Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye, resulting in symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, discharge, and increased sensitivity to light.
Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.
Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.
An infection of the eyes characterized by the presence in conjunctival epithelial cells of inclusion bodies indistinguishable from those of trachoma. It is acquired by infants during birth and by adults from swimming pools. The etiological agent is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS whose natural habitat appears to be the genito-urinary tract. Inclusion conjunctivitis is a less severe disease than trachoma and usually clears up spontaneously.
A highly contagious disease characterized by subconjunctival hemorrhage, sudden swelling of the eyelids and congestion, redness, and pain in the eye. Epidemic conjunctivitis caused by Enterovirus 70 (EV-70) was first described in Africa in 1969. It is caused also by Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v). Epidemics by this organism have appeared most frequently in Asia.
The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.
A generic term for any circumscribed mass of foreign (e.g., lead or viruses) or metabolically inactive materials (e.g., ceroid or MALLORY BODIES), within the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell. Inclusion bodies are in cells infected with certain filtrable viruses, observed especially in nerve, epithelial, or endothelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The POLLEN is one cause of HAYFEVER.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 11 serotypes, all coxsackieviruses.
Acute conjunctival inflammation in the newborn, usually caused by maternal gonococcal infection. The causative agent is NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. The baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal.
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
Inflammation of the eyelids.
Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.
The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.
A genus of CHLAMYDOPHILA infecting primarily birds. It contains eight known serovars, some of which infect more than one type of host, including humans.
Type species of CHLAMYDIA causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases.
A chronic infection of the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.
Diseases affecting the eye.
An area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. Some inclusion bodies represent "virus factories" in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. One example, Negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies.
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.
Conjunctival diseases refer to a broad range of disorders that affect the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer layer of the eyeball, causing symptoms such as redness, itching, irritation, discharge, and/or inflammation.
A plant genus of the family TAXODIACEAE. Its POLLEN is one of the major ALLERGENS.
The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A genus of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.
Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.
Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. Included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. They act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. The effects of blocking central nervous system H1 receptors are not as well understood.
Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p475)
Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE.
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 3. It was first detected in turkeys in Britain in 1963 and there have been several outbreaks on poultry farms since that time. A couple cases of human infections have been reported.
Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with Arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.
Enterovirus Infections are acute viral illnesses caused by various Enterovirus serotypes, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, manifesting as a wide range of clinical symptoms, from asymptomatic or mild self-limiting fever to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness, depending on the age, immune status, and serotype of the infected individual.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and consisting of 2 serotypes: Human enterovirus 68 and Human enterovirus 70.
Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 7. The H7N7 subtype produced an epidemic in 2003 which was highly pathogenic among domestic birds (POULTRY). Some infections in humans were reported.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
Inflammation of the cornea.
Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (see GRANULOMA INGUINALE), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.
Number of patients who need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome. It is the inverse of Absolute Risk Reduction.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique utilizing a fluorochrome conjugated to an antibody, which is added directly to a tissue or cell suspension for the detection of a specific antigen. (Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Microorganisms that have undergone greater changes than normal in morphology, physiology, or cultural characteristics.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New Hampshire" is a geographical location and not a medical term or concept, so it doesn't have a medical definition. It is a state in the northeastern United States, known for its scenic beauty and the White Mountains. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or healthcare services in the state of New Hampshire, I would be happy to help with those!
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.
Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.
An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.
Eyelid diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the function, structure, or appearance of the eyelids, including inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, congenital, and traumatic disorders, which can impact vision, comfort, and overall ocular health.
Circumscribed masses of foreign or metabolically inactive materials, within the CELL NUCLEUS. Some are VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES.
A heterogeneous group of infections produced by coxsackieviruses, including HERPANGINA, aseptic meningitis (MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC), a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia (PLEURODYNIA, EPIDEMIC) and a serious MYOCARDITIS.
##### Not a valid request: I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Maine" is a state in the northeastern United States and not a medical term or condition with a specific definition in the healthcare context.
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.
Dibenzoxepins are heterocyclic compounds consisting of a seven-membered oxepin ring fused with two benzene rings, which have been used as building blocks in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical agents, including some antidepressants and antipsychotics.
An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

Cell-mediated immune responses in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) with trachoma to soluble antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis. (1/94)

The first temporal study of the cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) following ocular infections with Chlamydia trachomatis is presented. We examined the CMI of owl monkeys infected with trachoma to soluble antigens of C. trachomatis by leucocyte migration inhibition (LIF) and delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. Delayed hypersensitivity of a systemic nature developed after a local eye infection in owl monkeys; clearance of inclusions from conjunctival cells coincided with the onset of this response. The association of eye secretion and circulating antibodies with recovery from primary infection was not so striking. Both cellular and humoral immune responses persisted for at least 2 months, at which time all test animals were completely resistant to re-infection. The elicitation of cell-mediated immune reactions with solubilized chlamydial antigens may permit the isolation of specific antigens involved in the generation of protective immunity in the owl monkey model.  (+info)

Conjunctivitis caused by a swine Chlamydia trachomatis-like organism in gnotobiotic pigs. (2/94)

The objective of this study was to determine whether a chlamydial strain recovered from growing and finishing swine with conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis could cause the same infections in gnotobiotic pigs. The strain shares biological characteristics with Chlamydia trachomatis. After propagation in Vero cells and preparation of the inoculum (10(7) inclusion-forming units/ml), chlamydial strain H7 was instilled into the ventral conjunctival sac (0.15 ml/sac) of 12 anesthetized 3-day-old gnotobiotic piglets. Four age-matched gnotobiotic piglets were anesthetized and sham infected with uninfected cell culture lysates. None of the principal piglets developed clinical symptoms of conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis. Principal piglets necropsied 7 days postinfection (DPI) had histologic lesions of mild or moderate conjunctivitis; immunohistochemical evaluation revealed chlamydial antigen in conjunctival epithelium. A majority of principal piglets necropsied at 14-28 DPI had histologic lesions of mild conjunctivitis, but chlamydial antigen was not detected by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that chlamydial strain H7 can cause mild or occasionally moderate conjunctivitis in gnotobiotic pigs, but the conjunctival infection is asymptomatic.  (+info)

Microvirus of chlamydia psittaci strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis: isolation and molecular characterization. (3/94)

The authors report the isolation and molecular characterization of a bacteriophage, φCPG1, which infects CHLAMYDIA: psittaci strain Guinea pig Inclusion Conjunctivitis. Purified virion preparations contained isometric particles of 25 nm diameter, superficially similar to spike-less members of the φX174 family of bacteriophages. The single-stranded circular DNA genome of φCPG1 included five large ORFs, which were similar to ORFs in the genome of a previously described CHLAMYDIA: bacteriophage (Chp1) that infects avian C. psittaci. Three of the ORFs encoded polypeptides that were similar to those in a phage infecting the mollicute Spiroplasma melliferum, a pathogen of honeybees. Lesser sequence similarities were seen between two ORF products and the major capsid protein of the φX174 coliphage family and proteins mediating rolling circle replication initiation in phages, phagemids and plasmids. Phage φCPG1 is the second member of the genus CHLAMYDIAMICROVIRUS:, the first to infect a member of a CHLAMYDIA: species infecting mammals. Similarity searches of the nucleotide sequence further revealed a highly conserved (75% identity) 375 base sequence integrated into the genome of the human pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae. This genomic segment encodes a truncated 113 residue polypeptide, the sequence of which is 72% identical to the amino-terminal end of the putative replication initiation protein of φCPG1. This finding suggests that C. pneumoniae has been infected by a phage related to φCPG1 and that infection resulted in integration of some of the phage genome into the C. pneumoniae genome.  (+info)

Chlamydiae as agents of sexually transmitted diseases. (4/94)

Chlamydiae are being increasingly recognized as an important cause of human disease. The known geographical distribution of lymphogranuloma venereum and the role of chlamydiae as agents of sexually transmitted diseases are reviewed. The presence of chlamydiae in the urethra and the cervix, and their etiological relationship to genital infections, first recognized in connexion with ocular infections, have been proved in a number of studies in selected populations in a few countries. Chlamydiae appear to be the most important agent of nongonococcal urethritis, which in some cases appears now to be more frequent than gonococcal urethritis. In addition to their association with cervicitis, chlamydiae appear also to be fairly frequent in the cervix of apparently normal, asymptomatic, and sexually active women. The role of chlamydiae as agents of other human diseases still requires to be clarified. The organisms have been found in association with pelvic inflammatory disease, neonatal pneumonia, pharyngitis, and otitis. There is need for additional studies in view of the fact that effective chemotherapy is available. An outline is given of laboratory methods that may be useful for the diagnosis of chlamydial infections.  (+info)

The effect of cyclophosphamide on the recovery from a local chlamydial infection. Guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC). (5/94)

The immune mechanism involved in the recovery from and resistance to guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) was studied. Guinea-pigs were injected with a dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) (300 mg/kg wt) that inhibits antibody synthesis. Such treatment was shown to produce a cellular depletion in the B-cell area without producing an appreciable change in the T-cell area of the spleen and lymph nodes. CY treatment markedly delayed the appearance of secretory immunoglobulin A antibody to GPIC in the tears, and other classes of antibodies to GPIC and sheep erythrocyte in the serum. Furthermore, recovery from infection was impaired and a subsequent injection of CY prolonged the duration of infection. The results indicate that B cells may play an important role in the control of this infection.  (+info)

Role of Bcl-2 family members in caspase-independent apoptosis during Chlamydia infection. (6/94)

Infection with an obligate intracellular bacterium, the Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV/L2) strain or the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis serovar of Chlamydia psittaci, leads to apoptosis of host cells. The apoptosis is not affected by a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, and caspase-3 is not activated in infected cells, suggesting that apoptosis mediated by these two strains of Chlamydia is independent of known caspases. Overexpression of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Bax, was previously shown to induce caspase-independent apoptosis, and we find that Bax is activated and translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria in C. psittaci-infected cells. C. psittaci-induced apoptosis is inhibited in host cells overexpressing Bax inhibitor-1 and is inhibited through overexpression of Bcl-2, which blocks both caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis. As Bax and mitochondria are ideally located to sense stress-related metabolic changes emanating from the interior of an infected cell, it is likely that Bax-dependent apoptosis may also be observed in cells infected with other intracellular pathogens.  (+info)

Trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis were not eliminated three years after two rounds of mass treatment in a trachoma hyperendemic village. (7/94)

PURPOSE: The World Health Organization recommends mass treatment of trachoma-hyperendemic communities, but there are scant empiric data on the number of rounds of treatment that are necessary for sustainable reductions. The rates of active trachoma and infection with C. trachomatis were determined in a community 3.5 years after two rounds of mass treatment with azithromycin. METHODS: Maindi village in Tanzania received a first round of mass treatment with azithromycin after a baseline survey for trachoma and infection. All residents aged 6 months and older were offered single-dose treatment with azithromycin (excluding pregnant women with no clinical trachoma, who were offered topical tetracycline). The residents were followed over an 18-month period, and, according to similar treatment criteria, were offered retreatment at 18 months. Five years after baseline (3.5 years after the second round of mass treatment), a new census and survey of current residents for trachoma and infection was conducted. Children are the sentinel markers of infection and trachoma in communities, so data are presented specifically for ages 0 to 7 years (preschool age) and 8 to 16 years. RESULTS: Treatment coverage was above 80% for all ages in the first round, and highest (90%) in preschool-aged children. Second-round coverage was lower, <70%, and 70% in preschool-aged children. At 5 years, trachoma rates were still lower than baseline, ranging from 45% in those aged 0 to 3 years to 8% in those aged 11 to 15 years (compared with 81% and 39% at baseline, respectively). Infection rates at baseline ranged from 71% to 57%, but were 27% to 17% at 5 years after two rounds of mass treatment. At 5 years, there were no differences in trachoma or infection rates, when comparing new residents who came after the second mass treatment with those who had been resident in the village during both rounds (P > 0.05). Infection rates were lower in those who had been treated twice or at 18 months than in those treated only at baseline or never treated. CONCLUSIONS: Although mass treatment appears to be associated with lower disease and infection rates in the long term, trachoma and C. trachomatis infection were not eliminated in this trachoma hyperendemic village 3.5 years after two rounds of mass treatment. Continued implementation of the SAFE strategy in this environment is needed.  (+info)

Immunofluorescent detection of adenovirus antigen in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. (8/94)

An immunofluorescent technique was used to demonstrate soluble adenoviral antigens in epithelial cells on conjunctival scrapings of patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). Conjunctival scrapings for immunofluorescence and viral isolation studies were performed on 79 patients suspected of having EKC or other acute follicular or papillary conjunctivitides. Of 41 patients with clinical findings consistent with a diagnosis of EKC and three patients with pharyngoconjunctional fever, 43 were positive by immunofluorescence. All 39 patients with adenovirus isolation had positive immunofluorescence studies. The five remaining cases had other documented evidence of EKC. No false-positive responses were encountered in relation to the clinical diagnoses. The fluorescent staining was predominantly found in the cytoplasm. Speckled nuclear fluorescence was also noted. The cytoplasmic fluorescence is compatible with the adenovirus cellular replication cycle. The immunofluorescent technique was found to be a reliable, sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic technique for detection of group-reaction adenoviral antigens in conjunctival scrapings.  (+info)

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, a thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye. The condition can cause redness, itching, burning, tearing, discomfort, and a gritty feeling in the eyes. It can also result in a discharge that can be clear, yellow, or greenish.

Conjunctivitis can have various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, irritants (such as smoke, chlorine, or contact lens solutions), and underlying medical conditions (like dry eye or autoimmune disorders). Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory medications, or warm compresses.

It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices, like washing hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes, to prevent spreading conjunctivitis to others. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis, it's recommended that you consult an eye care professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is a type of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva) that is caused by bacterial infection. The most common bacteria responsible for this condition are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

The symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis include redness, swelling, and pain in the eye, along with a thick, sticky discharge that can cause the eyelids to stick together, especially upon waking up. Other symptoms may include tearing, itching, and sensitivity to light. Bacterial conjunctivitis is highly contagious and can spread easily through contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects such as towels, handkerchiefs, or makeup.

Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis typically involves the use of antibiotic eye drops or ointments to eliminate the infection. In some cases, oral antibiotics may also be prescribed. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have bacterial conjunctivitis, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications such as corneal ulcers and vision loss.

Allergic conjunctivitis is a type of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids) caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. It is often characterized by redness, itching, watering, and swelling of the eyes. In some cases, the eyes may also become sensitive to light. Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious and can be treated with medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, or mast cell stabilizers.

Viral conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and the inner surface of the eyelids, caused by a viral infection. The condition is often characterized by redness, watering, gritty or burning sensation in the eyes, and a clear, watery discharge. In some cases, it may also cause swelling of the eyelids and light sensitivity.

The most common viruses that can cause conjunctivitis are adenoviruses, which are responsible for about 65-90% of all viral conjunctivitis cases. Other viruses that can cause the condition include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus (which causes chickenpox and shingles), and picornaviruses.

Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious and can spread easily through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. It typically affects one eye first and then spreads to the other eye within a few days. The condition usually resolves on its own within 1-2 weeks, although in some cases it may take longer to clear up completely.

There is no specific treatment for viral conjunctivitis, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. However, cool compresses and artificial tears can help alleviate symptoms such as discomfort and dryness. It is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding touching the eyes, to prevent the spread of the virus to others.

Inclusion conjunctivitis is a type of bacterial conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva) that is caused by specific types of bacteria, most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis. It is also known as trachoma, which is a leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The infection leads to the formation of small, inclusion-containing intracytoplasmic inclusions in the conjunctival epithelial cells, hence the name "inclusion conjunctivitis."

The symptoms of inclusion conjunctivitis include redness, irritation, and discharge from the eyes. It can also cause swelling of the lymph nodes near the ears. In severe cases, it can lead to scarring and damage to the cornea, potentially resulting in vision loss. The infection is typically spread through direct contact with eye or nose discharge from an infected person, and it can also be sexually transmitted.

Treatment for inclusion conjunctivitis usually involves antibiotics, such as azithromycin or doxycycline, to eliminate the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure that the infection is fully cleared and to prevent recurrence. In addition, good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items like towels and washcloths, can help prevent the spread of the infection.

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is a condition characterized by the sudden onset of inflammation and bleeding in the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. This type of conjunctivitis typically causes redness, pain, and sensitivity to light, as well as a gritty or foreign body sensation in the eye.

The bleeding in acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is caused by the rupture of small blood vessels in the conjunctiva. This can result in the appearance of small red spots (petechiae) or larger blood blisters (hematomas) on the surface of the eye. In some cases, the bleeding may be severe enough to partially obscure vision.

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is usually caused by a viral infection, most commonly by enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus A24 and adenovirus type 8. It can also be caused by other infectious agents, including bacteria and certain parasites.

The condition typically resolves on its own within one to two weeks, although in severe cases medical treatment may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include artificial tears or lubricants to relieve dryness and irritation, as well as antibiotics if a bacterial infection is suspected.

Preventive measures such as good hygiene practices, including frequent hand washing and avoiding touching the eyes with unwashed hands, can help prevent the spread of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. It is also important to avoid sharing personal items such as towels or washcloths with others who may be infected.

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the eye, also known as the sclera. It helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants. The conjunctiva can become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye).

Inclusion bodies are abnormal, intracellular accumulations or aggregations of various misfolded proteins, protein complexes, or other materials within the cells of an organism. They can be found in various tissues and cell types and are often associated with several pathological conditions, including infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and genetic diseases.

Inclusion bodies can vary in size, shape, and location depending on the specific disease or condition. Some inclusion bodies have a characteristic appearance under the microscope, such as eosinophilic (pink) staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological stain, while others may require specialized stains or immunohistochemical techniques to identify the specific misfolded proteins involved.

Examples of diseases associated with inclusion bodies include:

1. Infectious diseases: Some viral infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, and herpes simplex virus, can lead to the formation of inclusion bodies within infected cells.
2. Neurodegenerative disorders: Several neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies, including Alzheimer's disease (amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles), Parkinson's disease (Lewy bodies), Huntington's disease (Huntingtin aggregates), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (TDP-43 and SOD1 inclusions).
3. Genetic diseases: Certain genetic disorders, such as Danon disease, neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, and some lysosomal storage disorders, can also present with inclusion bodies due to the accumulation of abnormal proteins or metabolic products within cells.

The exact role of inclusion bodies in disease pathogenesis remains unclear; however, they are often associated with cellular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and increased inflammation, which can contribute to disease progression and neurodegeneration.

'Ambrosia' is a term that does not have a specific medical definition. In general, it refers to the food or drink of the Greek gods, said to confer immortality upon them. It has been used in various contexts outside of its mythological origins, such as in botany to refer to certain types of plants, and in popular culture to name a genus of weed pollen that can cause severe allergic reactions. However, it does not have a technical medical meaning.

Enterovirus C, Human (HEV-C) is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family and consist of a single strand of RNA enclosed in a protein shell. They are named "enteroviruses" because they are typically found in the gastrointestinal tract and are transmitted through the fecal-oral route.

HEV-C includes several serotypes, such as Coxsackievirus A21, A24, B3, B5, and Echovirus 9, 11, 16, 30. These viruses can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like fever, rash, and sore throat to more severe diseases such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis.

HEV-C infections are common worldwide, and they often occur in children and young adults. The viruses can be spread through respiratory droplets, contaminated food or water, and direct contact with infected individuals. In many cases, HEV-C infections may not cause any symptoms or only mild ones, but some people may develop severe illnesses that require hospitalization.

Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and avoiding sharing food, drinks, or utensils with infected persons. There is no specific treatment for HEV-C infections, but supportive care can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Ophthalmia Neonatorum is a medical term that refers to a conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva) occurring in the first 28 days of life, often presenting with purulent discharge and redness of the eye. It can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or bacterial flora from the mother's birth canal or hospital environment. Immediate treatment is necessary to prevent potential blindness and other complications. Prophylaxis with erythromycin ointment is often recommended for all newborns.

Keratoconjunctivitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of both the cornea (the clear, outer layer at the front of the eye) and the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye).

The condition can cause symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, watery eyes, and a gritty or burning sensation in the eyes. Keratoconjunctivitis can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or environmental irritants like dust, smoke, or chemical fumes.

Treatment for keratoconjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications such as antibiotics, antivirals, or anti-inflammatory agents to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In some cases, artificial tears or lubricants may also be recommended to help keep the eyes moist and comfortable.

Blepharitis is a common inflammatory condition that affects the eyelids, specifically the eyelash follicles and the edges of the eyelids (called the "eyelid margins"). It can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, and a crusty or flaky buildup on the lashes. Blepharitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infection, skin disorders like seborrheic dermatitis or rosacea, and meibomian gland dysfunction. It is often a chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment to manage symptoms and prevent recurrence.

Ophthalmic solutions are sterile, single-use or multi-dose preparations in a liquid form that are intended for topical administration to the eye. These solutions can contain various types of medications, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, or lubricants, which are used to treat or prevent ocular diseases and conditions.

The pH and osmolarity of ophthalmic solutions are carefully controlled to match the physiological environment of the eye and minimize any potential discomfort or irritation. The solutions may be packaged in various forms, including drops, sprays, or irrigations, depending on the intended use and administration route.

It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by a healthcare professional when administering ophthalmic solutions, as improper use can lead to eye injury or reduced effectiveness of the medication.

In medical terms, "tears" are a clear, salty liquid that is produced by the tear glands (lacrimal glands) in our eyes. They serve to keep the eyes moist, protect against dust and other foreign particles, and help to provide clear vision by maintaining a smooth surface on the front of the eye. Tears consist of water, oil, and mucus, which help to prevent evaporation and ensure that the tears spread evenly across the surface of the eye. Emotional or reflexive responses, such as crying or yawning, can also stimulate the production of tears.

Adenoviridae infections refer to diseases caused by members of the Adenoviridae family of viruses, which are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses. These viruses can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds. In humans, adenovirus infections can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific type of virus and the age and immune status of the infected individual.

Common manifestations of adenovirus infections in humans include:

1. Respiratory illness: Adenoviruses are a common cause of respiratory tract infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and croup. They can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye) and pharyngoconjunctival fever.
2. Gastrointestinal illness: Some types of adenoviruses can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, particularly in children and immunocompromised individuals.
3. Genitourinary illness: Adenoviruses have been associated with urinary tract infections, hemorrhagic cystitis, and nephritis.
4. Eye infections: Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is a severe form of conjunctivitis caused by certain adenovirus types.
5. Central nervous system infections: Adenoviruses have been linked to meningitis, encephalitis, and other neurological disorders, although these are rare.

Transmission of adenoviruses typically occurs through respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, or contaminated water. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. There is no specific treatment for adenovirus infections, but supportive care can help alleviate symptoms. In severe cases or in immunocompromised patients, antiviral therapy may be considered.

Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that commonly cause respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and fevers in humans. They can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye), croup, and stomach and intestinal inflammation (gastroenteritis). Adenovirus infections are most common in children, but people of any age can be infected. The viruses spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. There is no specific treatment for adenovirus infections, and most people recover on their own within a week or two. However, some people may develop more severe illness, particularly those with weakened immune systems. Preventive measures include frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. Some adenoviruses can also cause serious diseases in people with compromised immune systems, such as transplant recipients and people undergoing cancer treatment. There are vaccines available to prevent some types of adenovirus infections in military recruits, who are at higher risk due to close living quarters and stress on the immune system from basic training.

'Chlamydophila psittaci' is a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that causes psittacosis, also known as parrot fever. It is commonly found in birds, particularly parrots and psittacines, but can also infect other bird species, mammals, and humans. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fever, headache, cough, and pneumonia. Human-to-human transmission is rare, and the disease is typically acquired through inhalation of dried secretions or feces from infected birds.

'Chlamydia trachomatis' is a species of bacterium that is the causative agent of several infectious diseases in humans. It is an obligate intracellular pathogen, meaning it can only survive and reproduce inside host cells. The bacteria are transmitted through sexual contact, and can cause a range of genital tract infections, including urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and epididymitis. In women, chlamydial infection can also lead to serious complications such as ectopic pregnancy and infertility.

In addition to genital infections, 'Chlamydia trachomatis' is also responsible for two other diseases: trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). Trachoma is a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide, affecting mostly children in developing countries. It is spread through contact with contaminated hands, clothing, or eye secretions. LGV is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause inflammation of the lymph nodes, rectum, and genitals.

'Chlamydia trachomatis' infections are often asymptomatic, making them difficult to diagnose and treat. However, they can be detected through laboratory tests such as nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) or culture. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as azithromycin or doxycycline. Prevention measures include safe sex practices, regular screening for STIs, and good hygiene.

Trachoma is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It primarily affects the eyes, causing repeated infections that lead to scarring of the inner eyelid and eyelashes turning inward (trichiasis), which can result in damage to the cornea and blindness if left untreated.

The disease is spread through direct contact with eye or nose discharge from infected individuals, often through contaminated fingers, shared towels, or flies that have come into contact with the discharge. Trachoma is prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water, making it a significant public health issue in many developing countries.

Preventive measures include improving personal hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, promoting facial cleanliness, and providing safe water and sanitation facilities. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection and surgery for advanced cases with trichiasis or corneal damage.

Iritis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the iris, which is the colored part of the eye. The iris controls the size of the pupil and thus regulates the amount of light that enters the eye. Iritis can cause symptoms such as eye pain, redness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), blurred vision, and headaches. It is often treated with anti-inflammatory medications and may require prompt medical attention to prevent complications such as glaucoma or vision loss. The underlying cause of iritis can vary and may include infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma, or other conditions.

Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.

When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.

Psittacosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci, which is typically found in birds. It can be transmitted to humans through inhalation of dried secretions or feces from infected birds, and less commonly, through direct contact with infected birds or their environments. The disease is characterized by symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, cough, and pneumonia. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, heart inflammation, and even death if left untreated. It's important to note that psittacosis is treatable with antibiotics, and early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a favorable prognosis.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

Inclusion bodies, viral are typically described as intracellular inclusions that appear as a result of viral infections. These inclusion bodies consist of aggregates of virus-specific proteins, viral particles, or both, which accumulate inside the host cell's cytoplasm or nucleus during the replication cycle of certain viruses.

The presence of inclusion bodies can sometimes be observed through histological or cytological examination using various staining techniques. Different types of viruses may exhibit distinct morphologies and locations of these inclusion bodies, which can aid in the identification and diagnosis of specific viral infections. However, it is important to note that not all viral infections result in the formation of inclusion bodies, and their presence does not necessarily indicate active viral replication or infection.

An enterovirus is a type of virus that primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, or by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus.

While many people infected with enteroviruses may not experience any symptoms, some may develop mild to severe illnesses such as hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in case of poliovirus). Infection can occur in people of all ages, but young children are more susceptible to infection and severe illness.

Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing food or drinks with someone who is ill. There are also vaccines available to prevent poliovirus infection.

Chlamydia infections are caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and can affect multiple body sites, including the genitals, eyes, and respiratory system. The most common type of chlamydia infection is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that affects the genitals.

In women, chlamydia infections can cause symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, burning during urination, and pain in the lower abdomen. In men, symptoms may include discharge from the penis, painful urination, and testicular pain or swelling. However, many people with chlamydia infections do not experience any symptoms at all.

If left untreated, chlamydia infections can lead to serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can cause infertility and ectopic pregnancy. In men, chlamydia infections can cause epididymitis, an inflammation of the tube that carries sperm from the testicles, which can also lead to infertility.

Chlamydia infections are diagnosed through a variety of tests, including urine tests and swabs taken from the affected area. Once diagnosed, chlamydia infections can be treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin or doxycycline. It is important to note that treatment only clears the infection and does not repair any damage caused by the infection.

Prevention measures include practicing safe sex, getting regular STI screenings, and avoiding sharing towels or other personal items that may come into contact with infected bodily fluids.

Conjunctival diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye (known as the sclera). The conjunctiva helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants.

Conjunctival diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, itching, burning, discharge, grittiness, and pain. Some common conjunctival diseases include:

1. Conjunctivitis (pink eye): This is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. Symptoms may include redness, itching, discharge, and watery eyes.
2. Pinguecula: This is a yellowish, raised bump that forms on the conjunctiva, usually near the corner of the eye. It is caused by an overgrowth of connective tissue and may be related to sun exposure or dry eye.
3. Pterygium: This is a fleshy growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea (the clear front part of the eye). It can cause redness, irritation, and vision problems if it grows large enough to cover the pupil.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms may include redness, itching, watery eyes, and swelling.
5. Chemical conjunctivitis: This is an irritation or inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by exposure to chemicals such as chlorine, smoke, or fumes. Symptoms may include redness, burning, and tearing.
6. Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC): This is a type of allergic reaction that occurs in response to the presence of a foreign body in the eye, such as a contact lens. Symptoms may include itching, mucus discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye.

Treatment for conjunctival diseases depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, over-the-counter medications or home remedies may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. However, more severe cases may require prescription medication or medical intervention. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms of conjunctival disease.

"Cryptomeria" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is actually the scientific name for a type of evergreen tree, also known as Japanese cedar. In some cases, Cryptomeria pollen may cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. However, it is not a medical condition itself.

Pollen, in a medical context, refers to the fine powder-like substance produced by the male reproductive organ of seed plants. It contains microscopic grains known as pollen grains, which are transported by various means such as wind, water, or insects to the female reproductive organ of the same or another plant species for fertilization.

Pollen can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly during the spring and summer months when plants release large amounts of pollen into the air. These allergies, also known as hay fever or seasonal allergic rhinitis, can result in symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, congestion, itchy eyes, and coughing.

It is important to note that while all pollen has the potential to cause allergic reactions, certain types of plants, such as ragweed, grasses, and trees, are more likely to trigger symptoms in sensitive individuals.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection caused by the species Chlamydia trachomatis. It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. The bacteria can infect the genital tract, urinary tract, eyes, and rectum. In women, it can also infect the reproductive organs and cause serious complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.

Chlamydia is often asymptomatic, especially in women, which makes it easy to spread unknowingly. When symptoms do occur, they may include abnormal vaginal or penile discharge, burning sensation during urination, pain during sexual intercourse, and painful testicular swelling in men. Chlamydia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including urine tests and swab samples from the infected site.

The infection is easily treated with antibiotics, but if left untreated, it can lead to serious health complications. It's important to get tested regularly for STIs, especially if you are sexually active with multiple partners or have unprotected sex. Prevention methods include using condoms during sexual activity and practicing good personal hygiene.

An eye hemorrhage, also known as subconjunctival hemorrhage, is a condition where there is bleeding in the eye, specifically under the conjunctiva which is the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye (sclera). This membrane has tiny blood vessels that can rupture and cause blood to accumulate, leading to a visible red patch on the surface of the eye.

Eye hemorrhages are usually painless and harmless, and they often resolve on their own within 1-2 weeks without any treatment. However, if they occur frequently or are accompanied by other symptoms such as vision changes, pain, or sensitivity to light, it is important to seek medical attention as they could indicate a more serious underlying condition. Common causes of eye hemorrhages include trauma, high blood pressure, blood thinners, and aging.

Histamine H1 antagonists, also known as H1 blockers or antihistamines, are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of histamine at the H1 receptor. Histamine is a chemical mediator released by mast cells and basophils in response to an allergic reaction or injury. It causes various symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and wheal and flare reactions (hives).

H1 antagonists prevent the binding of histamine to its receptor, thereby alleviating these symptoms. They are commonly used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever, hives, and eczema, as well as motion sickness and insomnia. Examples of H1 antagonists include diphenhydramine (Benadryl), loratadine (Claritin), cetirizine (Zyrtec), and doxylamine (Unisom).

Anti-allergic agents, also known as antihistamines, are a class of medications used to treat allergies. They work by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that is released during an allergic reaction and causes symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.

There are two main types of antihistamines: first-generation and second-generation. First-generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton), can cause drowsiness and other side effects, such as dry mouth and blurred vision. They are typically used for the treatment of short-term symptoms, such as those caused by seasonal allergies or a mild reaction to an insect bite.

Second-generation antihistamines, such as loratadine (Claritin) and cetirizine (Zyrtec), are less likely to cause drowsiness and other side effects. They are often used for the long-term treatment of chronic allergies, such as those caused by dust mites or pet dander.

In addition to their use in treating allergies, antihistamines may also be used to treat symptoms of motion sickness, insomnia, and anxiety. It is important to follow the instructions on the label when taking antihistamines and to talk to a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using these medications.

Chlamydiaceae infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Chlamydiaceae, including the species Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae. These bacteria can infect various tissues in the human body and cause a range of diseases.

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide, causing urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, and infertility in both men and women. It can also cause ocular and respiratory tract infections, including trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide.

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and bronchitis, as well as pharyngitis, sinusitis, and otitis media. It can also cause chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic pathogen that primarily infects birds but can occasionally cause severe respiratory illness in humans, known as psittacosis or ornithosis.

Diagnosis of Chlamydiaceae infections typically involves nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, which can detect the genetic material of the bacteria in clinical samples. Treatment usually involves antibiotics such as azithromycin or doxycycline, which can eliminate the infection and prevent complications. Prevention measures include safe sexual practices, proper hygiene, and avoiding contact with infected animals.

Genital diseases in females refer to various medical conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries. These conditions can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, hormonal imbalances, or structural abnormalities. Some common examples of genital diseases in females include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus (HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and vulvar or vaginal cancer. Symptoms of genital diseases in females can vary widely depending on the specific condition but may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain or discomfort during sex, irregular menstrual bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain. It is important for women to receive regular gynecological care and screenings to detect and treat genital diseases early and prevent complications.

An allergen is a substance that can cause an allergic reaction in some people. These substances are typically harmless to most people, but for those with allergies, the immune system mistakenly identifies them as threats and overreacts, leading to the release of histamines and other chemicals that cause symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, rashes, hives, and difficulty breathing. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, insect venom, and certain foods or medications. When a person comes into contact with an allergen, they may experience symptoms that range from mild to severe, depending on the individual's sensitivity to the substance and the amount of exposure.

Silver nitrate is defined as an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AgNO3. It is a white or colorless crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. Silver nitrate is commonly used in medicine as a topical antiseptic and caustic, particularly for the treatment of wounds, ulcers, and warts. When applied to skin or mucous membranes, it can help to destroy bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and promote healing. However, it can also cause irritation and tissue damage if used inappropriately, so it should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

'Influenza A Virus, H7N3 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the Influenza A virus that is characterized by hemagglutinin protein 7 (H7) and neuraminidase protein 3 (N3) on its surface. This subtype has been known to cause outbreaks in poultry populations, and can occasionally infect humans who have close contact with infected birds. It has the potential to cause serious illness or even death, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. However, it is important to note that H7N3 influenza viruses are not currently circulating in humans and are not a direct threat to public health at this time.

Adenoviruses, Human: A group of viruses that commonly cause respiratory illnesses, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and croup, in humans. They can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye), cystitis (bladder infection), and gastroenteritis (stomach and intestinal infection).

Human adenoviruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that belong to the family Adenoviridae. There are more than 50 different types of human adenoviruses, which can be classified into seven species (A-G). Different types of adenoviruses tend to cause specific illnesses, such as respiratory or gastrointestinal infections.

Human adenoviruses are highly contagious and can spread through close personal contact, respiratory droplets, or contaminated surfaces. They can also be transmitted through contaminated water sources. Some people may become carriers of the virus and experience no symptoms but still spread the virus to others.

Most human adenovirus infections are mild and resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, some types of adenoviruses can cause severe illness, particularly in people with weakened immune systems, such as infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with HIV/AIDS or organ transplants.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for human adenovirus infections, but supportive care, such as hydration, rest, and fever reduction, can help manage symptoms. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing personal items like towels or utensils.

Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.

Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.

Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.

Enterovirus D, human (HEV-D) is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family and are characterized by their ability to grow in the intestines of infected individuals. HEV-D includes several serotypes, such as EV-D68 and EV-D70, which can cause a range of illnesses, from mild respiratory symptoms to severe neurological diseases.

HEV-D viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through coughing or sneezing, or by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth or nose. They can also be transmitted through fecal-oral transmission, particularly in children who are not yet toilet trained.

Some of the symptoms associated with HEV-D infections include fever, runny nose, cough, and muscle aches. In more severe cases, HEV-D can cause neurological complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a rare but serious condition that affects the spinal cord and can lead to paralysis.

There is no specific treatment for HEV-D infections, and most people recover on their own within a few weeks. However, hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases, particularly those involving neurological complications. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and cleaning and disinfecting surfaces regularly.

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a rare inflammatory muscle disease characterized by progressive weakness and wasting (atrophy) of skeletal muscles. The term "inclusion body" refers to the presence of abnormal protein accumulations within muscle fibers, which are observed under a microscope during muscle biopsy. These inclusions are primarily composed of aggregated forms of amyloid-β and tau proteins, similar to those found in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease.

IBM typically affects individuals over 50 years old, and it is more common in men than women. The disease usually starts with weakness in the wrist and finger flexors, making it difficult to perform tasks such as gripping, buttoning shirts, or lifting objects. Over time, the weakness spreads to other muscle groups, including the thigh muscles (quadriceps), resulting in difficulty climbing stairs or rising from a seated position.

The exact cause of inclusion body myositis remains unclear; however, both immune-mediated and degenerative mechanisms are believed to contribute to its pathogenesis. Currently, there is no cure for IBM, and treatment options are primarily aimed at managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Immunosuppressive medications may be used to target the inflammatory component of the disease; however, their efficacy varies among patients. Physical therapy and exercise programs can help maintain muscle strength and function as much as possible.

Bacterial eye infections, also known as bacterial conjunctivitis or bacterial keratitis, are caused by the invasion of bacteria into the eye. The most common types of bacteria that cause these infections include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. Symptoms include severe pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and decreased vision.

Bacterial eye infections are typically treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect a bacterial eye infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications such as corneal ulcers and vision loss. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing your eyes.

"Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype" is a type of influenza virus that causes respiratory illness in humans and animals. The "H" and "N" in the name refer to two proteins on the surface of the virus, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), respectively. In this subtype, the H7 protein is combined with the N7 protein.

H7N7 viruses are primarily avian influenza viruses, meaning they naturally infect birds. However, they can occasionally infect other animals, including humans, and have caused sporadic human infections and outbreaks, mainly in people who have close contact with infected birds or their droppings.

H7N7 infections in humans can range from mild to severe respiratory illness, and some cases have resulted in death. However, human-to-human transmission of H7N7 viruses is rare. Public health authorities closely monitor H7N7 and other avian influenza viruses due to their potential to cause a pandemic if they acquire the ability to transmit efficiently between humans.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

A "newborn infant" refers to a baby in the first 28 days of life outside of the womb. This period is crucial for growth and development, but also poses unique challenges as the infant's immune system is not fully developed, making them more susceptible to various diseases.

"Newborn diseases" are health conditions that specifically affect newborn infants. These can be categorized into three main types:

1. Congenital disorders: These are conditions that are present at birth and may be inherited or caused by factors such as infection, exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy, or chromosomal abnormalities. Examples include Down syndrome, congenital heart defects, and spina bifida.

2. Infectious diseases: Newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to infections due to their immature immune systems. Common infectious diseases in newborns include sepsis (bloodstream infection), pneumonia, and meningitis. These can be acquired from the mother during pregnancy or childbirth, or from the environment after birth.

3. Developmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the normal growth and development of the newborn infant. Examples include cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, and vision or hearing impairments.

It is important to note that many newborn diseases can be prevented or treated with appropriate medical care, including prenatal care, proper hygiene practices, and timely vaccinations. Regular check-ups and monitoring of the newborn's health by a healthcare provider are essential for early detection and management of any potential health issues.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

I must clarify that the term "Guinea Pigs" is not typically used in medical definitions. However, in colloquial or informal language, it may refer to people who are used as the first to try out a new medical treatment or drug. This is known as being a "test subject" or "in a clinical trial."

In the field of scientific research, particularly in studies involving animals, guinea pigs are small rodents that are often used as experimental subjects due to their size, cost-effectiveness, and ease of handling. They are not actually pigs from Guinea, despite their name's origins being unclear. However, they do not exactly fit the description of being used in human medical experiments.

Keratitis is a medical condition that refers to inflammation of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an essential role in focusing vision, and any damage or infection can cause significant visual impairment. Keratitis can result from various causes, including bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, as well as trauma, allergies, or underlying medical conditions such as dry eye syndrome. Symptoms of keratitis may include redness, pain, tearing, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and a feeling of something foreign in the eye. Treatment for keratitis depends on the underlying cause but typically includes antibiotics, antivirals, or anti-fungal medications, as well as measures to alleviate symptoms and promote healing.

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by certain strains of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It primarily affects the lymphatic system, leading to inflammation and swelling of the lymph nodes, particularly in the genital area.

The progression of LGV typically occurs in three stages:
1. Primary stage: A small painless papule or ulcer forms at the site of infection, usually on the genitals, within 3-30 days after exposure. This stage is often asymptomatic and resolves on its own within a few weeks.
2. Secondary stage: Within a few weeks to months after the initial infection, patients may develop painful inguinal or femoral lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) in the groin area, which can sometimes break open and drain. Other possible symptoms include fever, chills, malaise, headache, and joint pain.
3. Tertiary stage: If left untreated, LGV can lead to chronic complications such as fibrosis (scarring) and strictures of the lymphatic vessels, genital elephantiasis (severe swelling of the genitals), and rectovaginal fistulas (abnormal connections between the rectum and vagina).

LGV is more common in tropical and subtropical regions but has been increasingly reported in industrialized countries, particularly among men who have sex with men. Diagnosis typically involves laboratory testing of fluid from an infected lymph node or a sample from the genital ulcer. Treatment consists of antibiotics such as doxycycline, azithromycin, or erythromycin, which can effectively cure the infection if administered promptly.

Viral eye infections are caused by viruses that invade different parts of the eye, leading to inflammation and irritation. Some common types of viral eye infections include conjunctivitis (pink eye), keratitis, and dendritic ulcers. These infections can cause symptoms such as redness, watering, soreness, sensitivity to light, and discharge. In some cases, viral eye infections can also lead to complications like corneal scarring and vision loss if left untreated. They are often highly contagious and can spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or respiratory droplets. Antiviral medications may be used to treat certain types of viral eye infections, but in many cases, the infection will resolve on its own over time. Preventive measures such as good hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes can help reduce the risk of viral eye infections.

Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) is a statistical concept used in clinical medicine and research. It represents the number of patients you need to treat with a particular intervention or therapy, in order to achieve a desired outcome, compared to a control group that does not receive the treatment. The lower the NNT, the more effective the treatment is considered to be, as fewer patients need to be treated to see a benefit. It's important to note that NNT should always be interpreted within the context of the study and the specific patient population being studied.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Direct is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory diagnostic tests. It is a method for identifying and locating specific antigens in cells or tissues by using fluorescent-labeled antibodies that directly bind to the target antigen.

In this technique, a sample (such as a tissue section or cell smear) is prepared and then treated with a fluorescently labeled primary antibody that specifically binds to the antigen of interest. After washing away unbound antibodies, the sample is examined under a fluorescence microscope. If the antigen is present in the sample, it will be visible as distinct areas of fluorescence, allowing for the direct visualization and localization of the antigen within the cells or tissues.

Direct FAT is commonly used in diagnostic laboratories to identify and diagnose various infectious diseases, including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. It can also be used to detect specific proteins or antigens in research and clinical settings.

Foreign bodies in the eye refer to any object or particle that is not normally present in the eye and becomes lodged in it. These foreign bodies can range from small particles like sand or dust to larger objects such as metal shavings or glass. They can cause irritation, pain, redness, watering, and even vision loss if they are not removed promptly and properly.

The symptoms of an eye foreign body may include:

* A feeling that something is in the eye
* Pain or discomfort in the eye
* Redness or inflammation of the eye
* Watering or tearing of the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Blurred vision or difficulty seeing

If you suspect that you have a foreign body in your eye, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. An eye care professional can examine your eye and determine the best course of treatment to remove the foreign body and prevent any further damage to your eye.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Atypical bacterial forms refer to morphological variations of bacteria that differ from their traditional, well-described shapes. While most bacteria are classified as cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), or spirochetes (spiral-shaped), atypical bacterial forms can include pleomorphic (variable shape) organisms, filamentous (threadlike) forms, L-forms (cell wall deficient bacteria), and other unusual morphologies.

These atypical forms may arise due to various factors such as environmental stress, genetic mutations, or the influence of antibiotics. They can be more resistant to antibiotic treatment and evade host immune responses, making them challenging to diagnose and treat. Atypical bacterial forms have been implicated in several chronic infectious diseases, including some cases of periodontitis, prostatitis, and various systemic inflammatory conditions. However, their clinical significance remains a subject of ongoing research and debate.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New Hampshire" is not a medical term or concept. It is one of the 50 states in the United States of America, located in the New England region. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Nasopharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat behind the nose. It is often caused by viral infections such as the common cold, but can also be due to bacterial or allergic causes. Symptoms may include a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, sneezing, and cough.

A corneal ulcer is a medical condition that affects the eye, specifically the cornea. It is characterized by an open sore or lesion on the surface of the cornea, which can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or fungal infections, viruses, or injury to the eye.

The cornea is a transparent tissue that covers the front part of the eye and protects it from harmful particles, bacteria, and other foreign substances. When the cornea becomes damaged or infected, it can lead to the development of an ulcer. Symptoms of a corneal ulcer may include pain, redness, tearing, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and a white spot on the surface of the eye.

Corneal ulcers require prompt medical attention to prevent further damage to the eye and potential loss of vision. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, as well as pain management and measures to protect the eye while it heals. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damage to the cornea.

Parasitic eye infections are conditions characterized by the invasion and infestation of the eye or its surrounding structures by parasites. These can be protozoans, helminths, or ectoparasites. Examples of such infections include Acanthamoeba keratitis, which is caused by a free-living amoeba found in water and soil; Toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii; Loiasis, which is caused by the parasitic filarial worm Loa loa; and Demodicosis, which is caused by the mite Demodex folliculorum. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of parasite but often include redness, pain, discharge, and vision changes. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications and sometimes surgery to remove the parasites or damaged tissue. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices and avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil.

'Bird diseases' is a broad term that refers to the various medical conditions and infections that can affect avian species. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances and can affect pet birds, wild birds, and poultry. Some common bird diseases include:

1. Avian influenza (bird flu) - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, decreased appetite, and sudden death in birds.
2. Psittacosis (parrot fever) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, fever, and lethargy in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
3. Aspergillosis - a fungal infection that can cause respiratory symptoms and weight loss in birds.
4. Candidiasis (thrush) - a fungal infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and other parts of the digestive system in birds.
5. Newcastle disease - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, neurological signs, and decreased egg production in birds.
6. Salmonellosis - a bacterial infection that can cause diarrhea, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
7. Trichomoniasis - a parasitic infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and digestive system in birds.
8. Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
9. Coccidiosis - a parasitic infection that can affect the digestive system in birds.
10. Mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause chronic weight loss, respiratory symptoms, and skin lesions in birds.

It is important to note that some bird diseases can be transmitted to humans and other animals, so it is essential to practice good hygiene when handling birds or their droppings. If you suspect your bird may be sick, it is best to consult with a veterinarian who specializes in avian medicine.

Povidone-Iodine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, which is a complex of iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). This complex allows for sustained release of iodine, providing persistent antimicrobial activity. It has been widely used in various clinical settings, including as a surgical scrub, wound disinfection, and skin preparation before invasive procedures. Povidone-Iodine is effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. The mechanism of action involves the release of iodine ions, which oxidize cellular components and disrupt microbial membranes, leading to cell death.

Eyelid diseases refer to a variety of medical conditions that affect the function and/or appearance of the eyelids. These can include structural abnormalities, such as entropion (inward turning of the eyelid) or ectropion (outward turning of the eyelid), as well as functional issues like ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). Other common eyelid diseases include blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid margin), chalazion (a blocked oil gland in the eyelid), and cancerous or benign growths on the eyelid. Symptoms of eyelid diseases can vary widely, but often include redness, swelling, pain, itching, tearing, and sensitivity to light. Treatment for these conditions depends on the specific diagnosis and may range from self-care measures and medications to surgical intervention.

Intranuclear inclusion bodies are abnormal, rounded structures found within the nucleus of a cell. They are composed of aggregated proteins or other cellular components and can be associated with various viral infections and certain genetic disorders. These inclusion bodies can interfere with normal nuclear functions, leading to cell damage and contributing to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cytomegalovirus infection, rabies, and some forms of neurodegenerative disorders like polyglutamine diseases. The presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies is often used in diagnostic pathology to help identify specific underlying conditions.

Coxsackievirus infections are a type of viral illness caused by Coxsackie A and B viruses, which belong to the family Picornaviridae. These viruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific strain and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

The most common types of Coxsackievirus infections are hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. HFMD is characterized by fever, sore throat, and a rash that typically appears on the hands, feet, and mouth. Herpangina is similar but is usually marked by painful sores in the back of the mouth or throat.

Other possible symptoms of Coxsackievirus infections include:

* Fever
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain

In some cases, Coxsackievirus infections can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), or pleurodynia (also known as "devil's grip," a painful inflammation of the chest and abdominal muscles).

Coxsackievirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or by touching contaminated surfaces. The viruses can also be spread through fecal-oral transmission.

There is no specific treatment for Coxsackievirus infections, and most people recover on their own within a week or two. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and pain relief. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Maine" is not a medical term or concept. It is actually the name of a state, the 23rd state to join the United States of America. Maine is located in the northeastern part of the country and is known for its rocky coastline, maritime history, and natural beauty. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those!

Allergic rhinitis, perennial type, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an allergic response to environmental allergens that are present throughout the year. Unlike seasonal allergic rhinitis, which is triggered by specific pollens or molds during certain times of the year, perennial allergic rhinitis is a persistent condition that occurs year-round.

Common allergens responsible for perennial allergic rhinitis include dust mites, cockroaches, pet dander, and indoor mold spores. Symptoms may include sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, itchy eyes, ears, throat, or roof of the mouth. Treatment options typically involve avoiding exposure to the offending allergens, if possible, as well as medications such as antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, and leukotriene receptor antagonists to manage symptoms. Immunotherapy (allergy shots) may also be recommended for long-term management in some cases.

Dibenzoxepins are a class of organic compounds that contain a seven-membered ring consisting of two benzene rings fused to an oxygen atom. This structure is a heterocyclic compound, and dibenzoxepins are aromatic in nature. They can be found in some natural sources, but many dibenzoxepin derivatives are synthesized for use in pharmaceuticals and other applications.

In the medical field, certain dibenzoxepin derivatives have been explored for their potential therapeutic benefits. For instance, some of these compounds have shown promise as anti-inflammatory, analgesic (pain-relieving), and antipyretic (fever-reducing) agents. Additionally, some dibenzoxepin derivatives are being investigated for their potential use in treating neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia due to their ability to interact with various neurotransmitter systems in the brain.

It is important to note that while these compounds have shown promise in preclinical studies, further research is needed to establish their safety and efficacy in humans before they can be approved as medications. Additionally, individual dibenzoxepin derivatives may have different properties, indications, and side effects, so it's essential to consult medical literature or healthcare professionals for specific information on each compound.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that plays a key role in the immune response to parasitic infections and allergies. It is produced by B cells in response to stimulation by antigens, such as pollen, pet dander, or certain foods. Once produced, IgE binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, which are immune cells found in tissues and blood respectively. When an individual with IgE antibodies encounters the allergen again, the cross-linking of IgE molecules bound to the FcεRI receptor triggers the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and various cytokines from these cells. These mediators cause the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, and redness. IgE also plays a role in protecting against certain parasitic infections by activating eosinophils, which can kill the parasites.

In summary, Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune response to allergens and parasitic infections, it binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, when an individual with IgE antibodies encounters the allergen again, it triggers the release of mediators from these cells causing the symptoms of an allergic reaction.

Inclusion blennorrhoea aka chlamydial conjunctivitis or swimming pool conjunctivitis, is a condition affecting infants born to ... cite web}}: ,first= has generic name (help) "inclusion conjunctivitis". (CS1 errors: generic name, Articles with short ... women infected with inclusion conjunctivitis of the urogenital tract, frequently caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, a sexually ... Such infants may develop acute neonatal conjunctivitis within a few days of birth, and smears from their eyes reveal the ...
Neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis caused by C. trachomatis should be treated with oral erythromycin. Topical therapy is not ... Neonatal conjunctivitis is a form of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the outer eye) which affects newborn babies following ... In contrast, conjunctivitis secondary to infection with C. trachomatis produces conjunctivitis 3 days to 2 weeks after delivery ... "Neonatal Conjunctivitis Treatment & Management: Treatment of Neonatal Herpetic Conjunctivitis". Retrieved 2013-08-11. ...
Glycogen has been detected in Chlamydia suis inclusions in infected swine tissues and in cell culture. C. suis is associated ... with conjunctivitis, enteritis and pneumonia in swine. Some strains have enhanced resistance to sulfadiazine and tetracycline. ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis from C. trachomatis is responsible for about 19% of adult cases of conjunctivitis. Treatment depends ... In the form of inclusion conjunctivitis the infection presents with redness, swelling, mucopurulent discharge from the eye, and ... The elementary body enters the host cell, surrounded by a host vacuole, called an inclusion. Within the inclusion, C. ... and it also affects the eyes in the form of inclusion conjunctivitis and is responsible for about 19% of adult cases of ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn is a conjunctivitis that may be caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, and may ... The most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis is viral conjunctivitis. It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 ... Sheikh, Aziz; Hurwitz, Brian (2008), "BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS 372.05 (Infective Conjunctivitis, Mucopurulent Conjunctivitis, ... Conjunctivitis in a newborn, known as neonatal conjunctivitis, may also require specific treatment. Red eye, swelling of the ...
... conjunctivitis, bacterial MeSH C01.539.375.354.220.250 - conjunctivitis, inclusion MeSH C01.539.375.354.220.625 - ophthalmia ... conjunctivitis, bacterial MeSH C01.252.354.225.250 - conjunctivitis, inclusion MeSH C01.252.354.225.625 - ophthalmia neonatorum ... conjunctivitis, inclusion MeSH C01.252.400.210.210.490 - lymphogranuloma venereum MeSH C01.252.400.210.210.800 - trachoma MeSH ...
... inclusion conjunctivitis, and uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections in adults caused by Chlamydia ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis (chlamydial) Malaria Toxoplasmosis Candida albicans Histoplasmosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcus ... Asthma Atopic dermatitis Atopic eczema Hay fever Urticaria Vernal conjunctivitis Acne rosacea Albinism Atopic dermatitis ... Granulomatosis with polyangiitis may also cause inflammation of the optic nerve, ophthalmoplegia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, ... Vaccinia Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Mumps Infectious mononucleosis Influenza Cytomegalic inclusion disease ...
Chronic conjunctivitis (e.g. trachoma) and aging factor are two causes of conjunctival concretion, which will make the ... conjunctiva cellular degeneration to produce an epithelial inclusion cyst, filled with epithelial cells and keratin debris. ... There is no difference in age for predilection or incidence of concretions, due to the causes of conjunctivitis, aging, and ...
... disorder Inborn renal aminoaciduria Inborn urea cycle disorder Incisors fused Inclusion-cell disease Inclusion conjunctivitis ...
... a navy of China from 1875 until the end of Qing Empire in 1912 Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn, in medicine Intensive ...
... conjunctivitis, allergic MeSH C11.187.183.220 - conjunctivitis, bacterial MeSH C11.187.183.220.250 - conjunctivitis, inclusion ... conjunctivitis, bacterial MeSH C11.294.354.220.250 - conjunctivitis, inclusion MeSH C11.294.354.220.625 - ophthalmia neonatorum ... conjunctivitis, viral MeSH C11.294.800.250.250 - conjunctivitis, acute hemorrhagic MeSH C11.294.800.270 - cytomegalovirus ... MeSH C11.187.169 - conjunctival neoplasms MeSH C11.187.183 - conjunctivitis MeSH C11.187.183.200 - ...
The signs and symptoms are therefore those of a strep throat but these are followed by the inclusion of the characteristic ... and conjunctivitis are typically absent in scarlet fever; such symptoms indicate what is more likely a viral infection. Strep ...
Conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers are treated with topical antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection. Lysine is commonly ... may show inclusion bodies (a collection of viral particles) within the nucleus of infected cells. Polyprenyl immunostimulant is ... Initial signs of FVR include coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and sometimes fever (up to 106) and loss of ... Other ocular signs of FHV-1 infection include conjunctivitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (decreased tear production ...
"Inclusion Body Hepatitis and Hepatitis Hydropericardium Syndrome in Poultry - Poultry". Veterinary Manual. Kumar R, Kumar V, ... A combination of conjunctivitis and tonsillitis is particularly common with adenovirus infections. Some children (especially ... A doctor may give antibiotic eyedrops for conjunctivitis, while awaiting results of bacterial cultures, and to help prevent ... Chlorination of swimming pools can prevent outbreaks of conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus. Diagnosis is from symptoms and ...
... while remaining in a membrane-bound vesicle called an inclusion. Within the inclusion the RB cells will avoid the host cell's ... C. felis is a common cause of conjunctivitis and upper respiratory problems in cats. If left untreated, it leads to damage in ... Humans that are infected can suffer from conjunctivitis and/or respiratory problems. As typical of many members of its genus, C ... C. felis has been isolated from up to 30% of cats with conjunctivitis or upper respiratory tract disease. Doxycyline is an ...
Other very rare ophthalmological manifestations include: conjunctivitis, glaucoma, and retinal vascular disease. Crohn's ... should lead to inclusion of a renal stone in the differential diagnosis. Urological manifestations in patients with IBD may ...
Lid vesicles and conjunctivitis are seen in primary infection. Corneal involvement is rarely seen in primary infection. ... show multinucleated giant cells and intranuclear inclusion bodies, however, the test is low in sensitivity and specificity. DNA ... Recurrence can be accompanied by chronic dry eye, low grade intermittent conjunctivitis, or chronic unexplained sinusitis. ...
... prompting the inclusion of newer antibiotics (such as linezolid) that have shown efficacy in highly drug-resistant strains. ... for bacterial conjunctivitis, and systemically for meningitis when allergies to penicillin or cephalosporin exist. Unacceptably ...
Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be seen in the epidermis and in conjunctival epithelium. Negative-stain electron microscopic ... death may occur within 5 to 6 days of infection with minimal clinical signs other than the conjunctivitis. Death usually occurs ...
Typical inclusions called "Leventhal-Cole-Lillie bodies" can be seen within macrophages in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid. ... In the first week of psittacosis, the symptoms mimic typhoid fever, causing high fevers, joint pain, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, ...
However, results from DNA hybridization studies and 16S rRNA sequence comparisons were used to justify inclusion of the species ... conjunctivitis, acute purulent irritation of chronic bronchitis, urethritis, sepsis (although this is rare), septic arthritis ( ...
Inflammation of the outer layers of the eye (scleritis and episcleritis) and conjunctivitis are the most common signs of GPA in ... These criteria were not intended for diagnosis, but for inclusion in randomized controlled trials. Two or more positive ...
... where they can be seen as cross-shaped inclusions (four merozoites asexually budding, but attached together forming a structure ... Nausea Vomiting Sore throat Abdominal pain Pink eye/Conjunctivitis Photophobia (abnormal intolerance to visual perception of ...
Extended Orthography The inclusion of borrowed terms in native Minasbaté vocabulary has resulted in the change in the structure ... conjunctivitis', supa`-tulon 'very easy', atras-abante 'indecisive' Affixation of borrowed words that are proper names, e.g. pa ...
"The Lipid Transfer Protein CERT Interacts with the Chlamydia Inclusion Protein IncD and Participates to ER-Chlamydia Inclusion ... One example was the clinical trial of eye prophylaxis in newborns in the prevention of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by ...
... varicella syndrome Congestive heart failure Conjunctivitis ligneous Conjunctivitis with pseudomembrane Conjunctivitis ... protein defect of Cystinosis Cystinuria Cystinuria-lysinuria Cytochrome C oxidase deficiency Cytomegalic inclusion disease ... Chitty-Hall-Webb syndrome Chlamydia Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis Choanal ...
3% vehicle) and conjunctivitis (3% Aldara vs. 2% vehicle). Erythema was the most frequently reported local skin reaction. ... which consist of cells with abundant large granular eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (accumulated virions) and a small ...
There can be periodontitis or serous nasal exudate and conjunctivitis. Nasal discharge becomes mucopurulent and may obstruct ... and presence of intranuclear and/or intracytoplasmic eosinophillic inclusions. History and clinical signs enable a presumptive ...
A root extract from Martinella is useful in the treatment of conjunctivitis and possibly other conditions of the eye. Wilf, ... 2004) is polyphyletic because of the inclusion of Kigelia, and it is nested within the Paleotropical clade. Perianthomega has ...
Tag Archives: inclusion conjunctivitis. STD Awareness: Can You Get an STD in Your Eye?. Posted on September 24, 2014. by Anna C ... gonococcal conjunctivitis, gonorrhea, inclusion conjunctivitis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, ocular infection, ocular syphilis, ... the resulting conditions are called chlamydial conjunctivitis and gonococcal conjunctivitis, respectively. Continue reading → ... Posted in Sexual Health , Tagged chlamydia, Chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydial conjunctivitis, congenital syphilis, conjunctival ...
Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - ... Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis (Adult Chlamydial Conjunctivitis; Swimming Pool Conjunctivitis). By Zeba A. Syed , MD, Wills Eye ... Symptoms and Signs of Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis Adult inclusion conjunctivitis has an incubation period of 2 to 19 days. ... adult inclusion conjunctivitis from other bacterial conjunctivitides Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis Acute conjunctivitis can be ...
Get natural cures for Inclusion conjunctivitis that can make a difference in your life or the life of someone you love with ... Inclusion conjunctivitis by state. Inclusion conjunctivitis in Alabama. Inclusion conjunctivitis in Alaska. Inclusion ... Inclusion conjunctivitis in North Dakota. Inclusion conjunctivitis in Ohio. Inclusion conjunctivitis in Oklahoma. Inclusion ... Inclusion conjunctivitis in New Jersey. Inclusion conjunctivitis in New Mexico. Inclusion conjunctivitis in New York. Inclusion ...
Bacterial conjunctivitis is a microbial infection involving the mucous membrane of the surface of the eye. This condition, ... Pneumonitis following inclusion blennorrhea. J Pediatr. 1975 Nov. 87(5):779-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... encoded search term (Bacterial Conjunctivitis Organism-Specific Therapy) and Bacterial Conjunctivitis Organism-Specific Therapy ... Bacterial Conjunctivitis Organism-Specific Therapy Updated: Apr 24, 2023 * Author: Mark Ventocilla, OD, FAAO; Chief Editor: ...
... causes and treatment of conjunctivitis - also known as pink eye. Symptoms include red eyes and discharge. ... Conjunctivitis, chlamydial (adult inclusion conjunctivitis). The College of Optometrists. www.college-optometrists.org, ... Types of conjunctivitis. There are two main types of conjunctivitis. These are:. *infective conjunctivitis, which may be caused ... Symptoms of conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis can affect one or both of your eyes. Symptoms of conjunctivitis include: *redness of ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis. Nocardiosis. Chancroid. Toxoplasmosis as adjunctive therapy with pyrimethamine. Malaria due to ...
Results: We found 40 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE ... Introduction: Most cases of conjunctivitis in adults are probably due to viral infection, but children are more likely to ... What are the effects of empirical treatment in adults and children with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis? What are the ... What are the effects of treatment in adults and children with clinically confirmed gonococcal conjunctivitis? We searched: ...
Although there is no FDA-approved treatment for adenoviral conjunctivitis, in vitro testing has shown that povidone-iodine (PVP ... Among 212 screened participants, 56 met the inclusion criteria and were entered into the study. Half the enroll-ees (n = 28) ... Although PVP-I has been used off-label for many years to treat adenoviral conjunctivitis, there have been few clinical trials ... compared safety and efficacy for 5% PVP-I and artificial tears in the treat-ment of patients with adenoviral con-junctivitis. ...
Inclusion blennorrhoea aka chlamydial conjunctivitis or swimming pool conjunctivitis, is a condition affecting infants born to ... cite web}}: ,first= has generic name (help) "inclusion conjunctivitis". (CS1 errors: generic name, Articles with short ... women infected with inclusion conjunctivitis of the urogenital tract, frequently caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, a sexually ... Such infants may develop acute neonatal conjunctivitis within a few days of birth, and smears from their eyes reveal the ...
Learn the causes and corrective action of conjunctivitis in swine. Help your herd stay Naturally Ahead. ... Use Mycofix at suitable inclusion rate. Potential cause: ENVIRONMENT. *Smell and lacrimation ... Conjunctivitis can be caused by a variety of reasons. Here we describe some of the risk factors related to it and some useful ... Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of conjunctiva, a thin and delicate membrane that covers the eyeball and lines the eyelid. ...
Perinatal infections may result in inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia among newborns. Other syndromes caused by C. ... Demonstration of inclusion bodies by immunofluorescence in leukocytes of an inguinal lymph node (bubo) aspirate, or ... Arthralgia/arthritis, or lymphadenopathy, or conjunctivitis Cases meeting the measles case definition are excluded. Also ...
65 20 29 Conjunctivitis, due to inclusion virus (acute) (chronic) (infection) (infective) (subacute) 65 20 29 Conjunctivitis, ... 65 20 40 Conjunctivitis, due to smoke (chemical) 65 20 41 Conjunctivitis, chemical 65 20 46 Conjunctivitis, thermal (acetylene ... inclusion virus (acute) (chronic) (subacute) 65 20 30 Conjunctivitis, infective, organism not specified (follicular) (acute) ( ... 65 20 52 Conjunctivitis, due to hay fever 65 20 52 Conjunctivitis, allergic, other than that due to medicinal drops or ointment ...
Infectious Conjunctivitis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer ... Inclusion conjunctivitis is a particularly long-lasting form of conjunctivitis caused by certain strains of the bacterium ... People with inclusion conjunctivitis or with conjunctivitis caused by gonorrhea often have symptoms of a genital infection, ... conjunctivitis of the newborn Conjunctivitis in Newborns Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane that ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.. *Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections in ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.. Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical or rectal infections in adults ...
Irritant or traumatic conjunctivitis. Authoritative facts about the skin from DermNet New Zealand. ... What are the symptoms and signs of conjunctivitis?. Conjunctivitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. All forms of conjunctivitis are ... Irritant conjunctivitis is a non-infectious form of conjunctivitis caused by a transient mechanical or chemical insult. It can ... What is conjunctivitis?. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye. ...
Categories: Conjunctivitis, Inclusion Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Categories: Conjunctivitis, Inclusion Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
We also saw a high proportion of scrub typhus patients with conjunctivitis and rash in our study. Rash is a typical finding ... among patients suspected of having rickettsiosis and was among the inclusion criteria for our study. Rash is reported in ≈45%- ... However, patients with murine typhus experienced myalgia, conjunctivitis, nausea, cough, and vomiting less frequently than ... and conjunctivitis (66, 64.1%). Rash was seen in only 34.0% (35) of scrub typhus patients, lymphodenopathy in 18.6% (19), and ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Anthrax. Indicated for anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis, including ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Nongonococcal urethritis in adults caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum ...
Table 1 of the article shows that there is no corneal involvement with chlamydial inclusion conjuntivitis, and that Chlamydia ... The corresponding text states that chlamydial conjunctivitis should be suspected in sexually active patients who do not respond ... The World Health Organization classifies trachoma using the FISTO mnemonic: follicular conjunctivitis; intense inflammation; ... Ophthalmia neonatorum is a less severe infection than adult conjunctivitis (trachoma), but if not treated early it can cause ...
Two Cases of Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis Masquerading as Chronic Conjunctivitis Park KW, Yun SH, Jeong DE, Koh JW ... Purpose: To report two cases of adult inclusion conjunctivitis masquerading as chronic conjunctivitis. Case summary: (Case 1) A ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis may be treated with oral tetracyclines or with a combination of oral and topical agents. ...
Inclusion conjunctivitis (paratrachoma). Inclusion conjunctivitis is a form of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by infection ... acute bacterial conjunctivitis, and chlamydial conjunctivitis (including trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis), and it can be ... All patients with neisserial conjunctivitis, inclusion conjunctivitis, and acute bacterial conjunctivitis with severe symptoms ... Chlamydial conjunctivitis. Depending on the Chlamydia serotype, chlamydial conjunctivitis can manifest as inclusion ...
Inclusion Online Commenting Policy Public Access and Open Access Policy Statement on Potentially Offensive Content ... There are five previously reported cases of conjunctivitis due to fusiform bacilli and spirochetes. In all but one instance the ... DUNNINGTON JH, KHORAZO D. CONJUNCTIVITIS DUE TO FUSOSPIROCHETAL INFECTION. Arch Ophthalmol. 1936;16(2):252-254. doi:10.1001/ ...
Inclusion Body Rhinitis (Porcine Cytomegalovirus Infection). Definition. A viral infection usually manifested in nursing or ... Destruction of their cells results in a marked rhinitis and conjunctivitis.. Viremia follows replication. The virus localizes ... Microscopically, intranuclear inclusions usually can be found in nasal mucous glands, Harderian glands and lachrymal glands of ... Porcine cytomegalovirus causes inclusion body rhinitis. The cytomegaloviruses are a subgroup of the herpesviruses. They have ...
Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis. An oral tetracycline (with or without a topical tetracycline, topical erythromycin, or ... Inclusion conjunctivitis and trachoma in younger children and neonates and chlamydial infections in pregnant women generally ... is used for the treatment of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis caused by C. trachomatis in adults and children older than 8 ... Current evidence suggests that inclusion of a proton-pump inhibitor (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole) in anti-H. pylori regimens ...
... and even severe conjunctivitis with profuse, purulent ocular exudate. Demonstration of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in ... Chlamydial conjunctivitis is one of the most common causes of infectious conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. It is caused by ... Clinical signs include conjunctivitis, fever, lethargy, anorexia, rough fur, palpable hepatosplenomegaly, cervical ... Asymptomatic infection can occur, but clinical disease most often results in mild inflammatory conjunctivitis with a slight, ...
... and even severe conjunctivitis with profuse, purulent ocular exudate. Demonstration of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in ... Chlamydial conjunctivitis is one of the most common causes of infectious conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. It is caused by ... Clinical signs include conjunctivitis, fever, lethargy, anorexia, rough fur, palpable hepatosplenomegaly, cervical ... Asymptomatic infection can occur, but clinical disease most often results in mild inflammatory conjunctivitis with a slight, ...
  • When chlamydia or gonorrhea infect the eye, the resulting conditions are called chlamydial conjunctivitis and gonococcal conjunctivitis, respectively. (advocatesaz.org)
  • Smears and conjunctival scrapings should be examined microscopically and stained with Gram stain to identify bacteria and stained with Giemsa stain to identify the characteristic epithelial cell basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies of chlamydial conjunctivitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Inclusion blennorrhoea aka chlamydial conjunctivitis or swimming pool conjunctivitis, is a condition affecting infants born to women infected with inclusion conjunctivitis of the urogenital tract, frequently caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, a sexually transmitted organism and often going unnoticed as a mild infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • The corresponding text states that chlamydial conjunctivitis should be suspected in sexually active patients who do not respond to standard antibacterial treatments. (aafp.org)
  • Bacterial conjunctivitis includes neisserial conjunctivitis ( hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis ), acute bacterial conjunctivitis , and chlamydial conjunctivitis (including trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis ), and it can be an ocular emergency. (amboss.com)
  • Patients with neisserial or chlamydial conjunctivitis , and any patients with red flags for conjunctivitis , should be referred to ophthalmology. (amboss.com)
  • You might get viral conjunctivitis if you have a cold or come into contact with somebody who's coughing or sneezing. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Viral conjunctivitis is very contagious. (bupa.co.uk)
  • In children and older people, bacterial conjunctivitis is more common than viral conjunctivitis. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Most cases of conjunctivitis in adults are probably due to viral infection, but children are more likely to develop bacterial conjunctivitis than they are viral forms. (nih.gov)
  • Both viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are very contagious, easily passing from one person to another, or from a person's infected eye to the uninfected eye. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Clinical features of conjunctivitis are similar for bacterial, viral, and noninfectious forms. (amboss.com)
  • A viral infection usually manifested in nursing or newly-weaned piglets as a rhinitis and conjunctivitis accompanied by sneezing and nasal discharge. (iastate.edu)
  • Question Which clinical findings differentiate patients with viral conjunctivitis from those with bacterial conjunctivitis? (jamanetwork.com)
  • Findings In this systemic review, the relative prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis was higher than viral conjunctivitis in children, and the prevalence of viral conjunctivitis was higher than bacterial conjunctivitis in adults, but the underlying prevalence data were limited. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Meaning Among patients presenting with ocular redness and discharge suggestive of infectious conjunctivitis, certain clinical findings may suggest viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis, although no single symptom or sign differentiated the 2 conditions with high certainty. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Evidence-based tools to aid the clinical diagnosis of viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis are lacking and may contribute to overprescribing of topical antibiotics. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Objective To determine the relative prevalence of viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis in adults and children, and to determine which symptoms or signs are suggestive of a viral vs bacterial etiology. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Study Selection Consecutive series of patients presenting with acute infectious conjunctivitis and case series of viral or bacterial conjunctivitis alone. (jamanetwork.com)
  • mean age, 4.7 years [age range, 1 month-18 years]), the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis was higher than viral conjunctivitis (71% vs 16%, respectively, P = .01). (jamanetwork.com)
  • Viral conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by contagious viruses associated with the common cold. (aoa.org)
  • Viral conjunctivitis can also occur as the virus spreads along the body's own mucous membranes, which connect the lungs, throat, nose, tear ducts and conjunctiva. (aoa.org)
  • For patients with viral conjunctivitis, there is usually an antecedent upper respiratory infection. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Frozen section examination of intestinal biopsies were positive for viral inclusion bodies, suggesting cytomegalovirus enteritis. (hawaii.edu)
  • Adult inclusion conjunctivitis, which makes up 1.8 to 5.6 % of all cases of acute conjunctivitis, is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D through K. In most instances, adult inclusion conjunctivitis results from sexual contact with a person who has a genital infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overview of Conjunctivitis Conjunctival inflammation typically results from infection, allergy, or irritation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Azithromycin 1 g orally once only or either doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day or erythromycin 500 mg orally 4 times a day for 1 week cures the conjunctivitis and concomitant genital infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bacterial conjunctivitis is a microbial infection involving the mucous membrane of the surface of the eye. (medscape.com)
  • Outbreaks may be associated with conjunctivitis infection Chlamydiae but there may be other manifestations of diseases such as influenza, Aujeszky's disease and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), among others. (biomin.net)
  • Inclusion conjunctivitis usually spreads by contact with genital secretions from a person who has a genital chlamydial infection. (merckmanuals.com)
  • another type of conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis , is not due to a genital chlamydial infection. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by C. trachomatis subtypes D through K. Ophthalmia neonatorum is a less severe infection than adult conjunctivitis (trachoma), but if not treated early it can cause superficial keratitis, otitis, and pneumonia in the neonate. (aafp.org)
  • All patients with neisserial conjunctivitis , inclusion conjunctivitis , and acute bacterial conjunctivitis with severe symptoms or risk factors for severe infection (e.g., contact lens use, immunodeficiency ) should undergo diagnostic studies, including a conjunctival culture. (amboss.com)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis , the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection worldwide, can cause significant adverse outcomes in pregnancy, including preterm birth, low birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, stillbirth, and miscarriage, as well as inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia in neonates. (bmj.com)
  • Does This Patient With Acute Infectious Conjunctivitis Have a Bacterial Infection? (jamanetwork.com)
  • Bacterial conjunctivitis is an infection most often caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria from your own skin or respiratory system. (aoa.org)
  • Prevent the spread of the infection in contagious forms of conjunctivitis. (aoa.org)
  • Feline Chlamydophila is regarded as a primary conjunctival pathogen and infection always involves the eye, resulting in conjunctivitis and occasionally also causing signs of rhinitis, with sneezing and nasal discharge. (merck-animal-health-usa.com)
  • Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is an infection of the conjunctiva. (qxmd.com)
  • Chlamydial infection- Conjunctivitis caused by C. trachomatis is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Another form of infection, inclusion conjunctivitis, is transmitted by genital secretions from an infected sexual partner. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Lots of different bacteria can cause conjunctivitis. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Facilities with poor ventilation and poor environmental hygiene can also cause conjunctivitis. (biomin.net)
  • can cause conjunctivitis. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Efficacy of neonatal ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis. (medscape.com)
  • What are the effects of treatment in adults and children with clinically confirmed gonococcal conjunctivitis? (nih.gov)
  • Patients with gonococcal conjunctivitis or inclusion conjunctivitis may present with systemic features, e.g., genitourinary discharge. (amboss.com)
  • Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis Acute conjunctivitis can be caused by numerous bacteria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Such infants may develop acute neonatal conjunctivitis within a few days of birth, and smears from their eyes reveal the presence of characteristic inclusion bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • For patients with mild acute bacterial conjunctivitis or trachoma , the diagnosis may be made clinically. (amboss.com)
  • Importance Acute infectious conjunctivitis is characterized by ocular redness and discharge, and is a common clinical entity. (jamanetwork.com)
  • It is an acute, purulent conjunctivitis that can affect newborns, children, and adults (pool conjunctivitis). (athenslab.gr)
  • Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. (qxmd.com)
  • Antibiotic therapy is widely used for the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. (qxmd.com)
  • To assess the benefits and harms of antibiotic therapy in the management of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. (qxmd.com)
  • We included double-masked randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which any form of antibiotic treatment had been compared with placebo/vehicle in the management of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. (qxmd.com)
  • Although acute bacterial conjunctivitis is frequently self limiting, the findings from this updated systematic review suggest that the use of antibiotic eye drops is associated with modestly improved rates of clinical and microbiological remission in comparison to the use of placebo. (qxmd.com)
  • Inclusion conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva (the membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white part, or sclera, of the eyeball) by the chlamydia trachomatis. (naturalcurefor.com)
  • Conjunctivitis is inflammation and swelling of the thin, clear layer that covers the white of your eye and lines your eyelid (the conjunctiva). (bupa.co.uk)
  • Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of conjunctiva, a thin and delicate membrane that covers the eyeball and lines the eyelid. (biomin.net)
  • Conjunctivitis is an extremely common eye problem because the conjunctiva is continually exposed to micro-organisms. (biomin.net)
  • Infectious conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva usually caused by viruses or bacteria. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Conjunctivitis in Newborns Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white of the eye. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Allergic Conjunctivitis Allergic conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Often referred to casually as "pink eye", conjunctivitis is the swelling or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. (aoa.org)
  • Often these are small inclusion cysts in the outter layer of the eye (conjunctiva). (medhelp.org)
  • Inclusion conjunctivitis is typically considered when the patient has a follicular conjunctivitis that will not go away, even after using topical antibiotics. (naturalcurefor.com)
  • It is a follicular conjunctivitis. (athenslab.gr)
  • Diagnosis can be confirmed by demonstration of intracytoplasmic inclusions in exfoliative cytologic preparations, by isolation of the Chlamydophila organism in cell culture, or by PCR for DNA on conjunctival swabs. (merck-animal-health-usa.com)
  • Trachoma Trachoma is a chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and is characterized by progressive exacerbations and remissions. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients with mild bacterial conjunctivitis or trachoma can be diagnosed clinically . (amboss.com)
  • Inclusion conjunctivitis is a particularly long-lasting form of conjunctivitis caused by certain strains of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis . (merckmanuals.com)
  • Irritant conjunctivitis is a non-infectious form of conjunctivitis caused by a transient mechanical or chemical insult. (dermnetnz.org)
  • In adult inclusion conjunctivitis, one eye is typically involved, with a stringy discharge of mucus and pus. (naturalcurefor.com)
  • Blennorrhoea aka blennorrhagia or myxorrhoea ('blenno' mucus, 'rrhoea' flow), is a medical term denoting an excessive discharge of watery mucus, especially from the urethra or the vagina, and also used in ophthalmology for an abnormal discharge from the eye, but now regarded as a synonym for conjunctivitis and accordingly rarely used. (wikipedia.org)
  • clinical findings associated with a higher likelihood of bacterial conjunctivitis included mucopurulent discharge and otitis media. (jamanetwork.com)
  • If you're allergic to plant pollens released at the same time each year, you may get seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. (bupa.co.uk)
  • All-year-round (perennial) allergic conjunctivitis can be caused by house dust mites and animal fur. (bupa.co.uk)
  • These are the most common causes of allergic conjunctivitis. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Another type of allergic conjunctivitis is called giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC). (bupa.co.uk)
  • There are three main types of conjunctivitis: allergic, infectious and chemical. (aoa.org)
  • Allergic conjunctivitis occurs more commonly among people who already have seasonal allergies. (aoa.org)
  • Giant papillary conjunctivitis is a type of allergic conjunctivitis caused by the chronic presence of a foreign body in the eye. (aoa.org)
  • Allergic and toxic causes - Allergic conjunctivitis is very common, usually bilateral, and very itchy. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • Epidemiology of neonatal conjunctivitis. (medscape.com)
  • Neonatal (newborn) conjunctivitis affects babies in their first month. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Neonatal conjunctivitis can cause permanent eye damage if it isn't treated quickly. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Perinatal transmission may occur during childbirth leading to neonatal conjunctivitis and blindness [15]. (roboscreen.com)
  • There are two main types of conjunctivitis. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Serious consideration should be given to admitting patients with hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis if the entire cornea cannot be visualized, as there may be an early peripheral corneal ulceration threatening perforation, especially in Neisseria infections. (medscape.com)
  • Excluded from participation were patients with iodine allergy, thyroid disease, recent ocular surgery, and ocular findings that did not suggest early-stage adenoviral conjunctivitis. (aao.org)
  • There are five previously reported cases of conjunctivitis due to fusiform bacilli and spirochetes. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Most forms of conjunctivitis are self-limiting but in certain cases, severe complications may occur. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Neonates born of infected mothers can develop inclusion conjunctivitis, nasopharyngeal infections and pneumonia due to C. trachomatis [5]. (roboscreen.com)
  • Perinatal infections may result in inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia among newborns. (cdc.gov)
  • General recommendations and organism-specific therapeutic regimens for bacterial conjunctivitis are provided below, including those for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Chlamydia species. (medscape.com)
  • Inclusion conjunctivitis in the newborn arises from passage through an infected birth canal and develops 5-14 days after birth. (naturalcurefor.com)
  • Ophthalmia neonatorum is a severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis that occurs in newborn babies. (aoa.org)
  • You may also get conjunctivitis if something rubs or scratches your eye (for example, a foreign body that gets caught under your eyelid). (bupa.co.uk)
  • Feline Chlamydophila (formerly Chlamydia ) is caused by a bacteria known as Chlamydophila felis and primarily causes conjunctivitis, inflammation of the membrane lining the eyelid. (merck-animal-health-usa.com)
  • Most instances of adult inclusion conjunctivitis arise from exposure to infected genital secretions. (naturalcurefor.com)
  • Rapid onset and severe symptoms suggest neisserial conjunctivitis . (amboss.com)
  • [ 23 ] For moderate to severe bacterial conjunctivitis, the latest-generation fluoroquinolones provide excellent gram-negative and some gram-positive bacterial coverage. (medscape.com)
  • Inpatient care for bacterial conjunctivitis is highly unusual and would be provided only if hospitalization is indicated for other reasons or if antibiotic treatment is required every 15 minutes around the clock (severe cases). (medscape.com)
  • Chemical Conjunctivitis can be caused by irritants like air pollution, chlorine in swimming pools, and exposure to noxious chemicals. (aoa.org)
  • What are the symptoms and signs of conjunctivitis? (dermnetnz.org)
  • Viruses are a common cause of conjunctivitis, especially in adults. (bupa.co.uk)
  • We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of empirical treatment in adults and children with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis? (nih.gov)
  • What are the effects of treatment in adults and children with bacteriologically confirmed bacterial conjunctivitis? (nih.gov)
  • Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), also known as inclusion body rhinitis (IBR) occurs in all age groups of previously uninfected swine, including developing fetuses. (iastate.edu)
  • A rhinitis of pigs accompanied by inclusion bodies was described in 1955. (iastate.edu)
  • Destruction of their cells results in a marked rhinitis and conjunctivitis. (iastate.edu)
  • In suckling pigs, especially pigs less than three weeks old, signs include mucopurulent rhinitis accompanied by violent sneezing, respiratory distress, conjunctivitis, shivering, perhaps mouth breathing, and a variable death loss. (iastate.edu)
  • Therefore, it is more common to see a red eye due to endogenous endophthalmitis, hyperacute gonorrheal conjunctivitis, orbital cellulitis, or a perforated corneal ulcer in this population. (medscape.com)
  • Although PVP-I has been used off-label for many years to treat adenoviral conjunctivitis, there have been few clinical trials of its use as monotherapy. (aao.org)
  • A key secondary outcome was improvement of clinical signs and symptoms of adenoviral conjunctivitis, as assessed by patients and clinicians. (aao.org)
  • Conjunctivitis is caused by bacteria, viruses, or a reaction to chemicals. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms of irritant or traumatic conjunctivitis generally improve spontaneously within 24 hours. (dermnetnz.org)
  • How is an irritant or traumatic conjunctivitis treated? (dermnetnz.org)
  • Irritant or traumatic conjunctivitis often require only symptomatic relief, such as topical lubricants, and clear within 24 hours. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Upon entry into the cells, the elemental bodies are reorganized into reticulate bodies (forming inclusions) and their proliferation begins. (athenslab.gr)
  • The mainstay of treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis is topical antibiotic therapy, with the intent of significantly reducing the duration of symptoms and likelihood of contagion. (medscape.com)
  • Inclusion conjunctivitis used alone or with topical agents. (medscape.co.uk)
  • Rarely, adult inclusion conjunctivitis is acquired from contaminated, incompletely chlorinated swimming pool water. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This is particularly important in cases of chronic conjunctivitis or when the condition is not responding to treatment. (aoa.org)
  • Adult inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Adult inclusion conjunctivitis has an incubation period of 2 to 19 days. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The trials were heterogeneous in terms of their inclusion and exclusion criteria, the nature of the intervention, and the outcome measures assessed. (qxmd.com)
  • For mild and non-vision-threatening bacterial conjunctivitis, older-generation antibiotics should be used. (medscape.com)
  • The prevalence of conjunctivitis was found to be as high as 32% in one study and as low as 0% in another. (uk.com)