The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates.
The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
'Human Milk' is the secretion from human mammary glands, primarily composed of water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and various bioactive components, which serves as the complete source of nutrition for newborn infants, supporting their growth, development, and immune system.
Food BEVERAGES that are used as nutritional substitutes for MILK.
Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.
Young, unweaned mammals. Refers to nursing animals whether nourished by their biological mother, foster mother, or bottle fed.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Nutritional physiology of animals.
Globulins of milk obtained from the WHEY.
An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Agents that produce a soft formed stool, and relax and loosen the bowels, typically used over a protracted period, to relieve CONSTIPATION.
Hoofed mammals with four legs, a big-lipped snout, and a humped back belonging to the family Camelidae.

The role of colorstrum on the occurrence of immunoglobulin G subclasses and antibody production in neonatal goats. (1/731)

Quantitative determinations of IgG1 and IgG2, in one group of colostrum-fed and one group of colostrum-deprived neonatal goats revealed that the occurrence of the IgG1 subclass preceeded that of the IgG2 in both cases. In the colostrum-fed animals the IgG2 appeared, on an average, in the fourth week of life whereas in the colostrum-deprived animals the IgG2 was detected as early as three weeks after birth. At the age of twelve weeks the mean concentrations for IgG, and IgG2 were higher in the animals deprived of colostrum. The immune response to human gamma globulin was studied in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived neonatal goats which were immunized at birth and again after four and eight weeks. Following the first two antigen administrations a significantly higher response was obtained in the colostrum-fed neonates. However, the third injection determined a similar response in both groups. A marked suppressive effect on the immune response was observed in colostrum-fed neonatal goats when specific antibodies were present in the colostrum after preimmunization of the mothers with human gamma globulin.  (+info)

Values of three coagulation screening tests of precolostral calves. (2/731)

Prothrombin times, partial thromboplastin times and platelet counts were performed to determine normal values and to screen for coagulation defects of precolostral calves. The precolostral calves were in two groups: one group of a few calves was tested two years before the second larger group. The results for both groups were similar. The tests were performed on postcolostral calves and on mature cows to compare their values with those of precolostral calves. The mean values of prothrombin times and partial thromboplastin times of precolostral calves in the first group were 18.8 seconds and 54.8 seconds respectively. The mean values of prothrombin times and partial thromboplastin times of precolostral calves in the second group were 18.8 seconds and 50.8 seconds respectively. The mean platelet count was 422,400/cmm for the first group and 482,800/cmm for the second group.  (+info)

Fungal prophylaxis by reduction of fungal colonization by oral administration of bovine anti-Candida antibodies in bone marrow transplant recipients. (3/731)

Candida overgrowth and invasion constitute a serious threat with a high mortality in BMT recipients. Currently available topical antifungal prophylaxis is largely ineffective, and as resistance to existing, absorbable drugs for systemic use is rapidly developing, new forms of therapy are needed. We investigated the effect of oral treatment of BMT recipients with a bovine immunoglobulin product derived from animals immunized against several Candida species. The natural Candida colonization was first followed in 19 patients to establish the colonization pattern. Half of the patients were found to be colonized prior to transplantation and altogether 72% were colonized at some point during follow-up. Those with a high pre-transplant concentration of Candida in saliva (>100 CFU/ml) remained colonized throughout the BMT treatment period. The therapeutic effect was monitored in two other patient groups. The first group consisted of nine patients, where, due to a low number of primary colonized patients, response in colonized patients was suggestive of a therapeutic effect. In the second group, 10 patients with a high level of colonization (>100 CFU/ml) were given 10 g daily of the product in three divided doses. The results suggest a treatment-related reduction in Candida colonization in a majority (7/10) of patients and one patient became completely negative. As no adverse effects were noted, our findings encourage additional studies in immunocompromised, transplant patients.  (+info)

Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. (4/731)

BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective for arthritis but cause gastrointestinal injury. Bovine colostrum is a rich source of growth factors and is marketed as a health food supplement. AIMS: To examine whether spray dried, defatted colostrum or milk preparations could reduce gastrointestinal injury caused by indomethacin. METHODS: Effects of test solutions, administered orally, were examined using an indomethacin restraint rat model of gastric damage and an indomethacin mouse model of small intestinal injury. Effects on migration of the human colonic carcinoma cell line HT-29 and rat small intestinal cell line RIE-1 were assessed using a wounded monolayer assay system (used as an in vitro model of wound repair) and effects on proliferation determined using [3H]thymidine incorporation. RESULTS: Pretreatment with 0.5 or 1 ml colostral preparation reduced gastric injury by 30% and 60% respectively in rats. A milk preparation was much less efficacious. Recombinant transforming growth factor beta added at a dose similar to that found in the colostrum preparation (12.5 ng/rat), reduced injury by about 60%. Addition of colostrum to drinking water (10% vol/vol) prevented villus shortening in the mouse model of small intestinal injury. Addition of milk preparation was ineffective. Colostrum increased proliferation and cell migration of RIE-1 and HT-29 cells. These effects were mainly due to constituents of the colostrum with molecular weights greater than 30 kDa. CONCLUSIONS: Bovine colostrum could provide a novel, inexpensive approach for the prevention and treatment of the injurious effects of NSAIDs on the gut and may also be of value for the treatment of other ulcerative conditions of the bowel.  (+info)

Two stages of increased IgA transfer during lactation in the marsupial, trichosurus vulpecula (Brushtail possum). (5/731)

The polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) and J chain molecules are involved in the transfer of IgA across the mammary gland epithelia into milk. The J chain binds two IgA molecules to form dimeric IgA, and the pIgR transports this complex through epithelial cells. We report here the cloning of the first marsupial homologues for the pIgR and J chain from the brushtail possum. Marsupial young are born after a short gestation and are less developed than eutherian newborn. The pouch young is completely dependent on milk as its sole source of nutrition during early lactation and this phase can be considered to be equivalent to an external gestation. Two periods of increased expression of pIgR, J chain, and IgA heavy chain mRNAs were observed in the mammary gland during lactation. The first occurs for a brief period after birth of the pouch young and is likely to reflect IgA transfer via the colostrum. The second period of increased expression, which is unique to marsupials, occurs after the early lactation period and just before young exit the pouch. We propose that this represents a second colostral-like phase at the end of the external gestation.  (+info)

Ability of lactoferrin to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in vitro is independent of receptor binding capacity and iron saturation level. (6/731)

Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding protein which has been shown to inhibit the growth of various bacterial pathogens and promote the growth of anaerobic bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium in vitro. The present study was designed to investigate whether the bifidobacteria growth promotion activity of Lf is correlated with either the binding of Lf to bifidobacterial cells or the iron saturation of Lf. Bovine Lf (bLf) from mature milk increased the growth of B. infantis and B. breve in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion, while much less growth promotion activity was found for B. bifidum. In contrast, human Lf (huLf) from mature milk promoted the growth of B. bifidum and was inactive for B. infantis and B. breve, while bLf from colostrum was devoid of bifidobacteria growth promotion activity. Changes in the iron content of Lf did not alter the bifidobacteria growth promotion activity of either bLf or huLf preparations. Competitive binding studies with biotinylated milk bLf showed that binding of bLf was inhibited by unlabelled bLf and huLf but not by beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin or transferrin. Binding of bLf to B. bifidum and B. breve was c. 40-fold higher than binding to Escherichia coli. Colostrum bLf was also found to bind to B. bifidum and B. breve, despite a lack of in-vitro growth promotion activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the ability of Lf to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in vitro is independent of the iron saturation level for Lf and suggest that binding of Lf to bifidobacteria cells may be involved but is not sufficient for stimulation of bifidobacterial growth.  (+info)

Colostral proteins from cows immunised with Streptococcus mutans/S. sobrinus support the phagocytosis and killing of mutans streptococci by human leucocytes. (7/731)

Passive immunisation, based on bovine colostral preparations, is an area of active research. Specific bovine antibodies inhibit the virulence factors of target pathogens but the interactions between whey preparations and human immune defence cells are not well known. Bovine colostrum inhibits the phagocytic activity of bovine leucocytes and this may reflect the biological activity of immunoglobulins in it. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of bovine whey protein preparations from the colostrum of Streptococcus mutans/S. sobrinus-immunised and sham-immunised cows on binding, ingestion and killing of these bacteria by human leucocytes. Binding and ingestion of FITC-labelled bacteria were estimated by flow cytometry and leukocyte activation was measured as chemiluminescence. Killing rate was estimated by plate counting and by measuring bioluminescence from S. mutans- containing the insect luciferase gene. Colostral whey protein preparation from hyperimmunised cows activated human leucocytes by opsonising specific bacteria. Neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes weakly phagocytosed non-opsonised bacteria and bacteria opsonised with control product. On the contrary, binding and ingestion were efficient in the presence of the preparation from immunised cows. Thus, these results show that bovine colostral whey proteins are able to support the activation of human phagocytes against pathogenic microbes and that this property is related to specific antibodies in whey preparations. These whey proteins may also be clinically useful, especially in preventing the colonisation of newly erupted teeth by mutans streptococci.  (+info)

Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum. (8/731)

By using a strategy that we have developed to search for the ligands of orphan seven-transmembrane-domain receptors [S. Hinuma et al., Nature 393 (1998) 272-276], we have recently identified a natural ligand, apelin, for the orphan 7TMR, APJ [K. Tatemoto et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251 (1998) 471-476]. In this paper, we isolated rat and mouse apelin cDNAs, and analyzed the tissue distribution of apelin mRNA in rats. Although apelin mRNA was widely detected in a variety of tissues, the highest expression of apelin mRNA was detected in the mammary gland of pregnant rats. In the mammary gland, biologically active apelin and its mRNA considerably increased during pregnancy and lactation, and reached a maximal level around parturition. Moreover, a large amount of apelin (14-93 pmol/ml) was found to be secreted in the bovine colostrum, and it was still detectable even in commercial bovine milk. Since apelin partially suppressed cytokine production by mouse spleen cells in response to T cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking, the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and milk might modulate immune responses in neonates.  (+info)

Colostrum is the first type of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals (including humans) after giving birth. It is a yellowish, sticky fluid that contains a higher concentration of nutrients, antibodies, and immune-boosting components compared to mature milk. Colostrum provides essential protection and nourishment for newborns during their most vulnerable period, helping them establish a healthy immune system and promoting optimal growth and development. It is rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals, and growth factors that support the baby's gut health, brain development, and overall well-being. In humans, colostrum is usually produced in small quantities during the first few days after delivery, and its consumption by newborns is crucial for setting a strong foundation for their health.

Medically, "milk" is not defined. However, it is important to note that human babies are fed with breast milk, which is the secretion from the mammary glands of humans. It is rich in nutrients like proteins, fats, carbohydrates (lactose), vitamins and minerals that are essential for growth and development.

Other mammals also produce milk to feed their young. These include cows, goats, and sheep, among others. Their milk is often consumed by humans as a source of nutrition, especially in dairy products. However, the composition of these milks can vary significantly from human breast milk.

Human milk, also known as breast milk, is the nutrient-rich fluid produced by the human female mammary glands to feed and nourish their infants. It is the natural and species-specific first food for human babies, providing all the necessary nutrients in a form that is easily digestible and absorbed. Human milk contains a balance of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immunity of newborns and young infants. Its composition changes over time, adapting to meet the changing needs of the growing infant.

Medical definitions of "milk substitutes" refer to products that are designed to replace or serve as an alternative to traditional cow's milk for individuals who cannot consume it or choose not to. These can include a wide variety of products, such as:

1. Plant-based milks: These are made from plants such as soy, almonds, coconuts, oats, rice, hemp, flaxseed, and cashews. They are often fortified with calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients to make them more similar in nutrition to cow's milk.
2. Animal-based milks: These include goat's milk, sheep's milk, and buffalo milk, which can be suitable alternatives for those who are allergic or intolerant to cow's milk.
3. Formula milks: These are designed for infants and young children who cannot be breastfed or need additional nutrition. They can be based on cow's milk, soy, or other proteins and are fortified with vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients to support growth and development.
4. Specialized milks: These are formulated for individuals with specific dietary needs, such as lactose-free milk for those with lactose intolerance, or hypoallergenic formulas for people with milk protein allergies.

It is important to note that not all milk substitutes are created equal in terms of nutrition and should be chosen based on individual dietary needs and preferences. Always consult a healthcare professional or registered dietitian for personalized advice on selecting the most appropriate milk substitute.

Maternally-acquired immunity (MAI) refers to the passive immunity that is transferred from a mother to her offspring, typically through the placenta during pregnancy or through breast milk after birth. This immunity is temporary and provides protection to the newborn or young infant against infectious agents, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the mother's own immune experiences and responses.

In humans, maternally-acquired immunity is primarily mediated by the transfer of antibodies called immunoglobulins (IgG) across the placenta to the fetus during pregnancy. This process begins around the 20th week of gestation and continues until birth, providing the newborn with a range of protective antibodies against various pathogens. After birth, additional protection is provided through breast milk, which contains secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) that helps to prevent infections in the infant's gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

Maternally-acquired immunity is an essential mechanism for protecting newborns and young infants, who have not yet developed their own active immune responses. However, it is important to note that maternally-acquired antibodies can also interfere with the infant's response to certain vaccines, as they may neutralize the vaccine antigens before the infant's immune system has a chance to mount its own response. This is one reason why some vaccines are not recommended for young infants and why the timing of vaccinations may be adjusted in cases where maternally-acquired immunity is present.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.

The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.

Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.

Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.

In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.

"Suckling animals" refers to young mammals that are in the process of nursing from their mother's teats or nipples, typically for the purpose of obtaining milk and nutrition. This behavior is instinctual in newborn mammals and helps to establish a strong bond between the mother and offspring, as well as providing essential nutrients for growth and development.

The duration of suckling can vary widely among different species, ranging from just a few days or weeks in some animals to several months or even years in others. In many cases, suckling also helps to stimulate milk production in the mother, ensuring an adequate supply of milk for her offspring.

Examples of suckling animals include newborn humans, as well as young mammals such as puppies, kittens, piglets, lambs, calves, and fawns, among others.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Secretory is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes. These membranes line various body openings, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and serve to protect the body from potential pathogens by producing mucus.

Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the primary immunoglobulin found in secretions of the mucous membranes, and it is produced by a special type of immune cell called plasma cells located in the lamina propria, a layer of tissue beneath the epithelial cells that line the mucosal surfaces.

SIgA exists as a dimer, consisting of two IgA molecules linked together by a protein called the J chain. This complex is then transported across the epithelial cell layer to the luminal surface, where it becomes associated with another protein called the secretory component (SC). The SC protects the SIgA from degradation by enzymes and helps it maintain its function in the harsh environment of the mucosal surfaces.

SIgA functions by preventing the attachment and entry of pathogens into the body, thereby neutralizing their infectivity. It can also agglutinate (clump together) microorganisms, making them more susceptible to removal by mucociliary clearance or peristalsis. Furthermore, SIgA can modulate immune responses and contribute to the development of oral tolerance, which is important for maintaining immune homeostasis in the gut.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

"Animal nutritional physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical or scientific term. However, it seems to refer to the processes and functions related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Here's a breakdown of the possible components:

1. Animal: This term refers to non-human living organisms that are multicellular, heterotrophic, and have a distinct nervous system.
2. Nutritional: This term pertains to the nourishment and energy requirements of an animal, including the ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients.
3. Physiological: This term refers to the functions and processes that occur within a living organism, including the interactions between different organs and systems.
4. Phenomena: This term generally means an observable fact or event.

Therefore, "animal nutritional physiological phenomena" could refer to the observable events and processes related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Examples of such phenomena include digestion, absorption, metabolism, energy production, growth, reproduction, and waste elimination.

Lactoglobulins, specifically referring to β-lactoglobulin, are a type of protein found in the whey fraction of milk from ruminant animals such as cows and sheep. They are one of the major proteins in bovine milk, making up about 10% of the total protein content.

β-lactoglobulin is a small, stable protein that is resistant to heat and acid denaturation. It has an important role in the nutrition of young mammals as it can bind to fat molecules and help with their absorption. In addition, β-lactoglobulin has been studied for its potential health benefits, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

However, some people may have allergies to β-lactoglobulin, which can cause symptoms such as hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing. In these cases, it is important to avoid foods that contain this protein.

Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein that belongs to the transferrin family. It is an iron-binding protein found in various exocrine secretions such as milk, tears, and saliva, as well as in neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell involved in immune response. Lactoferrin plays a role in iron homeostasis, antimicrobial activity, and anti-inflammatory responses. It has the ability to bind free iron, which can help prevent bacterial growth by depriving them of an essential nutrient. Additionally, lactoferrin has been shown to have direct antimicrobial effects against various bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Its role in the immune system also includes modulating the activity of immune cells and regulating inflammation.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Laxatives are substances or medications that are used to promote bowel movements or loosen the stools, thereby helping in the treatment of constipation. They work by increasing the amount of water in the stool or stimulating the muscles in the intestines to contract and push the stool through. Laxatives can be categorized into several types based on their mechanism of action, including bulk-forming laxatives, lubricant laxatives, osmotic laxatives, saline laxatives, stimulant laxatives, and stool softeners. It is important to use laxatives only as directed by a healthcare professional, as overuse or misuse can lead to serious health complications.

A "camel" is a large, even-toed ungulate that belongs to the genus Camelus in the family Camelidae. There are two species of camels: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), also known as the Arabian camel, which has one hump, and the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), which has two humps.

Camels are well adapted to life in arid environments and are native to the Middle East and Central Asia. They have long legs, large, flat feet that help them walk on sand, and a thick coat of hair that helps protect them from the sun and cold temperatures. Camels are also known for their ability to store fat in their humps, which they can convert into water and energy when food and water are scarce.

Camels have been domesticated for thousands of years and have played an important role in human history as transportation, pack animals, and sources of meat, milk, and wool. They are also used in traditional medicine and religious ceremonies in some cultures.

Bovine colostrum powder is rich in protein and low in sugar and fat. Bovine colostrum can also be used for a range of ... Bovine colostrum and human colostrum are highly similar in their makeup, both containing many of the same antibodies, immune ... Bovine colostrum's components benefit the immune and digestive health of animals of all ages and species. Bovine colostrum's ... Colostrum is in very high demand in these states, resulting in product adulteration. Hyperimmune colostrum is natural bovine ...
Also significantly more promising is the use of bovine colostrum, carefully administered to the snake via a stomach tube ... "THE STORY OF SLACKITH THE SNAKE". Synertek Colostrum. Retrieved April 24, 2021. Understanding the vertebrate immune system: ... "THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF HYPERIMMUNE BOVINE COLOSTRUM TREATMENT AGAINST CLINICAL AND SUBCLINICAL CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SERPENTIS ...
10-14 The first type of milk produced is called colostrum. The volume of colostrum produced during each feeding is appropriate ... "What is colostrum? How does it benefit my baby?". La Leche League. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 28 ... Dobransky P. "Colostrum, Foremilk and Hindmilk". www.drpaul.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July ... It was found to be at the highest level in colostrum, dropped to the lowest level during 1 - 12 months of lactation, and then ...
Colostrum also helps the newborn's digestive system to grow and function properly. Colostrum will gradually change to become ... During the first few days after delivery, the mother produces colostrum. This is a thin yellowish fluid that is the same fluid ... The initial milk produced is referred to as colostrum, which is high in the immunoglobulin IgA, which coats the ... "Colostrum - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-04-28. Mohrbacher, Nancy (2011-07-10). " ...
The immunoglobulins and growth factors found in the colostrum begin to establish and strengthen the weak immune system of the ... Milk within the first few days of parturition is called colostrum, and contains high concentrations of immunoglobulins. These ... Chastant‐Maillard, S., Aggouni, C., Albaret, A., Fournier, A., & Mila, H. (2017). Canine and feline colostrum. Reproduction in ... can be accomplished partly through proper nutrition and establishing a healthy gut from birth through utilizing colostrum. ...
The early milk from mammals is called colostrum. Colostrum contains antibodies that provide protection to the newborn baby as ... Uruakpa, F.O.; Ismond, M.A.H.; Akobundu, E.N.T. (2002). "Colostrum and its benefits: A review". Nutrition Research. 22 (6): 755 ... The makeup of the colostrum and the period of secretion varies from species to species. For humans, the World Health ... Early-lactation milk, which is called colostrum, contains antibodies that strengthen the immune system and thus reduce the risk ...
Colostrum is a great source of nutrition for a newborn baby, it is a thick yellow fluid that the mother produces first after ... Other benefits of colostrum include: prevention of jaundice, aiding the baby in passing their first stool, building a strong ... Overall, the sticky, thick, yellow liquid called colostrum has many benefits for a newborn baby which can be only provided to ... "Colostrum: Superfood for Your Newborn Baby". American Pregnancy Association. 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2018-11-15. "The Importance ...
Jogi, R.; Tager, M. J.; Perez, D.; Tsapekos, M. (2021). "Bovine Colostrum, Telomeres and Skin aging". Journal of Drugs in ... model through differentiating senescent human mesenchymal stem cells for testing disease-modifying drugs Bovine Colostrum, ...
In contrast, colostrum induced positive inflammatory responses. A 2006 study published in the Journal of Experimental ... The amino acid compositions of Colostrinin from ovine, bovine, and human colostrum are very similar. Colostrinin was first ... Colostrinin is obtained from bovine colostrum by alcohol extraction and filtration. A patented method outlines the steps that ... Janusz, M; Lisowski, J (1993). "Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP)--an immunomodulatory peptide from ovine colostrum". Archivum ...
Stelwagen K, Carpenter E, Haigh B, Hodgkinson A, Wheeler TT (April 2009). "Immune components of bovine colostrum and milk". ...
The word libba means colostrum in Arabic. After a cow or a goat give birth, her milk is taken and boiled in a tannour. Shathab ...
Hurley WL, Theil PK (April 2011). "Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk". Nutrients. 3 (4): 442-74. doi: ...
Colostrum is about half as effective as some antibiotics prescribed to patients today. Colostrum is also effective against the ... Colostrum is the first form of milk produced by lactating mammals. Both Greek and Roman medical texts prescribe the use of a ... For example, the use of colostrum has been shown to prevent the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria, which are a known cause of ... Colostrum was a reasonably effective treatment for Chlamydia in the absence of other antibiotics. Dream interpretation was ...
Colostrum is the first milk a breastfed baby receives. It contains higher amounts of white blood cells and antibodies than ... It is not a medical concern if a pregnant woman leaks any colostrum before her baby's birth, nor is it an indication of future ... This is when the breasts make colostrum (see below), a thick, sometimes yellowish fluid. At this stage, high levels of ... Over the first two weeks after the birth, colostrum production slowly gives way to mature breast milk. The hormonal endocrine ...
"The Importance of Colostrum for Puppies and Kittens". Silverstein, Deborah; Hopper, Kate (2008). Small Animal Critical Care ... If the puppy is unable to nurse independently, supplemental colostrum replacement may help, as well as antibiotics in the case ... the majority of the puppy's immune system is gained through the colostrum, or first milk. If the puppy is unable to nurse ...
It has similar colostrum composition in terms of protein, fat, and lactose, when compared to cow's milk. Pigs with high-protein ... April 2014). "Shotgun proteomic analysis of porcine colostrum and mature milk". Animal Science Journal. 85 (4): 440-448. doi: ...
Colostrum contains a high percentage of IgG, especially bovine colostrum. In individuals with prior immunity to a pathogen, IgG ...
Hutchens TW, Yip TT, Morgan WT (March 1992). "Identification of histidine-rich glycoprotein in human colostrum and milk". ...
Established the utility of immune goat colostrum for prevention of diarrhea. Vaccine trials for JE, KFD, measles, hepatitis etc ...
In normal situations, lambs nurse after standing, receiving vital colostrum milk. Lambs that either fail to nurse or are ... Ewes are often revaccinated annually about 3 weeks before lambing, to provide high antibody concentrations in colostrum during ... to avoid interference with maternal bonding and consumption of colostrum) and are often done not later than one week after ... when the concentration of maternal antibodies passively acquired via colostrum is expected to have fallen low enough to permit ...
In normal situations, lambs nurse after standing, receiving vital colostrum milk. Lambs that either fail to nurse or are ...
Colostrum present in mothers milk is an example of passive immunity. Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term ...
Colostrum is a form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals (including humans) in late pregnancy. Colostrum also ... Colostrum/egg derived transfer factors have been promoted as a treatment for a large number of diseases and health concerns but ... A second use of the term transfer factor applies to a likely different entity derived from cow colostrum or chicken egg yolk ... Instead, transfer factors derived from cow colostrum and/or chicken eggs yolks are used predominantly today. Pizza G, De Vinci ...
A definitive diagnosis can only be made if alloantibodies are discovered in the mare's serum or colostrum and are shown to be ... In this case, all subsequent foals should be given an alternative source of colostrum unless the mare is blood typed and bred ... Currently, screening tests of colostrum for use in the field have not been found to be accurate. The severity of clinical signs ... Kittens obtain the majority of their immune response from the colostrum, and are not born with a strong immune response. When ...
Transfer of sialic acid to glycoproteins by a sialyltransferase from colostrum". J. Biol. Chem. 248 (16): 5751-62. PMID 4723915 ... Paulson JC, Beranek WE, Hill RL (1977). "Purification of a sialyltransferase from bovine colostrum by affinity chromatography ...
Due to the high levels of protein in the colostrum milk, it coagulates and hardens when boiled (much like eggs do). Thus the ... It is made from unpasteurized colostrum milk, the first milk produced by a cow after giving birth. Kalvdans has a long ... In India kharvas is a dessert made out of colostrum milk from buffaloes. In Norwegian and Danish dialects, the word kalvedans ... In Iceland, a pudding called ábrystir is made out of colostrum milk. A similar Finnish version is called uunijuusto (oven ...
Colostrum, vital for foal development, was considered unhealthy and withheld from newborns. A lack of breeding records resulted ...
A baby not nursed by the mother was deprived of the laxative colostrum. Linnaeus thought that the lower-class wet nurses ate ...
Shoshani, E., Rozen, S., Doekes, J.J. (May 2014). "Effect of a short dry period on milk yield and content, colostrum quality, ... During this time, the cow will produce colostrum for the newly born calf. Research has shown that this period impacts overall ... Nutrient and antibody rich milk, colostrum, will also be produced during the end of this phase. Proper hygiene and ...
Antibodies can also be transferred through breast milk with the secretions of colostrum. Artificially Acquired Active Immunity ...
Bovine colostrum powder is rich in protein and low in sugar and fat. Bovine colostrum can also be used for a range of ... Bovine colostrum and human colostrum are highly similar in their makeup, both containing many of the same antibodies, immune ... Bovine colostrums components benefit the immune and digestive health of animals of all ages and species. Bovine colostrums ... Colostrum is in very high demand in these states, resulting in product adulteration. Hyperimmune colostrum is natural bovine ...
Colostrum is waiting for your baby at birth. Nursing in the first hour will yield a large colostrum feeding that is protective ... What is colostrum?. Colostrum is the earliest breastmilk produced, beginning in mid-pregnancy (12-18 weeks) and is continually ... By the fourth day, most babies will be drinking colostrum mixed with more mature milk. The colostrum will remain in the milk ... In healthy full-term babies, colostrum helps to prevent low blood sugar. Colostrum is important for all babies, and it is ...
Our colostrum is sourced exclusively from the first milking of cows not treated with rBST at USDA Grade A Dairies. All ... Symbiotics Colostrum Plus features key natural Immune Factors such as Immunoglobulins, which are types of proteins that are ... The Immune Factors found in Symbiotics Colostrum Plus have a dual action effect, working systematically throughout the body, as ... colostrum is laboratory tested and verified free from pesticides and antibiotics. Each bottle is double sealed for quality and ...
Colostrum is the nourishing fluid produced by mammals as food for the newborn in the few days after birth, before milk ... Scientific studies have shown that colostrum may help to enhance bioavailability and absorption of nutrients into the body, ...
Read consumer reviews to see how people rate Epicuren Colostrum Serum. Also see scores for competitive products ... Cant live with out Epicurens Colostrum Facial Serum, It works!. 5 Before I started using Epicurens Colostrum Facial Serum, ... The Epicuren Colostrum Serum is expensive, but absolutely worth it, especially if you have skin that is prone to acne. You only ... I was told by an Esthetician to try Epicurens Colostrum Facial Serum. She gave me a handful of samples, and I used it every ...
Shop for Symbiotics New Life Colostrum Plus (120 Count) at Kroger. Find quality health products to add to your Shopping List or ... Colostrum (Pasteurized Cow Pre-milk) , Immunoglobulins ( Igg ) , Vegetarian Capsule ( HPMC ) , Medium Chain Triglycerides , ...
Colostrum benefits the immune system, the brain, and the heart. Here are Armra reviews 2023 to help you learn about the ... Is bovine colostrum good for me? Yes, the same way human colostrum is healthy for you, bovine is too. It is a smart food with ... ARMRA Colostrum Reviews: What Do Real Users Say?. Whenever you want to try any supplement, including ARMRA Colostrum, one of ... What Is ARMRA Colostrum Immune Revival?. The company states that the ARMRA Colostrum Immune Revival is the first smart ...
Antenatal Expression of Colostrum. Antenatal Expression of Colostrum. Mothers start to produce colostrum (early milk) while ... Take your stored colostrum with you to the hospital in a cool bag. The hospital can arrange to keep your colostrum frozen, ... Being able to express colostrum is a useful skill to have. Saving your expressed colostrum may also be beneficial if your baby ... The colostrum could be kept in the fridge if youre going to be induced or have a planned caesarean section within a day or two ...
Colostrum is vital to piglet survival but managing intake may benefit from some fresh thinking, according to Kara Stewart, ... Rethinking colostrum management and piglet survivability Colostrum is vital to piglet survival but managing intake may benefit ... colostrum composition and colostrum intake. The data is currently under review and will look at whether there are any benefits ... One is that colostrum is available for only 24 hours after a sow has farrowed. Another is that pigs are among the species that ...
Powder High quality colostrum milk powder packing machinery (All in one), Masala Powder Packing Machine, Oil Pouch Packing ... Manufacturer of High quality colostrum milk powder packing machinery - packing machine & ... High quality colostrum milk powder packing machinery. *. Packaging Details:. Standard Export Woodencase Suitable for Ocean ... 1.The colostrum milk powder packing machinery is automatically packing the powder particles, achieve product packaging assembly ...
Here are some information when expressing colostrum during pregnancy. ... Some mothers prefer to express their colostrum during pregnancy. ...
Todays protagonist - Colostrum mask. Florets in the beauty of the failed ~ iron jar packaging is very cute ... bovine colostrum, summer is coming, MM most afraid of tanning sunburn, this month Xiaohua to recommend you tanning repair ... Colostrum is the milk of cow mothers within three days after giving birth to their babies. It is rich in immune factors and ... Florets to Colostrum mask is looking at the mild and non-irritating ingredients and whitening effects, hoping to remove sun ...
The Tiny Tummies Teaching Tool Colostrum Card is an ideal teaching tool designed to provide a visual of an average newborns ... The NEW Tiny Tummies Teaching Tool Colostrum Card is an ideal teaching tool designed to provide a visual of an average ... Be the first to review "Tiny Tummies Teaching Tool Colostrum Card" Cancel reply. Your rating *. Rate…. Perfect. Good. Average. ... Tiny Tummies Teaching Tool Colostrum Card is an ideal teaching tool designed to provide a visual of an average newborns ...
Bovine Colostrum. General Information. Description: Bovine Colostrum, also known as the first milk, is a milk secret produced ... Colostrum is used in powder form. The dose of colostrum to reduce the risk of E. coli caused by diarrhea should contain 400- ... Bovine Colostrum should be taken immediately after a meal. Colostrum used to reduce the risk of diseases associated with ... Colostrum is a source of immune and "transfer factors";. *Colostrum protects against autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis ...
Primestart Colostrum. A complete replacer for the newborn calf. Complete calf colostrum ... Primestart Colostrum is manufactured in the UK and is available in boxes of 12 700g sachets, or in pallets of 40 boxes. Each ... Quality colostrum for when they need it most. Future health, growth and performance will be influenced greatly by the quality ... Primestart Colostrum is an exceptional substitute you can have confidence in; it is high in quality, offering the calf ...
... is a highly-concentrated source of powerful immune and growth factors produced ... Colostrum 40% lgG. Supplement Facts. each vegetable capsule contains:. bovine colostrum (milk)-450 mg.. (standardized to ... The calf consumes one gallon of colostrum in its first two feedings, assuring passive immunity. The excess colostrum is not fed ... Pure Encapsulations Colostrum, derived from USDA and FDA certified dairy farms in the US, is defatted and processed at low heat ...
Severe stomachaches and rashes from Colostrum? #80815 15 years ago 25,626 C * I m no expert, but it doesn t sound like it s ... Re: Severe stomachaches and rashes from Colostrum?. Advertisement. Lugol s Iodine Free S&H. J.Crow s Lugol s Iodine Solution. ...
Colostrum and milk also contain antibodies, growth factors and a rich stew of bioactive components. If the child has had a good ... Colostrum is rich in growth factors, antimicrobial substances and other nutrients.. These microbiota are teeming with lactic ... By foregoing colostrum, humans rob their newborns of valuable microbes, their mothers bacteria which are invaluable in the ... Colostrum is a gift, protecting infants from infections which can kill them.. Spread the word. ...
Studies show the benefits of supplemental colostrum for childrens health as they grow. ... over 90 functional compounds found in human colostrum are also found in colostrum from cows. Bovine colostrum can be shared ... While cow colostrum is not recommended for children who are allergic to dairy, colostrum is otherwise accepted as safe for ... Health Benefits of Bovine Colostrum Components. Mothers try to give every precious drop of their colostrum, often referred to ...
Jarrow Formulas Colostrum Prime Life® helps support the immune system & gastrointestinal health. Fast Shipping on colostrum ... The colostrum undergoes low-temperature processing along with testing to ensure that the different colostrum immunoglobulin ... Colostrum Prime Life® is from cows raised without the use of growth hormone (rBGH), antibiotics or pesticides in their feed. ... Jarrow Formulas® Colostrum Prime Life® contains a minimum of 30% immunoglobulins, and is collected within 16 hours of calving ...
Shop for NOW Foods Colostrum Powder (3 oz) at Dillons Food Stores. Find quality health products to add to your Shopping List or ... Colostrum is the nourishing fluid produced by mammals as food for the newborn in the few days after birth, before milk ... Dried Bovine Colostrum , Other Ingredients : ( Medium-chain Triglycerides ) and Sunflower Lecithin .. Allergen Info. Contains ... Scientific studies have shown that Colostrum helps to increase bioavailability and absorption of nutrients into the body, while ...
Colostrum Replacer and Bovine Leukemia Virus Seropositivity in Calves Bhudipa Choudhury. , Christopher Finnegan, Jean-Pierre ... Colostrum Replacer and Bovine Leukemia Virus Seropositivity in Calves. ...
They currently have Symbiotics Colostrum Products up for grabs to try ... Home » Free Samples Without Surveys By Mail » FREE Symbiotics Colostrum Products & Other Products From Trybe (Survey Required) ... They currently have Symbiotics Colostrum Products up for grabs to try free, apply now! ...
... Discover a Powerful Combination! Tyent Water and Colostrum!. Posted by: tyent On June 28, 2013 3:48 pm ... Posted in Water IonizersTagged alkaline, alkaline water, alkashield, alkawake, colostrum, pHandOrpLeave a comment Subscribe to ... DISCOVER A POWERFUL COMBINATION! TYENT WATER AND COLOSTRUM!. We are excited to pair up with the team at Sovereign Laboratories ... Posted in HealthTagged alkaline, alkaline water, alkashield, alkawake, colostrum, tyent water, waterceuticalLeave a comment New ...
PureStart Colostrum is effective in protecting newborn calves against diarrhea and pneumonia, and as an aid in the treatment of ... Made only from natural bovine colostrum, without the addition of blood serum, whey, eggs, or vegetable fats. Each bag provides ... PureStart Colostrum is the only colostrum product on the market that is OMRI Listed for organic use. ... PureStart Colostrum is the only colostrum product on the market that is OMRI Listed for organic use. Made only from natural ...
WHAT IS COLOSTRUM?. Colostrum is the mammary secretion that females provide to their newborn babies during the first 24-48 ... The Colostrum (minimum immunoglobulin content: 20%) in MARNYS® Propolvit Defens provides 1000mg liquid colostrum through a ... Colostrum is a thick, sticky, yellowish fluid containing several antibodies (immunoglobulins) at a concentration higher than ... For me, its a great product for the immune system because it contains not only royal jelly and propolis but also colostrum, ...
Tags antibodies, bottle babies, breast milk, breasts, colostrum, feeding time, milk production, newborns, pre natal vitamins, ... Even if your baby doesnt seem hungry, provide him with colostrum and stimulate your breasts to make milk by offering him a ...
Contains dried bovine colostrum, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B12 and minimum 3% crude protein. Dosage: 1 tube administered ... Contains dried bovine colostrum, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B12 and minimum 3% crude protein. Dosage: 1 tube administered ... Ideal to stimulate immune response when foal birth is premature or delayed, access to mares colostrum is limited or foal needs ... Premium quality, dried bovine colostrum paste supplement with essential nutrients for immediate care to foals. For all classes ...
Intended for use in colostrum deprived neonatal calves to aid in the treatment of failure of passive transfer of immunity and ... First product made from True Bovine Colostrum with 100 gm of bovine origin IgG and dual-claim approval from the USDA-CVB ... Intended for use in colostrum deprived neonatal calves to aid in the treatment of failure of passive transfer of immunity and ... Each dose contains dehydrated first day bovine colostrum, dried milk proteins, viable lactic acid bacteria, and essential ...
  • Bovine colostrum powder is rich in protein and low in sugar and fat. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bovine colostrum can also be used for a range of conditions in humans, and can boost a neonate's immunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • While it has long been understood that the colostrum a mother produces is vital to a newborn's health in the first few days of life, research has shown that bovine (cow) colostrum and its components can continue to support important biological activities when given to more mature children and adults, so that the benefits of colostrum can extend well beyond the neonatal period of development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bovine colostrum and human colostrum are highly similar in their makeup, both containing many of the same antibodies, immune and growth factors, and other nutrients. (wikipedia.org)
  • The benefit of bovine colostrum for human health has been studied in many areas including: Immune health: Colostrum is composed of bioactives that support immune health, including immunoglobulins, immune modulators, and oligosaccharides. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4. The nutrients of bovine colostrum are easily absorbed by the human body and can quickly penetrate the bottom of the skin, making it doubly moisturizing and nourishing. (aondebr.com)
  • Bovine Colostrum, also known as the first milk, is a milk secret produced by cows and other similar animals. (rxmed.com)
  • The effects of this natural supplement are similar to effects of whey protein supplements, although Bovine Colostrum can produce a unique effect on the immune and digestive systems. (rxmed.com)
  • Immunoglobulins, which are contained in the food protein, are presumably the main biologically active components of Bovine Colostrum. (rxmed.com)
  • Bovine Colostrum is known to have a consistency similar to whey protein in solution, which results in whey concentrate being used as a source of the placebo protein in numerous studies. (rxmed.com)
  • The standard dose of Bovine Colostrum as a protein supplement is about 20-60 g. (rxmed.com)
  • Bovine Colostrum should be taken immediately after a meal. (rxmed.com)
  • Bovine Colostrum has the strongest immunoprotective action in people with impaired immunity. (rxmed.com)
  • As a nutritional supplement, bovine colostrum provides exceptional, synergistic support. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
  • Bovine colostrum can be shared with children as they grow older, continuing to support the ongoing health of the child's immune system. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • When looking at finished products that contain bovine colostrum for children's health- specifically products meant for children 1 year of age and older-it is important to focus on the following three compounds because they provide comprehensive support. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • There are several published studies on how bovine colostrum can support children's health. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • In a study 1 published in Medicine , children ages 1 to 6 who experienced recurrent URTIs and/or diarrhea received 3 or 6 grams, depending on their age, of bovine colostrum per day for six months. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • After two months of consuming the bovine colostrum supplement, they had fewer total infections, fewer URTI episodes, fewer diarrhea episodes, and fewer hospitalizations. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • After six months of receiving bovine colostrum, all of the measurers were significantly lower. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • In a different study 2 published in the Indian Journal of Pediatrics , children ages 1-8 years received 3 grams of bovine colostrum per day for 12 weeks and also showed a significant decrease in URTI episodes-reduced by 92% at week 12. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • A meta-analysis 3 published in 2019 in the Scientific Reports journal by Nature Research looked at the protective effects of bovine colostrum against childhood infectious diarrhea. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Buy 15 Bovine IgG PureStart Colostrum (item 45438) and save! (valleyvet.com)
  • Premium quality, dried bovine colostrum paste supplement with essential nutrients for immediate care to foals. (pbsanimalhealth.com)
  • Contains dried bovine colostrum, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B12 and minimum 3% crude protein. (pbsanimalhealth.com)
  • Each dose contains dehydrated first day bovine colostrum, dried milk proteins, viable lactic acid bacteria, and essential vitamins and minerals. (pbsanimalhealth.com)
  • Another study published in the Journal of Dermatology demonstrated that bovine colostrum supplementation improved hair density and reduced hair loss in individuals with androgenetic alopecia, a common form of hair loss. (dollverse.com)
  • Colostrum (100% bovine) concentrate contains 25% immunogolbulins (high level 1gG) specific immune factors and broad based immune enhancers. (healthy.co.nz)
  • Featuring bovine colostrum, IP-6 (inositol hexaphosphate), astragalus and maitake and shiitake mushrooms. (healthy.co.nz)
  • Each Capsule contains: A proprietary blend 410 mg: Colostrum (Bovine, contains transfer factors from milk), Astragalus root (Astragalus membranaceus), IP-6 (inositol hexaphosphate), Maitake mushroom, (Grifola frondosa), Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes). (healthy.co.nz)
  • This study aimed to develop Greek style yoghurts with the addition of bovine colostrum. (scielo.br)
  • The Greek style yoghurts with bovine colostrum reached sensory acceptance above 70% for all attributes. (scielo.br)
  • The use of bovine colostrum in food and supplements for human consumption has attracted the attention of the scientific community due to its properties in fighting and preventing infections and diseases. (scielo.br)
  • Studies on physical and microbial parameters of bovine colostrum powder. (scielo.br)
  • Rheological characteristics of bovine colostrum and their correlation with immunoglobulin G. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 72(3), 345-349. (scielo.br)
  • A study on the quality of bovine colostrum: physical, chemical and safety assessment. (scielo.br)
  • Benefits of bovine colostrum in nutraceutical products. (scielo.br)
  • Experiments with dogs fed bovine colostrum showed an increase in the diversity and stability of gut microbiota, as well as immune response [Satyaraj et al 2013]. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
  • Scientists investigating natural ways to enhance athletic performance have found that bovine colostrum can massively reduce gut permeability - otherwise known as 'leaky gut syndrome. (naturade.com)
  • Childlife uses the finest bovine Colostrum and only from the first and second milkings after calving, which are the richest in immunoglobulins, growth factors, protein and peptides. (herbspro.com)
  • Digestive health: Colostrum is composed of bioactives that support digestive health, including immunoglobulins, growth factors, and oligosaccharides. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is suggested infants fed with human colostrum have lower incidence of gastrointestinal infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carbohydrates, with a lactose content of 27-46 g / l, are higher than in cow's milk, and comparable to 55 g / l in human colostrum), with some lactose-based oligosaccharides (neutral and acid), mostly 3- siall lactose (1500 μm / L) and 3-sialyllactose (30 μm / L) (most oligosaccharides (50%) in cow colostrum). (rxmed.com)
  • While human and animal colostrum can vary in levels of these compounds, over 90 functional compounds found in human colostrum are also found in colostrum from cows. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Colostrum, or first milk, is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands of humans and other mammals immediately following delivery of the newborn. (wikipedia.org)
  • Colostrum has an especially high amount of bioactive compounds compared to mature milk to give the newborn the best possible start to life. (wikipedia.org)
  • These bioactives work together to maintain and support intestinal integrity and improve nutrient absorption, while its naturally occurring prebiotics feed beneficial bacteria and support a balanced gut in adults and children Early life nutrition: While colostrum and breast milk are a critical part of newborn nutrition, research has shown that colostrum has continued benefits in children over the age of one. (wikipedia.org)
  • Your colostrum will prepare your baby for the larger feeds ahead, and will fill the tiny stomach, as your own milk will be gradually increasing in amount each day! (llli.org)
  • By the fourth day, most babies will be drinking colostrum mixed with more mature milk. (llli.org)
  • The colostrum will remain in the milk for the first few weeks. (llli.org)
  • Mothers start to produce colostrum (early milk) while pregnant. (laleche.org.uk)
  • Stored colostrum can be helpful if you encounter problems establishing milk production. (laleche.org.uk)
  • High quality colostrum milk powder packing machinery world-wide sales lead, exported to the Philippines, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Russia, Sri Lanka and other countries. (evangelicaloutpost.com)
  • Shandong Leader Machinery Co.,ltd. adhere to the "integrity-based, quality First, customer first" business purposes, to "promote green food, create green life" for the mission, is committed to the development and research of High quality colostrum milk powder packing machinery machinery, through the production of High quality colostrum milk powder packing machinery products, advocating people take the road of green life. (evangelicaloutpost.com)
  • 1.The colostrum milk powder packing machinery is automatically packing the powder particles, achieve product packaging assembly line work, greatly improving the company's production efficiency, the best choice for the company pack products. (evangelicaloutpost.com)
  • Colostrum is the milk of cow mothers within three days after giving birth to their babies. (aondebr.com)
  • Skin care experts said that compared with milk, colostrum is a safer skin care and beauty ingredient. (aondebr.com)
  • Dietary protein (up to 70-80% of the total protein, compared to 1-2% in milk), the remaining protein in the colostrum contains whey protein and casein protein in a ratio of 3:1. (rxmed.com)
  • They are present in the colostrum at a dose of 20-150 g / l (depending on the administration of the vaccine and cow's immune status), which is higher than 0.5-1 g / l in conventional cow's milk. (rxmed.com)
  • The first milk, called colostrum, is less than appetizing: thick and yellow rather than milky white. (internationalprobiotics.org)
  • Colostrum and milk also contain antibodies, growth factors and a rich stew of bioactive components. (internationalprobiotics.org)
  • In addition, milk volume can be reduced if nursing begins days after colostrum wanes. (internationalprobiotics.org)
  • As doctors, midwives, and lactation consultants share information about the health benefits and the importance of breastfeeding, they discuss the immune health benefits of mother's first milk, called colostrum. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Colostrum is the nourishing fluid produced by mammals as food for the newborn in the few days after birth, before milk production begins. (dillons.com)
  • Deionized water, Agave syrup, Colostrum [milk] concentrate powder, royal jelly, fructose, shiitake ( Lentinula edodes ) concentrate powder, reishi ( Ganoderma lucidum ) concentrate powder, purified propolis, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), preservatives (potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate) and colour (caramel colour). (marnys.com)
  • Even if your baby doesn't seem hungry, provide him with colostrum and stimulate your breasts to make milk by offering him a breast every few hours. (healthpages.org)
  • Although rare, some individuals may have allergies or sensitivities to cow's milk proteins, including colostrum. (dollverse.com)
  • Colostrum is the first secretion of the mammary gland from 2 to 4 days after calving and differs from milk because of the greater amounts of fat, protein, minerals and vitamins, in addition to a high concentration of immunoglobulins that provide passive immunity to the newborn. (scielo.br)
  • Bravo Europe Probiotic Suppositories contain a combination of high quality, organic, whole pasteurized cow's milk and colostrum, fermented with a proprietary blend of probiotic bacteria made in Switzerland. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
  • Colostrum is the first milk produced after giving birth, and is especially important for development of the infant immune system, because it is rich in immunoglobulins, antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, and other bioactive molecules [Khan et al 2002]. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
  • This milk is called colostrum. (babymed.com)
  • Colostrum may appear thicker than typical breast milk and a bit yellow in color. (babymed.com)
  • Most colostrum nutrients, with the exception of lactose, decrease rapidly in the transition from colostrum to whole milk. (vitaplus.com)
  • Research shows calves fed colostrum with maternal leukocytes can activate cell-mediated immunity a whole two weeks earlier compared with calves fed leukocyte-free milk, though improvements in calf disease have not yet been reported. (vitaplus.com)
  • Calves that meet colostrum volume, timing, and quality benchmarks should see short- and long-term benefits in performance, including elevated rates of gain, greater disease protection, improved fertility, and increased first- and second-lactation milk yields. (vitaplus.com)
  • The first milk that a mother's body makes during pregnancy and just after birth is called colostrum. (cdc.gov)
  • Colostrum is also produced during the first few days after delivery, before breast milk is produced. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Our colostrum is sourced exclusively from the first milking of cows not treated with rBST at USDA Grade A Dairies. (vitacost.com)
  • It's made from grass-fed cows' colostrum. (healthcanal.com)
  • Today's dairy cows produce on average four to five gallons of colostrum in their first milking. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
  • In fact, colostrum from cows can be used to support immune and digestive health in children as young as 1 year of age, extending into their adulthood and covering all stages of life. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Jarrow Formulas® Colostrum Prime Life® contains a minimum of 30% immunoglobulins, and is collected within 16 hours of calving from American, pasture-fed cows. (victoriahealth.com)
  • Colostrum Prime Life® is from cows raised without the use of growth hormone (rBGH), antibiotics or pesticides in their feed. (victoriahealth.com)
  • The dose of colostrum to reduce the risk of E. coli caused by diarrhea should contain 400-3,500 mg of immunoglobulin. (rxmed.com)
  • The colostrum undergoes low-temperature processing along with testing to ensure that the different colostrum immunoglobulin fractions retain their biological activity and are not denatured. (victoriahealth.com)
  • The Colostrum (minimum immunoglobulin content: 20%) in MARNYS® Propolvit Defens provides 1000mg liquid colostrum through a 200mg source of colostrum powder. (marnys.com)
  • The study, conducted in partnership with the company Spin Colombia on 11 commercial farms, indicates a consistent benefit to colostrum quality, specifically immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • Lifeline Rescue Lamb & Kid is the only serum-based colostrum replacer specifically formulated for newborn lambs and kids. (healthypets.com)
  • One great example that we shall highlight today is the ARMRA Colostrum Revival supplement designed to strengthen the immune barrier of the digestive tract. (healthcanal.com)
  • The principle behind the ARMRA Colostrum wellness supplement is to reduce the effects caused by the modern environment's negative impacts on our health. (healthcanal.com)
  • To supplement maternal colostrum, feed 1/2-1 bag in addition to maternal colostrum. (valleyvet.com)
  • MARNYS® Propolvit Defens is a food supplement to face seasonal changes and combines vitamin B6, Royal Jelly, Propolis, Colostrum, Reishi and Shiitake in convenient drinkable vials. (marnys.com)
  • In this comprehensive article, we will explore the potential benefits of colostrum as a supplement for hair loss, its mechanisms of action, scientific evidence, and considerations for use. (dollverse.com)
  • Formulated to provide a complete replacement to maternal colostrum, or as a supplement. (healthypets.com)
  • Those with health problems or pregnancy are specifically advised that they should consult their physician before taking colostrum or any nutritional supplement. (colostrumresearch.org)
  • Colostrum is the only supplement you can take that provides a full spectrum of antibodies and immune factors. (herbspro.com)
  • Specifically, colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease and infection, and immune and growth factors and other bioactives that help to activate a newborn's immune system, jumpstart gut function, and seed a healthy gut microbiome in the first few days of life. (wikipedia.org)
  • Colostrum is known to contain immune cells (as lymphocytes) and many antibodies such as IgA, IgG, and IgM. (wikipedia.org)
  • Colostrum provides nature's full array of antibodies and immune factors. (supplementwarehouse.com)
  • When it is time to feed the colostrum, it can be thawed and warmed in the Trusi Pasteur water bath within 20 minutes, in a process which preserves the colostrum's powerful antibodies. (daviesway.com.au)
  • Colostrum is used in powder form. (rxmed.com)
  • The bioactives found in colostrum are essential for a newborn's health, growth and vitality. (wikipedia.org)
  • A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well, including interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, chemokines, and others. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences found that certain components present in colostrum, including IGF-1 and TGF-β, could promote hair follicle growth and activation. (dollverse.com)
  • Maternal white blood cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, are present in colostrum to promote active immunity. (vitaplus.com)
  • Complex carbohydrates, including oligosaccharides, are present in colostrum as potent prebiotics. (vitaplus.com)
  • Symbiotics Colostrum Plus features key natural Immune Factors such as Immunoglobulins , which are types of proteins that are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, as well as Lactoferrin , which is a multifunctional protein and Proline-Rich Polypeptides , which have a very powerful effect in actively modulating the immune response. (vitacost.com)
  • Colostrum contains a wide range of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and growth factors that are essential for overall health. (dollverse.com)
  • Antioxidant activities of enzymatic‐hydrolysed proteins of dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) colostrum. (scielo.br)
  • Colostrum has evolved to care for highly sensitive mammalian neonates and contributes significantly to initial immunological defense as well as to the growth, development, and maturation of the neonate's gastrointestinal tract by providing key nutrients and bioactive factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Colostrum is rich in growth factors, antimicrobial substances and other nutrients. (internationalprobiotics.org)
  • Scientific studies have shown that Colostrum helps to increase bioavailability and absorption of nutrients into the body, while encouraging healthy gastro-intestinal function. (dillons.com)
  • Let's take a closer look at the wide variety of high-value colostral nutrients and non-nutritive factors to understand the "why" behind colostrum feeding. (vitaplus.com)
  • The calf consumes one gallon of colostrum in its first two feedings, assuring passive immunity. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
  • In dairy cattle, Igs cannot be transferred through the placenta and thus are solely available through colostrum as the primary source of passive immunity until the calf's own immune system matures. (vitaplus.com)
  • There is a time-sensitive window to transfer passive immunity to newborn calves, by feeding the right amount of quality colostrum within the right time-frames. (daviesway.com.au)
  • The researchers concluded that supplementing sows with S. c. boulardii CNCM I-1079 three weeks before farrowing increases IgG concentrations in colostrum, helping the neonatal piglets acquire passive immunity. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • Practices such as split-suckling and drying piglets have been considered pathways to stimulate colostrum intake and boost survival. (thepigsite.com)
  • Piglets born early and born big are naturally able to access more colostrum," Stewart noted, "and they have a stronger suckling stimulus so they take in more colostrum. (thepigsite.com)
  • The problem is, we haven't seen that those piglets are actually taking in more colostrum," Stewart noted. (thepigsite.com)
  • The data showed that drying did effectively change the piglets' body temperatures, especially light-birthweight piglets, but did not significantly impact colostrum intake. (thepigsite.com)
  • For whatever reason, the piglets did not seek out the teat and take in more colostrum," Stewart noted. (thepigsite.com)
  • In another upcoming project, she will be evaluating the impact of supplementing colostrum directly to light-birthweight piglets, specifically whether it can increase survival. (thepigsite.com)
  • A recent study on piglets confirmed the density of probiotics in colostrum. (internationalprobiotics.org)
  • Florets to Colostrum mask is looking at the mild and non-irritating ingredients and whitening effects, hoping to remove sun spots, now a few times down, the feeling is really very gentle, without any discomfort, sunburned places are slowly recovering, sun spots in the fading, of course, after the sun repair can not rely on a product ingredients, Florets in the next experience will continue to recommend to everyone. (aondebr.com)
  • Florets are dry sensitive muscles, the use of colostrum ingredients cleansing flour and facial mask cream skin without adverse symptoms and discomfort. (aondebr.com)
  • Colostrum and the other immune-boosting ingredients in this formula support body health and energy. (healthy.co.nz)
  • To replace maternal colostrum, feed 1-2 bags. (valleyvet.com)
  • Importantly, pasteurizing, freezing, or pooling colostrum destroys or decreases the effectiveness of the maternal leukocytes. (vitaplus.com)
  • Other immune components of colostrum include the major components of the innate immune system, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, complement, and proline-rich polypeptides (PRP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Received 10 November 1997/Returned for modification 22 December 1997/Accepted 15 January 1998 The unique germfree, colostrum-deprived, immunologically "virgin" piglet model was used to evaluate the ability of lactoferrin (LF) to protect against lethal shock induced by intravenously administered endotoxin. (colostrumresearch.org)
  • Laktoferrin with Colostrum provides purified lactoferrin in a base of colostrum, and is prepared with lysozyme. (expertnutrition.com)
  • The biological significance of these oligosaccharides in relation to additional colostrum is not yet studied. (rxmed.com)
  • Swallowing colostrum in a capsule with a large glass of alkaline, antioxidant water (coral water or electrolysis water) between meals helps reduce damage and increase effectiveness. (tyentusa.com)
  • Premature babies receiving their own mother's colostrum have significantly better health outcomes. (llli.org)
  • By foregoing colostrum, humans rob their newborns of valuable microbes, their mother's bacteria which are invaluable in the world they will greet. (internationalprobiotics.org)
  • You'll be able to express colostrum for your baby if he has difficulty feeding or is cared for in the neonatal intensive care or special care baby unit. (laleche.org.uk)
  • Intended for use in colostrum deprived neonatal calves to aid in the treatment of failure of passive transfer of immunity and to aid in the prevention of death associated with E. coli K99. (pbsanimalhealth.com)
  • Colostrum protects and restores the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. (rxmed.com)
  • The immunoglobulins in Colostrum Prime Life® support the body's defense system and promote gastrointestinal health. (victoriahealth.com)
  • The discussion of colostrum typically ends after this moment, shining a spotlight on one of the top misconceptions about colostrum-that it's only for early life nutrition. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Colostrum plays a crucial role in providing essential nutrition and immunity to newborns, aiding in their growth and development. (dollverse.com)
  • Home » Starting Strong - Calf Care » Calf and heifer nutrition » What's in colostrum? (vitaplus.com)
  • Children's Probiotic Childlife Essentials Plus Colostrum has proven itself as one of the best immune and digestive support supplements available. (supplementwarehouse.com)
  • Colostrum contains bioactive compounds that can help regulate hormone levels, potentially reducing the impact of hormonal imbalances on hair follicles. (dollverse.com)
  • Fresh colostrum inhibits the growth of bacteria and can be safely refrigerated for 48 hours. (laleche.org.uk)
  • Stewart and her colleagues recently completed a study looking at farrowing induction and how it might impact piglet mortality, colostrum composition and colostrum intake. (thepigsite.com)
  • This specific composition of colostrum may reveal particular biological activities. (scielo.br)
  • Colostrum is vital to piglet survival but managing intake may benefit from some fresh thinking, according to Kara Stewart, associate professor of animal science at Purdue University. (thepigsite.com)
  • The fact that each piglet needs to get its share of colostrum remains true, but the management steps to achieve that objective are less clear. (thepigsite.com)
  • We need to investigate ways to ensure every piglet gets to drink enough colostrum. (thepigsite.com)
  • Improved colostrum quality can help support piglet development, including reduced morbidity and mortality and improved production parameters. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • Colostrum IgG levels were evaluated within the first four hours immediately after the birth of the first piglet, using a refractometer to measure the Brix value. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • Colostrum is particularly rich in growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which have been shown to stimulate hair follicle growth and improve hair density. (dollverse.com)
  • While there are numerous treatments available in the market, one lesser-known option that has gained attention recently is colostrum supplements. (dollverse.com)
  • Although more research is needed, these preliminary findings point toward the potential effectiveness of colostrum supplements for hair loss management. (dollverse.com)
  • Ensure that you choose high-quality colostrum supplements from reputable brands. (dollverse.com)
  • Consult with a healthcare professional or a qualified nutritionist to determine the appropriate dosage and timing for taking colostrum supplements. (dollverse.com)
  • During lovemaking, if the breasts are stimulated colostrum may appear on the nipple. (babymed.com)
  • An approximated volume of 10 mL of colostrum was obtained by manual expression of the breasts within 72h postpartum and stored at -20 o C up to processing. (bvsalud.org)
  • During the last weeks of pregnancy, the breasts may produce a thin, yellowish or milky discharge (colostrum). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Colostrum is the earliest breastmilk produced, beginning in mid-pregnancy (12-18 weeks) and is continually produced for the first few days after baby's birth. (llli.org)
  • Colostrum [40% IgG] 180c by Pure Encapsulations is a highly-concentrated source of powerful immune and growth factors produced from mammary glands shortly after giving birth. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
  • Colostrum is a nutrient-dense combination of immune system components and growth factors for supporting optimal natural defense, intestinal function, connective tissue health, and athletic potential that cannot be found elsewhere in nature. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
  • If you have any known allergies or intolerances, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before starting colostrum supplementation. (dollverse.com)
  • Bravo de Laguna F., Zuluaga C. M., Saornil D., Bernal E., Shields M., Chevaux E. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 supplementation to sows on colostrum IgG concentration. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • The excess colostrum is not fed to the calf as it can cause intestinal upset after the first feedings. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
  • PureStart Colostrum is effective in protecting newborn calves against diarrhea and pneumonia, and as an aid in the treatment of failure of passive transfer (FPT). (valleyvet.com)
  • Lysozyme is an enzyme in colostrum that breaks down bacterial cell walls. (vitaplus.com)
  • The stability, healing properties, and synergistic bioactivity of whole, naturally derived colostrum, offers potential advantages over isolated extracts [Khan et al 2002]. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
  • The durable card promotes frequent feeding and highlights the benefits of colostrum. (birthinternational.com)
  • Studies show the benefits of supplemental colostrum for children's health as they grow. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Pure Encapsulations Colostrum, derived from USDA and FDA certified dairy farms in the US, is defatted and processed at low heat to preserve nutritional activity. (integrativepsychiatry.net)
  • However, when the group were given a drink of dairy colostrum for two weeks before the trial, the rise in gut leakiness was reduced by about 80 per cent, despite the same effort and temperature rise. (naturade.com)
  • Colostrum is the most important first food for all infants. (llli.org)
  • Colostrum is a gift , protecting infants from infections which can kill them. (internationalprobiotics.org)
  • The Epicuren Colostrum Serum is expensive, but absolutely worth it, especially if you have skin that is prone to acne. (viewpoints.com)
  • Can't live with out Epicuren's Colostrum Facial Serum, It works! (viewpoints.com)
  • Before I started using Epicuren's Colostrum Facial Serum, my skin was blotchy, dull, flaky, patchy and needed 20 different products to make it all better. (viewpoints.com)
  • I was told by an Esthetician to try Epicuren's Colostrum Facial Serum. (viewpoints.com)
  • The Immune Factors found in Symbiotics Colostrum Plus have a dual action effect, working systematically throughout the body, as well as in the GI tract, by maintaining healthy intestinal flora in a normal GI tract. (vitacost.com)
  • Immunoglobins, the most abundant types of immune factors in colostrum, are large protein molecules that include Immunoglobins G (IgG), A (IgA), E (IgE), D (IgD), and M (IgM). (integrativepsychiatry.net)
  • For its beneficial factors, nutrient-rich colostrum also can grow blooms of bacterial pathogens. (vitaplus.com)
  • With its complexity of nutritional and immune-supporting factors, no other liquid can quite compare with the power of colostrum. (vitaplus.com)
  • Future health, growth and performance will be influenced greatly by the quality of the colostrum calves receive in the first hours and days of their life. (cogentuk.com)
  • Cogent recommends following the three Q's - quickly, quality and quantity - to maximise the benefit of colostrum. (cogentuk.com)
  • The NEW Trusti Pasteur colostrum pasteuriser makes pasturising colostrum easy, accurate and affordable - helps achieve perfect colostrum management, by making it possible to store a consistent bank of quality on-demand frozen colostrum on-farm. (daviesway.com.au)
  • The highest quality colostrum can then be pasteurised pre-freezing in the Trusi Pasteur unit, before being rapidly cooled to freezing in practical and convenient flat packs. (daviesway.com.au)

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