicemia.
Enterotoxemia can occur in animals of any age but is most commonly seen in young animals that have not yet fully developed their immune system or have been recently weaned. The condition can be triggered by a variety of factors, including dietary changes, overeating, stress, and viral infections.
Prevention of enterotoxemia typically involves vaccination against the causative bacteria and good management practices to minimize stress and prevent overeating. Treatment may involve supportive care such as fluid therapy, antibiotics, and anti-toxins, but the prognosis is often guarded, especially in severe cases.
Clostridium botulinum type D is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that produces a potent neurotoxin known as botulinum toxin type D. This toxin is one of the seven types of botulinum toxins (A-G) produced by various strains of Clostridium botulinum and related species. The bacteria and their toxins are the causative agents of botulism, a rare but serious illness that affects the nervous system and can cause paralysis and death if left untreated.
Botulinum toxin type D is particularly associated with cases of animal botulism, such as those observed in cattle and birds. It has also been studied for its potential therapeutic uses, including its ability to block the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, which can be useful in treating various medical conditions characterized by muscle spasticity or excessive secretion. However, the use of botulinum toxin type D in humans is not widely approved or practiced due to its lower potency and shorter duration of action compared to other types of botulinum toxins.
Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.
'Clostridium botulinum type F' is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that produces a powerful neurotoxin known as botulinum toxin type F. This toxin is one of the seven types of botulinum toxins (A-G) produced by various strains of Clostridium botulinum and related species. The botulinum toxin type F causes a rare form of botulism, known as foodborne or wound botulism, which can lead to muscle paralysis and respiratory failure if left untreated. This bacterium and its toxin are classified as tier 1 select agents due to their high potential for misuse as bioterrorism agents.
Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.
Anaerobiosis is a state in which an organism or a portion of an organism is able to live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen (O2). In biological contexts, "anaerobe" refers to any organism that does not require oxygen for growth, and "aerobe" refers to an organism that does require oxygen for growth.
There are two types of anaerobes: obligate anaerobes, which cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen and will die if exposed to it; and facultative anaerobes, which can grow with or without oxygen but prefer to grow in its absence. Some organisms are able to switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen, a process known as "facultative anaerobiosis."
Anaerobic respiration is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen. In this process, organisms use alternative electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate energy through the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration. Examples of alternative electron acceptors include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism in terms of energy production, but it allows organisms to survive in environments where oxygen is not available or is toxic. Anaerobic bacteria are important decomposers in many ecosystems, breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the environment. In the human body, anaerobic bacteria can cause infections and other health problems if they proliferate in areas with low oxygen levels, such as the mouth, intestines, or deep tissue wounds.
Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is primarily used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites. Metronidazole works by interfering with the DNA of these organisms, which inhibits their ability to grow and multiply.
It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, creams, and gels, and is often used to treat conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, amebiasis, giardiasis, and pseudomembranous colitis.
Like all antibiotics, metronidazole should be taken only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance and other complications.
Cellobiose is a disaccharide made up of two molecules of glucose joined by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond. It is formed when cellulose or beta-glucans are hydrolyzed, and it can be further broken down into its component glucose molecules by the action of the enzyme beta-glucosidase. Cellobiose has a sweet taste, but it is not as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). It is used in some industrial processes and may have potential applications in the food industry.
Enteritis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the small intestine. The small intestine is responsible for digesting and absorbing nutrients from food, so inflammation in this area can interfere with these processes and lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Enteritis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or viral infections, parasites, autoimmune disorders, medications, and exposure to toxins. In some cases, the cause of enteritis may be unknown. Treatment for enteritis depends on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiparasitic drugs, anti-inflammatory medications, or supportive care such as fluid replacement therapy.
Bacteriological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and study of bacteria. These techniques are essential in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and research. Here are some common bacteriological techniques:
1. **Sterilization**: This is a process that eliminates or kills all forms of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving (using steam under pressure), dry heat (in an oven), chemical sterilants, and radiation.
2. **Aseptic Technique**: This refers to practices used to prevent contamination of sterile materials or environments with microorganisms. It includes the use of sterile equipment, gloves, and lab coats, as well as techniques such as flaming, alcohol swabbing, and using aseptic transfer devices.
3. **Media Preparation**: This involves the preparation of nutrient-rich substances that support bacterial growth. There are various types of media, including solid (agar), liquid (broth), and semi-solid (e.g., stab agar). The choice of medium depends on the type of bacteria being cultured and the purpose of the investigation.
4. **Inoculation**: This is the process of introducing a bacterial culture into a medium. It can be done using a loop, swab, or needle. The inoculum should be taken from a pure culture to avoid contamination.
5. **Incubation**: After inoculation, the bacteria are allowed to grow under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric composition. This process is called incubation.
6. **Staining and Microscopy**: Bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, they need to be stained and observed under a microscope. Gram staining is a common method used to differentiate between two major groups of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.
7. **Biochemical Tests**: These are tests used to identify specific bacterial species based on their biochemical characteristics, such as their ability to ferment certain sugars, produce particular enzymes, or resist certain antibiotics.
8. **Molecular Techniques**: Advanced techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing can provide more precise identification of bacteria. They can also be used for genetic analysis and epidemiological studies.
Remember, handling microorganisms requires careful attention to biosafety procedures to prevent accidental infection or environmental contamination.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.
Food preservation, in the context of medical and nutritional sciences, refers to the process of treating, handling, and storing food items to reduce the risk of foodborne illness and to extend their shelf life. The goal is to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and mold, as well as to slow down the oxidation process that can lead to spoilage.
Common methods of food preservation include:
1. Refrigeration and freezing: These techniques slow down the growth of microorganisms and enzyme activity that cause food to spoil.
2. Canning: This involves sealing food in airtight containers, then heating them to destroy microorganisms and inactivate enzymes.
3. Dehydration: Removing water from food inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds.
4. Acidification: Adding acidic ingredients like lemon juice or vinegar can lower the pH of food, making it less hospitable to microorganisms.
5. Fermentation: This process involves converting sugars into alcohol or acids using bacteria or yeasts, which can preserve food and also enhance its flavor.
6. Irradiation: Exposing food to small doses of radiation can kill bacteria, parasites, and insects, extending the shelf life of certain foods.
7. Pasteurization: Heating food to a specific temperature for a set period of time can destroy harmful bacteria while preserving the nutritional value and taste.
Proper food preservation is crucial in preventing foodborne illnesses and ensuring the safety and quality of the food supply.
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins that play a crucial role in electron transfer reactions in various biological systems, particularly in photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. They contain one or more clusters of iron and sulfur atoms (known as the iron-sulfur cluster) that facilitate the movement of electrons between different molecules during metabolic processes.
Ferredoxins have a relatively simple structure, consisting of a polypeptide chain that binds to the iron-sulfur cluster. This simple structure allows ferredoxins to participate in a wide range of redox reactions and makes them versatile electron carriers in biological systems. They can accept electrons from various donors and transfer them to different acceptors, depending on the needs of the cell.
In photosynthesis, ferredoxins play a critical role in the light-dependent reactions by accepting electrons from photosystem I and transferring them to NADP+, forming NADPH. This reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is then used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation and the production of glucose.
In nitrogen fixation, ferredoxins help transfer electrons to the nitrogenase enzyme complex, which reduces atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making it available for assimilation by plants and other organisms.
Overall, ferredoxins are essential components of many metabolic pathways, facilitating electron transfer and energy conversion in various biological systems.
Rubredoxins are small iron-sulfur proteins that contain a single iron atom bonded to four cysteine residues, forming an iron(II)-sulfur cluster. They play a role in electron transfer reactions in certain bacteria and archaea. The name "rubredoxin" comes from the fact that these proteins can be easily reduced, turning them red in color. They have a molecular weight of around 6,000 daltons and are known for their stability and resistance to chemical changes. Rubredoxins are not commonly found in higher organisms such as plants and animals.
A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.
It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.
Toxoids are inactivated bacterial toxins that have lost their toxicity but retain their antigenicity. They are often used in vaccines to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against certain diseases without causing the harmful effects associated with the active toxin. The process of converting a toxin into a toxoid is called detoxication, which is typically achieved through chemical or heat treatment.
One example of a toxoid-based vaccine is the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DT) or diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis toxoids (DTaP or TdaP) vaccines. These vaccines contain inactivated forms of the diphtheria and tetanus toxins, as well as inactivated pertussis toxin in the case of DTaP or TdaP vaccines. By exposing the immune system to these toxoids, the body learns to recognize and mount a response against the actual toxins produced by the bacteria, thereby providing immunity and protection against the diseases they cause.
'Clostridium sticklandii' is a species of anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria found in various environments such as soil, sediment, and the intestinal tracts of animals. The bacterium is named after Frederick G. S. Stickland, who first described its ability to oxidize amino acids through a process called "Stickland fermentation."
In this process, 'C. sticklandii' can use one amino acid as an electron donor and another amino acid as an electron acceptor, producing energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and acetate or butyrate as end products. This ability to ferment amino acids without the need for carbohydrates makes 'C. sticklandii' unique among anaerobic bacteria.
While 'C. sticklandii' is not typically associated with human diseases, it has been studied in the context of biotechnology and bioenergy production due to its ability to produce hydrogen gas during fermentation. However, under certain circumstances, this bacterium can cause food spoilage or opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Foodborne diseases, also known as foodborne illnesses or food poisoning, are defined as disorders caused by the consumption of contaminated foods or beverages, which contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins, or chemicals. These agents can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. The severity of the illness can vary from mild discomfort to severe life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of infectious agent and the individual's immune system and overall health status. Common examples of foodborne diseases include Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus infections. Proper food handling, preparation, storage, and cooking can help prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.
Botulinum antitoxin refers to a medication made from the antibodies that are generated in response to the botulinum toxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin that can cause paralysis and other serious medical complications in humans and animals.
The antitoxin works by neutralizing the effects of the toxin in the body, preventing further damage to the nervous system. It is typically used in emergency situations to treat individuals who have been exposed to large amounts of botulinum toxin, such as in a bioterrorism attack or accidental exposure in a laboratory setting.
Botulinum antitoxin is not the same as botulinum toxin type A (Botox), which is a purified form of the toxin that is used for cosmetic and therapeutic purposes. Botox works by temporarily paralyzing muscles, whereas the antitoxin works by neutralizing the toxin in the body.
Cross infection, also known as cross-contamination, is the transmission of infectious agents or diseases between patients in a healthcare setting. This can occur through various means such as contaminated equipment, surfaces, hands of healthcare workers, or the air. It is an important concern in medical settings and measures are taken to prevent its occurrence, including proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), environmental cleaning and disinfection, and safe injection practices.
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
Vancomycin is an antibiotic that belongs to the glycopeptide class. It is primarily used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Vancomycin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It is usually administered intravenously in a hospital setting due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The medical definition of 'Vancomycin' can be summarized as:
"A glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to other antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is administered intravenously due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity."
"Eubacterium" is a genus of Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic, non-sporeforming bacteria that are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. These bacteria are typically rod-shaped and can be either straight or curved. They play an important role in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and the production of short-chain fatty acids in the gut, which are beneficial for host health. Some species of Eubacterium have also been shown to have probiotic properties and may provide health benefits when consumed in appropriate quantities. However, other species can be opportunistic pathogens and cause infections under certain circumstances.
'Clostridium botulinum type C' is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that produces a potent neurotoxin known as botulinum toxin type C. This toxin is one of the seven types of botulinum toxins (A-G) produced by various strains of Clostridium botulinum and related species. The neurotoxin produced by type C strain inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to flaccid paralysis.
The bacteria are commonly found in soil and aquatic environments and can cause a rare but severe form of foodborne illness called botulism. The illness is typically associated with consuming contaminated food, such as improperly canned or preserved foods, that contain the preformed neurotoxin. In addition to foodborne botulism, type C botulinum can also cause wound botulism and infant botulism through different modes of infection.
It is essential to distinguish between the various types of Clostridium botulinum and their toxins because they differ in their epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment approaches.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
'Clostridium tertium' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including soil and dust. It is an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it primarily causes infection in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
C. tertium infections can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations, such as pneumonia, bacteremia, septicemia, and wound infections. The bacteria produce a range of toxins and enzymes that contribute to their virulence and can cause tissue damage and inflammation.
Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy are crucial for managing C. tertium infections, as they can be life-threatening in vulnerable populations.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.
In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.
In a medical context, "hot temperature" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, it is often used in relation to fever, which is a common symptom of illness. A fever is typically defined as a body temperature that is higher than normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F) for adults and above 37.5-38°C (99.5-101.3°F) for children, depending on the source.
Therefore, when a medical professional talks about "hot temperature," they may be referring to a body temperature that is higher than normal due to fever or other causes. It's important to note that a high environmental temperature can also contribute to an elevated body temperature, so it's essential to consider both the body temperature and the environmental temperature when assessing a patient's condition.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
Clindamycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It is a type of antibiotic known as a lincosamide, which works by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. This leads to the death of the bacteria and helps to clear the infection.
Clindamycin is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and some anaerobic bacteria, making it a useful antibiotic for treating many different types of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, respiratory infections, and dental infections. It is also sometimes used to treat certain types of bacterial vaginal infections.
Like all antibiotics, clindamycin should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance. Additionally, clindamycin can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, and it may increase the risk of developing a serious intestinal infection called Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking this medication.
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.
Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.
The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.
Bacterial typing techniques are methods used to identify and differentiate bacterial strains or isolates based on their unique characteristics. These techniques are essential in epidemiological studies, infection control, and research to understand the transmission dynamics, virulence, and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens.
There are various bacterial typing techniques available, including:
1. **Bacteriophage Typing:** This method involves using bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify specific bacterial strains based on their susceptibility or resistance to particular phages.
2. **Serotyping:** It is a technique that differentiates bacterial strains based on the antigenic properties of their cell surface components, such as capsules, flagella, and somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.
3. **Biochemical Testing:** This method uses biochemical reactions to identify specific metabolic pathways or enzymes present in bacterial strains, which can be used for differentiation. Commonly used tests include the catalase test, oxidase test, and various sugar fermentation tests.
4. **Molecular Typing Techniques:** These methods use genetic markers to identify and differentiate bacterial strains at the DNA level. Examples of molecular typing techniques include:
* **Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE):** This method uses restriction enzymes to digest bacterial DNA, followed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel under pulsed electrical fields. The resulting banding patterns are analyzed and compared to identify related strains.
* **Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST):** It involves sequencing specific housekeeping genes to generate unique sequence types that can be used for strain identification and phylogenetic analysis.
* **Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS):** This method sequences the entire genome of a bacterial strain, providing the most detailed information on genetic variation and relatedness between strains. WGS data can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene deletions or insertions, and other genetic changes that can be used for strain differentiation.
These molecular typing techniques provide higher resolution than traditional methods, allowing for more accurate identification and comparison of bacterial strains. They are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations to track the spread of pathogens and identify outbreaks.
Gene expression regulation in bacteria refers to the complex cellular processes that control the production of proteins from specific genes. This regulation allows bacteria to adapt to changing environmental conditions and ensure the appropriate amount of protein is produced at the right time.
Bacteria have a variety of mechanisms for regulating gene expression, including:
1. Operon structure: Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule. The expression of these genes can be coordinately regulated by controlling the transcription of the entire operon.
2. Promoter regulation: Transcription is initiated at promoter regions upstream of the gene or operon. Bacteria have regulatory proteins called sigma factors that bind to the promoter and recruit RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. The binding of sigma factors can be influenced by environmental signals, allowing for regulation of transcription.
3. Attenuation: Some operons have regulatory regions called attenuators that control transcription termination. These regions contain hairpin structures that can form in the mRNA and cause transcription to stop prematurely. The formation of these hairpins is influenced by the concentration of specific metabolites, allowing for regulation of gene expression based on the availability of those metabolites.
4. Riboswitches: Some bacterial mRNAs contain regulatory elements called riboswitches that bind small molecules directly. When a small molecule binds to the riboswitch, it changes conformation and affects transcription or translation of the associated gene.
5. CRISPR-Cas systems: Bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems for adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. These systems incorporate short sequences from foreign DNA into their own genome, which can then be used to recognize and cleave similar sequences in invading genetic elements.
Overall, gene expression regulation in bacteria is a complex process that allows them to respond quickly and efficiently to changing environmental conditions. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms can provide insights into bacterial physiology and help inform strategies for controlling bacterial growth and behavior.
The cecum is the first part of the large intestine, located at the junction of the small and large intestines. It is a pouch-like structure that connects to the ileum (the last part of the small intestine) and the ascending colon (the first part of the large intestine). The cecum is where the appendix is attached. Its function is to absorb water and electrolytes, and it also serves as a site for the fermentation of certain types of dietary fiber by gut bacteria. However, the exact functions of the cecum are not fully understood.
Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.
For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.
'Clostridium bifermentans' is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, such as soil and decaying organic matter. It is a species within the genus Clostridium, which includes several pathogenic species that can cause various diseases in humans and animals.
'Clostridium bifermentans' has been isolated from various clinical specimens, including wounds, abscesses, blood, and respiratory secretions. However, its role as a human pathogen is not well established, and it is often considered a contaminant or opportunistic pathogen. In some cases, 'Clostridium bifermentans' has been associated with infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and soft tissue infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
The bacterium is known for its ability to produce a variety of metabolic end products, including butyric acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen, which can contribute to the development of local inflammation and tissue damage in infected hosts. Proper identification and characterization of 'Clostridium bifermentans' are essential for appropriate clinical management and infection control measures.
Acetone is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2CO. It is the simplest and smallest ketone, and its molecules consist of a carbonyl group linked to two methyl groups. Acetone occurs naturally in the human body and is produced as a byproduct of normal metabolic processes, particularly during fat burning.
In clinical settings, acetone can be measured in breath or blood to assess metabolic status, such as in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, where an excess production of acetone and other ketones occurs due to insulin deficiency and high levels of fatty acid breakdown. High concentrations of acetone can lead to a sweet, fruity odor on the breath, often described as "fruity acetone" or "acetone breath."
Mallard
Clostridium septicum
Clostridioides difficile infection
Human feces
Ridinilazole
Opportunistic infection
Gas gangrene
Colestyramine
Ramoplanin
Clostridium novyi
Dysbiosis
Hungatella hathewayi
Fecal microbiota transplant
Fidaxomicin
Human microbiome
Neutropenic enterocolitis
Blackleg (disease)
Clostridium colinum
Dietary fiber
Enema
Ileo-anal pouch
Elemental diet
Martha Clokie
Clostridium tertium
Clostridium disporicum
Diarrhea
Evolutionary pressure
Bacteriotherapy
Norfloxacin
Azithromycin
Clostridium difficile Infection | Medscape
Bacterial Colon Infection: Causes & Treatment for Clostridium Difficile
Faecal transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a review
Update in Infectious Diseases: Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection
2014 Annual Report for the Emerging Infections Program for Clostridium difficile Infection | Emerging Infections Program | HAI ...
Clostridium Difficile Infections - Epidemiology Forecast to 2032
The effect of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection on in-hospital mortality. | PSNet
clostridium difficile infection - The Statesman
Managing Your Clostridium Difficile Infections (C. diff) - Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org
C. Diff - Clostridium Difficile Infection (Additional Information) - Consumer Health Ratings
Trials Evaluating Oral Full-Spectrum Microbiotaâ„¢ (CP101) in Subjects with Recurrence of Clostridium difficile Infection - Mayo...
FDA approves treatment for Clostridium difficile infection | RxWiki
Non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile to prevent recurrent C. difficile infection | BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine
Bezlotoxumab for Clostridium difficile Infection Complicating Inflammatory Bowel Disease - White Rose Research Online
Compositions and methods for treating clostridium infection and preventing recurrence of infection - Patent
The Utility of Anti-TNF Therapy in Treating Clostridium difficile Infections in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case Series -...
Renal failure and leukocytosis are predictors of a complicated course of Clostridium difficile infection if measured on day of...
Formula-feeding predisposes neonatal piglets to Clostridium difficile gut infection. | IKMB
Identifying Factors that Protect the Host from Clostridium difficile Infection - List Labs
Clostridium Difficile Infection: What Nurses Need to Know - Johns Hopkins Nursing Magazine
Infections due to Clostridium difficile, MRSA or VRE: Measures
"Clostridium Difficile Infection in Oncology Patients: Epidemiology, Pa" by Omar Abughanimeh, Ayman Qasrawi et al.
The risk of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with pernicious anaemia: a retrospective cohort study using primary...
The emergence of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection in a tertiary hospital in Singapore: A cause for concern |...
Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile-Induced Colitis - Infections - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Notes from the Field: Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis Outbreak Associated with a Catered Lunch - North Carolina,...
Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients Discharged from US Short-stay Hospitals, 1996-20031
Clostridium difficile infection - Signifiance
Clostridioides3
- Clostridioides difficile ( formerly Clostridium difficile) colitis results from a disturbance of the normal bacterial flora of the colon, colonization by C difficile , and the release of toxins that cause mucosal inflammation and damage. (medscape.com)
- The Clostridioides difficile infection surveillance program is an active population- and laboratory-based surveillance system conducted through CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP) Healthcare-Associated Infections Community Interface (HAIC). (cdc.gov)
- Clostridioides difficile infection occurs when the bacterium produces toxin that causes diarrhea and inflammation of the colon. (bvsalud.org)
Called Clostridium difficile2
- This harmful bacteria is called Clostridium difficile, also known as C-diff. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- ; Rodriguez-Palacios A, et al ] that isolated a bacterium called Clostridium difficile from meats sold in grocery stores. (cdc.gov)
Bacteria20
- Bacterial colon infection is caused when there is an imbalance in the levels of bacteria that are normally present in the colon. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Although not contagious, the bacteria of the said infection are present in the infected person's stools. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, C. diff is an infection caused by a germ that affects people with weak immune systems or who had "good" digestive bacteria that were killed by antibiotics. (sbstatesman.com)
- To maintain the effectiveness of Dificid, and to reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria, the drug should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by C. difficile. (rxwiki.com)
- Overview of Clostridial Infections Clostridia are bacteria that commonly reside in the intestine of healthy adults and newborns. (msdmanuals.com)
- In C. difficile -induced colitis, the bacteria produce toxins that cause inflammation of the colon (colitis), usually after antibiotics are taken to treat an infection. (msdmanuals.com)
- Clostridium difficile (sometimes called 'C. diff') is a type of bacteria that can cause infection. (healthify.nz)
- Taking antibiotics can increase your risk of C. diff infection, especially if you have been taking antibiotics that work against several types of bacteria (broad-spectrum antibiotics) or several different antibiotics at the same time, or taking antibiotics long term. (healthify.nz)
- In 2017, 6,118 people died from inflammation of the colon and small intestine caused by infection with the Clostridium difficile, or C. diff, bacteria , which is often resistant to antibiotics. (cbsnews.com)
- The standard of care usually eliminates bacterial growth with more antibiotics, which, although it removes the infection-causing bacteria, disturbs the entire gut microbiota resulting in recurrence of the infection. (geneonline.com)
- Infection occurs when antibiotics disrupt the normal microbiome in the colon, allowing Clostridium difficile bacteria to take over. (umassmed.edu)
- Clostridium is a type of bacteria that can cause serious illness in dogs. (onlynaturalpet.com)
- As mentioned, clostridium is a type of bacteria. (onlynaturalpet.com)
- The symptoms of clostridium infection can vary depending on the strain and how much of the bacteria is present. (onlynaturalpet.com)
- This involves taking a sample of the stool and looking for clostridium bacteria under a microscope. (onlynaturalpet.com)
- thus, we hypothesized that indigenous bacteria, such as Clostridium ramosum and Clostridium perfringens, could influence the susceptibility to EHEC infection. (elsevierpure.com)
- To evaluate the effect of indigenous bacteria on EHEC infection, germ-free mice were precolonized with each indigenous bacterium, and then infected with EHEC O157:H7. (elsevierpure.com)
- Therefore, the susceptibility to EHEC infection and its severity can depend on the functional bacteria present in the intestinal microbiota of individuals. (elsevierpure.com)
- They have been used in an effort to combat hospital-acquired infections due to bacteria such as Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp. (cdc.gov)
- Microfluidic-Based Bacteria Isolation from Whole Blood for Diagnostics of Blood Stream Infection. (cdc.gov)
Antibiotics18
- Besides these over intake of antibiotics and stress is also known to cause colon bacterial infections. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- It seems appropriate to treat an infection which is caused by a major disturbance in the gut microbiota with a treatment that reverses this disturbance, rather than antibiotics that may exacerbate the problem. (nih.gov)
- Dr Slain then described the pathogen that these antibiotics are intended to kill- Clostridium difficile . (ajmc.com)
- Infection with Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), which causes severe diarrhea in patients receiving antibiotics for other reasons, has become increasingly common in hospitals as well. (ahrq.gov)
- Infection usually occurs after use of antibiotics and are the most common ones that people get while they're in hospitals. (carle.org)
- People at risk of developing the bacterial infection include the elderly, patients in hospitals or nursing homes, and people taking antibiotics for another infection. (rxwiki.com)
- C. difficile infection is most common when an antibiotic is taken by mouth, but it also occurs when antibiotics are injected into a muscle or given by vein (intravenously). (msdmanuals.com)
- Infection with Clostridium difficile most often occurs in older adults or people who are in hospital or have recently had antibiotics. (healthify.nz)
- You're more likely to get this infection after you have antibiotics, are over 65 years of age or are in hospital or a long-term care facility (nursing home). (healthify.nz)
- Having had the C. diff infection can make your bowel more sensitive to antibiotics. (healthify.nz)
- Of all patients on antibiotics, 10-25% will develop C. difficile infection (CDI) and some of these may develop a severe complication, known as pseudomembranous colitis. (montana.edu)
- In this period is crucial to take every single pill that doctor has prescribed, even later when you begin feel better .Treatment for cellulitis with intravenously antibiotics (IV) is recommended when we have more serious infection,in most cases lasts 3 to 5 days. (bartleby.com)
- The results are highly promising, showing an 80% efficacy in both treatment and prevention of C. Difficile infections without the use of antibiotics. (immuron.com.au)
- Clostridium infections are treated with antibiotics. (onlynaturalpet.com)
- If clostridium is still present, your dog will need to complete a second course of antibiotics. (onlynaturalpet.com)
- Jon Mark Hirshon] Well, Clostridium difficile , or C. diff , is a serious cause of infectious diarrhea seen mostly in older people who have recently stayed in a hospital or have been taking antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
- For this reason, previous use of antibiotics to treat other illnesses is a major risk factor for C. difficile infection. (cdc.gov)
- Persons in the community who acquire C. difficile infections generally use antibiotics less frequently, and the causes of their infections are not as straight forward. (cdc.gov)
Bacterium3
- The bacterium named Clostridium difficile (or C. diff ) causes mild illness such as diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation (swelling) of the intestine (colon). (carle.org)
- Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a bacterium that can cause diarrhea and lead to colitis, other serious intestinal conditions, and death in severe cases. (rxwiki.com)
- During the past decade in the United States and abroad, the diarrhea-causing bacterium Clostridium difficile has been getting increasingly more severe and complicating many hospitalizations. (cdc.gov)
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation3
- In Predictors of Early Failure After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Therapy of Clostridium difficile Infection: A Multicenter Study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology, Fischer et al. (venturaclinicaltrials.com)
- At UMassMemorial Medical School, we are evaluating the effectiveness of a promising new approach, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, to cure Clostridium difficile infections. (umassmed.edu)
- Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been reported as a safe and effective therapy in patients with refractory and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). (elsevierpure.com)
Severe13
- Citing a 2010 paper from Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology , Dr Slain described findings associated with severe disease including high white blood cell count, high serum creatinine, and low blood albumin levels. (ajmc.com)
- Patients at higher risk for severe infection include those with compromised immunity or people over the age of 65 years. (ajmc.com)
- This infection causes fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases may even necessitate surgery. (gi.org)
- Nonsevere Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and severe CDI, which carries a higher risk than nonsevere CDI for treatment failure and CDI recurrence, are difficult to distinguish at the time of diagnosis. (soton.ac.uk)
- This supports the theory that severe achlorhydria is the mechanism that increases the risk of C. difficile infection in long-term PPI users. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- Blood tests, an X-ray of your abdomen (tummy) or a CT scan may be suggested if you have more severe infection. (healthify.nz)
- Current guidelines have unsatisfied performance in predicting severe outcomes after Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). (biomedcentral.com)
- C difficile is a gram-positive, spore forming bacillus that is an obligate anaerobe and has been identified as one of the most common causes of nosocomial infection in the developed world, causing mild to severe cases of diarrheal illness to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon, 3 with increasing incidence over the last decade. (venturaclinicaltrials.com)
- Immuron believes its therapeutic drug candidates have the potential to transform the existing treatment paradigms for moderate to severe Campylobacteriosis, recurrent Clostridiodes difficile (C.difficle) infections, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections, Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery) and travelers' diarrhea. (immuron.com.au)
- However, when the balance is disturbed, mostly during antibiotic treatment, Clostridium difficile takes over the healthy bacterial population and causes infection leading to diarrhea and, in severe cases, death. (geneonline.com)
- Aside from the symptoms listed above, clostridium can also cause severe inflammation of the intestines, an elevated white blood count, and "Leaky Gut Syndrome. (onlynaturalpet.com)
- The problem with C. diff is that, unlike most other causes of diarrhea, it can cause severe infections and potentially be life threatening. (cdc.gov)
- C. difficile causes a severe colon infection and is generally acquired in hospitals and long-term care facilities. (cdc.gov)
Diarrhea8
- A Bacterial Colon infection would show symptoms like diarrhea, fever, weakness and abdominal pain. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Dificid ( fidaxomicin ) tablets for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). (rxwiki.com)
- Dificid is an effective new treatment option for patients who develop Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. (rxwiki.com)
- C. difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. (findownersearch.com)
- Clostridium difficile ( C. difficile ) is a well-recognized causative agent of healthcare-associated infectious diarrhea. (jhu.edu)
- Clinical presentation of infection with toxin bring forthing CDF can run from mild ego restricting diarrhea to the dangerous status of pseudomembranous inflammatory bowel disease ( Monaghan et al. (signifiance.com)
- Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a critical healthcare-associated infection and accounts for 20-30% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Clostridium difficile infections can lead to diarrhea, sepsis, and even death. (cdc.gov)
Recurrence8
- The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of CP101 treatment in adults who had a Clostridum difficile Infection (CDI) recurrence within 8 weeks of receiving CP101 or placebo. (mayo.edu)
- Main purpose of cellulitis treatment process is reduction of severity cellulitis infection, fast recovery, pain relieve, cure affected skin and prevention of recurrence - definition of treatment for cellulitis. (bartleby.com)
- Approximately 500,000 individuals suffer from CDI each year in the US, and of the total, 45% experience recurrence of the infection after one round of antibiotic treatment. (geneonline.com)
- Participants in the trial included patients experiencing their first recurrence of the infection. (geneonline.com)
- Up to 25 % of patients suffer from a recurrence of CDI within 30 days of the initial infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: fidaxomicin versus vancomycin. (ox.ac.uk)
- Recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) occurs in approximately 25% of successfully treated patients. (ox.ac.uk)
- Little is known regarding the risk of recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in children. (elsevierpure.com)
Diff26
- A new, unusual method of treating Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection was developed by University of Calgary professor Dr. Thomas Louie, who teaches microbiology, immunology and infectious diseases. (sbstatesman.com)
- What Causes C. diff Infections? (carle.org)
- What Are the Symptoms of C. diff Infections? (carle.org)
- How Are C. diff Infections Diagnosed? (carle.org)
- How Are C. diff Infections Treated? (carle.org)
- C. diff is more than just another infection that requires gown, gloves, and handwashing. (jhu.edu)
- What is Clostridium difficile (C. diff)? (healthify.nz)
- Someone with a C. diff infection is generally considered to be infectious until at least 48 hours after their symptoms have cleared up. (healthify.nz)
- Who is at risk of getting C. diff infection? (healthify.nz)
- Healthy people usually don't get C. diff infections. (healthify.nz)
- This increases the risk of C. diff infection. (healthify.nz)
- Generally the longer your stay in hospital and the older you are, the greater your risk of developing C. diff infection. (healthify.nz)
- C. diff infection is more common in older people. (healthify.nz)
- If you have had C. diff infection once, you are at higher risk of having the infection again in the future. (healthify.nz)
- How is C. diff infection diagnosed? (healthify.nz)
- If your doctor suspects you have a C. diff infection, a faeces (poo) sample can be tested in the laboratory to confirm the diagnosis. (healthify.nz)
- A clostridium difficile (C. diff. (familydoctor.org)
- Just a month after Rebiotix announced positive preliminary data for its microbiota-based therapy treating recurrent C. diff infection, Finch Therapeutics is close behind with its oral microbiome drug eliminating C. diff population in the gut. (geneonline.com)
- The company's lead program, CP101, an investigational microbial therapy, received Fast Track and Breakthrough Therapy designation from the USFDA for the prevention of C. diff infection. (geneonline.com)
- This randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted at 51 sites across the US and Canada with 206 patients determined whether microbial cocktail, CP101 could achieve a clinical cure i.e., absence of the C. diff infection through eight weeks in comparison to the standard of care alone. (geneonline.com)
- Besides pursuing C. diff infection, the company is also evaluating CP101 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. (geneonline.com)
- Now, C. diff is considered a serious healthcare-acquired infection. (cdc.gov)
- In the end, among the almost 1100 patients whose stool we tested for C. diff , we found 43 with the infection. (cdc.gov)
- This can greatly reduce all health care-associated infections, including C. diff . (cdc.gov)
- Additionally, in the hospital, if a patient has C. diff infection, the patient should ideally have a single room and visitors may need to wear a gown and gloves. (cdc.gov)
- Jon Mark Hirshon] Well, again, good hand hygiene - keeping your hands clean - is the best single action people can take to help prevent C. diff infection in themselves and in their loved ones. (cdc.gov)
Epidemiology12
- DelveInsight's "" Clostridium Difficile Infections - Epidemiology Forecast to 2032 "" report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted Clostridium Difficile Infections epidemiology in the 7MM, i.e., the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan. (marketresearch.com)
- The DelveInsight Clostridium Difficile Infections epidemiology report gives a thorough understanding of the Clostridium Difficile Infections by including details such as disease definition, symptoms, causes, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. (marketresearch.com)
- The report covers the detailed information of the Clostridium Difficile Infections epidemiology scenario in seven major countries (US, EU5, and Japan). (marketresearch.com)
- The Clostridium Difficile Infections epidemiology division provides insights about historical and current patient pool and forecasted trend for every seven major countries. (marketresearch.com)
- The Clostridium Difficile Infections epidemiology data are studied through all possible division to give a better understanding of the Disease scenario in 7MM. (marketresearch.com)
- The Clostridium Difficile Infections epidemiology segment covers the epidemiology data in the US, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the UK), and Japan from 2019 to 2032. (marketresearch.com)
- The Clostridium Difficile Infections epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Clostridium Difficile Infections epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2019 to 2032. (marketresearch.com)
- The DelveInsight Clostridium Difficile Infections report also provides the epidemiology trends observed in the 7MM during the study period, along with the assumptions undertaken. (marketresearch.com)
- What are the key findings pertaining to the Clostridium Difficile Infections epidemiology across 7MM and which country will have the highest number of patients during the forecast period (2019-2032)? (marketresearch.com)
- Clostridium Difficile Infection in Oncology Patients: Epidemiology, Pa" by Omar Abughanimeh, Ayman Qasrawi et al. (etsu.edu)
- Two recent studies published in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology draw attention to two simple clinical practices that can have a great impact on diagnosis and management of C difficile (laxative use) [ 1 ] and bloodstream infections (blood sample volume for blood cultures). (medscape.com)
- Clostridium difficile infection: Evolution, phylogeny and molecular epidemiology. (cdc.gov)
Retrospective cohor1
- The risk of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with pernicious anaemia: a retrospective cohort study using primary care database. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Bacterial infection2
- The causes for a bacterial infection are many and some of them are prolonged constipation , use of purgatives and poorly digested carbohydrates. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- infection is a bacterial infection in your intestines. (familydoctor.org)
Fidaxomicin2
- Guidelines recommend administering fidaxomicin for initial and recurrent infections, with oral vancomycin as an alternative. (medscape.com)
- The potential role, including costs and benefits, of new agents such as fidaxomicin in the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection remains to be determined. (cjhp-online.ca)
Feces1
- Ingestion of clostridium-contaminated feces can also be a cause of infection, so be careful if your dog experiences coprophagia . (onlynaturalpet.com)
Perfringens2
- therefore, five stool specimens from ill persons and 20 food samples were submitted to CDC for Clostridium perfringens detection. (cdc.gov)
- Precolonization with C. ramosum or C. perfringens completely prevented death from EHEC infection througout a test period. (elsevierpure.com)
20191
- What would be the total number of patients of Clostridium Difficile Infections across the 7MM during the forecast period (2019-2032)? (marketresearch.com)
Symptoms5
- The infection with a hypervirulent CD does not aggravate the symptoms. (uni-kiel.de)
- Providing prompt medical team notification of symptoms consistent with a CDI allows for early identification of infection, quick initiation of treatment and supportive care, and precautionary isolation measures to reduce the risk of transmission. (jhu.edu)
- What Are the Symptoms of Clostridium in Dogs? (onlynaturalpet.com)
- However, it's important to note that many animals infected with clostridium have no symptoms. (onlynaturalpet.com)
- If your dog displays symptoms of clostridium infection, it's important to contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. (onlynaturalpet.com)
Central line-associated bloodstream2
- Efforts to reduce the burden of disease caused by health care-associated infections have focused on specific infections that cause significant morbidity and mortality, such as central line-associated bloodstream infections and surgical site infections . (ahrq.gov)
- The most recent National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) Progress Report shows that there has been significant reduction in central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and a milder improvement in hospital-onset C difficile infection (CDI) in acute care hospitals in the United States in recent years. (medscape.com)
Patients15
- Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of developing Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs). (gi.org)
- Treatment of this infection among patients with IBD can be challenging, as the infection can often worsen the IBD process itself. (gi.org)
- This review discusses Clostridium difficile infection in cancer patients, including those who are receiving chemotherapy. (etsu.edu)
- Patients with pernicious anaemia had a greater risk of C. difficile infection than the controls (adjusted HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.40-1.76). (nottingham.ac.uk)
- Conclusions: Pernicious anaemia patients have an increased risk of C. difficile infection. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- C difficile infection (CDI) occurs primarily in hospitalized patients. (medscape.com)
- CGD patients are unable to produce reactive oxygen species and suffer from life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections due to genetic defects in NADPH oxidase components (16). (bartleby.com)
- 7 A 2013 review and meta-analysis in the American Journal of Gastroenterology demonstrated that FMT resulted in resolution of infection in nearly 90% of patients affected by recurrent CDI. (venturaclinicaltrials.com)
- Infected patients have an increased length of hospital stay compared to uninfected patients, besides there are significant costs associated with treating recurrent infections. (biomedcentral.com)
- It has also provided insight into the available evidence for determining the appropriateness of therapy for patients with recurrent infection. (cjhp-online.ca)
- Includes patients aged ≥65 years who were either hospitalized with Clostridium difficile infections or who acquired C. difficile during the hospital stay. (cdc.gov)
- The majority of infections with C. difficile occur among persons aged ≥65 years and among patients in health-care facilities, such as hospitals and nursing homes. (cdc.gov)
- The figure above shows rates of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized patients aged ≥65 years, by age group in the United States from 1996-2009, according to the National Hospital Discharge Survey. (cdc.gov)
- So, as it turned out, we only found three patients without known risk factors or a co-infection. (cdc.gov)
- Jon Mark Hirshon] Well, as with all health care associated infections, it's important that doctors, nurses, patients, and visitors wash their hands with soap and water. (cdc.gov)
Antibiotic5
- Infection is more common in people age 65 and older and in people in hospitals and long-term care facilities, but even healthy people may get sick after prolonged antibiotic therapy. (carle.org)
- Stopping use of the antibiotic that triggered the infection is critical and may be the only needed treatment. (carle.org)
- The Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States report prioritized C. difficile as an urgent threat because it spreads rapidly and is naturally resistant to many antimicrobials used to treat other infections [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- 2,4 C. difficile infection (CDI) risk factors include extended hospital stay, protracted antibiotic regimens, other illnesses and comorbidities, and age greater than 65 years. (venturaclinicaltrials.com)
- The type of antibiotic will depend on the strain of clostridium present in your dog's system. (onlynaturalpet.com)
Diagnosis3
- The MeSH terms utilized in different combinations were 'clostridium difficile', 'neoplasia/cancer/oncology', 'chemotherapy', 'diagnosis', and 'treatment', in addition to looking up each treatment option individually to generate a comprehensive search. (etsu.edu)
- Two recent publications highlight the success of the national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) system in controlling Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) while using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis and the implication of disrupting the usual stool flora with vancomycin or metronidazole therapy for CDI. (medscape.com)
- The robust data from Young-Xu and colleagues indicate that an effective infection control program can achieve the goal of having low hospital-onset disease rates, even if a very sensitive test is used for diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Occurs1
- Thrush is a yeast infection that occurs on your tongue and the lining of your mouth. (familydoctor.org)
Vancomycin1
- To engage the audience, Dr Slain began with 3 clinical questions that challenged the audience's ability to identify proper infection control procedures and differentiate between situations when vancomycin is preferential to metronidazole. (ajmc.com)
Hospitals7
- Clostridium diffi cile is an anaerobic spore-forming pitals, and 3 other VA hospitals located throughout the gram-positive bacillus that produces exotoxins that are state. (cdc.gov)
- As these infections are considered largely preventable , the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services no longer reimburses hospitals for additional costs associated with hospital-acquired C. difficile infection. (ahrq.gov)
- Study of CDI (c. difficile infections) in US hospitals showed CDI declined during year 1 of the COVID-19 pandemic. (consumerhealthratings.com)
- Comparison of Control of Clostridium difficile Infection in Six English Hospitals Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. (ox.ac.uk)
- Methods: We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of consecutive C. difficile isolates from 6 English hospitals over 1 year (2013-14) to compare infection control performance. (ox.ac.uk)
- 2 ].Outbreaks of foodborne infection in of the Medical Research Institute (MRI) hospitals are associated with high attack hospital and Gamal Abdel Nasser (GAN) rates and disruption of services [ 3 ]. (who.int)
- Outbreaks of foodborne infections in · Post-training stage (6 months) (4 months hospitals are preventable but are facilitated in MRI and 2 months in GAN). (who.int)
Inflammatory Bowel D1
- Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) may precipitate flares of underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and the complex interplay of colonic inflammation from the infection versus the IBD itself presents a unique clinical dilemma. (gi.org)
Medscape1
- Cite this: C difficile Infection: The Battle Continues - Medscape - Jan 19, 2016. (medscape.com)
Incidence5
- The crude incidence rate of C. difficile infection was 1.85/1000 person-years for the exposed cohort and 1.09/1000 person-years for controls. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- According to the CDC, there is a rising incidence of recurring CDI cases on top of the rise in the new CDI infections. (geneonline.com)
- Background: Variation in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) rates between healthcare institutions suggests overall incidence could be reduced if the lowest rates could be achieved more widely. (ox.ac.uk)
- Enteric infections represent a critical issue in today's healthcare due to the increase in incidence and in the cost of eradicating them. (umassmed.edu)
- Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhoea in the United States (US) [ 1 ] and the incidence and severity of C. difficile infection (CDI) are increasing [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Severity2
- The development of Clostridium difficile infection in cirrhosis is predictive of death , independent of severity of liver disease . (bvsalud.org)
- In recent years, the number and severity of these infections has been on the rise. (cdc.gov)
Foodborne1
- salmonella foodborne intoxication and infection (A02. (who.int)
Outbreaks2
- Spontaneous Clostridium difficile (CD) outbreaks occur in neonatal piglets but the predisposing factors are largely not known. (uni-kiel.de)
- Knowledge like this can potentially help health experts assess future outbreaks and take measures to prevent infections or ensure prompt treatment of those exposed if necessary. (cdc.gov)
Treatment9
- Douglas Slain, PharmD, BCPS, FASHP, a clinical assistant professor of infectious disease at West Virginia University, discussed Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), including current treatment options and the most appropriate situations for use of current therapies. (ajmc.com)
- It also provides treatment algorithms and treatment guidelines for Clostridium Difficile Infections in the US, Europe, and Japan. (marketresearch.com)
- It is disclosed herein that lower dose or shorter course of the antimicrobial treatment is sufficient to treat the disease and prevent recurrent disease by enabling a good immunologic response to infection, and perhaps also by better preserving normal flora, thus protecting against relapses or reinfection. (findownersearch.com)
- The MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to 2013 for published evidence in English on the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection. (cjhp-online.ca)
- The evidence to guide treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection is limited, with 24 studies meeting the inclusion criteria for this review. (cjhp-online.ca)
- Although there is insufficient evidence to recommend probiotics as an adjunct to conventional treatment for recurrent infection, there may be benefit in terms of prevention. (cjhp-online.ca)
- This literature review identified significant limitations in currently recommended interventions for the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection. (cjhp-online.ca)
- Following treatment, your vet may take another sample to ensure that clostridium is no longer present. (onlynaturalpet.com)
- Thankfully, most dogs with a healthy immune system can recover from clostridium infection with the right treatment. (onlynaturalpet.com)
Gram-positive1
- Clostridium difficile is a gram positive, spore forming anaerobic bacillus, which may or may not carry the genes for toxin A-B production (Nipa, 2010). (bartleby.com)
Humans1
- Susceptibility to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection varies among humans. (elsevierpure.com)
Healthcare-associated3
- University those for healthcare-associated infection. (cdc.gov)
- Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections in the United States. (etsu.edu)
- Although most of the cases of C. difficile infection are healthcare associated (80%), the other twenty percent of cases are acquired in the community - outside of healthcare settings. (cdc.gov)
Colon1
- It is essential that you watch what you eat and avoid all kinds of outside food if you have a colon infection. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Infectious Diseases1
- Our conversation is based on his paper about a Clostridium difficile infection in outpatients, which appears in CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. (cdc.gov)
Medlineplus1
- Website: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/clostridium difficileinfections.htm. (carle.org)
Toxin3
- High levels of background CD and toxin were detected in formula-fed piglets prior to infection, while suckling piglets carried about three-fold less CD, and toxin was not detected. (uni-kiel.de)
- These two types of protein exotoxins produced by the Clostridium difficile bacillus, toxin A and toxin B, can have an infectious form and a non-active, non-infectious form (Grossman, 2010). (bartleby.com)
- Precolonization with C. ramosum also reduced the level of secreted Shiga toxin (Stx) 2 and prevented histopathological changes in the kidneys in a similar way to precolonization with Bifidobacterium longum, which is used as a model for preventing EHEC infection. (elsevierpure.com)
Viral2
- H1N1 influenza is a viral infection. (familydoctor.org)
- Finch believes that this is mostly due to the effect of gut microbiota on boosting the immune system and is now trying to work out whether CP101 uses the same mechanism to clear viral infections. (geneonline.com)
Hospital8
- Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a common hospital-acquired infection that is associated with a high clinical and economic burden. (ajmc.com)
- Not only is CDI dangerous, but it is also common, causing over 165,000 cases of hospital-acquired infections in 2008. (ajmc.com)
- Infections that began in the hospital incurred about $1.3 billion in healthcare expenses. (ajmc.com)
- The effect of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection on in-hospital mortality. (ahrq.gov)
- Health Quality Ontario shows hospital safety measures for infection rates, hand hygiene and safety in surgery. (consumerhealthratings.com)
- 1 In addition to the logistic complications of identifying, diagnosing, and containing infections in a hospital, and even community setting, there is substantial cost incurred as a result of CDI and the high risk of recurrent infection. (venturaclinicaltrials.com)
- Results of two new studies published this week have shown probiotic administration to be a safe and effective means of preventing Clostridium difficile infection - a leading cause of hospital-associated infectious diarrhoea. (blackmoresinstitute.org)
- As technology advances to improve health care and reduce hospital-acquired infections, more such hazards may emerge. (cdc.gov)