Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
General or unspecified injuries to the heart.
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES due to TRAUMA. Hemorrhage may involve any part of the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the BASAL GANGLIA. Depending on the severity of bleeding, clinical features may include SEIZURES; APHASIA; VISION DISORDERS; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; PARALYSIS; and COMA.
Injuries caused by impact with a blunt object where there is no penetration of the skin.
General or unspecified injuries to the chest area.
Damage to any compartment of the lung caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents which characteristically elicit inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory reactions can either be acute and dominated by NEUTROPHILS, or chronic and dominated by LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
Collection of air and blood in the pleural cavity.
A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)
Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the rib bones, which can occur at any location along the rib's length, often caused by direct trauma or severe coughing, and may result in pain, difficulty breathing, and increased risk of complications such as pneumonia.
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.
Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
Excision of part of the skull. This procedure is used to treat elevated intracranial pressure that is unresponsive to conventional treatment.
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.
A departure from the normal gait in animals.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.
Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
General or unspecified injuries involving the leg.
A complication of multiple rib fractures, rib and sternum fractures, or thoracic surgery. A portion of the chest wall becomes isolated from the thoracic cage and exhibits paradoxical respiration.
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)
Pathological processes of the URINARY BLADDER.
The back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the VITREOUS HUMOR; RETINA; CHOROID; and OPTIC NERVE.
General or unspecified injuries involving the hip.
Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.
Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
A game in which a round inflated ball is advanced by kicking or propelling with any part of the body except the hands or arms. The object of the game is to place the ball in opposite goals.
Global conflict primarily fought on European continent, that occurred between 1914 and 1918.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

The prevalence and distribution of bruising in babies. (1/266)

AIM: To obtain a prevalence rate and determine the distribution of accidental bruising in babies. METHODS: 177 babies aged 6-12 months were examined naked to look for bruises. They were seen in health visitor hearing test clinics and child health surveillance clinics. The site, size, shape, and colour of bruises were recorded on a skin map, and the parent's explanation noted. Any other injury was recorded. Data collection included the baby's age, mobility and weight, demographic details, and health visitor concerns. RESULTS: Twenty two babies had bruises, giving a prevalence rate of 12%. There was a total of 32 bruises, 15 babies had one bruise. All bruises were found on the front of the body and were located over bony prominences. Twenty five of the bruises were on the face and head, and seven were on the shin. The babies with bruises on the shin were mobile. There was a highly significant increase in bruises with increase in mobility. CONCLUSIONS: The study has produced a prevalence and distribution of bruising in babies and sets a baseline from which to work when assessing bruises. It also tested out the methodology, which could be used in further research, particularly of younger babies. Clinicians need to assess a baby's level of development when considering whether a bruise is accidental.  (+info)

Injuries caused by falling soccer goalposts in Denmark. (2/266)

OBJECTIVE: A falling soccer goalpost is associated with the potential risk of serious injury that can sometimes even be fatal. The aim of the study was to analyse the extent of the problem in Denmark and focus on the mechanism of injury and prevention. METHODS: Data were analysed for the period 1989-1997 from the European Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance System, which is an electronic register of the injuries seen in the casualty departments of the hospitals of five selected cities in Denmark representing 14% of the Danish population; in addition, fatal accidents in the whole of Denmark since 1981 were examined. Forty two injured persons were interviewed about the circumstances of the accident. Attempts were made to estimate the proportion of goalposts secured by counterweight in the five different regions, compared with the proportion secured with ground stakes and those that were unsecured, by analysing data from the largest producers of goalposts in Denmark. RESULTS: In the period 1981-1988, two fatal accidents were recorded. In the period 1989-1997, 117 people were injured by a falling goalpost; six of the injuries required hospitalisation. Some 88% of the injured were under the age of 15. In a telephone interview with 42 of the injured, 50% stated that the goalpost fell because someone was hanging on the crossbar. Comparing the five different regions with respect to the proportion of goalposts secured by counterweight and the number of accidents, the following relation was found. Areas in which a high percentage of the goalposts were secured by a counterweight correlated inversely with a high number of accidents (r = -0.9; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Soccer is a widely played sport and it is important to be aware that accidents caused by falling goalposts can occur and that they presumably can be prevented by proper use of goalposts, by using secure goalposts, and by securing old goalposts with a counterweight.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Ro 44-3888 after single ascending oral doses of sibrafiban, an oral platelet aggregation inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. (3/266)

AIMS: This study constituted the first administration of the oral platelet inhibitor, sibrafiban, to humans. The aim was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Ro 44-3888, the active principle of sibrafiban, after single ascending oral doses of sibrafiban. Particular emphasis was placed on intersubject variability of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of Ro 44-3888. METHODS: The study consisted of three parts. Part I was an open ascending-dose study to determine target effect ranges of sibrafiban. Part II, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, addressed the intersubject variability of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of the active principle at a sibrafiban dose achieving an intermediate effect. Part III was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose design covering the complete plasma concentration vs pharmacodynamic response curve of sibrafiban. RESULTS: At sibrafiban doses between 5 mg and 12 mg, the pharmacokinetics of free Ro 44-3888 in plasma were linear whereas those of total Ro 44-3888 were non-linear because of the saturable binding to the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor. Saturation of the GP IIb-IIIa receptor was reached at plasma concentrations of 15.9 ng ml-1. At sibrafiban doses up to 2 mg, ADP-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by 50%, whereas the inhibition of TRAP-induced platelet aggregation was about 20-30%. At the higher doses, ADP-induced platelet aggregation was almost completely inhibited while a clear dose-response could be observed with TRAP-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation at sibrafiban doses of 5 to 12 mg. Ivy bleeding time increased very steeply with dose with a significant prolongation observed at doses of 5 to 7 mg of sibrafiban (5-7 min, >30 min in one case). At a sibrafiban dose of 12 mg, the stopping criterion for dose escalation (prolongation of the Ivy bleeding time >30 min in three out of four subjects per dose group) was reached. The interindividual coefficients of variation of the integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters (AUC and AUE) were below 20%, thus lying well within the pre-set level of acceptance. CONCLUSIONS: With a low intersubject variability of its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, linear pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects closely related to its plasma concentrations, Ro 44-3888 has good pharmacological prerequisites for a well controllable therapy of secondary prevention of arterial thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome.  (+info)

Injury rates in Shotokan karate. (4/266)

OBJECTIVE: To document the injury rate in three British Shotokan karate championships in consecutive years. In these tournaments strict rules governed contact, with only "light" or "touch" contact allowed. Protective padding for the head, hands, or feet was prohibited. METHODS: Prospective recording of injuries resulting from 1770 bouts in three national competitions of 1996, 1997, and 1998. Details of ages and years of karate experience were also obtained. RESULTS: 160 injuries were sustained in 1770 bouts. The overall rate of injury was 0.09 per bout and 0.13 per competitor. 91 (57%) injuries were to the head. The average age of those injured was 22 years, with an average of nine years of experience in karate. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of protective padding does not result in higher injury rates than in most other series of Shotokan karate injuries. Strict refereeing is essential, however, to maintain control and minimise contact.  (+info)

Alterations in AMPA receptor subunit expression after experimental spinal cord contusion injury. (5/266)

The AMPA-preferring subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) is a hetero-oligomeric ion channel assembled from various combinations of four subunits: GluR1, GluR2, GluR3, and GluR4. Antagonists of these receptors can mitigate the effects of experimental spinal cord injury (SCI), indicating that these receptors play a significant role in pathophysiology after spinal trauma. We tested the hypothesis that SCI alters expression of AMPA receptors using a standardized thoracic weight-drop model of rat contusive spinal cord injury. AMPA receptor subunit expression was measured at 24 hr and at 1 month after SCI with quantitative Western blot analysis and in situ hybridization. GluR2 protein levels were preferentially reduced near the injury site 24 hr after SCI. This reduction persisted at 1 month. At a cellular level, a significant decrease in both GluR2 and GluR4 mRNA was found in spared ventral motor neurons adjacent to the injury site and distal to it, with other AMPA subunit mRNAs maintained at control levels. In contrast, only GluR1 mRNA was decreased in the sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the intermediolateral horn. These results suggest population-specific and long-lasting changes in neuronal AMPA receptor composition, which may alter response to glutamate after SCI. These alterations may contribute not only to acute neuropathological consequences of injury, but they may also be partially responsible for the altered functional state of preserved tissue seen chronically after SCI.  (+info)

Effects of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin on acute white matter pathology after experimental contusive spinal cord injury. (6/266)

Focal microinjection of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, reduces neurological deficits and tissue loss after spinal cord injury (SCI). Significant sparing of white matter (WM) is seen at 8 weeks after injury and is correlated to a reduction in functional deficits. To determine whether TTX exerts an acute effect on WM pathology, Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to a standardized weight-drop contusion at T8 (10 gm x 2.5 cm). TTX (0. 15 nmol) or vehicle solution was injected into the injury site 5 or 15 min later. At 4 and 24 hr, ventromedial WM from the injury epicenter was compared by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. By 4 hr after SCI, axonal counts revealed reduced numbers of axons and significant loss of large (>/=5 micrometer)-diameter axons. TTX treatment significantly reduced the loss of large-diameter axons. In addition, TTX significantly attenuated axoplasmic pathology at both 4 and 24 hr after injury. In particular, the development of extensive periaxonal spaces in the large-diameter axons was reduced with TTX treatment. In contrast, there was no significant effect of TTX on the loss of WM glia after SCI. Thus, the long-term effects of TTX in reducing WM loss after spinal cord injury appear to be caused by the reduction of acute axonal pathology. These results support the hypothesis that TTX-sensitive sodium channels at axonal nodes of Ranvier play a significant role in the secondary injury of WM after SCI.  (+info)

Skin bruising, adrenal function and markers of bone metabolism in asthmatics using inhaled beclomethasone and fluticasone. (7/266)

Fluticasone propionate (FP) is generally considered to have twice the efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) on a weight-to-weight basis for the control of asthma, and may have lesser effects on adrenal function. However, the effects of FP and BDP on skin integrity and bone metabolism markers require further examination. Sixty-nine asthmatic subjects were enrolled in a double-blind crossover study in which, after a baseline period, they received BDP or FP (at half the dose of BDP) for two 4-month periods each. A questionnaire on skin bruising, a skin examination, tests of adrenal function and of markers of bone metabolism were performed after 2 months of each period. The number of asthma exacerbations was not significantly different for the two treatment periods (eight for BDP and nine for FP), nor were various indices of asthma control. Whereas the frequency of bruising reported by the questionnaire was not different, there were more bruises on examination for BDP (1.6+/-2.5) than for FP (1.2+/-2.3) (p=0.04). Although baseline serum cortisol was not significantly different for the two drugs, the increase in cortisol after cortrosyn was lower for BDP (357+/-158 micromol x dL(-1)) than for FP (422+/-144 micromol x dL(-1)) (p<0.01). Serum osteocalcin levels were significantly lower in subject on BDP (2.8+/-1.7 microg x mL(-1)) than on FP (3.5+/-1.9 ng x mL(-1)) (p=0.003). Other markers of bone metabolism were not significantly altered. The three major side-effects were loosely, but significantly correlated with the periods on BDP and FP. However, skin bruises, increase in cortisol after Cortrosyn and osteocalcin were not significantly correlated for the period on either BDP or FP. In conclusion, whereas fluticasone propionate used at half the dose of beclomethasone dipropionate has a comparable effect on the control of asthma, fluticasone propionate demonstrated fewer side-effects in terms of skin bruising, adrenal suppression and bone metabolism.  (+info)

Coeliac disease in adults: variations on a theme. (8/266)

In childhood, coeliac disease (gluten enteropathy) tends to show itself with failure to thrive and growth retardation; in adult life with malabsorption syndromes. We report six cases in adults who presented atypically, with features including clotting disorder, hypoglycaemia, weight loss, anaemia and angina pectoris, all of which responded to gluten withdrawal.  (+info)

A contusion is a medical term for a bruise. It's a type of injury that occurs when blood vessels become damaged or broken as a result of trauma to the body. This trauma can be caused by a variety of things, such as a fall, a blow, or a hit. When the blood vessels are damaged, blood leaks into the surrounding tissues, causing the area to become discolored and swollen.

Contusions can occur anywhere on the body, but they are most common in areas that are more likely to be injured, such as the knees, elbows, and hands. In some cases, a contusion may be accompanied by other injuries, such as fractures or sprains.

Most contusions will heal on their own within a few days or weeks, depending on the severity of the injury. Treatment typically involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to help reduce swelling and pain. In some cases, over-the-counter pain medications may also be recommended to help manage discomfort.

If you suspect that you have a contusion, it's important to seek medical attention if the injury is severe or if you experience symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, or loss of consciousness. These could be signs of a more serious injury and require immediate medical attention.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Heart injuries, also known as cardiac injuries, refer to any damage or harm caused to the heart muscle, valves, or surrounding structures. This can result from various causes such as blunt trauma (e.g., car accidents, falls), penetrating trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stabbing), or medical conditions like heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and infections (e.g., myocarditis, endocarditis).

Some common types of heart injuries include:

1. Contusions: Bruising of the heart muscle due to blunt trauma.
2. Myocardial infarctions: Damage to the heart muscle caused by insufficient blood supply, often due to blocked coronary arteries.
3. Cardiac rupture: A rare but life-threatening condition where the heart muscle tears or breaks open, usually resulting from severe trauma or complications from a myocardial infarction.
4. Valvular damage: Disruption of the heart valves' function due to injury or infection, leading to leakage (regurgitation) or narrowing (stenosis).
5. Pericardial injuries: Damage to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, which can result in fluid accumulation (pericardial effusion), inflammation (pericarditis), or tamponade (compression of the heart by excess fluid).
6. Arrhythmias: Irregular heart rhythms caused by damage to the heart's electrical conduction system.

Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing heart injuries, as they can lead to severe complications or even be fatal if left untreated.

A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.

Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

A traumatic cerebral hemorrhage is a type of brain injury that results from a trauma or external force to the head, which causes bleeding in the brain. This condition is also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or epidural or subdural hematoma, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding.

The trauma can cause blood vessels in the brain to rupture, leading to the accumulation of blood in the skull and increased pressure on the brain. This can result in various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, vomiting, weakness or numbness in the limbs, loss of consciousness, and even death if not treated promptly.

Traumatic cerebral hemorrhage is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. Treatment options may include surgery to relieve pressure on the brain, medication to control seizures and reduce swelling, and rehabilitation to help with recovery. The prognosis for traumatic cerebral hemorrhage depends on various factors such as the severity of the injury, location of the bleeding, age and overall health of the patient, and timeliness of treatment.

Nonpenetrating wounds are a type of trauma or injury to the body that do not involve a break in the skin or underlying tissues. These wounds can result from blunt force trauma, such as being struck by an object or falling onto a hard surface. They can also result from crushing injuries, where significant force is applied to a body part, causing damage to internal structures without breaking the skin.

Nonpenetrating wounds can cause a range of injuries, including bruising, swelling, and damage to internal organs, muscles, bones, and other tissues. The severity of the injury depends on the force of the trauma, the location of the impact, and the individual's overall health and age.

While nonpenetrating wounds may not involve a break in the skin, they can still be serious and require medical attention. If you have experienced blunt force trauma or suspect a nonpenetrating wound, it is important to seek medical care to assess the extent of the injury and receive appropriate treatment.

Thoracic injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the thorax, which is the part of the body that contains the chest cavity. The thorax houses vital organs such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. Thoracic injuries can range from blunt trauma, caused by impacts or compressions, to penetrating trauma, resulting from stabbing or gunshot wounds. These injuries may cause various complications, including but not limited to:

1. Hemothorax - bleeding into the chest cavity
2. Pneumothorax - collapsed lung due to air accumulation in the chest cavity
3. Tension pneumothorax - a life-threatening condition where trapped air puts pressure on the heart and lungs, impairing their function
4. Cardiac tamponade - compression of the heart caused by blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac
5. Rib fractures, which can lead to complications like punctured lungs or internal bleeding
6. Tracheobronchial injuries, causing air leaks and difficulty breathing
7. Great vessel injuries, potentially leading to massive hemorrhage and hemodynamic instability

Immediate medical attention is required for thoracic injuries, as they can quickly become life-threatening due to the vital organs involved. Treatment may include surgery, chest tubes, medications, or supportive care, depending on the severity and type of injury.

Lung injury, also known as pulmonary injury, refers to damage or harm caused to the lung tissue, blood vessels, or air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. This can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, exposure to harmful substances, or systemic diseases. Common types of lung injuries include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and chemical pneumonitis. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, cough, chest pain, and decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.

"Recovery of function" is a term used in medical rehabilitation to describe the process in which an individual regains the ability to perform activities or tasks that were previously difficult or impossible due to injury, illness, or disability. This can involve both physical and cognitive functions. The goal of recovery of function is to help the person return to their prior level of independence and participation in daily activities, work, and social roles as much as possible.

Recovery of function may be achieved through various interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, and other rehabilitation strategies. The specific approach used will depend on the individual's needs and the nature of their impairment. Recovery of function can occur spontaneously as the body heals, or it may require targeted interventions to help facilitate the process.

It is important to note that recovery of function does not always mean a full return to pre-injury or pre-illness levels of ability. Instead, it often refers to the person's ability to adapt and compensate for any remaining impairments, allowing them to achieve their maximum level of functional independence and quality of life.

A traumatic brain hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs within the brain or in the spaces surrounding the brain as a result of trauma or injury. This condition can range from mild to severe, and it is often a medical emergency.

Trauma can cause blood vessels in the brain to rupture, leading to the leakage of blood into the brain tissue or the spaces surrounding the brain. The buildup of blood puts pressure on the delicate tissues of the brain, which can cause damage and result in various symptoms.

There are several types of traumatic brain hemorrhages, including:

1. Epidural hematoma: This occurs when blood accumulates between the skull and the dura mater, the tough outer covering of the brain. It is often caused by a skull fracture that damages an artery or vein.
2. Subdural hematoma: In this type, bleeding occurs between the dura mater and the next inner covering of the brain, called the arachnoid membrane. Subdural hematomas are usually caused by venous injuries but can also result from arterial damage.
3. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage: This refers to bleeding within the brain tissue itself, often due to the rupture of small blood vessels.
4. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs in the space between the arachnoid membrane and the innermost covering of the brain, called the pia mater. This type of hemorrhage is commonly caused by an aneurysm or a head injury.

Symptoms of a traumatic brain hemorrhage may include:

* Sudden severe headache
* Nausea and vomiting
* Confusion or disorientation
* Vision changes, such as double vision or blurred vision
* Balance problems or difficulty walking
* Slurred speech or difficulty communicating
* Seizures
* Loss of consciousness
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs

Immediate medical attention is necessary if a traumatic brain hemorrhage is suspected. Treatment may involve surgery to relieve pressure on the brain and stop the bleeding, as well as medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. The prognosis for a traumatic brain hemorrhage depends on various factors, including the location and severity of the bleed, the patient's age and overall health, and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment.

A brain concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that is typically caused by a blow to the head or a violent shaking of the head and body. A concussion can also occur from a fall or accident that causes the head to suddenly jerk forward or backward.

The impact or forceful movement causes the brain to move back and forth inside the skull, which can result in stretching and damaging of brain cells, as well as disrupting the normal functioning of the brain. Concussions can range from mild to severe and may cause a variety of symptoms, including:

* Headache or a feeling of pressure in the head
* Temporary loss of consciousness
* Confusion or fogginess
* Amnesia surrounding the traumatic event
* Dizziness or "seeing stars"
* Ringing in the ears
* Nausea or vomiting
* Slurred speech
* Fatigue

In some cases, concussions may also cause more serious symptoms, such as seizures, difficulty walking, loss of balance, and changes in behavior or mood. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else has a brain concussion. A healthcare professional can evaluate the severity of the injury and provide appropriate treatment and follow-up care.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Athletic injuries are damages or injuries to the body that occur while participating in sports, physical activities, or exercise. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Trauma: Direct blows, falls, collisions, or crushing injuries can cause fractures, dislocations, contusions, lacerations, or concussions.
2. Overuse: Repetitive motions or stress on a particular body part can lead to injuries such as tendonitis, stress fractures, or muscle strains.
3. Poor technique: Using incorrect form or technique during exercise or sports can put additional stress on muscles, joints, and ligaments, leading to injury.
4. Inadequate warm-up or cool-down: Failing to properly prepare the body for physical activity or neglecting to cool down afterwards can increase the risk of injury.
5. Lack of fitness or flexibility: Insufficient strength, endurance, or flexibility can make individuals more susceptible to injuries during sports and exercise.
6. Environmental factors: Extreme weather conditions, poor field or court surfaces, or inadequate equipment can contribute to the risk of athletic injuries.

Common athletic injuries include ankle sprains, knee injuries, shoulder dislocations, tennis elbow, shin splints, and concussions. Proper training, warm-up and cool-down routines, use of appropriate protective gear, and attention to technique can help prevent many athletic injuries.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

The cervical vertebrae are the seven vertebrae that make up the upper part of the spine, also known as the neck region. They are labeled C1 to C7, with C1 being closest to the skull and C7 connecting to the thoracic vertebrae in the chest region. The cervical vertebrae have unique structures to allow for a wide range of motion in the neck while also protecting the spinal cord and providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

Hemopneumothorax is a medical condition that refers to the presence of both air (pneumothorax) and blood (hemothorax) in the pleural space, which is the area between the lungs and the chest wall. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, lung disease, or certain medical procedures. It can cause symptoms like chest pain, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels, and it may require urgent treatment, including chest tube drainage and surgery in severe cases.

A forelimb is a term used in animal anatomy to refer to the upper limbs located in the front of the body, primarily involved in movement and manipulation of the environment. In humans, this would be equivalent to the arms, while in quadrupedal animals (those that move on four legs), it includes the structures that are comparable to both the arms and legs of humans, such as the front legs of dogs or the forepaws of cats. The bones that make up a typical forelimb include the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the bones that make up the rib cage, which is the protective structure around the lungs and heart. Rib fractures can result from direct trauma to the chest, such as from a fall, motor vehicle accident, or physical assault. They can also occur from indirect forces, such as during coughing fits in people with weakened bones (osteoporosis).

Rib fractures are painful and can make breathing difficult, particularly when taking deep breaths or coughing. In some cases, rib fractures may lead to complications like punctured lungs (pneumothorax) or collapsed lungs (atelectasis), especially if multiple ribs are broken in several places.

It is essential to seek medical attention for suspected rib fractures, as proper diagnosis and management can help prevent further complications and promote healing. Treatment typically involves pain management, breathing exercises, and, in some cases, immobilization or surgery.

Craniocerebral trauma, also known as traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a type of injury that occurs to the head and brain. It can result from a variety of causes, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, violence, or other types of trauma. Craniocerebral trauma can range in severity from mild concussions to severe injuries that cause permanent disability or death.

The injury typically occurs when there is a sudden impact to the head, causing the brain to move within the skull and collide with the inside of the skull. This can result in bruising, bleeding, swelling, or tearing of brain tissue, as well as damage to blood vessels and nerves. In severe cases, the skull may be fractured or penetrated, leading to direct injury to the brain.

Symptoms of craniocerebral trauma can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the injury. They may include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in vision or hearing, weakness or numbness in the limbs, balance problems, and behavioral or emotional changes. In severe cases, the person may lose consciousness or fall into a coma.

Treatment for craniocerebral trauma depends on the severity of the injury. Mild injuries may be treated with rest, pain medication, and close monitoring, while more severe injuries may require surgery, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Prevention is key to reducing the incidence of craniocerebral trauma, including measures such as wearing seat belts and helmets, preventing falls, and avoiding violent situations.

A subdural hematoma is a type of hematoma (a collection of blood) that occurs between the dura mater, which is the outermost protective covering of the brain, and the brain itself. It is usually caused by bleeding from the veins located in this potential space, often as a result of a head injury or trauma.

Subdural hematomas can be classified as acute, subacute, or chronic based on their rate of symptom progression and the time course of their appearance on imaging studies. Acute subdural hematomas typically develop and cause symptoms rapidly, often within hours of the head injury. Subacute subdural hematomas have a more gradual onset of symptoms, which can occur over several days to a week after the trauma. Chronic subdural hematomas may take weeks to months to develop and are often seen in older adults or individuals with chronic alcohol abuse, even after minor head injuries.

Symptoms of a subdural hematoma can vary widely depending on the size and location of the hematoma, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Common symptoms include headache, altered mental status, confusion, memory loss, weakness or numbness, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma, along with management of any underlying conditions that may have contributed to its development.

Locomotion, in a medical context, refers to the ability to move independently and change location. It involves the coordinated movement of the muscles, bones, and nervous system that enables an individual to move from one place to another. This can include walking, running, jumping, or using assistive devices such as wheelchairs or crutches. Locomotion is a fundamental aspect of human mobility and is often assessed in medical evaluations to determine overall health and functioning.

Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.

The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.

Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the skull. It can occur from a direct blow to the head, penetrating injuries like gunshot wounds, or from strong rotational forces during an accident. There are several types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear Skull Fracture: This is the most common type, where there's a simple break in the bone without any splintering, depression, or displacement. It often doesn't require treatment unless it's near a sensitive area like an eye or ear.

2. Depressed Skull Fracture: In this type, a piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain. Surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain and repair the fracture.

3. Diastatic Skull Fracture: This occurs along the suture lines (the fibrous joints between the skull bones) that haven't fused yet, often seen in infants and young children.

4. Basilar Skull Fracture: This involves fractures at the base of the skull. It can be serious due to potential injury to the cranial nerves and blood vessels located in this area.

5. Comminuted Skull Fracture: In this severe type, the bone is shattered into many pieces. These fractures usually require extensive surgical repair.

Symptoms of a skull fracture can include pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding (if there's an open wound), and in some cases, clear fluid draining from the ears or nose (cerebrospinal fluid leak). Severe fractures may cause brain injury, leading to symptoms like confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or neurological deficits. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected skull fracture.

"Trauma severity indices" refer to various scoring systems used by healthcare professionals to evaluate the severity of injuries in trauma patients. These tools help standardize the assessment and communication of injury severity among different members of the healthcare team, allowing for more effective and consistent treatment planning, resource allocation, and prognosis estimation.

There are several commonly used trauma severity indices, including:

1. Injury Severity Score (ISS): ISS is an anatomical scoring system that evaluates the severity of injuries based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The body is divided into six regions, and the square of the highest AIS score in each region is summed to calculate the ISS. Scores range from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries.
2. New Injury Severity Score (NISS): NISS is a modification of the ISS that focuses on the three most severely injured body regions, regardless of their anatomical location. The three highest AIS scores are squared and summed to calculate the NISS. This scoring system tends to correlate better with mortality than the ISS in some studies.
3. Revised Trauma Score (RTS): RTS is a physiological scoring system that evaluates the patient's respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological status upon arrival at the hospital. It uses variables such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate to calculate a score between 0 and 7.84, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.
4. Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): TRISS is a combined anatomical and physiological scoring system that estimates the probability of survival based on ISS or NISS, RTS, age, and mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating). It uses logistic regression equations to calculate the predicted probability of survival.
5. Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS): PTS is a physiological scoring system specifically designed for children under 14 years old. It evaluates six variables, including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, capillary refill time, GCS, and temperature to calculate a score between -6 and +12, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.

These scoring systems help healthcare professionals assess the severity of trauma, predict outcomes, allocate resources, and compare patient populations in research settings. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized care for each patient.

Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the eye or its surrounding structures. These injuries can vary in severity and may include:

1. Corneal abrasions: A scratch or scrape on the clear surface of the eye (cornea).
2. Chemical burns: Occurs when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the cornea and other structures.
3. Eyelid lacerations: Cuts or tears to the eyelid.
4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
5. Hyphema: Accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and iris.
6. Orbital fractures: Breaks in the bones surrounding the eye.
7. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
8. Traumatic uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, caused by trauma.
9. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Eye injuries can result from a variety of causes, including accidents, sports-related injuries, violence, and chemical exposure. It is important to seek medical attention promptly for any suspected eye injury to prevent further damage and potential vision loss.

A decompressive craniectomy is a neurosurgical procedure in which a portion of the skull is removed to allow the swollen brain to expand and reduce intracranial pressure. This surgical intervention is typically performed as a last resort in cases where other treatments for increased intracranial pressure, such as hyperosmolar therapy or drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, have been unsuccessful.

During the procedure, the surgeon creates an opening in the skull (craniectomy) and removes a piece of bone (bone flap). This exposes the brain and creates additional space for it to expand without being compressed by the rigid skull. The dura mater, the outermost protective layer surrounding the brain, may also be opened to provide further room for brain swelling.

Once the swelling has subsided, a second procedure known as cranioplasty is performed to replace the removed bone flap or use an artificial implant to restore the skull's integrity and protect the underlying brain tissue. The timing of cranioplasty can vary depending on individual patient factors and clinical conditions.

Decompressive craniectomy is most commonly used in the management of traumatic brain injuries, stroke-induced malignant cerebral edema, and intracranial hypertension due to various causes, such as infection or inflammation. While this procedure can be lifesaving in some cases, it may also lead to complications like seizures, hydrocephalus, or neurological deficits. Therefore, the decision to perform a decompressive craniectomy should be made carefully and on an individual basis, considering both the potential benefits and risks.

A laceration is a type of injury that results in a tear or ragged cut in the skin or mucous membrane, often caused by some form of trauma. This can include cuts from sharp objects, blunt force trauma, or accidents. Lacerations can vary greatly in severity, from minor injuries that only affect the top layer of skin to more serious wounds that penetrate deeper into underlying tissues and structures.

Lacerations are typically irregular in shape and may have jagged edges, unlike clean incisions caused by sharp objects. They can also be accompanied by bruising, swelling, and bleeding, depending on the severity of the injury. In some cases, lacerations may require medical attention to properly clean, close, and manage the wound to prevent infection and promote healing.

It is essential to assess the depth, location, and extent of a laceration to determine the appropriate course of action. Deeper lacerations that expose underlying tissues or structures, such as muscles, tendons, nerves, or blood vessels, may require sutures (stitches), staples, or adhesive strips to close the wound. In some instances, surgical intervention might be necessary to repair damaged tissues properly. Always consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment of lacerations.

Lameness in animals refers to an alteration in the animal's normal gait or movement, which is often caused by pain, injury, or disease affecting the locomotor system. This can include structures such as bones, joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The severity of lameness can vary from subtle to non-weight bearing, and it can affect one or more limbs.

Lameness can have various causes, including trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, congenital defects, and neurological disorders. In order to diagnose and treat lameness in animals, a veterinarian will typically perform a physical examination, observe the animal's gait and movement, and may use diagnostic imaging techniques such as X-rays or ultrasound to identify the underlying cause. Treatment for lameness can include medication, rest, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

"Motor activity" is a general term used in the field of medicine and neuroscience to refer to any kind of physical movement or action that is generated by the body's motor system. The motor system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles that work together to produce movements such as walking, talking, reaching for an object, or even subtle actions like moving your eyes.

Motor activity can be voluntary, meaning it is initiated intentionally by the individual, or involuntary, meaning it is triggered automatically by the nervous system without conscious control. Examples of voluntary motor activity include deliberately lifting your arm or kicking a ball, while examples of involuntary motor activity include heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions like jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Abnormalities in motor activity can be a sign of neurological or muscular disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. Assessment of motor activity is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

Gunshot wounds are defined as traumatic injuries caused by the penetration of bullets or other projectiles fired from firearms into the body. The severity and extent of damage depend on various factors such as the type of firearm used, the distance between the muzzle and the victim, the size and shape of the bullet, and its velocity.

Gunshot wounds can be classified into two main categories:

1. Penetrating gunshot wounds: These occur when a bullet enters the body but does not exit, causing damage to the organs, tissues, and blood vessels along its path.

2. Perforating gunshot wounds: These happen when a bullet enters and exits the body, creating an entry and exit wound, causing damage to the structures it traverses.

Based on the mechanism of injury, gunshot wounds can also be categorized into low-velocity (less than 1000 feet per second) and high-velocity (greater than 1000 feet per second) injuries. High-velocity gunshot wounds are more likely to cause extensive tissue damage due to the transfer of kinetic energy from the bullet to the surrounding tissues.

Immediate medical attention is required for individuals with gunshot wounds, as they may experience significant blood loss, infection, and potential long-term complications such as organ dysfunction or disability. Treatment typically involves surgical intervention to control bleeding, remove foreign material, repair damaged structures, and manage infections if present.

Neuroprotective agents are substances that protect neurons or nerve cells from damage, degeneration, or death caused by various factors such as trauma, inflammation, oxidative stress, or excitotoxicity. These agents work through different mechanisms, including reducing the production of free radicals, inhibiting the release of glutamate (a neurotransmitter that can cause cell damage in high concentrations), promoting the growth and survival of neurons, and preventing apoptosis (programmed cell death). Neuroprotective agents have been studied for their potential to treat various neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and to develop effective therapies.

Leg injuries refer to damages or harm caused to any part of the lower extremity, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Common leg injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, contusions, and cuts. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, stiffness, weakness, or difficulty walking. The specific treatment for a leg injury depends on the type and severity of the injury.

Flail chest is a serious injury to the thorax characterized by a segment of the chest wall that moves paradoxically in relation to the rest of the chest wall during respiration. This occurs due to multiple rib fractures at two or more places, resulting in a free-floating section of the chest wall that is not connected to the sternum or spine.

During inspiration, when the chest normally expands, the flail segment moves inward, and during expiration, it moves outward, which can lead to significant impairment of ventilation and oxygenation. Flail chest can result from high-impact trauma such as motor vehicle accidents or falls, and it is often associated with underlying lung contusions or other injuries. It requires immediate medical attention and may necessitate mechanical ventilation and surgical stabilization of the rib cage to prevent complications such as pneumonia and respiratory failure.

Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.

A closed head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when there is no penetration or breakage of the skull. The brain is encased in the skull and protected by cerebrospinal fluid, but when the head experiences a sudden impact or jolt, the brain can move back and forth within the skull, causing it to bruise, tear blood vessels, or even cause nerve damage. This type of injury can result from various incidents such as car accidents, sports injuries, falls, or any other event that causes the head to suddenly stop or change direction quickly.

Closed head injuries can range from mild (concussion) to severe (diffuse axonal injury, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma), and symptoms may not always be immediately apparent. They can include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness, seizures, or even coma. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect a closed head injury, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the outcome.

Urinary bladder diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the urinary bladder, a muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine before it is excreted from the body. These diseases can impair the bladder's ability to store or empty urine properly, leading to various symptoms and complications. Here are some common urinary bladder diseases with their medical definitions:

1. Cystitis: This is an inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infections (known as UTI - Urinary Tract Infection). However, it can also be triggered by irritants, radiation therapy, or chemical exposure.
2. Overactive Bladder (OAB): A group of symptoms that include urgency, frequency, and, in some cases, urge incontinence. The bladder muscle contracts excessively, causing a strong, sudden desire to urinate.
3. Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS): A chronic bladder condition characterized by pain, pressure, or discomfort in the bladder and pelvic region, often accompanied by urinary frequency and urgency. Unlike cystitis, IC/BPS is not caused by infection, but its exact cause remains unknown.
4. Bladder Cancer: The abnormal growth of cancerous cells within the bladder lining or muscle. It can present as non-muscle-invasive (superficial) or muscle-invasive, depending on whether the tumor has grown into the bladder muscle.
5. Bladder Diverticula: Small sac-like pouches that form in the bladder lining and protrude outward through its wall. These may result from increased bladder pressure due to conditions like OAB or an enlarged prostate.
6. Neurogenic Bladder: A condition where nerve damage or dysfunction affects the bladder's ability to store or empty urine properly. This can lead to symptoms such as incontinence, urgency, and retention.
7. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Although not a bladder disease itself, BPH is a common condition in older men where the prostate gland enlarges, putting pressure on the bladder and urethra, leading to urinary symptoms like frequency, urgency, and hesitancy.

Understanding these various bladder conditions can help individuals identify potential issues early on and seek appropriate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The posterior segment of the eye refers to the back portion of the interior of the eye, including the vitreous, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. This region is responsible for processing visual information and transmitting it to the brain. The retina contains photoreceptor cells that convert light into electrical signals, which are then sent through the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation as images. Disorders of the posterior eye segment can lead to vision loss or blindness.

Hip injuries refer to damages or harm caused to the hip joint or its surrounding structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as falls, accidents, sports-related activities, or degenerative conditions. Common hip injuries include fractures, dislocations, strains, sprains, bursitis, and labral tears. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, stiffness, limited mobility, and inability to bear weight on the affected leg. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Traffic accidents are incidents that occur when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an animal, or a stationary object, resulting in damage or injury. These accidents can be caused by various factors such as driver error, distracted driving, drunk driving, speeding, reckless driving, poor road conditions, and adverse weather conditions. Traffic accidents can range from minor fender benders to severe crashes that result in serious injuries or fatalities. They are a significant public health concern and cause a substantial burden on healthcare systems, emergency services, and society as a whole.

Myelitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the spinal cord. This inflammation can cause damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. As a result, the transmission of nerve impulses along the spinal cord may be disrupted, leading to various neurological symptoms.

Myelitis can affect any part of the spinal cord and can have many different causes, including infections (such as viral or bacterial infections), autoimmune disorders (such as multiple sclerosis), and other conditions (such as spinal cord injuries or tumors). The specific symptoms of myelitis depend on the location and severity of the inflammation. They may include muscle weakness, numbness or tingling sensations, pain, bladder or bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

Myelitis can be a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment. Treatment typically focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation, as well as managing symptoms and supporting recovery.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the lamina, which is the back part of the vertebra that covers the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. By removing the lamina, the surgeon can access the affected area and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, thereby reducing pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Laminectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other surgical techniques such as discectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion. The specific approach and extent of the surgery will depend on the patient's individual condition and symptoms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soccer" is not a medical term. It is the common name for the sport also known as football in many parts of the world. The official name of the sport in the United States and Canada is "soccer," which helps distinguish it from other forms of football that involve carrying the ball, such as American football or Canadian football.

If you have any medical questions or terms you'd like defined, I'd be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "World War I" is a historical term and doesn't have a medical definition. However, I can provide some background information on it.

World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a major global conflict that took place primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918. It involved many of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (initially centered around the Triple Entente of France, Russia, and Britain) and the Central Powers (originally centered around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy).

The medical implications of World War I were profound. The war led to significant casualties, with estimates of military deaths ranging from 9 to 13 million. Civilian deaths numbered in the millions as well, due to military action, famine, and disease.

The war also had a significant impact on medicine and healthcare. It led to advancements in trauma care, such as the development of mobile surgical units and blood transfusions. However, it also resulted in widespread outbreaks of diseases like influenza and tuberculosis due to poor living conditions and the movement of large numbers of people.

I hope this information is helpful. If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health, feel free to ask!

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

A pulmonary contusion, also known as lung contusion, is a bruise of the lung, caused by chest trauma. As a result of damage to ... Larger contusions have been correlated with a need for ventilation for longer periods of time. Pulmonary contusion or its ... Contusion can also permanently reduce the compliance of the lungs. Pulmonary contusion can result in respiratory failure-about ... The severity ranges from mild to severe: small contusions may have little or no impact on health, yet pulmonary contusion is ...
Contusions are likely to heal on their own without medical intervention. The symptoms of a cerebral contusion depend on the ... The contusion may cause swelling of the surrounding brain tissue, which may be irritated by toxins released in the contusion. ... These remote contusions are often referred to as plaque jaune or yellow plaque. Numerous small contusions from broken ... Signs also depend on the contusion's location in the brain. Often caused by a blow to the head, contusions commonly occur in ...
Contusions of both surfaces of the knee joint are known as kissing contusions. These contusions are generally found by magnetic ... Terzidis, I. P. (October 2004). "The appearance of kissing contusion in the acutely injured knee in the athletes". Br J Sports ...
If a person sustains a contusion one time, they are more likely to sustain a repeated one. (see cerebral contusion for more ... In small cases, cerebral contusions can lead to death (about 15 per 100,000 people). If a cerebral contusion leads to a coma, ... "Cerebral Contusions and Lacerations". Merck Manuals. Retrieved 1 April 2013. L Morales, MD, Denise. "Brain Contusion Imaging". ... "Cerebral Contusions Closed". MD Guidelines. Retrieved 1 April 2013. "Cerebral Contusion - Intracerebral Hematoma". NYP Health. ...
In addition, it also lists he sustained multiple contusions, abrasions, and bruising to his body. The report also said he ... multiple cortical contusions; and several instances of hemorrhages throughout his body. ...
Horse-riding injuries to the scrotum (contusions) and testes (blunt trauma) were well known to surgeons in the 19th century and ... contusions/abrasions (28.3%); strain/sprain (14.5%); internal injury (8.1%); lacerations (5.7%); concussions (4.6%); ...
Contusion? Subterranea or Sub-fusion. The Quest begins." The single was added to BBC Radio 1's C-Playlist in May 2010 and later ...
Like lacerations, hematomas may initially be hidden on X-ray by lung contusions, but they become more apparent as the contusion ... As the lung contusion clears (usually within two to four days), lacerations begin to become visible on chest X-ray. CT scanning ... As with contusions, pulmonary lacerations usually occur near solid structures in the chest such as ribs. Pulmonary laceration ... Pulmonary laceration may not be visible using chest X-ray because an associated pulmonary contusion or hemorrhage may mask it. ...
Sattler S, Maier RV (2002). "Pulmonary contusion". In Karmy-Jones R, Nathens A, Stern EJ (eds.). Thoracic Trauma and Critical ... Sternal fractures are frequently associated with underlying injuries such as pulmonary contusions, or bruised lung tissue. A ...
"Thigh contusion". fittoplay.org. Retrieved 2022-03-16. "Thigh Contusion: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention". Cleveland Clinic ... The term formerly referred more commonly to bruising of the quadriceps muscle of the anterior or lateral thigh, or contusion of ... thigh contusion) can also be referred to as a charley horse or even simply a charley. The first known use of the term was in ...
Suiter suffered lacerations, contusions, and fractures. He claimed his leg was permanently impaired. Suiter ended up suing the ...
Contusion: Simple bruising. In this type of injury, the capillaries in the epidermis and dermis are damaged, without breaking ... Contusion' Merrian-Webster. Retrieved 24/01/2018 Benjamin Gulli; Thygerson, Alton L. (2005). First aid, CPR, and AED. Boston: ... Types of wounds Laceration moulage Abrasion on the palm of the hand Contusion External bleeding is generally described in terms ...
Contusion on leg. Laid up two months; injured shoulder in mid summer; Sprained ankle in August. Suffered a dislocated shoulder ...
Colón's injuries included lacerations and contusions. She was treated and released from the Outer Banks Hospital in Nags Head, ...
Kidney lacerations and contusions may also occur. Kidney injury, a common finding in children with blunt abdominal trauma, may ... The pancreas may be injured in abdominal trauma, for example by laceration or contusion. Pancreatic injuries, most commonly ...
Viestenz, A; Küchle, M (2002). "Eye contusions caused by a bottle cap. A retrospective study based on the Erlangen Ocular ... Viestenz, A; Küchle, M (2002). "Ocular contusion caused by elastic cords: a retrospective analysis using the Erlangen Ocular ... Kiel, J; Chen, S (2001). "Contusion injuries and their ocular effects" (PDF). Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 84 (1): 19-25 ... Contusion Register (EOCR)". Der Ophthalmologe. 99 (2): 105-8. doi:10.1007/s003470100504. PMID 11871070. Bullock, JD; Ballal, DR ...
Marlin suffered several contusions from the hard impact. Due to darkness caused by the rain delay and red flag, the race was ...
A pulmonary contusion is a bruise of the lung tissue caused by trauma. Damaged capillaries from a contusion can cause blood and ... ISBN 0-07-105448-0. "Pulmonary Contusion - Injuries and Poisoning". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2019-06-10. Kuba ...
... is associated with pulmonary contusion more than 50% of the time. Thus when the scapula is fractured, other ... Allen GS, Coates NE (November 1996). "Pulmonary contusion: A collective review". The American Surgeon. 62 (11): 895-900. PMID ...
Allen GS, Coates NE (November 1996). "Pulmonary contusion: A collective review". The American Surgeon. 62 (11): 895-900. PMID ... Allen GS, Cox CS (December 1998). "Pulmonary contusion in children: Diagnosis and management". Southern Medical Journal. 91 (12 ...
One of the crew received a shot in the arm; another suffered a serious contusion. Lieutenant Constable sustained a head injury ...
Aspirator (medical device) Allen GS, Coates NE (November 1996). "Pulmonary contusion: A collective review". The American ...
Stecker suffered lacerations, contusions, rib fractures, and a concussion. Curly told the Associated Press, apparently from his ... contusion & laceration body & head fracture 10th rib right side" dating from one year and three months prior to death. The ...
The most commonly reported injuries were bumps and contusions. Bahaeddin uncapped the number of university entrance exams, ...
He was hospitalized for contusions and a sprained wrist. The police claimed he has assaulted an officer and Yew had felony ...
Also, he suffered a numerous contusions and back injuries. Enache was brought to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center ...
cerebral contusion - a bruise to the brain tissue as a result of trauma. Contusions are local in nature, separating them from ... Cerebral contusion Concussion Diffuse axonal injury Intracranial hemorrhage Traumatic brain injury Ibrahim, Nicole G.; Ralston ... contusions, and minor concussions, as opposed to more serious head injuries. There have been rare campaigns for motoring ...
... contusions, rib fractures, and a concussion. Charlie the Elephant was euthanized in autumn 1923. Stecker died the following ...
It results in abrasions, bone fractures, lacerations, or contusions. An example of this type of trauma is falling from a high ...
The most common reported injuries were bumps and contusions. Corporal punishment in public schools was banned in 1914, but ...
A pulmonary contusion, also known as lung contusion, is a bruise of the lung, caused by chest trauma. As a result of damage to ... Larger contusions have been correlated with a need for ventilation for longer periods of time. Pulmonary contusion or its ... Contusion can also permanently reduce the compliance of the lungs. Pulmonary contusion can result in respiratory failure-about ... The severity ranges from mild to severe: small contusions may have little or no impact on health, yet pulmonary contusion is ...
Contusions are one of the most common sports-related injuries. ... Muscle contusion indicates a direct, blunt, compressive force ... The severity of contusions ranges from simple skin contusions to muscle and bone contusions to internal organ contusions. ... Myositis ossificans occurs in 9% of all contusions, 4% of mild contusions, 13% of moderate contusions, and 18% of severe ... this article focuses on muscle contusions. Contusions of internal organs and bone contusions are not discussed in this article ...
Myocardial contusion is a bruise of the heart muscle. ... Myocardial contusion is a bruise of the heart muscle. ... A severe myocardial contusion may lead to signs and symptoms of a heart attack. ... People with a mild myocardial contusion will recover completely most of the time. ...
A throat contusion, or bruise, often occurs due to trauma such as a fall or sports injury. Learn more. ... A throat contusion is an injury that often occurs due to an object stuck in the mouth. This damages the throats tissues and ... A throat contusion, or bruise, usually occurs due to trauma such as falling with an object inside the mouth. Symptoms of a ... A throat contusion is an injury due to trauma, such as a fall, blow, or sustained pressure. Common causes are contact sports, ...
Muscle strains and contusions constitute the majority of these injuries. The clinical presentation and assessment of quadriceps ... strains and contusions are reviewed along with discussion of appropriate imaging … ... Diagnosis and management of quadriceps strains and contusions Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2010 Jul 30;3(1-4):26-31. doi: ... Muscle strains and contusions constitute the majority of these injuries. The clinical presentation and assessment of quadriceps ...
Feedback comments are intended to give extra information about a route which may be helpful to other climbers.. This can include βeta which is crucial information about the route which may be how to do a move, or tips about hidden holds or gear.. If you dont want to see βeta then select Always Hide βeta and the comments will be hidden for you. You can also set this in your User Options.. If you read a comment that you think contains crucial βeta then you can mark it as βeta using the flag on the right.. If you see something incorrectly marked as βeta, you can hide it by clicking on the word βeta: on the left.. You can also copy any of your previous personal ascent comments to Public Feedback if they contain useful general information. They can be edited before posting to remove personal content if required.. ...
Contusion - Piatti Quartet NMC D242 [Buy the recording from Amazon](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bracing-Change-2-Pi ...
Contusions may progress with time. Imaging findings in brain contusions tend to vary because of the stages of evolution common ... CT scanning is an excellent modality for defining contusions. Contusions often are not appreciated on the first CT scan ... encoded search term (Brain Contusion (Trauma) Imaging) and Brain Contusion (Trauma) Imaging What to Read Next on Medscape ... MRI is the criterion standard for defining contusions, and scans typically demonstrate brain contusions from the onset of ...
Applying a cold compress to a contusion may help minimize swelling and bruising. Seek medical attention if a contusion doesnt ... A contusion (kun-TOO-zhun), or bruise, of the lower leg is an injury to the skin and underlying tissue of the lower leg. ... As a contusion heals, it may turn different colors, from red and purple to black and blue and then to green, yellow, and light ... A contusion, or bruise, forms when soft tissue in the body is crushed but the skin doesnt break. When this happens, blood from ...
Learn more about contusions (bruises) of the buttocks. ... A to Z: Contusion (Bruise), Buttocks. May also be called: ... As a contusion heals, it may turn different colors, from red and purple to black and blue and then to green, yellow, and light ... A contusion (kun-TOO-zhun), or bruise, of the buttocks is an injury to the skin and underlying tissue of the buttocks. ... A contusion, or bruise, forms when soft tissue in the body is crushed but the skin doesnt break. When this happens, blood from ...
The team announced that he is out with a right knee contusion and will not return to the game. ... Share All sharing options for: Gordon Hayward leaves game with knee contusion ...
Nationals Keibert Ruiz Placed on IL Because of Testicular Contusion. Erin WalshSeptember 9, 2022. Comments. ... Washington Nationals catcher Keibert Ruiz has been placed on the 10-day injured list with a testicular contusion, according to ...
Information about the SNOMED CT code 42039004 representing Contusion of perineum. ... Contusion of trunk 36787001. Contusion of perineum 42039004. SNOMED CT Concept 138875005. Clinical finding 404684003. Finding ... Printed 2023-12-11 from https://www.findacode.com/snomed/42039004--contusion-of-perineum.html. Copyright © 2000-2023 ...
Mark Teixeira was diagnosed with a right knee contusion after X-rays came back negative, reports Joel Sherman of the New York ... UPDATE: Mark Teixeira was diagnosed with a right knee contusion after X-rays came back negative, reports Joel Sherman of the ...
Radswiki T, Pulmonary contusion. Case study, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 21 Sep 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-11837 ... ":"pulmonary-contusion-1","modality":"CT","series":[{"id":577722,"content_type":"image/png","frames":[{"id":577722,"width":363 ...
Andrew Heaney spoke post-game about his outing (3 IP, 2 ER, 0 BB, 5 Ks) and his left arm contusion. pic.twitter.com/PrLFzXR7Gs ... Share All sharing options for: Andrew Heaney exits with left arm contusion after hit by line drive ... Andrew Heaney exits with left arm contusion after hit by line drive. ... suffering a contusion on his left bicep. ... Heaney exits with left arm contusion after line drive * Dodgers ...
Cerebral laceration and contusion. *There are 10 ICD-9-CM codes below 851 that define this diagnosis in greater detail. Do not ...
Ben Wallace out with knee contusion. Posted byLuke Ross April 12, 2009. 605 Comments on Ben Wallace out with knee contusion ... Ben Wallace, who just returned to the lineup last Wednesday suffered a right knee contusion with 8:36 remaining in the second ...
The official word on KC Chiefs RB Jamaal Charles is that he has a quad contusion. ... "Jamaal has a quad contusion," Reid said, via quotes sent out by the Chiefs. "He does have a range of motion, but well just see ... Share All sharing options for: Jamaal Charles injury is a quad contusion; Hes OK, Chiefs coach Andy Reid says ... The official word on KC Chiefs RB Jamaal Charles is that he has a quad contusion. ...
According to the Cavs, Smith suffered a right knee contusion against the Philadelphia 76ers last night. Smith then underwent an ... Share All sharing options for: J.R. Smith out at least two games with knee contusion ... MRI today that confirmed the contusion and also revealed that Smith has tendinitis in his quadriceps. According to coach David ...
According to NFL insiders, the Saints quarterback suffered a rib contusion in Sunday's game against the 49ers after taking ... Drew Brees Suffered Rib Contusion, Will Possibly Miss Some Time In Order To Fully Heal. ...
Paul Millsap to miss at least two games with shoulder sprain and contusion. *By ... An X-ray was negative and an MRI revealed a right shoulder sprain and contusion. ...
Suns Deandre Ayton exits game with leg contusion in win over Cavs Facebook ... Suns Deandre Ayton exits game with leg contusion in win over Cavs. Oct 30, 2021, 9:32 PM , Updated: 10:18 pm ... He suffered a right leg contusion which sidelined him for the final 16 minutes, the Suns announced. ... Head coach Monty Williams confirmed that Ayton had a contusion during his postgame press conference. ...
I detailed what Anthony Davis having a right heel contusion means, and what the Lakers can expect from him in Game 6 of the NBA ... Explaining Anthony Davis heel contusion & likely Game 6 status. I detailed what Anthony Davis having a right heel contusion ... Anthony Davis originally suffered a right heel contusion in the Western Conference Finals against the Denver Nuggets, and hes ... Share All sharing options for: Explaining Anthony Davis heel contusion & likely Game 6 status ...
Only registered members can create personal notes for a map.. Already registered? Sign in here ...
How Can I Help My Brain Heal After a Cerebral Contusion? - David Feldman, MD - Emergency Medicine - In this video, emergency ... How Can I Help My Brain Heal After a Cerebral Contusion? - David Feldman, MD - Emergency Medicine. by ... How Can I Help My Brain Heal After a Cerebral Contusion? - David Feldman, MD - Emergency Medicine. ... explains what to do after cerebral contusion, also known as a concussion, to help your brain recover. For more information ...
Pulmonary Contusion - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Symptoms of pulmonary contusion include pain (mainly due to injury to the overlying chest wall) and sometimes dyspnea. The ... Contusions cause opacification of affected lung tissue on imaging, but opacification may not be apparent for 24 to 48 hours ... Pulmonary contusion is a common and potentially lethal chest injury that results from significant blunt or penetrating chest ...
A knee contusion could keep him out a week or more. ... What is a knee contusion? A knee contusion is also known as a ... Perry Jones could miss a week or more of Thunder regular season with knee contusion injury. New, comments ... However, the contusion occurs when the skin of the knee and the underlying tissue sustains a direct blow on the knee which ... "Knee Contusions usually take a week to heal if they are not severe." Dr. Mohammed Al-Mutawa said. "They are typically healed ...
Share All sharing options for: Kristaps Porzingis suffered a left leg contusion; X-Rays are negative ... Porzingis missed Saturday nights game against the Detroit Pistons with what is being described as a left leg contusion. ...
Ivan Nova left Monday nights game against the Baltimore Orioles in Maryland with a contusion and sprain on his right ankle. X- ... Ivan Nova left Monday nights game against the Baltimore Orioles in Maryland with a contusion and sprain on his right ankle. X- ... Ivan Nova Injury: Yankees Pitcher Leaves Game With Ankle Contusion, Sprain * Yankees (19-15) At Orioles (22-14): Game Time, TV ... Share All sharing options for: Ivan Nova Injury: Yankees Pitcher Leaves Game With Ankle Contusion, Sprain ...
  • A pulmonary contusion, also known as lung contusion, is a bruise of the lung, caused by chest trauma. (wikipedia.org)
  • A throat contusion, or bruise, usually occurs due to trauma such as falling with an object inside the mouth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • During a contusion, blood vessels break open, and the blood leaks under the skin, causing a bruise. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Myocardial contusion is a bruise of the heart muscle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A contusion (kun-TOO-zhun), or bruise, of the lower leg is an injury to the skin and underlying tissue of the lower leg. (childrensmn.org)
  • A contusion, or bruise, forms when soft tissue in the body is crushed but the skin doesn't break. (childrensmn.org)
  • A knee contusion is also known as a patellar contusion that is basically a bruise on your kneecap. (welcometoloudcity.com)
  • Cerebral contusion , Latin contusio cerebri , a form of traumatic brain injury , is a bruise of the brain tissue. (wikidoc.org)
  • Pulmonary contusion (a bruise to the lung tissue itself) is the most common thoracic injury in kids. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A cerebral contusion is a bruise on the brain which can lead to life-threatening complications from bleeding in the brain. (meshbesherlawfirm.com)
  • Contusion recovery refers to the healing process after sustaining a bruise or injury caused by blunt force trauma. (rub-md.com)
  • A contusion is a medical term for a bruise or an injury that causes blood vessels and capillaries to burst under the surface of the skin, causing swelling and discoloration. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • The symptoms of a bone contusion can include difficulty moving the affected area, stiffness, swelling, tenderness, and pain that lasts longer than a typical bruise. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • Can A Bone Bruise Be A Bone Contusion? (treatingbruises.com)
  • Treatment for Bone Bruise (Bone Contusion) A bone bruise is an injury to a bone that is less severe than a bone fracture. (treatingbruises.com)
  • The team announced that he is out with a right knee contusion and will not return to the game. (celticsblog.com)
  • Mark Teixeira was diagnosed with a right knee contusion after X-rays came back negative, reports Joel Sherman of the New York Post . (nbcsports.com)
  • Ben Wallace, who just returned to the lineup last Wednesday suffered a right knee contusion with 8:36 remaining in the second quarter and didn't return to action against the Celtics on Sunday afternoon. (cavsnews.com)
  • According to the Cavs, Smith suffered a right knee contusion against the Philadelphia 76ers last night. (fearthesword.com)
  • Official word on Perry Jones is a right knee contusion. (welcometoloudcity.com)
  • Contusion involves hemorrhage in the alveoli (tiny air-filled sacs responsible for absorbing oxygen), but a hematoma is a discrete clot of blood not interspersed with lung tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemorrhage within the contusion can result in ischemia and edema, which can progress to tissue destruction, necrosis of neuronal structures, and cavitation with overlying reactive gliosis. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary contusion is trauma-induced lung hemorrhage and edema without laceration. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Contusions are also more likely to result in hemorrhage than is diffuse axonal injury because they occur more often in the cortex, an area with more blood vessels . (wikidoc.org)
  • A contusion disrupts normal nerve functions in the bruised area and may cause loss of consciousness, hemorrhage, edema, and even death. (lifenurses.com)
  • these injuries result from direct impact to the head (eg, scalp laceration and contusion, skull fracture, epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, brain contusion). (medscape.com)
  • A pulmonary contusion is usually caused directly by blunt trauma but can also result from explosion injuries or a shock wave associated with penetrating trauma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary contusion is usually accompanied by other injuries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although associated injuries are often the cause of death, pulmonary contusion is thought to cause death directly in a quarter to half of cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary contusion and laceration are injuries to the lung tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, pulmonary contusion is frequently associated with signs (objective indications) and symptoms (subjective states), including those indicative of the lung injury itself and of accompanying injuries. (wikipedia.org)
  • A person can manage minor injuries with pain relievers, ice, and rest, but more serious contusions may need further medical treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Contusions are one of the most common sports-related injuries. (medscape.com)
  • Contusions are often the result of sports-related injuries. (medscape.com)
  • Contusions of internal organs and bone contusions are not discussed in this article (see the Medscape Reference articles Concussion , Sacroiliac Joint Injury , Femur Injuries and Fractures , and Hip Pointer ). (medscape.com)
  • Contusions and strain injuries comprise approximately 60-70% of all sports-related injuries. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, most contusion injuries go unreported and untreated. (medscape.com)
  • Documented muscle contusions account for one third of all sports injuries. (medscape.com)
  • A study that compared incidence, duration of absence and characteristics of indirect (strain) and direct (contusion) quadriceps and hamstring muscle injuries reported that these thigh injuries are more frequent than have been previously described. (medscape.com)
  • Direct injuries (contusion) are less frequent than indirect ones (strain), and players can usually return to full activity in under half the average time for an indirect injury. (medscape.com)
  • The investigators reported 26 players had a rotator cuff contusion, with an average of 5.5 rotator cuff contusions per season (47% of all shoulder injuries), 70.3% of which the predominant mechanism of injury was a direct blow. (medscape.com)
  • Muscle strains and contusions constitute the majority of these injuries. (nih.gov)
  • After contacting my cousin Dr. Mohammed Al-Mutawa, who is an MD, I asked him to provide me with some information regarding knee contusions injuries. (welcometoloudcity.com)
  • Muscle contusions represent a major part of sports injuries. (cellsurgicalnetwork.com)
  • Often caused by a blow to the head, contusions commonly occur in coup or contre-coup injuries . (wikidoc.org)
  • [9] Caused by shearing injuries at the time of impact, these contusions occur especially at the junction between grey and white matter and in the upper brain stem , basal ganglia , thalamus and areas near the third ventricle . (wikidoc.org)
  • There are two types of cerebral contusions: coup and contrecoup injuries. (meshbesherlawfirm.com)
  • Contusions are very common workplace injuries and sports injuries , almost as common as muscle strains. (southvanphysio.com)
  • Anyone who suffers contusions along with other injuries due to the actions of a negligent party should still consult with a personal injury attorney about available options for legal recourse. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • However, several types of contusions exist, and these injuries can affect several parts of the body. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • A cerebral contusion results from acceleration-deceleration or coup countercoup injuries. (lifenurses.com)
  • Most of injuries were in the head, the abdominal areas, and the chest, with multiple contusions. (who.int)
  • Crushing head injuries are relatively rare and are caused when a massive weight crushes the stationary head and results in comminuted fractures of the calvarium, facial skeleton, and skull base, with fracture contusions and fracture lacerations of the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Perry Jones suffered a knee contusion and could miss a week or more as he recovers. (welcometoloudcity.com)
  • Later on, it had been officially announced that Jones suffered a knee contusion. (welcometoloudcity.com)
  • What is a knee contusion? (welcometoloudcity.com)
  • However, the contusion occurs when the skin of the knee and the underlying tissue sustains a direct blow on the knee which breaks the small blood vessels, resulting in overflowing blood into the tissues, muscles, and the tendons of the knee. (welcometoloudcity.com)
  • Knee Contusions usually take a week to heal if they are not severe. (welcometoloudcity.com)
  • Indiana Pacers guard George Hill , who suffered a left knee contusion earlier this season, is expected to miss 3 weeks of the regular season. (welcometoloudcity.com)
  • hence, trauma to the knee may result in a contusion near the ankle. (southvanphysio.com)
  • A minor knee contusion can heal in as little as a few days. (treatingbruises.com)
  • Like bruises in other tissues , cerebral contusion can be caused by multiple microhemorrhages, small blood vessel leaks into brain tissue. (wikidoc.org)
  • A contusion to the soft tissues of the body like the skin or muscles will usually cause symptoms most people associate with bruises: discoloration, tenderness, and pain with pressure on the affected area. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • [11] Lacerations require greater physical force to cause than contusions, [11] but the two types of injury are grouped together in the ICD-9 and ICD-10 classification systems. (wikidoc.org)
  • Frequently occurring in the same areas as contusions, lacerations are particularly common in the lower part of the frontal lobes and the tips of the temporal lobes . (wikidoc.org)
  • See how a Cincinnati contusions and lacerations lawyer can help you today by calling our office at (877) 538-1116 . (bressmanlaw.com)
  • The primary damages are those that occur at the moment of the injury and include scalp lacerations, skull fractures, contusions and lacerations of the brain, diffuse axonal injury, and the intracranial hemorrhages. (medscape.com)
  • Unlike pulmonary laceration, another type of lung injury, pulmonary contusion does not involve a cut or tear of the lung tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary laceration, in which lung tissue is torn or cut, differs from pulmonary contusion in that the former involves disruption of the macroscopic architecture of the lung, while the latter does not. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the acute phase following a muscle contusion, hematoma maturation, inflammation, necrosis of damaged myofibrils, and phagocytosis of the necrotic debris are main features. (medscape.com)
  • Contusions can lead to a condition where blood pools on the brain, known as a hematoma, which can cause permanent brain damage or even death. (meshbesherlawfirm.com)
  • Your contusion may develop a hematoma , or a blood clot, which feels like a hard lump in your muscle that is evident fairly early on in the recovery process. (southvanphysio.com)
  • The severity ranges from mild to severe: small contusions may have little or no impact on health, yet pulmonary contusion is the most common type of potentially lethal chest trauma. (wikipedia.org)
  • With more severe contusions, breath sounds heard through a stethoscope may be decreased, or rales (an abnormal crackling sound in the chest accompanying breathing) may be present. (wikipedia.org)
  • People with severe contusions may have bronchorrhea (the production of watery sputum). (wikipedia.org)
  • A severe myocardial contusion may lead to signs and symptoms of a heart attack. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This case provides support for aggressive resuscitation even in the very elderly as recovery from severe cardiac contusion may be possible. (edu.au)
  • [6] Thus, the tips of the frontal and temporal lobes located near the bony ridges in the skull are areas where contusions frequently occur and are most severe. (wikidoc.org)
  • [2] Hemorrhages may be larger than in normal contusions if the injury is quite severe. (wikidoc.org)
  • Because severe cerebral contusions tend to be found in the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain, issues frequently arise with reasoning skills, emotional stability, attention span and memory. (meshbesherlawfirm.com)
  • Soft tissue contusions may only be mildly painful at first, but if a secondary injury worsens it, the victim may experience more severe pain and will take much longer to heal. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • Cerebral Contusion is a Head injury that More serious than a concussion, a cerebral contusion is an ecchymosed of brain tissue that results from a severe blow to the head. (lifenurses.com)
  • Bone contusions may take longer - usually a couple of months - depending on how severe the injury is. (treatingbruises.com)
  • Bone contusions take a bit longer - usually one to two months - depending on how severe the injury is. (treatingbruises.com)
  • Contusions may correspond to the site of impact or develop opposite the impact ("coup" contusions- contre coup" contusions). (lifenurses.com)
  • Although all tissue and organ contusions can result from traumatic sports injury, this article focuses on muscle contusions. (medscape.com)
  • Contusions cause opacification of affected lung tissue on imaging, but opacification may not be apparent for 24 to 48 hours because opacification increases with time. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Contusions occur primarily in the cortical tissue, especially under the site of impact or in areas of the brain located near sharp ridges on the inside of the skull. (wikidoc.org)
  • Contusions, which are frequently associated with edema , are especially likely to cause increases in intracranial pressure (ICP) and concomitant crushing of delicate brain tissue. (wikidoc.org)
  • A contusion is an acute direct muscle injury result from blunt trauma to the tissue, accompanied by an accumulation of blood. (southvanphysio.com)
  • Soft tissue contusions are often mildly painful, especially when they affect parts of the body the victim cannot help but use. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • Treatments for soft tissue contusions typically include over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications to manage pain and reduce swelling, compresses, ice application, and rest. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • Eventually, the contusion evolves into a yellowish plaque characterized by loss and atrophy of brain tissue, glial scarring, hemosiderin deposition, and loss of axons in the underlying white matter. (lifenurses.com)
  • Soft tissue contusions can take anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks to heal . (treatingbruises.com)
  • Seek medical attention if a contusion doesn't heal or continues to be painful. (childrensmn.org)
  • How Can I Help My Brain Heal After a Cerebral Contusion? (goodsamsanjose.com)
  • [2] Contusions are likely to heal on their own without medical intervention. (wikidoc.org)
  • Low-volume trauma centers should consider transferring children with rib fractures or pulmonary contusions to a higher level of pediatric care because these patients may need endotracheal intubation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support while their lungs heal. (mayoclinic.org)
  • You can expect a contusion to heal in about two to three weeks , depending on the severity of the injury. (southvanphysio.com)
  • Most contusions are straightforward and heal as expected over time. (southvanphysio.com)
  • How Long Will Bone Marrow Contusion Take To Heal? (treatingbruises.com)
  • Similar to fractures of the bone, eating a diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and protein can help you heal bone contusions faster. (treatingbruises.com)
  • Most contusions simply require time to heal. (treatingbruises.com)
  • Pulmonary contusion is associated with complications including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and it can cause long-term respiratory disability. (wikipedia.org)
  • More than likely, if a plaintiff in a personal injury case does claim compensation for a contusion, he or she likely has a host of medical complications resulting from the defendant's negligence and the claimed contusions will represent only a portion of the plaintiff's claimed damages. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • If the patient, in addition to the cardiac contusion, suffers from tachycardia, bradycardia or irregular heartbeat, hospitalization will be necessary in order to monitor the rhythm and cardiac activity. (emergency-live.com)
  • Blunt thoracic trauma may cause cardiac contusion and cardiogenic shock resistant to inotropic support. (edu.au)
  • The use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABCP) as a mechanical means of augmenting cardiac function following cardiac contusion is rare with case reports largely limited to its use in young trauma patients. (edu.au)
  • We describe the case of a frail, 80-year-old woman who suffered cardiac contusion in a motor vehicle crash. (edu.au)
  • Penney, DJ, Bannon, PG & Parr, MJA 2002, ' Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation for cardiogenic shock due to cardiac contusion in an elderly trauma patient ', Resuscitation , vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 337-340. (edu.au)
  • Acute contusions show hemorrhagic necrosis and brain swelling. (lifenurses.com)
  • An X-ray was negative and an MRI revealed a right shoulder sprain and contusion. (nbcsports.com)
  • Ivan Nova left Monday night's game against the Baltimore Orioles in Maryland with a contusion and sprain on his right ankle. (sbnation.com)
  • This article explains a throat contusion in more detail, including its main causes and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and when to contact a doctor. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The clinical presentation and assessment of quadriceps strains and contusions are reviewed along with discussion of appropriate imaging used in diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • To diagnose a bone contusion, a doctor may order an MRI scan or use differential diagnosis to eliminate possible causes for your symptoms. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • Progression of cerebral contusions occurs in up to 75% of patients with TBI. (medscape.com)
  • Modified treatment of quadriceps contusion. (medscape.com)
  • Myositis ossificans is a potentially disabling complication from quadriceps contusions and risk factors, prevention, and treatment are reviewed. (nih.gov)
  • Smith then underwent an MRI today that confirmed the contusion and also revealed that Smith has tendinitis in his quadriceps. (fearthesword.com)
  • The contusion frequently heals on its own with supportive care. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a contusion heals, it may turn different colors, from red and purple to black and blue and then to green, yellow, and light brown before fading away. (childrensmn.org)
  • In this video, emergency medicine physician, David Feldman, MD, of Good Samaritan Hospital, explains what to do after cerebral contusion, also known as a concussion, to help your brain recover. (goodsamsanjose.com)
  • Head CT scans of unconscious patients reveal that 20% have hemorrhagic contusion. (wikidoc.org)
  • Numerous small contusions from broken capillaries that occur in grey matter under the cortex are called multiple petechial hemorrhages or multifocal hemorrhagic contusion. (wikidoc.org)
  • The most common causes of contusion include a blow to the head from a motor vehicle crash, fall or assault. (lifenurses.com)
  • A person with a throat contusion may experience several signs and symptoms depending on the severity of their injury. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Signs and symptoms vary, depending on the location of the contusion and the extent of damage. (lifenurses.com)
  • quantitative RT-PCR result and the On admission, small, bilateral H275Y phenotype of oseltamivir- lung contusions, right pneumothorax, resistant pandemic (H1N1) 2009. (cdc.gov)
  • Pulmonary contusion is a common and potentially lethal chest injury that results from significant blunt or penetrating chest trauma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • people with mild contusion may have no symptoms at all. (wikipedia.org)
  • People with a mild myocardial contusion will recover completely most of the time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Since a contusion doesn't usually involve muscle tears, you may be able to ignore it and continue on with work or a sporting activity. (southvanphysio.com)
  • Contusions usually involve the surface of the brain, especially the crowns of gyri, and are more frequent in the orbital surfaces of the frontal lobes and the tips of the temporal lobes. (lifenurses.com)
  • If a doctor suspects a throat contusion, they will first perform a physical evaluation to analyze the severity of the injury. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Management of contusions varies with the extent and severity of the injury. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Depending on the severity of a bone contusion, symptoms may last from a few days to several months. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • Symptoms of a throat contusion may include pain, swelling, and discoloration. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Areas that are predominantly affected by contusions include the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior temporal lobe, and posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus area, with the adjacent parietal opercular area. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms of pulmonary contusion include pain (mainly due to injury to the overlying chest wall) and sometimes dyspnea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Popular hobbies suitable for contusion recovery include painting, photography, gardening, cooking, or learning to play a musical instrument. (rub-md.com)
  • Contrecoup contusions, which are defined as contusions that are located more than 90° from the site of impact, are almost twice as likely to progress than coup contusions. (medscape.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more sensitive and accurate than CT for detecting contusions because of its multiplanar capability and greater sensitivity for edema. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, CT findings can be normal or minimally abnormal because the partial volumes between the dense microhemorrhages and the hypodense edema can render contusions isoattenuating relative to the surrounding brain. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary effects, such as cerebral edema, may accompany serious contusions, resulting in increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and herniation. (lifenurses.com)
  • A bone contusion is impossible to see on an X-ray, as X-rays cannot show discoloration. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • He suffered a right leg contusion which sidelined him for the final 16 minutes, the Suns announced. (arizonasports.com)
  • Anthony Davis originally suffered a right heel contusion in the Western Conference Finals against the Denver Nuggets , and he's been on the injury report with it since then. (silverscreenandroll.com)
  • Pulmonary contusion should be suspected when respiratory distress develops after chest trauma, particularly when symptoms worsen gradually. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A contusion is a relatively minor injury, but this does not mean that someone who suffers a contusion due to another party's negligence cannot claim compensation for medical expenses and pain and suffering. (sweeneymerrigan.com)
  • Any blunt trauma with sufficient force to propel its energy into the muscle can cause a contusion. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Contusions are formed in 2 ways: direct trauma and acceleration/deceleration injury. (medscape.com)
  • Shortly afterward, the blood loses its oxygen and your contusion turns a blue or purple colour. (southvanphysio.com)
  • Education about the proper use of protective equipment and aggressive early treatment of contusions is essential. (medscape.com)
  • A throat contusion is an injury that often occurs due to an object stuck in the mouth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Contusions typically form in a wedge-shape with the widest part in the outermost part of the brain. (wikidoc.org)
  • Brain contusions commonly are identified in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and represent regions of primary neuronal and vascular injury. (medscape.com)
  • As the red blood cells break down, they leak hemoglobin and iron, often turning the contusion a darker purple or a black colour. (southvanphysio.com)
  • Once in a while, a contusion leads to deep vein thrombosis , a blood clot that forms deep in the veins. (southvanphysio.com)
  • Elevating the affected area above the level of the heart can also help drain excess blood from the contusion and speed up the healing process. (sweeneymerrigan.com)