Abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of CORONARY VESSELS. Most coronary aneurysms are due to CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS, and the rest are due to inflammatory diseases, such as KAWASAKI DISEASE.
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
Aneurysm due to growth of microorganisms in the arterial wall, or infection arising within preexisting arteriosclerotic aneurysms.
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.
Dilation of an occluded coronary artery (or arteries) by means of a balloon catheter to restore myocardial blood supply.
Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
The ratio of maximum blood flow to the MYOCARDIUM with CORONARY STENOSIS present, to the maximum equivalent blood flow without stenosis. The measurement is commonly used to verify borderline stenosis of CORONARY ARTERIES.
A localized bulging or dilatation in the muscle wall of a heart (MYOCARDIUM), usually in the LEFT VENTRICLE. Blood-filled aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst. Fibrous aneurysms interfere with the heart function through the loss of contractility. True aneurysm is bound by the vessel wall or cardiac wall. False aneurysms are HEMATOMA caused by myocardial rupture.
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.
The use of ultrasound to guide minimally invasive surgical procedures such as needle ASPIRATION BIOPSY; DRAINAGE; etc. Its widest application is intravascular ultrasound imaging but it is useful also in urology and intra-abdominal conditions.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.
Aneurysm caused by a tear in the TUNICA INTIMA of a blood vessel leading to interstitial HEMORRHAGE, and splitting (dissecting) of the vessel wall, often involving the AORTA. Dissection between the intima and media causes luminal occlusion. Dissection at the media, or between the media and the outer adventitia causes aneurismal dilation.
Immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. They are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric AIDS; primary HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; SCID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS infections in transplant recipients, LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC; Kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any one of the iliac arteries including the common, the internal, or the external ILIAC ARTERY.
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.
Stents that are covered with materials that are embedded with chemicals that are gradually released into the surrounding milieu.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
Surgical insertion of BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESES to repair injured or diseased blood vessels.
A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.
The tearing or bursting of the wall along any portion of the AORTA, such as thoracic or abdominal. It may result from the rupture of an aneurysm or it may be due to TRAUMA.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.
The aorta from the DIAPHRAGM to the bifurcation into the right and left common iliac arteries.
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
Radiographic visualization of the aorta and its branches by injection of contrast media, using percutaneous puncture or catheterization procedures.
Minimally invasive procedures, diagnostic or therapeutic, performed within the BLOOD VESSELS. They may be perfomed via ANGIOSCOPY; INTERVENTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; INTERVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY; or INTERVENTIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
Operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders.
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.
Puncture and aspiration of fluid from the PERICARDIUM.
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.
A conical fibro-serous sac surrounding the HEART and the roots of the great vessels (AORTA; VENAE CAVAE; PULMONARY ARTERY). Pericardium consists of two sacs: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The latter consists of an outer parietal layer facing the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral layer (epicardium) resting next to the heart, and a pericardial cavity between these two layers.
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.
Surgical excision (total or partial) of a portion of the pericardium. Pericardiotomy refers to incision of the pericardium.
INFLAMMATION of the sac surrounding the heart (PERICARDIUM) due to MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS infection. Pericarditis can lead to swelling (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION), compression of the heart (CARDIAC TAMPONADE), and preventing normal beating of the heart.

Autologous vein-coated stent for exclusion of a coronary artery aneurysm: case report with postimplantation intravascular ultrasound characteristics. (1/370)

This report describes the successful use of an autologous cephalic vein-coated coronary stent to exclude an aneurysm of the distal right coronary artery. Post-implantation angiography confirmed successful exclusion of the aneurysm with no evidence of leakage. Intravascular ultrasonography showed complete apposition of the stent to the arterial wall proximal and distal to the aneurysm. The vein could be seen clearly around the stent. Symmetrical stent expansion (minimal luminal diameter, 2.8 mm) was verified. Increased echogenicity in the excluded aneurysm indicated early thrombus formation. Evidently, this is the 1st report of the successful use of an autologous cephalic vein-coated coronary stent to exclude an aneurysm of the distal right coronary artery.  (+info)

Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in isolated coronary artery ectasias and aneurysms ("dilated coronopathy"). (2/370)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the clinical significance of isolated coronary artery ectasias or aneurysms (CEA). BACKGROUND: It has been postulated that altered coronary blood flow in CEA predisposes patients to the development of myocardial ischemia (CI) and infarction. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with bilateral nonobstructive CEA without associated cardiac defects ("dilated coronaropathy") were derived from 16,341 cardiac catheterizations between 1986 and 1997. Ectasias were defined as luminal dilation of 1.5- to 2.0-fold, aneurysms of >2.0-fold of normal limits. Eleven of 25 patients presented with myocardial infarction due to an occlusion of the infarct vessel. In 42 patients without infarction (study group), exercise-induced CI was investigated. RESULTS: A corresponding CI was documented in 32 of 42 patients in a coronary sinus lactate study (reduced lactate extraction 5.6 +/- 4.1%) and in 29 of 40 patients in an ergometry (0.25 +/- 0.06 mV ST depressions). The results differed significantly from a control group of 29 patients without heart disease (p < 0.001). Nitroglycerin (0.8 mg) provoked a further significant deterioration of CI in the 32 of 42 developing a frank cardiac lactate production (-2.6 +/- 6.8%, p < 0.001). The metabolic extent of CI was significantly correlated to the coronary diameters of the proximal and middle segments of left anterior descending artery and the middle segment of left circumflex artery (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Stigmata of an impaired coronary blood flow such as delayed antegrade filling, segmental backflow phenomenon and local deposition of dye were found significantly more often with increasing coronary diameters (p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: "Dilated coronaropathy" is an entity of nonobstructive, ischemic coronary artery disease. Nitroglycerin is of no therapeutic benefit but leads to an aggravation of exercise-induced CI.  (+info)

Kawasaki disease: a maturational defect in immune responsiveness. (3/370)

Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute febrile disease in children of unknown etiology, is characterized by a vasculitis that may result in coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs). In new patients with KD, a selective and prolonged T cell unresponsiveness to activation via the T cell antigen receptor CD3 was observed, whereas proliferation to other stimuli was intact. This "split T cell anergy" delineated KD from other pediatric infections and autoimmune diseases and correlated with CAA formation (P<.001). A transient immune dysfunction was also suggested by an incomplete responsiveness to measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination in patients with KD versus controls (P<.0001; odds ratio, 15.6; 95% confidence interval, 4.8-51.1), which was overcome by revaccination(s). The reduced responsiveness to MMR in patients with KD suggests a subtle and predetermining immune dysfunction. An inherent immaturity to clear certain antigens may be an important cause that precipitates KD and the immune dysregulation during acute disease.  (+info)

Transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging: diagnostic alternative to transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of atrial right to left shunt in patients with cerebral embolic events. (4/370)

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate whether transthoracic contrast echocardiography using second harmonic imaging (SHI) is a diagnostic alternative to transesophageal contrast echocardiography (TEE) for the detection of atrial right to left shunt. BACKGROUND: Paradoxic embolism is considered to be the major cause of cerebral ischemic events in young patients. Contrast echocardiography using TEE has proven to be superior to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for the detection of atrial shunting, SHI is a new imaging modality that enhances the visualization of echocardiographic contrast agents. METHODS: We evaluated 111 patients with an ischemic cerebral embolic event for the presence of atrial right to left shunt using an intravenous (IV) contrast agent in combination with three different echocardiographic imaging modalities: 1) TTE using fundamental imaging (FI); 2) TTE using SHI; and 3) TEE. The severity of atrial shunting and the duration of contrast visibility within the left heart chambers were evaluated for each imaging modality. Image quality was assessed separately for each modality by semiquantitative scoring (0 = poor to 3 = excellent). Presence of atrial right to left shunt was defined as detection of contrast bubbles in the left atrium within the first three cardiac cycles after contrast appearance in the right atrium either spontaneously or after the Valsalva maneuver. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients showed evidence of atrial right to left shunt with either imaging modality. Fifty-one studies were positive with TEE, 52 studies were positive with SHI, and 32 were positive with FI (p<0.001 for FI vs. SHI and TEE). The severity of contrast passage was significantly larger using SHI (61.6+/-80.2 bubbles) compared to FI (53.7+/-69.6 bubbles; p<0.005 vs. SHI) but was not different compared to TEE (43.9+/-54.3 bubbles; p = NS vs. SHI). The duration of contrast visibility was significantly longer for SHI (17.4+/-12.4 s) compared to FI (13.1+/-9.7 s; p<0.001) and TEE (11.9+/-9.6 s; p<0.02). Mean image quality improved significantly from FI (1.5+/-0.8) to SHI (2.0+/-0.8; p<0.001 vs. FI) and TEE (2.5+/-0.7; p<0.001 vs. SHI). CONCLUSIONS: In combination with IV contrast injections, TEE and SHI have a comparable yield for the detection of atrial right to left shunt. Both modalities may miss patients with atrial shunting. In young patients with an unexplained cerebrovascular event and no clinical evidence of cardiac disease, a positive SHI study may obviate the need to perform a TEE study to search for cardiac sources of emboli.  (+info)

The impact of untreated coronary dissections on acute and long-term outcome after intravascular ultrasound guided PTCA. (5/370)

AIM: Vessel size adapted PTCA results in the use of larger balloons with an increased incidence of severe vascular dissections. The aim of our trial was (a) to evaluate the effect of severe dissections on the acute outcome and (b) to study the natural history of dissections after 1 year. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-eight patients with 195 lesions underwent vessel size adapted PTCA using intravascular ultrasound. Clinical and angiographic 1 year follow-up was obtained for all patients. Intravascular ultrasound was performed before PTCA to measure the external elastic membrane diameter at the lesion site so that the balloon size could be adopted (external elastic membrane-10%) and post-interventionally to determine the procedural success and the incidence of intracoronary dissections. Stent implantation was reduced to persistently flow limiting dissections (TIMI I, II). Dissections were detected by intravascular ultrasound in 128/195 (66%) lesions (by angiography in 111/195 [58%] lesions) and classified by intravascular ultrasound criteria into four groups: group I: no dissection (67 lesions [34%]), group II: mild dissections (21 lesions [11%]), group III: medium dissections (19 lesions [10%]) and group IV: severe dissections (88 lesions [45%]). Because of threatened vessel closure, GPIIb/IIIa antagonists were used in eight (4.5%) patients and a stent was implanted in two (1. 1%) patients. The cumulative event rate after 1 year was 12% and the global angiographic restenosis rate was 19%. The post-interventional evidence of severe dissections was associated with a decrease in clinical events during long-term follow up (group I: 13 events [19%] vs group IV: seven events [7%];P=0.03). This was also true for the occurrence of restenosis which was significantly lower in patients with severe dissections (group I: 19 [28%] lesions vs group IV:10 [11%] lesions;P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: According to the theory of 'therapeutic dissections', our data suggest that substantial dissections following PTCA, which do not diminish antegrade blood flow, do not lead to an increase in acute or long-term events. The natural history of vessel injury seems to provide favourable wound healing without increase of restenosis. Thus, stenting for treatment of large dissections without flow limitation does not seem to be mandatory.  (+info)

Greater late lumen loss after successful coronary balloon angioplasty in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery is not explained by extent of vessel wall damage or plaque burden. (6/370)

OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether the greater late lumen loss after coronary balloon angioplasty in the proximal left anterior descending artery (P-LAD) compared with that in other segments might be related to differences in vascular dimensions or morphology as determined by angiography and intravascular ultrasound imaging. BACKGROUND: The greater late lumen loss after angioplasty in the P-LAD that has been observed in several studies has not been explained. METHODS: We studied 178 patients and 194 coronary artery lesions by quantitative angiography and 30 MHz intravascular ultrasound imaging after successful balloon angioplasty. Vessel wall morphology was compared among three proximal and three nonproximal segments. Follow-up quantitative angiography for late lumen loss calculation was performed in 168 lesions. Multivariate analysis was used to determine predictors of late lumen loss. RESULTS: Absolute and relative late loss were significantly greater at the P-LAD compared with the pooled group of other segments (0.42 +/- 0.60 mm vs. 0.10 +/- 0.48 mm, p = 0.0008 and 0.14 +/- 0.24 vs. 0.03 +/- 0.17, p < 0.001). Also, a greater percentage of calcific lesions (65% vs. 44%, p = 0.034), a lower incidence of rupture (51% vs. 74%, p = 0.009) and a larger reference segment plaque area (5.4 +/- 2.2 mm2 vs. 4.7 +/- 1.9 mm2, p = 0.05) were found in the P-LAD. In multivariate analysis however, these variables were not predictive of late loss. CONCLUSIONS: Greater late lumen loss after coronary balloon angioplasty of the P-LAD is not explained by differences in atherosclerotic plaque burden or in vessel wall damage.  (+info)

Long term consequences of regressed coronary aneurysms after Kawasaki disease: vascular wall morphology and function. (7/370)

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long term consequences of regressed aneurysms after Kawasaki disease, using follow up coronary angiography; to assess the vascular wall morphology at the site of the aneurysms by intravascular ultrasound imaging; and to evaluate the function of the affected vessels using intracoronary infusions of acetylcholine and isosorbide dinitrate. DESIGN: 33 patients were studied, 27 with previous Kawasaki disease and six with congenital heart disease. All Kawasaki disease patients were followed for more than 10 years from disease onset. The 33 patients comprised four groups: group 1 included 13 Kawasaki disease patients with a total of 23 sites of regressed large sized (>/= 4 mm) coronary aneurysms; group 2 included 13 Kawasaki disease patients with 22 sites of regressed small sized (< 4 mm) coronary aneurysms (four patients had sites of both large and small sized aneurysms); group 3 included a further five Kawasaki disease patients with 25 normal coronary angiography sites in the acute stage of Kawasaki disease; and group 4 comprised the six patients with congenital heart disease as controls, with a total of 27 normal coronary angiography sites. During coronary angiography, 15 microg of acetylcholine and 0.5 mg isosorbide dinitrate were infused into the coronary artery. The luminal diameter at the sites was measured using a cine-videodensitometric analyser, to assess the distensibility of the coronary artery wall. RESULTS: Coronary angiography in all 22 patients in groups 1 and 2 and in all the patients in group 3 was normal, with no stenoses and no irregularity of the arterial wall. However, the intravascular ultrasound imaging in groups 1 and 2 showed various degrees of the intimal thickening. In groups 1 and 2, there was significantly more vascular constriction with acetylcholine, and poorer dilatation with isosorbide dinitrate than in groups 3 or 4 (each p < 0.05, respectively). There was no difference between group 3 and group 4 in response to either acetylcholine or isosorbide dinitrate, CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of persisting abnormal vascular wall morphology and vascular dysfunction at the site of regressed coronary aneurysms in patients with previous Kawasaki disease. These patients should be counselled to avoid potential risk factors for atherosclerosis, and long term follow up is needed into adult life.  (+info)

Outcome from balloon induced coronary artery dissection after intracoronary beta radiation. (8/370)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the healing of balloon induced coronary artery dissection in individuals who have received beta radiation treatment and to propose a new intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) dissection score to facilitate the comparison of dissection through time. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS: 31 patients with stable angina pectoris, enrolled in the beta energy restenosis trial (BERT-1.5), were included. After excluding those who underwent stent implantation, the evaluable population was 22 patients. INTERVENTIONS: Balloon angioplasty and intracoronary radiation followed by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and IVUS. Repeat QCA and IVUS were performed at six month follow up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: QCA and IVUS evidence of healing of dissection. Dissection classification for angiography was by the National Heart Lung Blood Institute scale. IVUS proven dissection was defined as partial or complete. The following IVUS defined characteristics of dissection were described in the affected coronary segments: length, depth, arc circumference, presence of flap, and dissection score. Dissection was defined as healed when all features of dissection had resolved. The calculated dose of radiation received by the dissected area in those with healed versus non-healed dissection was also compared. RESULTS: Angiography (type A = 5, B = 7, C = 4) and IVUS proven (partial = 12, complete = 4) dissections were seen in 16 patients following intervention. At six month follow up, six and eight unhealed dissections were seen by angiography (A = 2, B = 4) and IVUS (partial = 7, complete = 1), respectively. The mean IVUS dissection score was 5.2 (range 3-8) following the procedure, and 4.6 (range 3-7) at follow up. No correlation was found between the dose prescribed in the treated area and the presence of unhealed dissection. No change in anginal status was seen despite the presence of unhealed dissection. CONCLUSION: beta radiation appears to alter the normal healing process, resulting in unhealed dissection in certain individuals. In view of the delayed and abnormal healing observed, long term follow up is indicated given the possible late adverse effects of radiation. Although in this cohort no increase in cardiac events following coronary dissections was seen, larger populations are needed to confirm this phenomenon. Stenting of all coronary dissections may be warranted in patients scheduled for brachytherapy after balloon angioplasty.  (+info)

A coronary aneurysm is a localized dilation or bulging of a portion of the wall of a coronary artery, which supplies blood to the muscle tissue of the heart. It's similar to a bubble or balloon-like structure that forms within the artery wall due to weakness in the arterial wall, leading to abnormal enlargement or widening.

Coronary aneurysms can vary in size and may be classified as true or false aneurysms based on their structure. True aneurysms involve all three layers of the artery wall, while false aneurysms (also known as pseudoaneurysms) only have one or two layers involved, with the remaining layer disrupted.

These aneurysms can lead to complications such as blood clots forming inside the aneurysm sac, which can then dislodge and cause blockages in smaller coronary arteries (embolism). Additionally, coronary aneurysms may rupture, leading to severe internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening situations.

Coronary aneurysms are often asymptomatic but can present with symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations, especially if the aneurysm causes a significant narrowing (stenosis) in the affected artery. They can be diagnosed through imaging techniques like coronary angiography, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options include medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as well as surgical interventions such as stenting or bypass grafting to repair or reroute the affected artery.

Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome is also known as Kawasaki Disease. It is a type of vasculitis that primarily affects young children, usually those under the age of 5. The disease is named after Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, who first described it in Japan in 1967.

The condition is characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes (mucosa), skin (cutaneous), and lymph nodes. The symptoms typically include fever, rash, red eyes, swollen lips and tongue, strawberry tongue, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. In addition, children with Kawasaki disease may also experience joint pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

In severe cases, Kawasaki disease can lead to complications such as coronary artery aneurysms, which can increase the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems. The exact cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown, but it is thought to be triggered by an infection or other environmental factor in genetically susceptible children. Treatment typically involves administering high doses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.

An intracranial aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled dilation or bulging in the wall of a cerebral artery within the skull (intracranial). These aneurysms typically occur at weak points in the arterial walls, often at branching points where the vessel divides into smaller branches. Over time, the repeated pressure from blood flow can cause the vessel wall to weaken and balloon out, forming a sac-like structure. Intracranial aneurysms can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

There are three main types of intracranial aneurysms:

1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm: This is the most common type, characterized by a round or oval shape with a narrow neck and a bulging sac. They usually develop at branching points in the arteries due to congenital weaknesses in the vessel wall.
2. Fusiform aneurysm: These aneurysms have a dilated segment along the length of the artery, forming a cigar-shaped or spindle-like structure. They are often caused by atherosclerosis and can affect any part of the cerebral arteries.
3. Dissecting aneurysm: This type occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining (intima) of the artery, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the vessel wall. It can lead to narrowing or complete blockage of the affected artery and may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if it ruptures.

Intracranial aneurysms can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. However, when they grow larger or rupture, they can lead to severe complications such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or even death. Treatment options include surgical clipping, endovascular coiling, or flow diversion techniques to prevent further growth and potential rupture of the aneurysm.

An aneurysm is a localized, balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel. It occurs when the pressure inside the vessel causes a weakened area to swell and become enlarged. Aneurysms can develop in any blood vessel, but they are most common in arteries at the base of the brain (cerebral aneurysm) and the main artery carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body (aortic aneurysm).

Aneurysms can be classified as saccular or fusiform, depending on their shape. A saccular aneurysm is a round or oval bulge that projects from the side of a blood vessel, while a fusiform aneurysm is a dilated segment of a blood vessel that is uniform in width and involves all three layers of the arterial wall.

The size and location of an aneurysm can affect its risk of rupture. Generally, larger aneurysms are more likely to rupture than smaller ones. Aneurysms located in areas with high blood pressure or where the vessel branches are also at higher risk of rupture.

Ruptured aneurysms can cause life-threatening bleeding and require immediate medical attention. Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm may include sudden severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, or loss of consciousness. Unruptured aneurysms may not cause any symptoms and are often discovered during routine imaging tests for other conditions.

Treatment options for aneurysms depend on their size, location, and risk of rupture. Small, unruptured aneurysms may be monitored with regular imaging tests to check for growth or changes. Larger or symptomatic aneurysms may require surgical intervention, such as clipping or coiling, to prevent rupture and reduce the risk of complications.

Coronary angiography is a medical procedure that uses X-ray imaging to visualize the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. During the procedure, a thin, flexible catheter is inserted into an artery in the arm or groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. A contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken as the dye flows through the coronary arteries. These images can help doctors diagnose and treat various heart conditions, such as blockages or narrowing of the arteries, that can lead to chest pain or heart attacks. It is also known as coronary arteriography or cardiac catheterization.

Coronary vessels refer to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the heart muscle, also known as the myocardium. The two main coronary arteries are the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery.

The left main coronary artery branches off into the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery (LCx). The LAD supplies blood to the front of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the side and back of the heart.

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right lower part of the heart, including the right atrium and ventricle, as well as the back of the heart.

Coronary vessel disease (CVD) occurs when these vessels become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. This can result in chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack.

An infected aneurysm, also known as a mycotic aneurysm, is a localized dilation or bulging of the wall of a blood vessel that has been invaded and damaged by infectious organisms. This type of aneurysm can occur in any blood vessel, but they are most commonly found in the aorta and cerebral arteries.

Infected aneurysms are usually caused by bacterial or fungal infections that spread through the bloodstream from another part of the body, such as endocarditis (infection of the heart valves), pneumonia, or skin infections. The infection weakens the vessel wall, causing it to bulge and potentially rupture, which can lead to serious complications such as hemorrhage, stroke, or even death.

Symptoms of infected aneurysm may include fever, chills, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and localized pain or tenderness in the area of the aneurysm. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as CT angiography, MRI, or ultrasound, along with blood cultures to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics to eliminate the infection and surgical intervention to repair or remove the aneurysm.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a medical condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of cholesterol, fatty deposits, and other substances, known as plaque. Over time, this buildup can cause the arteries to harden and narrow (a process called atherosclerosis), reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.

The reduction in blood flow can lead to various symptoms and complications, including:

1. Angina (chest pain or discomfort) - This occurs when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough oxygen-rich blood, causing pain, pressure, or discomfort in the chest, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
2. Shortness of breath - When the heart isn't receiving adequate blood flow, it can't pump blood efficiently to meet the body's demands, leading to shortness of breath during physical activities or at rest.
3. Heart attack - If a piece of plaque ruptures or breaks off in a coronary artery, a blood clot can form and block the artery, causing a heart attack (myocardial infarction). This can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.
4. Heart failure - Chronic reduced blood flow to the heart muscle can weaken it over time, leading to heart failure, a condition in which the heart can't pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs.
5. Arrhythmias - Reduced blood flow and damage to the heart muscle can lead to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Coronary artery disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress testing, cardiac catheterization, and imaging studies like coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Treatment options for CAD include lifestyle modifications, medications, medical procedures, and surgery.

Coronary balloon angioplasty is a minimally invasive medical procedure used to widen narrowed or obstructed coronary arteries (the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle) and improve blood flow to the heart. This procedure is typically performed in conjunction with the insertion of a stent, a small mesh tube that helps keep the artery open.

During coronary balloon angioplasty, a thin, flexible catheter with a deflated balloon at its tip is inserted into a blood vessel, usually through a small incision in the groin or arm. The catheter is then guided to the narrowed or obstructed section of the coronary artery. Once in position, the balloon is inflated to compress the plaque against the artery wall and widen the lumen (the inner space) of the artery. This helps restore blood flow to the heart muscle.

The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation to minimize discomfort. Coronary balloon angioplasty is a relatively safe and effective treatment for many people with coronary artery disease, although complications such as bleeding, infection, or re-narrowing of the artery (restenosis) can occur in some cases.

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), is a surgical procedure used to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with severe coronary artery disease. This condition occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques.

During CABG surgery, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted, or attached, to the coronary artery, creating a new pathway for oxygen-rich blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed portion of the artery and reach the heart muscle. This bypass helps to restore normal blood flow and reduce the risk of angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, and other symptoms associated with coronary artery disease.

There are different types of CABG surgery, including traditional on-pump CABG, off-pump CABG, and minimally invasive CABG. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the patient's overall health, the number and location of blocked arteries, and the presence of other medical conditions.

It is important to note that while CABG surgery can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with severe coronary artery disease, it does not cure the underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, smoking cessation, and medication therapy, are essential for long-term management and prevention of further progression of the disease.

An aortic aneurysm is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal widening or bulging of the wall of the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. When the aortic wall weakens, it can stretch and balloon out, forming an aneurysm.

Aortic aneurysms can occur anywhere along the aorta but are most commonly found in the abdominal section (abdominal aortic aneurysm) or the chest area (thoracic aortic aneurysm). The size and location of the aneurysm, as well as the patient's overall health, determine the risk of rupture and associated complications.

Aneurysms often do not cause symptoms until they become large or rupture. Symptoms may include:

* Pain in the chest, back, or abdomen
* Pulsating sensation in the abdomen
* Difficulty breathing
* Hoarseness
* Coughing or vomiting

Risk factors for aortic aneurysms include age, smoking, high blood pressure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the aneurysm and may include monitoring, medication, or surgical repair.

Coronary circulation refers to the circulation of blood in the coronary vessels, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) and drain deoxygenated blood from it. The coronary circulation system includes two main coronary arteries - the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery - that branch off from the aorta just above the aortic valve. These arteries further divide into smaller branches, which supply blood to different regions of the heart muscle.

The left main coronary artery divides into two branches: the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the left circumflex (LCx) artery. The LAD supplies blood to the front and sides of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the back and sides of the heart. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the lower part of the heart, including the right ventricle and the bottom portion of the left ventricle.

The veins that drain the heart muscle include the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein, which merge to form the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium, allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the right side of the heart and be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.

Coronary circulation is essential for maintaining the health and function of the heart muscle, as it provides the necessary oxygen and nutrients required for proper contraction and relaxation of the myocardium. Any disruption or blockage in the coronary circulation system can lead to serious consequences, such as angina, heart attack, or even death.

Coronary thrombosis is a medical condition that refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a coronary artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The development of a thrombus can partially or completely obstruct blood flow, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This can cause chest pain (angina) or a heart attack (myocardial infarction), depending on the severity and duration of the blockage.

Coronary thrombosis often results from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, a buildup of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining (endothelium) of the coronary artery. The ruptured plaque exposes the underlying tissue to the bloodstream, triggering the coagulation cascade and resulting in the formation of a thrombus.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for managing coronary thrombosis, as timely treatment can help restore blood flow, prevent further damage to the heart muscle, and reduce the risk of complications such as heart failure or life-threatening arrhythmias. Treatment options may include medications, such as antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and thrombolytic drugs, or interventional procedures like angioplasty and stenting to open the blocked artery. In some cases, surgical intervention, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), may be necessary.

A stent is a small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart to other parts of your body. A stent is placed in an artery as part of a procedure called angioplasty. Angioplasty restores blood flow through narrowed or blocked arteries by inflating a tiny balloon inside the blocked artery to widen it.

The stent is then inserted into the widened artery to keep it open. The stent is usually made of metal, but some are coated with medication that is slowly and continuously released to help prevent the formation of scar tissue in the artery. This can reduce the chance of the artery narrowing again.

Stents are also used in other parts of the body, such as the neck (carotid artery) and kidneys (renal artery), to help maintain blood flow and prevent blockages. They can also be used in the urinary system to treat conditions like ureteropelvic junction obstruction or narrowing of the urethra.

Fractional Flow Reserve (Myocardial) is a medical term used to describe the ratio of maximum blood flow through a stenosed (narrowed) coronary artery to the maximum flow that could be achieved if the artery were completely normal. It is a pressure-based index, which is measured during cardiac catheterization using a special wire that can measure pressure differences across a stenosis.

The FFR value ranges from 0 (no flow) to 1 (normal flow). An FFR value less than or equal to 0.80 is generally considered indicative of functionally significant coronary artery disease, which may benefit from revascularization (such as angioplasty or bypass surgery).

FFR is used in clinical practice to help guide decisions regarding the management of patients with coronary artery disease and has been shown to improve patient outcomes.

A heart aneurysm, also known as a ventricular aneurysm, is a localized bulging or ballooning of the heart muscle in the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart. This condition typically occurs following a myocardial infarction (heart attack), where blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue death and weakness in the heart wall. As a result, the weakened area may stretch and form a sac-like bulge or aneurysm.

Heart aneurysms can vary in size and may cause complications such as blood clots, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), or heart failure. In some cases, they may be asymptomatic and discovered during routine imaging tests. The diagnosis of a heart aneurysm is typically made through echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or cardiac CT scans. Treatment options depend on the size, location, and symptoms of the aneurysm and may include medications, surgical repair, or implantation of a device to support heart function.

A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a localized dilatation or bulging of the thoracic aorta, which is the part of the aorta that runs through the chest cavity. The aorta is the largest artery in the body, and it carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Thoracic aortic aneurysms can occur anywhere along the thoracic aorta, but they are most commonly found in the aortic arch or the descending thoracic aorta. These aneurysms can vary in size, and they are considered significant when they are 50% larger than the expected normal diameter of the aorta.

The exact cause of thoracic aortic aneurysms is not fully understood, but several factors can contribute to their development, including:

* Atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries)
* High blood pressure
* Genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
* Infections or inflammation of the aorta
* Trauma to the chest

Thoracic aortic aneurysms can be asymptomatic and found incidentally on imaging studies, or they may present with symptoms such as chest pain, cough, difficulty swallowing, or hoarseness. If left untreated, thoracic aortic aneurysms can lead to serious complications, including aortic dissection (tearing of the inner layer of the aorta) or rupture, which can be life-threatening.

Treatment options for thoracic aortic aneurysms include medical management with blood pressure control and cholesterol-lowering medications, as well as surgical repair or endovascular stenting, depending on the size, location, and growth rate of the aneurysm. Regular follow-up imaging is necessary to monitor the size and progression of the aneurysm over time.

Interventional ultrasonography is a medical procedure that involves the use of real-time ultrasound imaging to guide minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This technique combines the advantages of ultrasound, such as its non-ionizing nature (no radiation exposure), relatively low cost, and portability, with the ability to perform precise and targeted procedures.

In interventional ultrasonography, a specialized physician called an interventional radiologist or an interventional sonographer uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of internal organs and tissues. These images help guide the placement of needles, catheters, or other instruments used during the procedure. Common interventions include biopsies (tissue sampling), fluid drainage, tumor ablation, and targeted drug delivery.

The real-time visualization provided by ultrasonography allows for increased accuracy and safety during these procedures, minimizing complications and reducing recovery time compared to traditional surgical approaches. Additionally, interventional ultrasonography can be performed on an outpatient basis, further contributing to its appeal as a less invasive alternative in many clinical scenarios.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Coronary stenosis is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. This narrowing is typically caused by the buildup of plaque, made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, on the inner walls of the arteries. Over time, as the plaque hardens and calcifies, it can cause the artery to become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.

Coronary stenosis can lead to various symptoms and complications, including chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), and heart attacks. Treatment options for coronary stenosis may include lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery, or a combination of these approaches. Regular check-ups and diagnostic tests, such as stress testing or coronary angiography, can help detect and monitor coronary stenosis over time.

A dissecting aneurysm is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a tear in the inner layer of the artery wall, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the artery wall. This can cause the artery to bulge or balloon out, leading to a dissection aneurysm.

Dissecting aneurysms can occur in any artery, but they are most commonly found in the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. When a dissecting aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it is often referred to as a "dissecting aortic aneurysm."

Dissecting aneurysms can be caused by various factors, including high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), genetic disorders that affect the connective tissue, trauma, or illegal drug use (such as cocaine).

Symptoms of a dissecting aneurysm may include sudden severe chest or back pain, which can feel like ripping or tearing, shortness of breath, sweating, lightheadedness, or loss of consciousness. If left untreated, a dissecting aneurysm can lead to serious complications, such as rupture of the artery, stroke, or even death.

Treatment for a dissecting aneurysm typically involves surgery or endovascular repair to prevent further damage and reduce the risk of rupture. The specific treatment approach will depend on various factors, including the location and size of the aneurysm, the patient's overall health, and their medical history.

Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG) are a preparation of antibodies, specifically immunoglobulins, that are derived from the plasma of healthy donors. They are administered intravenously to provide passive immunity and help boost the immune system's response in individuals with weakened or compromised immune systems. IVIG can be used for various medical conditions such as primary immunodeficiency disorders, secondary immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and some infectious diseases. The administration of IVIG can help prevent infections, reduce the severity and frequency of infections, and manage the symptoms of certain autoimmune disorders. It is important to note that while IVIG provides temporary immunity, it does not replace a person's own immune system.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is a medical condition characterized by the death of a segment of heart muscle (myocardium) due to the interruption of its blood supply. This interruption is most commonly caused by the blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot formed on the top of an atherosclerotic plaque, which is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the inner lining of the artery.

The lack of oxygen and nutrients supply to the heart muscle tissue results in damage or death of the cardiac cells, causing the affected area to become necrotic. The extent and severity of the MI depend on the size of the affected area, the duration of the occlusion, and the presence of collateral circulation.

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and sweating. Immediate medical attention is necessary to restore blood flow to the affected area and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. Treatment options for MI include medications, such as thrombolytics, antiplatelet agents, and pain relievers, as well as procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

An iliac aneurysm is a localized dilation or bulging of the iliac artery, which are the main blood vessels that supply blood to the lower extremities. The iliac arteries branch off from the abdominal aorta and divide into the internal and external iliac arteries. An aneurysm occurs when the wall of the artery becomes weakened and balloons out, leading to an increased risk of rupture and serious complications such as bleeding and organ damage. Iliac aneurysms are often asymptomatic but can cause symptoms such as abdominal or back pain, leg pain, or a pulsating mass in the abdomen or groin. They are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI and may require surgical intervention to prevent rupture and other complications.

Therapeutic embolization is a medical procedure that involves intentionally blocking or obstructing blood vessels to stop excessive bleeding or block the flow of blood to a tumor or abnormal tissue. This is typically accomplished by injecting small particles, such as microspheres or coils, into the targeted blood vessel through a catheter, which is inserted into a larger blood vessel and guided to the desired location using imaging techniques like X-ray or CT scanning. The goal of therapeutic embolization is to reduce the size of a tumor, control bleeding, or block off abnormal blood vessels that are causing problems.

Drug-eluting stents (DES) are medical devices used in the treatment of coronary artery disease. They are small, flexible tubes that are coated with a medication that is slowly released (eluted) over time to prevent the formation of scar tissue and reduce the risk of renarrowing (restenosis) of the artery after it has been treated with angioplasty and stenting.

The stent is typically placed in a narrowed or blocked coronary artery during a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedure, such as angioplasty, to open up the blood vessel and improve blood flow to the heart muscle. The medication on the DES helps to prevent the growth of smooth muscle cells and the formation of scar tissue in the artery, which can cause restenosis and require additional treatments.

The most commonly used medications on DES are sirolimus, paclitaxel, zotarolimus, and everolimus. These drugs work by inhibiting the growth of smooth muscle cells and reducing inflammation in the artery. While DES have been shown to reduce the risk of restenosis compared to bare-metal stents, they also carry a small increased risk of late stent thrombosis (blood clots forming in the stent), which can lead to serious complications such as heart attack or stroke. Therefore, patients who receive DES are typically prescribed long-term antiplatelet therapy to reduce this risk.

Coronary artery disease, often simply referred to as coronary disease, is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques. This can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or in severe cases, a heart attack.

The medical definition of coronary artery disease is:

A condition characterized by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques in the walls of the coronary arteries, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium (heart muscle). This can result in symptoms such as angina pectoris, shortness of breath, or arrhythmias, and may ultimately lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or heart failure.

Risk factors for coronary artery disease include age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and a family history of the condition. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and managing stress can help reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Medical treatments may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, or irregular heart rhythms, as well as procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Blood vessel prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure in which an artificial blood vessel, also known as a vascular graft or prosthetic graft, is inserted into the body to replace a damaged or diseased native blood vessel. The prosthetic graft can be made from various materials such as Dacron (polyester), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), or bovine/human tissue.

The implantation of a blood vessel prosthesis is typically performed to treat conditions that cause narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, or traumatic injuries. The procedure may be used to bypass blocked arteries in the legs (peripheral artery disease), heart (coronary artery bypass surgery), or neck (carotid endarterectomy). It can also be used to replace damaged veins for hemodialysis access in patients with kidney failure.

The success of blood vessel prosthesis implantation depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the location and extent of the vascular disease, and the type of graft material used. Possible complications include infection, bleeding, graft thrombosis (clotting), and graft failure, which may require further surgical intervention or endovascular treatments.

Sirolimus is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called immunosuppressants. It is also known as rapamycin. Sirolimus works by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a protein that plays a key role in cell growth and division.

Sirolimus is primarily used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, such as kidneys, livers, and hearts. It works by suppressing the activity of the immune system, which can help to reduce the risk of the body rejecting the transplanted organ. Sirolimus is often used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs, such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors.

Sirolimus is also being studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of other conditions, including cancer, tuberous sclerosis complex, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the safety and efficacy of sirolimus in these contexts.

It's important to note that sirolimus can have significant side effects, including increased risk of infections, mouth sores, high blood pressure, and kidney damage. Therefore, it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Cerebral angiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the blood vessels in the brain after injecting a contrast dye into them. This procedure helps doctors to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessels).

During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg and threaded through the body to the blood vessels in the neck or brain. The contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken to visualize the blood flow through the brain's blood vessels.

Cerebral angiography provides detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain, allowing doctors to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be causing symptoms or increasing the risk of stroke. Based on the results of the cerebral angiography, doctors can develop a treatment plan to address these issues and prevent further complications.

A false aneurysm, also known as a pseudoaneurysm, is a type of aneurysm that occurs when there is a leakage or rupture of blood from a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues, creating a pulsating hematoma or collection of blood. Unlike true aneurysms, which involve a localized dilation or bulging of the blood vessel wall, false aneurysms do not have a complete covering of all three layers of the arterial wall (intima, media, and adventitia). Instead, they are typically covered by only one or two layers, such as the intima and adventitia, or by surrounding tissues like connective tissue or fascia.

False aneurysms can result from various factors, including trauma, infection, iatrogenic causes (such as medical procedures), or degenerative changes in the blood vessel wall. They are more common in arteries than veins and can occur in any part of the body. If left untreated, false aneurysms can lead to serious complications such as rupture, thrombosis, distal embolization, or infection. Treatment options for false aneurysms include surgical repair, endovascular procedures, or observation with regular follow-up imaging.

Coronary vasospasm refers to a sudden constriction (narrowing) of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. This constriction can reduce or block blood flow, leading to symptoms such as chest pain (angina) or, in severe cases, a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Coronary vasospasm can occur spontaneously or be triggered by various factors, including stress, smoking, and certain medications. It is also associated with conditions such as coronary artery disease and variant angina. Prolonged or recurrent vasospasms can cause damage to the heart muscle and increase the risk of cardiovascular events.

Aortic rupture is a medical emergency that refers to the tearing or splitting of the aorta, which is the largest and main artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. An aortic rupture can lead to life-threatening internal bleeding and requires immediate medical attention.

There are two types of aortic ruptures:

1. Aortic dissection: This occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining of the aorta, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall. This can cause the aorta to bulge or split, leading to a rupture.
2. Thoracic aortic aneurysm rupture: An aneurysm is a weakened and bulging area in the aortic wall. When an aneurysm in the thoracic aorta (the part of the aorta that runs through the chest) ruptures, it can cause severe bleeding and other complications.

Risk factors for aortic rupture include high blood pressure, smoking, aging, family history of aortic disease, and certain genetic conditions such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Symptoms of an aortic rupture may include sudden severe chest or back pain, difficulty breathing, weakness, sweating, and loss of consciousness. Treatment typically involves emergency surgery to repair the aorta and control bleeding.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

A blood vessel prosthesis is a medical device that is used as a substitute for a damaged or diseased natural blood vessel. It is typically made of synthetic materials such as polyester, Dacron, or ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) and is designed to mimic the function of a native blood vessel by allowing the flow of blood through it.

Blood vessel prostheses are used in various surgical procedures, including coronary artery bypass grafting, peripheral arterial reconstruction, and the creation of arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis access. The choice of material and size of the prosthesis depends on several factors, such as the location and diameter of the vessel being replaced, the patient's age and overall health status, and the surgeon's preference.

It is important to note that while blood vessel prostheses can be effective in restoring blood flow, they may also carry risks such as infection, thrombosis (blood clot formation), and graft failure over time. Therefore, careful patient selection, surgical technique, and postoperative management are crucial for the success of these procedures.

The abdominal aorta is the portion of the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body, that runs through the abdomen. It originates from the thoracic aorta at the level of the diaphragm and descends through the abdomen, where it branches off into several smaller arteries that supply blood to the pelvis, legs, and various abdominal organs. The abdominal aorta is typically divided into four segments: the suprarenal, infrarenal, visceral, and parietal portions. Disorders of the abdominal aorta can include aneurysms, atherosclerosis, and dissections, which can have serious consequences if left untreated.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.

The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.

Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.

Aortography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the aorta, which is the largest blood vessel in the body. The procedure is usually performed to diagnose or assess various conditions related to the aorta, such as aneurysms, dissections, or blockages.

To perform an aortography, a contrast dye is injected into the aorta through a catheter that is inserted into an artery, typically in the leg or arm. The contrast dye makes the aorta visible on X-ray images, allowing doctors to see its structure and any abnormalities that may be present.

The procedure is usually performed in a hospital or outpatient setting and may require sedation or anesthesia. While aortography can provide valuable diagnostic information, it also carries some risks, such as allergic reactions to the contrast dye, damage to blood vessels, or infection. Therefore, it is typically reserved for situations where other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive or where more invasive treatment may be required.

Endovascular procedures are minimally invasive medical treatments that involve accessing and repairing blood vessels or other interior parts of the body through small incisions or punctures. These procedures typically use specialized catheters, wires, and other tools that are inserted into the body through an artery or vein, usually in the leg or arm.

Endovascular procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including aneurysms, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, carotid artery stenosis, and other vascular disorders. Some common endovascular procedures include angioplasty, stenting, embolization, and thrombectomy.

The benefits of endovascular procedures over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, reduced trauma to surrounding tissues, faster recovery times, and lower risks of complications such as infection and bleeding. However, endovascular procedures may not be appropriate for all patients or conditions, and careful evaluation and consideration are necessary to determine the best treatment approach.

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels and blood flow within the body. It combines the use of X-ray technology with digital image processing to produce detailed images of the vascular system.

In DSA, a contrast agent is injected into the patient's bloodstream through a catheter, which is typically inserted into an artery in the leg and guided to the area of interest using fluoroscopy. As the contrast agent flows through the blood vessels, X-ray images are taken at multiple time points.

The digital subtraction process involves taking a baseline image without contrast and then subtracting it from subsequent images taken with contrast. This allows for the removal of background structures and noise, resulting in clearer images of the blood vessels. DSA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various vascular conditions, such as aneurysms, stenosis, and tumors, and can also guide interventional procedures such as angioplasty and stenting.

Vascular surgical procedures are operations that are performed to treat conditions and diseases related to the vascular system, which includes the arteries, veins, and capillaries. These procedures can be invasive or minimally invasive and are often used to treat conditions such as peripheral artery disease, carotid artery stenosis, aortic aneurysms, and venous insufficiency.

Some examples of vascular surgical procedures include:

* Endarterectomy: a procedure to remove plaque buildup from the inside of an artery
* Bypass surgery: creating a new path for blood to flow around a blocked or narrowed artery
* Angioplasty and stenting: using a balloon to open a narrowed artery and placing a stent to keep it open
* Aneurysm repair: surgically repairing an aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of an artery that has bulged out and filled with blood
* Embolectomy: removing a blood clot from a blood vessel
* Thrombectomy: removing a blood clot from a vein

These procedures are typically performed by vascular surgeons, who are trained in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases.

Coronary restenosis is the re-narrowing or re-occlusion of a coronary artery after a previous successful procedure to open or widen the artery, such as angioplasty or stenting. This narrowing is usually caused by the excessive growth of scar tissue or smooth muscle cells in the artery lining, which can occur spontaneously or as a response to the initial procedure. Restenosis can lead to recurrent symptoms of coronary artery disease, such as chest pain or shortness of breath, and may require additional medical intervention.

A fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between two organs, vessels, or body parts that usually do not connect. It can form as a result of injury, infection, surgery, or disease. A fistula can occur anywhere in the body but commonly forms in the digestive system, genital area, or urinary system. The symptoms and treatment options for a fistula depend on its location and underlying cause.

Pericardiocentesis is a medical procedure where a needle or a catheter is inserted into the pericardial sac, the thin fluid-filled space surrounding the heart, to remove excess fluids or air that has accumulated. This buildup can put pressure on the heart and impede its function, leading to various cardiac symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations. The procedure is often guided by echocardiography or fluoroscopy to ensure proper placement and minimize risks. Pericardiocentesis may be performed as an emergency treatment or a scheduled intervention, depending on the patient's condition.

Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is excessive fluid or blood accumulation in the pericardial sac, which surrounds the heart. This accumulation puts pressure on the heart, preventing it from filling properly and reducing its ability to pump blood effectively. As a result, cardiac output decreases, leading to symptoms such as low blood pressure, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a rapid pulse. If left untreated, cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening, requiring emergency medical intervention to drain the fluid and relieve the pressure on the heart.

Pericardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, which is the potential space between the two layers of the pericardium - the fibrous and serous layers. The pericardium is a sac that surrounds the heart to provide protection and lubrication for the heart's movement during each heartbeat. Normally, there is only a small amount of fluid (5-15 mL) in this space to ensure smooth motion of the heart. However, when an excessive amount of fluid accumulates, it can cause increased pressure on the heart, leading to various complications such as decreased cardiac output and even cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Pericardial effusion may result from several causes, including infections (viral, bacterial, or fungal), inflammatory conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or cancer), trauma, heart surgery, kidney failure, or iatrogenic causes. The symptoms of pericardial effusion can vary depending on the rate and amount of fluid accumulation. Slowly developing effusions may not cause any symptoms, while rapid accumulations can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, palpitations, or even hypotension (low blood pressure). Diagnosis is usually confirmed through imaging techniques such as echocardiography, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the effusion, ranging from close monitoring to drainage procedures or medications to address the root cause.

The pericardium is the double-walled sac that surrounds the heart. It has an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer, which further divides into two parts: the parietal layer lining the fibrous pericardium and the visceral layer (epicardium) closely adhering to the heart surface.

The space between these two layers is filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid, allowing for smooth movement of the heart within the pericardial cavity. The pericardium provides protection, support, and helps maintain the heart's normal position within the chest while reducing friction during heart contractions.

Pericarditis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pericardium, which is the thin sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart and contains serous fluid to reduce friction during heartbeats. The inflammation can cause symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and sometimes fever.

The pericardium has two layers: the visceral pericardium, which is tightly adhered to the heart's surface, and the parietal pericardium, which lines the inner surface of the chest cavity. Normally, there is a small amount of fluid between these two layers, allowing for smooth movement of the heart within the chest cavity.

In pericarditis, the inflammation causes the pericardial layers to become irritated and swollen, leading to an accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial space. This can result in a condition called pericardial effusion, which can further complicate the situation by putting pressure on the heart and impairing its function.

Pericarditis may be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, heart attacks, trauma, or cancer. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and reducing inflammation with medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, or corticosteroids. In severe cases, pericardiocentesis (removal of excess fluid from the pericardial space) or surgical intervention may be necessary.

Pericardiectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of all or part of the pericardium, which is the sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This surgery is typically performed to treat chronic or recurrent pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, or pericardial effusions that do not respond to other treatments. Pericardiectomy can help reduce symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fluid buildup around the heart, improving the patient's quality of life and overall prognosis.

Tuberculous pericarditis is a specific form of pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium, the thin sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart) that is caused by the bacterial infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This type of pericarditis is more common in areas where tuberculosis is prevalent and can lead to serious complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

In tuberculous pericarditis, the bacteria typically spread from the lungs (the most common site of TB infection) or other infected organs through the bloodstream to the pericardium. The infection causes an inflammatory response, leading to the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space (pericardial effusion), which can put pressure on the heart and impair its function. In some cases, the inflammation may lead to the formation of scar tissue, causing the pericardium to thicken and constrict, a condition known as constrictive pericarditis.

Symptoms of tuberculous pericarditis can include chest pain, cough, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests (such as echocardiography, CT scan, or MRI), and laboratory tests (including analysis of the pericardial fluid). Treatment usually consists of a long course of antibiotics specific to TB, along with anti-inflammatory medications and close monitoring for potential complications.

... is an abnormal dilatation of part of the coronary artery. This rare disorder occurs in about 0.3-4.9% ... Treatment for coronary artery aneurysm include medical management, surgery and percutaneous intervention. Underlying coronary ... The prognosis of coronary artery aneurysm is dependent on its diameter. The smaller the aneurysm the better the prognosis. ... especially in patients with congenital coronary artery aneurysms Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis) Vasculitic and ...
Pretty HC (18 April 1931). "Dissecting aneurysm of coronary artery in a woman aged 42". British Medical Journal. 1 (3667): 667 ... Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an uncommon but potentially lethal condition in which one of the coronary ... This is seen on coronary angiography as an abrupt change in coronary caliber with a long segment of a diffusely narrowed artery ... "Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Postpartum" "Spontaneous-Coronary-Artery-Dissection-Case-Series-and-Review" (Articles ...
Coronary artery aneurysms are defined as a > 50% increase of the vessel diameter. Some cases are congenital/idiopathic, but ... Coronary arteriovenous fistulas are anomalies at the termination consisting of an anomalous connection of coronary arteries to ... Coronary artery anomalies are variations of the coronary circulation, affecting 1% of an unselected population - normal variant ... Compared to CMR, coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) provides more precise assessment of coronary anatomy, course ...
Coronary artery abnormalities, such as dilatation, are frequent. Some children have developed coronary artery aneurysms. ... Coronary artery abnormalities can develop (ranging from dilatation to aneurysms). This life-threatening disease has proved ... Recovery typically occurs spontaneously, though some children later develop mid-sized or giant coronary artery aneurysms in the ... Treatment strategies are being considered to prevent serious long-term complications such as coronary artery aneurysms (the ...
Coronary artery aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease are believed to account for 5% of acute coronary syndrome cases in adults ... axillary artery aneurysm, brachiocephalic artery aneurysm, aneurysm of iliac and femoral arteries, and renal artery aneurysm. ... infarction secondary to blood clot formation in a coronary artery aneurysm or to rupture of a large coronary artery aneurysm. ... "Size of coronary aneurysm as a determinant factor of the prognosis in Kawasaki disease: clinicopathologic study of coronary ...
A rare complication of this condition are coronary artery aneurysms. Laser Doppler imaging by near-infrared digital holography ... In the late stage, weakness of the arterial walls may give rise to localized aneurysms. As with all aneurysms, the possibility ... "Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Review of the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment". Frontiers in ... This inflammation leads to arterial stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms. There is irregular fibrosis of the blood vessels due ...
15 to 25 percent of these cases developed coronary artery aneurysms. The overproduction of T cells may be correlated with the ... "ITPKC functional polymorphism associated with Kawasaki disease susceptibility and formation of coronary artery aneurysms". Nat ... "ITPKC susceptibility in Kawasaki syndrome as a sensitizing factor for autoimmunity and coronary arterial wall relaxation ...
"ITPKC functional polymorphism associated with Kawasaki disease susceptibility and formation of coronary artery aneurysms". ...
A coronary aneurysm may also indicate CABG: A blood clot might develop within the vessel and travel downstream. CABG and ... Coronary artery bypass graft Coronary artery bypass graft, single bypass Coronary artery bypass graft, double bypass. Coronary ... Coronary artery bypass surgery aims to prevent death from coronary artery disease and improve quality of life by relieving ... Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, pronounced "cabbage"), is a surgical ...
The heart, including coronary artery aneurysms, ventricular aneurysms, aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva, and aneurysms following ... Without treatment, these aneurysms will ultimately progress and rupture. Infection. A mycotic aneurysm is an aneurysm that ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aneurysms. Look up aneurysm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Brain aneurysm and ... The aorta, namely aortic aneurysms including thoracic aortic aneurysms and abdominal aortic aneurysms. The brain, including ...
The condition can be mimicked by a ruptured cyst of the pericardium, ruptured aortic aneurysm and acute coronary syndrome. ... It is possible for AAS to lead to acute coronary syndrome. The term was introduced in 2001. The most common symptom of AAS is ... 2007). "Thoracic aortic aneurysm: direct sign of rupture". Cardiovasc J Afr. 18 (3): 180-1. PMID 17612751. Nishigami K, ... penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer or a thoracic aneurysm that has become unstable. The potential causes of AAS are life- ...
Early diagnosis of Kawasaki disease prevents the condition becoming life-threatening, as it can cause aneurysms in the coronary ...
Aneurysms may affect the right (65-85%), non-coronary (10-30%), or rarely the left (< 5%) coronary sinus. These aneurysms may ... Aortic aneurysm Thoracic aortic aneurysm Abdominal aortic aneurysm Topi, Bernard; John Jinu (2012). "An uncommon cause of a ... A ruptured aneurysm typically leads to an aortocardiac shunt and progressively worsening heart failure. An aneurysm of the ... presentations are embolic stroke and myocardial infarction due to blockage of a coronary artery by the aneurysm. ...
... such as intracranial aneurysms and dolichoectasias, aortic root dilatation and aneurysms, mitral valve prolapse, and abdominal ... or coronary/hypertensive heart disease (40%). Torres VE, Harris PC, Pirson Y (April 2007). "Autosomal dominant polycystic ... In some cases, intracranial aneurysms can be an associated sign of ADPKD, and screening can be recommended for patients with a ... Some of the most common causes of death in patients with ADPKD are various infections (25%), a ruptured berry aneurysm (15%), ...
... a systemic vasculitis in childhood that may result in aneurysms of the coronary arteries. In the developed world, Kawasaki ...
... aneurysm and coarctation, coronary heart disease. It can also be used to look at pulmonary veins. Patient information may be ... "Rationale and design of the Clinical Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary heart disease 2 trial (CE-MARC 2): A ... abnormal origins of the coronary arteries, and cardiac tumors. Atrial septal defect with dilation of the right ventricle by CMR ... to increase the difference in perfusion between myocardial territories supplied by normal and stenosed coronary arteries. A ...
Persistent hypertension is a major risk factor for hypertensive heart disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm ... and arterial aneurysm) in hypertensive persons. The endothelium of blood vessels produces an extensive range of substances that ...
... or aneurysms that can rupture and result in death. The damage can result in angina which is pain in the chest and is a common ... Coronary artery collateral circulation in patients of coronary ectasia with significant coronary artery disease.PLOS ONE,9(1), ... Coronary artery ectasia is a rare disease that occurs in only 0.3-4.9% of people in North America. Coronary artery ectasia is ... Coronary artery ectasia also increases the chance of developing large weak spots in the affected coronary arteries, ...
... is an American heart surgeon specializing in heart surgery, aortic and mitral valve repair, coronary artery ... bypass surgery, aneurysm surgery, and management of the failing heart. In 2017, Michler received the Vladimir Borakovsky Prize ... Ten-Year Outcome of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery versus Medical Therapy in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: ... Michler RE, Surgical Management of Moderate Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation at the Time of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting ...
Cabrol pioneered the technique of tricuspid annuloplasty and the repair of ascending aortic aneurysms, coronary and other valve ...
Innovations include coronary bypass, carotid endarterectomy, artificial heart, ventricular assist device, aortic aneurysm ... Innovations include aortic aneurysm repair, heart valve replacement, bloodless cardiac surgery for Jehovah's Witnesses, 1st ...
Thoracic and thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms, mitral valve surgery and the beating heart coronary artery bypass surgery. "Dr ... Conducted the youngest Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for patient aged 20 months. Modified Circuit for Retrograde Central ...
414.11 Aneurysm of coronary vessels 414.12 Dissection of coronary artery 414.8 Ischemic heart disease, chronic, other 414.9 ... ruptured 441.4 Abdominal aortic Aneurysm, w/o rupture 441.9 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, unspecified 442 Other aneurysm 443 Other ... forms of chronic ischemic heart disease 414.0 Coronary atherosclerosis 414.1 Aneurysm and dissection of heart 414.10 Aneurysm ... ulceration 441 Aortic aneurysm and dissection 441.0 Aortic Dissection 441.3 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, ...
... for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, coronary artery bypass, aortic valve repair and mitral valve repair. Risk-adjusted ... mortality was found to be statistically significantly lower in the Healthgrades' "Best Hospitals" for coronary artery bypass ...
... syndactyly jejunal atresia Coronaro-cardiac fistula Coronary arteries congenital malformation Coronary artery aneurysm Coronary ... familial Cerebral aneurysm Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy Cerebral ... lipoid Congenital afibrinogenemia Congenital alopecia X linked Congenital amputation Congenital aneurysms of the great vessels ...
1958 - The first open-heart surgery in mid-Missouri performed at University Hospital 1962 - A giant coronary artery aneurysm ...
... coronary artery disease) Aneurysm leakage Cardiac tamponade Shock - obstructive shock Past history of myocardial infarction ... The right coronary artery is involved more commonly than the left coronary artery. If the myocardial infarction is treated with ... About 29% of late deaths following surgery are due to rupture of either a dissecting aneurysm or another aneurysm. In addition ... These new aneurysms are more likely to rupture, due to their thinner walls.[citation needed] Serial imaging of the aorta is ...
Coronary artery aneurysm "What is an Aneurysm?". www.heart.org. Retrieved 14 March 2017. Victor F. Froelicher; Jonathan Myers ( ... Ventricular aneurysms are one of the many complications that may occur after a heart attack. The word aneurysm refers to a ... Ventricular aneurysms usually grow at a very slow pace, but can still pose problems. Usually, this type of aneurysm grows in ... Also, blood clots may form on the inside of ventricular aneurysms, and form embolisms. If such a clot escapes from the aneurysm ...
Platinum has widely been used in numerous kinds of medical implants, such as dental alloys, aneurysm coils, medical device ... electrodes, coronary stents and catheters. Allergy of platinum metal in human has rarely been reported. Only platinum compounds ...
Angiographic Features of Left Main Coronary Artery Aneurysms, J of American Cardiology, 1991;67:1139. On Topaz, M.D., Germano ... Complete Left Main Coronary Artery Occlusion: Angiographic Evaluation of Collateral Vessel Patterns and Assessment of ...
Coronary artery aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of part of the coronary artery. This rare disorder occurs in about 0.3-4.9% ... Treatment for coronary artery aneurysm include medical management, surgery and percutaneous intervention. Underlying coronary ... The prognosis of coronary artery aneurysm is dependent on its diameter. The smaller the aneurysm the better the prognosis. ... especially in patients with congenital coronary artery aneurysms Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis) Vasculitic and ...
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows a more complete examination of the coronary arteries, particularly the proximal ... has substantial limitations for the study of abnormalities of the coronary tree. ... Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the clinical management of a patients with a giant coronary artery aneurysm Clin ... While angiography first showed the giant aneurysm of the left circumflex coronary artery. TEE, by revealing an active thrombus ...
Furthermore, the diagnosis is accepted when coronary aneurysms are present in addition to four of these major symptoms.2 ... Myocardial infarction caused by an aneurysm of the left main coronary artery without evidence of Kawasaki disease ... Myocardial infarction caused by an aneurysm of the left main coronary artery without evidence of Kawasaki disease ... authors report the case of a 20 year old woman with acute myocardial infarction and a huge aneurysm of the left main coronary ...
The RCA immediately proximal to the aneurysm measured 3 mm in diameter. The Z score was 13.4. Oblique coronal image from ... Echocardiogram revealed ectasia of the right coronary artery (RCA). A presumptive diagnosis of Kawasaki disease was made and ... Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed an aneurysm of the proximal RCA measuring up to 7.4 mm. ... cardiac CTA and volume rendered images demonstrated an aneurysm of the proximal RCA. The patient improved with treatment. ...
1981) Fate of coronary aneurysms in Kawasaki disease: serial coronary angiography and long-term follow-up study. Am J Cardiol ... We divided the patients into four groups depending on the size of the initial coronary aneurysm on first coronary angiogram ( ... Approximately 50% of patients who had coronary aneurysms show regression on follow up coronary angiography.4 This is a ... These 27 patients comprised 22 in whom coronary aneurysms had regressed to normal coronary angiographic findings within two ...
We report a case of Noonan syndrome with giant coronary aneurysms.Case Report:A young woman with the phenotypic characteristics ... the patient showed a wide spectrum of previously unreported coronary aneurysms.Conclusions:These additional findings support ... s syndrome presented with severe pulmonary stenosis and giant coronary aneurysms. Cross sectional echocardiography showed ... Keywords: Coronary Aneurysm - complications, Coronary Aneurysm - diagnosis, Coronary Aneurysm - ultrasonography, Coronary ...
Impressive combination of multiple sinus valsalvae and coronary aneurysms due to hypereosinophilic syndrome ... Impressive combination of multiple sinus valsalvae and coronary aneurysms due to hypereosinophilic syndrome. Annals of Thoracic ...
Kawasaki disease was the main cause of CAA in pediatric patients, and coronary artery disease was the most common comorbidity ... Coronary atherosclerosis was identified in 72.5% of adult patients after CAA diagnosis. Antithrombotic agents, particularly ... Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a rare disease, and there are limited data on prescribing patterns for CAA. The aim of our ...
... has become a surgical standard for treatment of coronary artery disease since Favaloro first described it in 1967. Riahi and ... associates described the rare complication of saphenous vein graft aneurysm (SVGA) in 1975. ... Coronary artery revascularization with saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) ... Saphenous Vein Graft Aneurysms. Angiogram of a saphenous vein graft to the distal right coronary artery demonstrating a large ...
... Samuël Jenard* and Badih El Nakadi Author and article information ... Jenard S, Nakadi BE (2020) Giant calcified left coronary artery aneurysm. J Cardiovasc Med Cardiol 7(3): 220-220. DOI: 10.17352 ... During the coronary artery bypass, we discovered a hard and white tumor affecting the proximal LAD (C). The dissection showed a ... calcified aneurysm of the LAD of 2x1.5x1.5 cm (D). Pathological examination revealed an atherosclerotic etiology with no sign ...
BACKGROUND: Calcification of coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) is common in the remote phase of Kawasaki disease (KD), but the ... MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study materials consisted of 24 coronary artery branches with aneurysms that were obtained from 14 ... Histological studies shed new light on the initiation and characteristics of calcification of coronary artery aneurysms in ... Moreover, the calcified area tended to increase as the diameter of the aneurysm increased.. CONCLUSION: Histologically, CAA ...
I now have 2 aneurysms, one "giant" located on my left coronary artery and one "large" located on my right coronary artery. I ... Pregnant with coronary artery aneurysms due to KD. Personal stories of individuals and families affected by Kawasaki disease. ... She had aneurysms and eventually had a bypass. I am so encouraged to hear that all is well with you at 28 and that you are ... Both of my aneurysms are calcified, which they are pleased with since they are least likely to rupture. I continue to take 81mg ...
Multimodal imaging of right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula complicated by large coronary aneurysm. ... Multimodal imaging of right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula complicated by large coronary aneurysm ...
Cryoprecipitates in kawasaki syndrome: Association with coronary artery aneurysms. Betsy C. Herold, A. Todd Davis, Carlos M. ... We speculate that cryoprecipitates may be a marker for increased risk of coronary aneurysm formation and may play a role in the ... We speculate that cryoprecipitates may be a marker for increased risk of coronary aneurysm formation and may play a role in the ... We speculate that cryoprecipitates may be a marker for increased risk of coronary aneurysm formation and may play a role in the ...
... involving heart problems and results from first endovascular aneurysm restore right after deterring percutaneous coronary ... Plasma Docosahexaenoic Acid Linked to Far better Prognoses associated with Sufferers along with Intense Decompensated Coronary ...
... giant coronary aneurysm exceeding 50 mm is extremely rare. In this article, we presented a case of giant coronary aneurysm ... coronary artery aneurysm - giant aneurysm - Kawasaki disease Note. Patient consent for publication was duly obtained for this ... A Giant Coronary Aneurysm in a Suspected Kawasaki Disease Causing Asymptomatic Myocardial Ischemia. Sudipta Mondal ... Giant coronary artery aneurysm causing superior vena cava syndrome and congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98 (07) 986 ...
We report a young adult with no coronary risk factors but with a giant solitary coronary aneurysm with obstructive thrombosis ... heightened awareness of this entity is required for young adults with coronary lesions but without coronary risk factors. ... and SVG.Because coronary artery sequelae of KD can be a cause of ischemic heart disease even in young adults, ... Surgical revascularization for coronary artery lesions secondary to Kawasaki disease (KD) has been rarely reported in ...
Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) formation is the major complication of KD and the leading cause of acquired cardiovascular ... Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) formation is the major complication of KD and the leading cause of acquired cardiovascular ... Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) formation is the major complication of KD and the leading cause of acquired cardiovascular ... Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) formation is the major complication of KD and the leading cause of acquired cardiovascular ...
The prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and concomitant coronary ... The prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and concomitant coronary ... The prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and concomitant coronary ... The prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and concomitant coronary ...
Each was asymptomatic due to a coronary artery... ... Three patients were treated for coronary artery-pulmonary ... Giant coronary artery aneurysm after Takeuchi repair for anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.. ... coronary artery fistula, plexiform arrangement of vessels, saccular large aneurysm, ruptured aneurysm. Introduction Congenital ... Zalman F, Andia AM, Wu K, Moores WY, Hoit B, Maisel AS (1987) Atherosclerotic coronary artery aneurysm progressing to coronary ...
described a case of giant right coronary artery (RCA) aneurysm with a fistulous drainage into the coronary sinus in a middle- ... fistulous coronary aneurysms in this context can be located elsewhere along the coronary artery with a particular predilection ... aneurysm rupture, etc.). In the setting of fistulous coronary aneurysms, it seems crucial to differentiate between these two ... 10 was previously suggested to define giant coronary aneurysms.5,6 We therefore wonder about the values of aneurysm/reference ...
Letter to the editor on article Anomalous origin of right coronary artery from left coronary sinus associated with aneurysm of ... Letter to the editor on article "Anomalous origin of right coronary artery from left coronary sinus associated with aneurysm of ... Anomalous origin of right coronary artery from left coronary sinus associated with aneurysm of aortic root. Heart, Vessels and ... LMCA was then divided into the left anterior coronary artery, circumflex coronary artery and ramus intermedius coronary artery ...
To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the natural course of coronary aneurysm associated with a coronary ... To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the natural course of coronary aneurysm associated with a coronary ... To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the natural course of coronary aneurysm associated with a coronary ... To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the natural course of coronary aneurysm associated with a coronary ...
Coronary artery puncture or aneurysm. * Left internal mammary artery puncture or aneurysm ... Serious complications were not uncommon (eg, injury to liver, myocardium, coronary arteries, lungs). Because 2-dimensional ...
The presence of multiple coronary artery aneurysms located in more than one coronary artery is even more uncommon. The ... She had a previous history of endovascular stenting of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The sizable right coronary artery aneurysm ... 6.3 cm saccular aneurysm of the right coronary artery, and a 4.4 cm fusiform aneurysm of the ascending aorta. The patient gave ... On coronary angiography, she was found to have three separate 1 cm saccular aneurysms involving the proximal left anterior ...
an aneurysm (a bulge in the wall) of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart ... Steroids can help prevent coronary aneurysms.. Its very important for children on high-dose aspirin to get the annual flu ... IVIG treatment also lowers the risk of coronary artery aneurysms. IVIG is given once. ...
Coronary Artery Aneurysm ... View other providers who treat Non-Coronary Angioplasty, ...
Coronary Artery Aneurysm ... Acute Coronary Syndrome x. Cardiac Catheterization with Robotic ... Landau frequently treats the following conditions: Heart Attack (Acute Myocardial Infarction) and Acute Coronary Syndrome. See ... Landau has experience treating conditions like Heart Attack (Acute Myocardial Infarction) and Acute Coronary Syndrome among ...
... and only one had coronary artery aneurysm. Prednisolone and aspirin were given for a median (IQR) of 3 (2-4) weeks and 4 (4-6) ... myocardial dysfunction and coronary artery changes) in the majority of children during follow-up. ... Eighty percent had shock, 72.5% had myocardial dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction ,55%), and 22.5% had coronary ... artery dilatation or aneurysm. Treatment included pediatric intensive care unit admission (85%), intravenous immunoglobulin ( ...
  • This rare disorder occurs in about 0.3-4.9% of patients who undergo coronary angiography. (wikipedia.org)
  • The following risk factors are thought to be associated with coronary artery aneurysms: Individual's genetic make-up, especially in patients with congenital coronary artery aneurysms Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis) Vasculitic and connective tissue diseases (Kawasaki and Marfan) Intracoronary manipulation leading to local wall stress (stent placement, angioplasty, brachytherapy) Post-infectious as a consequence of direct wall infiltration or immune complex deposition It is often found coincidentally on coronary angiography. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although coronary angiography remains to be the gold standard, the invasive procedure comes with its associated risks, is more expensive than other modalities and the size of the aneurysm might be miscalculated if there is a thrombus in place. (wikipedia.org)
  • While angiography first showed the giant aneurysm of the left circumflex coronary artery. (nih.gov)
  • Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed an aneurysm of the proximal RCA measuring up to 7.4 mm. (jefferson.edu)
  • and group 4 comprised the six patients with congenital heart disease as controls, with a total of 27 normal coronary angiography sites. (bmj.com)
  • During coronary angiography, 15 μg of acetylcholine and 0.5 mg isosorbide dinitrate were infused into the coronary artery. (bmj.com)
  • RESULTS Coronary angiography in all 22 patients in groups 1 and 2 and in all the patients in group 3 was normal, with no stenoses and no irregularity of the arterial wall. (bmj.com)
  • Computed tomography coronary angiography for evaluation of children with Kawasaki disease. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Distal coronary artery abnormalities in Kawasaki disease: experience on CT coronary angiography in 176 children. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 1'2 Recently fistulas in the form of plexiform vessels (one of the coronary artery fistulas) are being occasionaly found by routine coronary angiography. (docksci.com)
  • Coronary artery aneurysms are rare findings in patients undergoing coronary angiography. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On coronary angiography, she was found to have three separate 1 cm saccular aneurysms involving the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a rare pathology of the coronary arteries and is present in up to 4.9% of patients undergoing coronary angiography [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coronary angiography. (biomedcentral.com)
  • She underwent a computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography with contrast that revealed a 6.6 × 6.3 cm saccular right coronary artery aneurysm (RCAA) extending 8.8 cm in length with turbulent flow seen within the aneurysm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows a more complete examination of the coronary arteries, particularly the proximal segments. (nih.gov)
  • However, the long term prognosis and natural history of Kawasaki disease, particularly in patients with regressed coronary aneurysms or with normal coronary arteries, remain uncertain. (bmj.com)
  • On the basis of our own 3-11 and other 12-14 previous studies, we felt there was a need to examine prospectively the long term consequences of regressed coronary aneurysms and normal coronary arteries after Kawasaki disease. (bmj.com)
  • Intravascular ultrasound imaging of coronary arteries now allows detailed visualisation of coronary wall morphology and the healing process in patients with Kawasaki disease. (bmj.com)
  • 10 , 14 , 15 Acetylcholine chloride, an endothelium dependent vasodilator, is believed to dilate normal coronary arteries by promoting the release of a vasorelaxant substance from the endothelium, probably nitric oxide (NO). 15-20 In coronary atherosclerosis, muscarinic cholinergic vasodilatation is impaired, and paradoxical vasoconstriction is induced by acetylcholine. (bmj.com)
  • Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a rare vascular phenomenon primarily characterized by a fistulous connection between major coronary arteries and low-pressure cardiac chambers. (revportcardiol.org)
  • In cases of the pathological course of RCA between aorta and main pulmonary arteries with anomalous RCA originated from left coronary sinus, myocardial ischemia and associated chest pain may cause sudden cardiac death related to compression of the coronary artery (7). (hvt-journal.com)
  • The patient underwent subtotal resection of the right coronary aneurysm with ligation of the proximal and distal ends of the right coronary artery and double bypass surgery to the left anterior descending and right posterior descending coronary arteries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tests such as ECG and echocardiography are done to look for signs of myocarditis , pericarditis , and inflammation of the coronary arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Treatment must be started right away to prevent damage to the coronary arteries and heart. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Even with standard treatment, up to 1 in 4 children may still develop problems in their coronary arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Kawasaki disease can cause inflammation of blood vessels in the arteries, especially the coronary arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mazandaran admit and care for paediatric ease affects the coronary arteries in 20%- patients (1 university teaching hospital and 25% of untreated patients [ 3,4 ]. (who.int)
  • Kawasaki Disease Kawasaki disease is a vasculitis, sometimes involving the coronary arteries, that tends to occur in infants and children between the ages of 1 year and 8 years. (merckmanuals.com)
  • of medium-sized arteries, most significantly the coronary arteries, which are involved in about 20% of untreated patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This condition leads to dissections and aneurysms in any artery, including the renal arteries. (medscape.com)
  • Acquired causes include atherosclerosis in adults, Kawasaki disease in children and coronary catheterization. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In patients with Kawasaki disease prompt administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy should be given to prevent complication of coronary artery aneurysm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Coronary artery aneurysm in Kawasaki disease. (jefferson.edu)
  • and Gould, Sharon, "Coronary artery aneurysm in Kawasaki disease. (jefferson.edu)
  • CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of persisting abnormal vascular wall morphology and vascular dysfunction at the site of regressed coronary aneurysms in patients with previous Kawasaki disease. (bmj.com)
  • Histological studies shed new light on the initiation and characteristics of calcification of coronary artery aneurysms in Kawasaki disease. (qxmd.com)
  • Calcification of coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) is common in the remote phase of Kawasaki disease (KD), but the detailed features of its development remain unclear. (qxmd.com)
  • We speculate that cryoprecipitates may be a marker for increased risk of coronary aneurysm formation and may play a role in the pathogenesis of the cardiac disease in Kawasaki syndrome. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Long-term prognosis of patients with Kawasaki disease complicated by giant coronary aneurysms: a single-institution experience. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Surgical revascularization for coronary artery lesions secondary to Kawasaki disease (KD) has been rarely reported in adolescent patients. (org.ir)
  • Kawasaki disease (KD) is pediatric systemic vasculitis with the classic complication of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA). (tmu.edu.tw)
  • We nistration of intravenous immunoglobulin undertook a retrospective review of the (IVIG) within the first 10 days of illness medical records of all cases with Kawasaki decreases the prevalence of coronary ar- disease referred, treated or discharged tery abnormalities (CAA) to 2%-5% [ 5-7 ]. (who.int)
  • Also, the study didn't enroll children who already had aneurysms from Kawasaki disease. (pcori.org)
  • Other modalities that can be used to diagnose a coronary artery aneurysm include echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has substantial limitations for the study of abnormalities of the coronary tree. (nih.gov)
  • The pathophysiology, although not completely understood, might be comparable to that of aneurysms of larger vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • The disease can sometimes cause a dangerous bulge, called an aneurysm, in the blood vessels that supply the heart. (pcori.org)
  • It may depend also on where the aneurysm is because this can occur in other blood vessels such as the coronary vessels of the heart. (differencebetween.net)
  • We report a young adult with no coronary risk factors but with a giant solitary coronary aneurysm with obstructive thrombosis inside, presumably secondary to KD, who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with left internal thoracic artery (LITA) and SVG. (org.ir)
  • Coronary artery aneurysms may develop and rupture or cause myocardial infarction due to thrombosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Coronary thrombosis may require fibrinolysis or percutaneous interventions. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Underlying coronary artery risk factors should be addressed in patients with atherosclerosis and proper guideline-mediated medications should be started. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pathophysiology of such aneurysms is unknown, but the majority are often due to atherosclerosis, congenital heart disease, or vasculitis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pathology of the aneurysm wall revealed calcific atherosclerosis without evidence of vasculitis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hypertension and atherosclerosis are causes of an aneurysm as are other disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan's syndrome. (differencebetween.net)
  • We report a case of Noonan syndrome with giant coronary aneurysms.Case Report:A young woman with the phenotypic characteristics of Noonan's syndrome presented with severe pulmonary stenosis and giant coronary aneurysms. (medscimonit.com)
  • There was one instance each of myocardial infarction, mitral stenosis and a large closed ruptured aneurysm including a thrombus. (docksci.com)
  • She underwent cardiac catheterization that revealed three separate 1 cm saccular aneurysms of the LAD with associated focal stenosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coronary artery aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of part of the coronary artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • This includes disruption of the arterial media, weakening of the arterial wall, increased wall strain and slow dilatation of the coronary artery portion. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5 years after coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]) is likely related to atherosclerotic degeneration leading to vessel wall weakening and resulting graft dilatation. (medscape.com)
  • Terminologically, these CAFs may be termed as 'primary CAFs' (with or without coronary dilatation or aneurysm). (revportcardiol.org)
  • Of note, primary CAFs involving the relatively distal coronary segments generally do not lead to aneurysm formation, and mostly presents with relatively small 3 and diffuse dilatation of the associated coronary artery. (revportcardiol.org)
  • In true aneurysms, a weakening then dilatation of all layers of the arterial wall occurs. (medscape.com)
  • The RCA immediately proximal to the aneurysm measured 3 mm in diameter. (jefferson.edu)
  • Oblique coronal image from cardiac CTA and volume rendered images demonstrated an aneurysm of the proximal RCA. (jefferson.edu)
  • False aneurysms are saccular and typically located at the proximal SVG anastomosis, although they have been reported in the body and at the distal anastomosis. (medscape.com)
  • During the coronary artery bypass, we discovered a hard and white tumor affecting the proximal LAD (C). The dissection showed a calcified aneurysm of the LAD of 2x1.5x1.5 cm (D). Pathological examination revealed an atherosclerotic etiology with no sign of inflammatory disease. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • The coronary artery to the pulmonary artery fistulas was managed for three fistulas, one originating from the left anterior descending artery (Patient N o . l ) , one from the left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery (Patient No.3) (Fig. 2), and one from the proximal right coronary artery and left anterior descending artery (Patient No.2). (docksci.com)
  • We present the following case report of a 78-year-old female patient with a history of endovascular stenting of an abdominal aortic aneurysm who presented with unstable angina and non-ST segment myocardial infarction and was found to have three separate giant 1 cm saccular aneurysms involving the proximal LAD as well as a giant 6.6 × 6.3 cm saccular aneurysm of the RCA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 8 mm have poorer outcomes, since these aneurysms can be occluded and be associated with complications such as arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, or sudden death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both coronary perforation and aneurysms associated with sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantations are uncommon complications. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Surgical treatment is recommended for giant coronary artery aneurysms to prevent potential complications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1 , 2 Approximately 50% of coronary aneurysms occurring in the acute stage of this disease were shown to regress within several years, and normal angiographic findings were demonstrated. (bmj.com)
  • Coronary artery revascularization with saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) has become a surgical standard for treatment of coronary artery disease since Favaloro first described it in 1967. (medscape.com)
  • Then we measured the area of each calcification and examined for correlations between the calcified area, and (1) the disease duration, and (2) the aneurysm diameter. (qxmd.com)
  • Because coronary artery sequelae of KD can be a cause of ischemic heart disease even in young adults, heightened awareness of this entity is required for young adults with coronary lesions but without coronary risk factors. (org.ir)
  • Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) formation is the major complication of KD and the leading cause of acquired cardiovascular disease among children. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • The Portuguese Journal of Cardiology, the official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology, was founded in 1982 with the aim of keeping Portuguese cardiologists informed through the publication of scientific articles on areas such as arrhythmology and electrophysiology, cardiovascular surgery, intensive care, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular imaging, hypertension, heart failure and cardiovascular prevention. (revportcardiol.org)
  • Importantly, CAF, whether congenital or acquired, may be regarded as the primary disease in most patients with fistulous coronary aneurysms, potentially suggesting CAF flow as the most important determinant of clinical outcomes. (revportcardiol.org)
  • A 48-year-old woman with a family history of coronary artery disease, chest pain induced by exertion, and dyspnea presented to the cardiology clinic in October 2018. (hvt-journal.com)
  • The circumflex coronary artery was angiographically free of disease (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main, long-term side effects are cardiac problems, such as aortic aneurysms (a bulge in the blood vessel leading away from the heart that is dangerous, because it may burst, spilling blood and potentially causing hemorrhaging), cardiac arrythmias (irregular heartbeats), inflammatory disease of the heart and abnormalities in the heart valves. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Introduction Congenital coronary artery fistulas are relatively rare, such as in the case of an abnormal origin of the coronary artery or a fistula to the low pressure cardiac chambers. (docksci.com)
  • Coronary artery anomalies are congenital pathologies with a low prevalence of 1-2% in the general population (2). (hvt-journal.com)
  • 9 Luckraz H, Parums DV, Dunning J. Reverse saphenous interposition vein graft repair of a giant atherosclerotic aneurysm of the left anterior descending coronary artery. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Surgical correction of an atherosclerotic coronary artery aneurysm. (bvsalud.org)
  • Both of my aneurysms are calcified, which they are pleased with since they are least likely to rupture. (kdforum.org)
  • A large saccular aneurysm of such fistulas is rare and a rupture of such an aneurysm is even more rare. (docksci.com)
  • A large saccular aneurysm of these fistulas is rare and rupture of the aneurysm is even more rare. (docksci.com)
  • MI large aneurysm (closed rupture) closure drainage via MPA, ACB, CPB. (docksci.com)
  • This is the first known documented case report of prepubertal left coronary sinus rupture with left coronary artery aneurysms with fistulous communication to both the superior vena cava and right superior pulmonary vein, presenting with a continuous murmur. (uwi.edu)
  • Although coronary-artery aneurysms seldom rupture, they interfere with blood flow and might cause dangerous clots, Henry says. (sciencenews.org)
  • [ 3 ] Autopsy revealed a large false aneurysm with rupture. (medscape.com)
  • IVIG treatment also lowers the risk of coronary artery aneurysms. (kidshealth.org)
  • With two small randomised trials and six non-randomised comparisons remaining, the meta-analysis concluded that corticosteroids consistently halve the risk of coronary aneurysms. (bmj.com)
  • The authors report the case of a 20 year old woman with acute myocardial infarction and a huge aneurysm of the left main coronary artery that was occluded by a large thrombus. (bmj.com)
  • Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) revealed aortic root aneurysm and right coronary artery (RCA) origin anomaly with related myocardial infarction. (hvt-journal.com)
  • Dr. Landau has experience treating conditions like Heart Attack (Acute Myocardial Infarction) and Acute Coronary Syndrome among other conditions at varying frequencies. (sharecare.com)
  • She had aneurysms and eventually had a bypass. (kdforum.org)
  • A surgical operation was performed to close the drainage orifice of the fistulas through pulmonary arteriotomy under cardiopulmonary bypass in two patients while one patient underwent a ligation of a large abnormal vessel to the aneurysm followed by a resection of the aneurysm without cardiopulmonary bypass. (docksci.com)
  • Giant coronary artery aneurysm causing superior vena cava syndrome and congestive heart failure. (thieme-connect.com)
  • The presence of multiple, large coronary artery aneurysms is very rare. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Riahi and associates described the rare complication of saphenous vein graft aneurysm (SVGA) in 1975. (medscape.com)
  • Computed chest tomography revealed a 6.6 × 6.3 cm saccular aneurysm of the right coronary artery, and a 4.4 cm fusiform aneurysm of the ascending aorta. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In false aneurysms, or pseudoaneurysms, there is a focal disruption in one or every layer of the artery that causes a saccular outpouching at the weaken area. (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] The prognosis of coronary artery aneurysm is dependent on its diameter. (wikipedia.org)
  • The luminal diameter at the sites was measured using a cine-videodensitometric analyser, to assess the distensibility of the coronary artery wall. (bmj.com)
  • Moreover, the calcified area tended to increase as the diameter of the aneurysm increased. (qxmd.com)
  • Although a consensus classification of CAA is lacking, CAA is generally defined as dilations of the coronary artery where the diameter of the distended segment is 150% of the diameter of the adjacent segments [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An aneurysm is when a blood vessel widens to 50% and more of the original diameter of the vessel. (differencebetween.net)
  • An aneurysm is when there is a widening of a blood vessel, such as the aorta that is bigger than 50% of the expected diameter. (differencebetween.net)
  • A renal artery aneurysm (RAA) is defined as a dilated segment of renal artery that exceeds twice the diameter of a normal renal artery. (medscape.com)
  • The surgical management of coronary artery fistulas is also discussed herein. (docksci.com)
  • 1-3 Clinically, this phenomenon might present with a variety of clinical manifestations including cardiac volume overload, myocardial ischemia and coronary aneurysm formation, etc., which might warrant percutaneous or surgical management strategies in certain settings. (revportcardiol.org)
  • The patient gave no history of percutaneous coronary intervention or cardiac surgical procedures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If in the brain, a surgical clip is used to close off the aneurysm. (differencebetween.net)
  • surgical clipping off of the aneurysm (if in the brain), or surgical replacement of the damaged section (if in the aorta) are treatment options for an aneurysm. (differencebetween.net)
  • An aneurysm is a focused area of a blood vessel that bulges out and needs surgical repair. (differencebetween.net)
  • Iatrogenic endovascular-related aneurysms are caused by intimal trauma and focal dissection, leading to aneurysmal degeneration. (medscape.com)
  • Position involving heart problems and results from first endovascular aneurysm restore right after deterring percutaneous coronary revascularization. (dnapkcs.com)
  • Furthermore, the diagnosis is accepted when coronary aneurysms are present in addition to four of these major symptoms. (bmj.com)
  • Diagnosis of coronary artery anomalies has increased with the use of advanced MDCT technology (4). (hvt-journal.com)
  • Infection, particularly postoperative mediastinal sepsis involving Staphylococcus aureus , is commonly associated with false aneurysm formation because of suture line dehiscence. (medscape.com)
  • These are classified as true and false aneurysms (or pseudoaneurysms): true aneurysms involve all 3 layers of the vessel wall, whereas false aneurysms involve disruption of 1 or more layers of the vessel wall with a well-defined collection of blood or hematoma outside the endothelium. (medscape.com)
  • True aneurysms present twice as often as pseudoaneurysms. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] True aneurysms develop in the body of the vein graft and are typically fusiform. (medscape.com)
  • Abstract: Three patients were treated for coronary arterypulmonary artery fistula. (docksci.com)
  • MaterialsandResults In three patients, a coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistulas was noted by diagnostic coronary arteriography. (docksci.com)
  • The Coronary Artery to Pulmonary Artery Fistulas Table 1. (docksci.com)
  • The most common site for saphenous vein graft aneurysm (SVGA) formation appears to be the right coronary artery (38.0%), followed by the left anterior descending (25.3%), obtuse marginal (10.9%), and left circumflex (10.5%), according to a systematic review of published cases by Ramirez et al. (medscape.com)
  • I now have 2 aneurysms, one "giant" located on my left coronary artery and one "large" located on my right coronary artery. (kdforum.org)
  • In this article, we presented a case of giant coronary aneurysm involving right coronary artery with associated asymptomatic myocardial ischemia as evident by multimodality imaging. (thieme-connect.com)
  • described a case of giant right coronary artery (RCA) aneurysm with a fistulous drainage into the coronary sinus in a middle-aged female patient. (revportcardiol.org)
  • However, in this case, no images or findings showing the pressure limiting the right coronary artery (RCA) blood flow were demonstrated. (hvt-journal.com)
  • The right coronary artery could not be visualized. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The sizable right coronary artery aneurysm showed extrinsic compression of both the right atrium and ventricle with right ventricular hypokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among those patients with CAA, dilation of the right coronary artery (RCA) is the most common aneurysmal finding followed by dilation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study materials consisted of 24 coronary artery branches with aneurysms that were obtained from 14 Japanese patients who died during the period from 40 days to 3 years after the onset of KD. (qxmd.com)
  • LMCA was then divided into the left anterior coronary artery, circumflex coronary artery and ramus intermedius coronary artery branches. (hvt-journal.com)
  • Treatment for coronary artery aneurysm include medical management, surgery and percutaneous intervention. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mycotic coronary aneurysms. (nih.gov)
  • Coronary artery output anomalies are benign anomalies when they do not affect hemodynamics, and the most common, occurrence of RCA from left coronary sinus is seen (5). (hvt-journal.com)
  • In the obtained images, RCA and left main coronary artery (LMCA) originated from the right sinus with two different ostiums. (hvt-journal.com)
  • Method for the continuous measurement of pO2 in the human coronary sinus]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite a low prevalence, coronary artery anomalies are the second most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young patients (3). (hvt-journal.com)
  • So, IVIG was too late, I had formed 3 aneurysms already. (kdforum.org)
  • In the aorta, surgery may be needed once the aneurysm reaches a certain size. (differencebetween.net)
  • An aneurysm of the aorta is diagnosed when the width of the dilated region is 3 cm and more. (differencebetween.net)
  • She had a previous history of endovascular stenting of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Her past medical history is significant for hypertension, atrial fibrillation, endovascular stenting of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, fibromyalgia, and dyslipidemia presented to an outside hospital with chest and jaw discomfort. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to the usual abnormalities of the pulmonary valve and the ventricular myocardium, the patient showed a wide spectrum of previously unreported coronary aneurysms.Conclusions:These additional findings support the hypothesis that a vasculitic process has been superimposed on the connective tissue defect associated with Noonan's syndrome. (medscimonit.com)
  • The presence of multiple coronary artery aneurysms located in more than one coronary artery is even more uncommon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The smaller the aneurysm the better the prognosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2,3 However, acquired forms due to trauma or coronary interventions, although rare, have also been reported. (revportcardiol.org)
  • 6 This proliferation resulted in a normal sized lumen in the aneurysmal coronary artery. (bmj.com)
  • With the invention of drug eluting stents, there has been more cases implying stents lead to coronary aneurysms. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 Eshtehardi P, Cook S, Moarof I, Triller H-J, Windecker S. Giant coronary artery aneurysm: imaging findings before and after treatment with a polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent. (thieme-connect.com)
  • As a result, we believe that the main factor that determines the clinical importance of the anomaly in coronary artery anomalies is their effect on hemodynamics, as we can see the findings of pressure in this case report (MIP, axial and 3D images). (hvt-journal.com)