Cotton Fiber
Gossypium
Cellulose
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Plant Proteins
Nerve Fibers
Glycomics
Sigmodontinae
Cell Wall
Seeds
Byssinosis
Plants, Genetically Modified
Molecular Sequence Data
RNA, Plant
Glucosyltransferases
Dietary Fiber
Muscle Fibers, Skeletal
Molecular characterization of the cotton GhTUB1 gene that is preferentially expressed in fiber. (1/154)
Each fiber of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a single epidermal cell that rapidly elongates to 2.5 to 3.0 cm from the ovule surface within about 16 d after anthesis. A large number of genes are required for fiber differentiation and development, but so far, little is known about how these genes control and regulate the process of fiber development. To investigate gene expression patterns in fiber, a cDNA, GhTUB1, encoding beta-tubulin was isolated from a cotton fiber cDNA library. The analyses of RNA northern-blot hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that GhTUB1 transcripts preferentially accumulated at high levels in fiber, at low levels in ovules at the early stage of cotton boll development, and at very low levels in other tissues of cotton. The corresponding GhTUB1 gene including the promoter region was isolated by screening a cotton genomic DNA library. To demonstrate the specificity of the GhTUB1 promoter, the 5'-flanking region including the promoter and 5'-untranslated region was fused with the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. The expression of the reporter chimera was examined in a large number of transgenic cotton plants. Histochemical assays demonstrated that GhTUB1::beta-glucuronidase fusion genes were expressed preferentially at high levels in fiber and primary root tip of 1- to 3-d-old seedlings and at low levels in other tissues such as ovule, pollen, seedling cotyledon, and root basal portion. The results suggested that the GhTUB1 gene may play a distinct and required role in fiber development. In addition, the GhTUB1 promoter may have great potential for cotton improvement by genetic engineering. (+info)A new model for the immobilization of the rat hind limb. (2/154)
An alternative device for the immobilization of the hind limb of the rat was developed to study the effects of chronic disuse on the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles, maintained for 3 weeks in the shortening and the stretching positions, respectively. The proposed device is made of steel mesh and cotton materials, and has some advantages when compared to cast or plaster cast: it is cheaper, lighter (12 g or 4% of the body weight of the rat) and the same unit can be easily adjusted and used several times in the same animal or in animals of similar size. Immobilization is also useful to restrain the movements of the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Male rats (291 +/- 35 g and aged 14 +/- 2 weeks) were used to develop and test the model. The soleus muscle of 18 rats was maintained in a shortened position for 21 consecutive days and lost 19 +/- 7% of its length (P = 0.008) and 44 +/- 6% of its weight (P = 0.002) compared to the contralateral intact muscle. No difference (P = 0.67) was found in the stretched tibialis anterior of the same hind limb when compared to the contralateral muscle. No ulcer, sore or foot swelling was observed in the animals. Immobilization was effective in producing chronic muscle disuse in the hind limbs of rats and is an acceptable alternative to the traditional methods of immobilization such as cast or plaster cast. (+info)A longitudinal observation of early pulmonary responses to cotton dust. (3/154)
AIMS: To examine early adverse pulmonary effects of exposure to cotton dust, and to identify potential risk factors, including atopy for pulmonary responses to cotton dust. METHODS: Spirometry, methacholine challenge testing, and questionnaire; performed among 101 non-smoking newly hired textile workers at baseline (prior to starting work), and at 3, 12, and 18 months after starting work. Concentrations of airborne cotton dust in various work areas were measured at each follow up survey using vertical elutriators. RESULTS: The incidence of non-specific respiratory symptoms was 8% at three months, then diminished afterwards. Substantial acute cross shift drops in FEV(1) at each follow up survey, and longitudinal declines in FVC and FEV(1) after 12 months of exposure were observed. Airway responsiveness to methacholine increased with follow up time, and was more pronounced among atopics. Increasing airway responsiveness was strongly correlated with cross shift drops in FEV(1). In addition, one or more respiratory symptoms at three months was significantly, and pre-existing atopy marginally significantly, associated with cross shift drops in FEV(1) after adjusting for other covariates and confounders. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that non-specific respiratory symptoms, decreasing lung function, and increasing airway responsiveness are early pulmonary responses to cotton dust. In addition, the occurrence of respiratory symptoms and increasing airway responsiveness, as well as atopy, may be important predictors for acute changes in lung function among cotton textile workers. (+info)Suppression of sucrose synthase gene expression represses cotton fiber cell initiation, elongation, and seed development. (4/154)
Cotton is the most important textile crop as a result of its long cellulose-enriched mature fibers. These single-celled hairs initiate at anthesis from the ovule epidermis. To date, genes proven to be critical for fiber development have not been identified. Here, we examined the role of the sucrose synthase gene (Sus) in cotton fiber and seed by transforming cotton with Sus suppression constructs. We focused our analysis on 0 to 3 days after anthesis (DAA) for early fiber development and 25 DAA, when the fiber and seed are maximal in size. Suppression of Sus activity by 70% or more in the ovule epidermis led to a fiberless phenotype. The fiber initials in those ovules were fewer and shrunken or collapsed. The level of Sus suppression correlated strongly with the degree of inhibition of fiber initiation and elongation, probably as a result of the reduction of hexoses. By 25 DAA, a portion of the seeds in the fruit showed Sus suppression only in the seed coat fibers and transfer cells but not in the endosperm and embryo. These transgenic seeds were identical to wild-type seeds except for much reduced fiber growth. However, the remaining seeds in the fruit showed Sus suppression both in the seed coat and in the endosperm and embryo. These seeds were shrunken with loss of the transfer cells and were <5% of wild-type seed weight. These results demonstrate that Sus plays a rate-limiting role in the initiation and elongation of the single-celled fibers. These analyses also show that suppression of Sus only in the maternal seed tissue represses fiber development without affecting embryo development and seed size. Additional suppression in the endosperm and embryo inhibits their own development, which blocks the formation of adjacent seed coat transfer cells and arrests seed development entirely. (+info)Additive effect of smoking and cotton dust exposure on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function of cotton textile workers. (5/154)
One hundred and sixty-nine and 175 cotton textile workers (CTWs) were enrolled in the first (1991) and second (1996) surveys to investigate the prevalence of byssinosis. The synergistic effect of smoking on cotton dust exposure was also evaluated. Although the difference in prevalence of abnormal pulmonary function between the first (38.5%) and second study (38.9%) was not statistically significant, smokers had significantly higher frequency than nonsmokers in both surveys. A significant trend existed between the cotton dust levels and the frequency of abnormal lung function. The significant trend was also noted in both smokers and nonsmokers. The frequency of respiratory symptoms and the prevalence of severe byssinosis in the second survey (14.9% and 12.6%, respectively) were significantly lower than that in the first survey (39.7% and 21.9%, respectively). The reduction of symptoms was due to remodeling of this old cotton mill. The prevalences of respiratory symptoms and byssinosis in smokers being significantly higher than in nonsmokers only found in the first survey, but not found in the second survey. These results indicate that smoking potentiates the effect of cotton dust exposure on respiratory symptoms and byssinosis. The second study reveals high prevalence of byssinosis still existed in Taiwanese cotton mill, although the prevalence was declining. Smoking was found to show an additive effect on cotton dust exposure. Anti-smoking campaign, occupational health program to reduce the dust exposure, and periodical medical examination are measures to prevent from byssinosis. (+info)Isolation and analyses of genes preferentially expressed during early cotton fiber development by subtractive PCR and cDNA array. (6/154)
Cotton fibers are differentiated epidermal cells originating from the outer integuments of the ovule. To identify genes involved in cotton fiber elongation, we performed subtractive PCR using cDNA prepared from 10 days post anthesis (d.p.a.) wild-type cotton fiber as tester and cDNA from a fuzzless-lintless (fl) mutant as driver. We recovered 280 independent cDNA fragments including most of the previously published cotton fiber-related genes. cDNA macroarrays showed that 172 genes were significantly up-regulated in elongating cotton fibers as confirmed by in situ hybridization in representative cases. Twenty-nine cDNAs, including a putative vacuolar (H+)-ATPase catalytic subunit, a kinesin-like calmodulin binding protein, several arabinogalactan proteins and key enzymes involved in long chain fatty acid biosynthesis, accumulated to greater than 50-fold in 10 d.p.a. fiber cells when compared to that in 0 d.p.a. ovules. Various upstream pathways, such as auxin signal transduction, the MAPK pathway and profilin- and expansin-induced cell wall loosening, were also activated during the fast fiber elongation period. This report constitutes the first systematic analysis of genes involved in cotton fiber development. Our results suggest that a concerted mechanism involving multiple cellular pathways is responsible for cotton fiber elongation. (+info)The cotton kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein associates with cortical microtubules in cotton fibers. (7/154)
Microtubules in interphase plant cells form a cortical array, which is critical for plant cell morphogenesis. Genetic studies imply that the minus end-directed microtubule motor kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP) plays a role in trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. However, it was not clear whether this motor interacted with interphase microtubules. In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibers, cortical microtubules undergo dramatic reorganization during fiber development. In this study, cDNA clones of the cotton KCBP homolog GhKCBP were isolated from a cotton fiber-specific cDNA library. During cotton fiber development from 10 to 21 DPA, the GhKCBP protein level gradually decreases. By immunofluorescence, GhKCBP was detected as puncta along cortical microtubules in fiber cells of different developmental stages. Thus our results provide evidence that GhKCBP plays a role in interphase cell growth likely by interacting with cortical microtubules. In contrast to fibers, in dividing cells of cotton, GhKCBP localized to the nucleus, the microtubule preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and the phragmoplast. Therefore KCBP likely exerts multiple roles in cell division and cell growth in flowering plants. (+info)Cotton Bezoar--a rare cause of intestinal obstruction: case report. (8/154)
BACKGROUND: Bezoars usually present as a mass in the stomach. The patient often has a preceding history of some psychiatric predisposition. Presentation could be in the form of trichophagy followed by trichobezoar (swallowing of hair leading to formation of bezoar), orphytobezoar (swallowing of vegetable fibres). Rapunzel syndrome is a condition where the parent bezoar is in the stomach and a tail of the fibres or hair extends in to the jejunum. Presentation as intestinal obstruction due to a bezoar in the intestine without a parent bezoar in the stomach is rare, therefore we report it here. CASE REPORT: A 35 year old lady tailor with a previous history of receiving treatment for depression on account of being infertile- years after her marriage, presented to the surgical emergency department with features of acute intestinal obstruction. Exploratory laparotomy and enterotomy revealed a cotton bezoar in the terminal ileum without a parent bezoar in the stomach. She was managed by resection of the affected segment of the ileum and end-to-end anastomosis of the bowel. In the postoperative period the patient gave a history of ingesting cotton threads whenever she was depressed. CONCLUSION: Presence of cotton bezoar is rare and an intestinal bezoar in the absence of parent bezoar in the stomach is still rarer. (+info)Cotton fiber is not a medical term, but I can provide you with some information about cotton fibers in a general context.
Cotton fibers are soft, fluffy staple fibers that grow in a protective case called a boll around the seeds of cotton plants. Cotton fibers are primarily composed of cellulose, which is an organic compound and the main structural component of plant cells. These fibers are typically spun into yarn or thread and used to make a wide variety of textiles, including clothing and other soft goods.
Cotton fibers have some unique properties that make them suitable for medical applications as well:
1. Hypoallergenic: Cotton is generally considered hypoallergenic, meaning it is less likely to cause an allergic reaction compared to other materials. This makes cotton a popular choice for medical bandages, swabs, and other products that come into contact with the skin.
2. Absorbent: Cotton fibers are highly absorbent, which can be useful in medical settings for managing wounds, incontinence, or excessive sweating.
3. Breathable: Cotton is a breathable material, allowing air to pass through and helping to maintain a comfortable body temperature. This property makes cotton an excellent choice for medical garments, bedding, and other products that require good ventilation.
4. Comfortable: Cotton fibers are soft, lightweight, and gentle on the skin, making them a preferred material for medical textiles and clothing designed for people with sensitive skin or medical conditions like eczema or dermatitis.
5. Durable: Although cotton fibers can be delicate when wet, they are relatively strong and durable in dry conditions. This makes cotton an appropriate choice for reusable medical products like gowns, scrubs, and linens.
"Gossypium" is the scientific name for the cotton plant. It belongs to the Malvaceae family and is native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The cotton plant produces soft, fluffy fibers that are used to make a wide variety of textiles, including clothing, bedding, and other household items.
The medical community may use the term "Gossypium" in certain contexts, such as when discussing allergic reactions or sensitivities to cotton products. However, it is more commonly used in botany and agriculture than in medical terminology.
Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that is the main structural component of the cell walls of green plants, many algae, and some fungi. It is a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of beta-glucose molecules linked together by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, and it is resistant to digestion by humans and non-ruminant animals due to the lack of cellulase enzymes in their digestive systems. However, ruminants such as cows and sheep can digest cellulose with the help of microbes in their rumen that produce cellulase.
Cellulose has many industrial applications, including the production of paper, textiles, and building materials. It is also used as a source of dietary fiber in human food and animal feed. Cellulose-based materials are being explored for use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties.
An ovule is the structure in female plants (including gymnosperms and angiosperms) that contains the female gametophyte and gives rise to the seed after fertilization. It consists of a protective outer layer called the integument, enclosing a small mass of tissue called the nucellus, within which is located the embryo sac or female germ unit.
The embryo sac contains the egg cell (oocyte), two synergids that assist in fertilization, and three antipodal cells at the opposite end. Upon fertilization of the egg cell by a male gamete from pollen, the zygote forms, which develops into an embryo within the ovule. The other male gamete fuses with the central cell (containing two polar nuclei) to form the endosperm, which serves as nutritive tissue for the developing embryo.
Once mature, the ovule transforms into a seed, enclosed by a seed coat formed from the integuments. The seed contains the developed embryo and stored food reserves (endosperm) that support its initial growth after germination.
Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).
In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.
"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.
Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.
Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.
Cell enlargement is a process in which the size of a cell increases due to various reasons. This can occur through an increase in the amount of cytoplasm, organelles, or both within the cell. Cell enlargement can be a normal physiological response to stimuli such as growth and development, or it can be a pathological change associated with certain medical conditions.
There are several mechanisms by which cells can enlarge. One way is through the process of hypertrophy, in which individual cells increase in size due to an increase in the size of their component parts, such as organelles and cytoplasm. This type of cell enlargement is often seen in response to increased functional demands on the cell, such as in the case of muscle cells that enlarge in response to exercise.
Another mechanism by which cells can enlarge is through the process of hyperplasia, in which the number of cells in a tissue or organ increases due to an increase in the rate of cell division. While this does not result in individual cells becoming larger, it can lead to an overall increase in the size of the tissue or organ.
Cell enlargement can also occur as a result of abnormal accumulations of fluids or other materials within the cell. For example, cells may become enlarged due to the accumulation of lipids, glycogen, or other storage products, or due to the accumulation of waste products that are not properly cleared from the cell.
In some cases, cell enlargement can be a sign of a medical condition or disease process. For example, certain types of cancer cells may exhibit abnormal growth and enlargement, as can cells affected by certain genetic disorders or infections. In these cases, cell enlargement may be accompanied by other symptoms or signs that can help to diagnose the underlying condition.
Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.
Glycomics is the study of the glycome, which refers to the complete set of carbohydrates or sugars (glycans) found on the surface of cells and in various biological fluids. Glycomics encompasses the identification, characterization, and functional analysis of these complex carbohydrate structures and their interactions with other molecules, such as proteins and lipids.
Glycans play crucial roles in many biological processes, including cell-cell recognition, signaling, immune response, development, and disease progression. The study of glycomics has implications for understanding the molecular basis of diseases like cancer, diabetes, and infectious disorders, as well as for developing novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.
Sigmodontinae is a subfamily of rodents, more specifically within the family Cricetidae. This group is commonly known as the New World rats and mice, and it includes over 300 species that are primarily found in North, Central, and South America. The members of Sigmodontinae vary greatly in size and habits, with some being arboreal while others live on the ground or burrow. Some species have specialized diets, such as eating insects or seeds, while others are more generalist feeders. This subfamily is also notable for its high degree of speciation and diversity, making it an interesting subject for evolutionary biologists and ecologists.
A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.
A cell wall is a rigid layer found surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, and many types of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, maintains cell shape, and acts as a barrier against external factors such as chemicals and mechanical stress. The composition of the cell wall varies among different species; for example, in plants, it is primarily made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, while in bacteria, it is composed of peptidoglycan.
In medical terms, "seeds" are often referred to as a small amount of a substance, such as a radioactive material or drug, that is inserted into a tissue or placed inside a capsule for the purpose of treating a medical condition. This can include procedures like brachytherapy, where seeds containing radioactive materials are used in the treatment of cancer to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Similarly, in some forms of drug delivery, seeds containing medication can be used to gradually release the drug into the body over an extended period of time.
It's important to note that "seeds" have different meanings and applications depending on the medical context. In other cases, "seeds" may simply refer to small particles or structures found in the body, such as those present in the eye's retina.
Byssinosis is a respiratory condition that primarily affects textile workers who are exposed to high levels of cotton, flax, or hemp dust. It's also known as brown lung disease. The medical definition of byssinosis is:
A restrictive lung disease characterized by chest tightness, cough, and shortness of breath that typically occurs in workers exposed to high levels of organic dust from cotton, flax, or hemp. The symptoms usually appear after the first day of exposure (known as "Monday fever") and improve with continued exposure during the week, only to recur again at the beginning of the next workweek. Chronic byssinosis can lead to progressive shortness of breath, chronic cough, and significant lung function impairment. The exact mechanism by which the dust causes the disease is not fully understood but may involve an immune response or direct toxicity to the airways.
Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) in plants refers to the long, single-stranded molecules that are essential for the translation of genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into proteins. RNA is a nucleic acid, like DNA, and it is composed of a ribose sugar backbone with attached nitrogenous bases (adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine).
In plants, there are several types of RNA that play specific roles in the gene expression process:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): This type of RNA carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a sequence of three-base code units called codons. These codons specify the order of amino acids in a protein.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): tRNAs are small RNA molecules that serve as adaptors between the mRNA and the amino acids during protein synthesis. Each tRNA has a specific anticodon sequence that base-pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA, and it carries a specific amino acid that corresponds to that codon.
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): rRNAs are structural components of ribosomes, which are large macromolecular complexes where protein synthesis occurs. In plants, there are several types of rRNAs, including the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S/28S rRNAs, that form the core of the ribosome and help catalyze peptide bond formation during protein synthesis.
4. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA): These are small RNA molecules that play a role in RNA processing, such as splicing, where introns (non-coding sequences) are removed from pre-mRNA and exons (coding sequences) are joined together to form mature mRNAs.
5. MicroRNA (miRNA): These are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in target mRNAs, leading to their degradation or translation inhibition.
Overall, these different types of RNAs play crucial roles in various aspects of RNA metabolism, gene regulation, and protein synthesis in plants.
Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a glucose molecule from an activated donor to an acceptor molecule, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic bond. These enzymes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, cell wall synthesis, and protein glycosylation. In some cases, GTs can also contribute to bacterial pathogenesis by facilitating the attachment of bacteria to host tissues through the formation of glucans, which are polymers of glucose molecules.
GTs can be classified into several families based on their sequence similarities and catalytic mechanisms. The donor substrates for GTs are typically activated sugars such as UDP-glucose, TDP-glucose, or GDP-glucose, which serve as the source of the glucose moiety that is transferred to the acceptor molecule. The acceptor can be a wide range of molecules, including other sugars, proteins, lipids, or small molecules.
In the context of human health and disease, GTs have been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, inflammation, and microbial infections. For example, some GTs can modify proteins on the surface of cancer cells, leading to increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Additionally, GTs can contribute to bacterial resistance to antibiotics by modifying the structure of bacterial cell walls or by producing biofilms that protect bacteria from host immune responses and antimicrobial agents.
Overall, Glucosyltransferases are essential enzymes involved in various biological processes, and their dysregulation has been associated with several human diseases. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and regulation of GTs is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these enzymes and treat related pathological conditions.
Dietary fiber, also known as roughage, is the indigestible portion of plant foods that makes up the structural framework of the plants we eat. It is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, lignins, and waxes. Dietary fiber can be classified into two categories: soluble and insoluble.
Soluble fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like material in the gut, which can help slow down digestion, increase feelings of fullness, and lower cholesterol levels. Soluble fiber is found in foods such as oats, barley, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts.
Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and passes through the gut intact, helping to add bulk to stools and promote regular bowel movements. Insoluble fiber is found in foods such as whole grains, bran, seeds, and the skins of fruits and vegetables.
Dietary fiber has numerous health benefits, including promoting healthy digestion, preventing constipation, reducing the risk of heart disease, controlling blood sugar levels, and aiding in weight management. The recommended daily intake of dietary fiber is 25-38 grams per day for adults, depending on age and gender.
Skeletal muscle fibers, also known as striated muscle fibers, are the type of muscle cells that make up skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary movements of the body. These muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated, meaning they contain multiple nuclei. They are surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the endomysium, and many fibers are bundled together into fascicles, which are then surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium.
Skeletal muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, which are long, thread-like structures that run the length of the fiber. Myofibrils contain repeating units called sarcomeres, which are responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers. Sarcomeres are composed of thick and thin filaments, which slide past each other during muscle contraction to shorten the sarcomere and generate force.
Skeletal muscle fibers can be further classified into two main types based on their contractile properties: slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type II). Slow-twitch fibers have a high endurance capacity and are used for sustained, low-intensity activities such as maintaining posture. Fast-twitch fibers, on the other hand, have a higher contractile speed and force generation capacity but fatigue more quickly and are used for powerful, explosive movements.
Glucans are polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) that are made up of long chains of glucose molecules. They can be found in the cell walls of certain plants, fungi, and bacteria. In medicine, beta-glucans derived from yeast or mushrooms have been studied for their potential immune-enhancing effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand their role and effectiveness in human health.
Cotton
Verticillium
Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory
Linen
Science and technology in Uzbekistan
Cotton bale
Lint (material)
Ibrokhim Abdurakhmonov
History of agriculture in China
Founding Fathers of the United States
African sculpture
Expansin
Meteor (juggling)
Seed
Cotton classing
Cotton production in Chad
History of clothing and textiles
The Viracocha expedition
Surxondaryo Region
Traditional fishing tackle of Central India
Sufu
Madja-as
Birds of Canada (banknotes)
Olga de Amaral
Aztatlan
Cotton maturity
Pop Warner
Fibrobacter succinogenes
Panay
Singeing (textiles)
Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
cottonfiber : USDA ARS
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- Cellulosic fibers are lightweight, reflect heat, and absorb moisture quickly. (woolery.com)
- However, cellulosic fibers do wrinkle easily, tend to shrink, and are prone to mildew unless fully dry. (woolery.com)
- Bemberg is a pure cellulosic fiber processed from cotton linters and added with characteristics superior to those of cotton with the use of unique technologies. (asahi-kasei.co.jp)
- Manmade cellulosic fibers are commonly made from wood pulp. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
Wool3
- Wool Fiber - Stuffin. (organiccottonplus.com)
- I have run this fiber thru a wool picker to open it up into my signature "wool cloud" which can be spun similar to an art batt. (neauveau.com)
- The Greeks and the Arabs were not familiar with cotton until the Wars of Alexander the Great, as his contemporary Megasthenes told Seleucus I Nicator of "there being trees on which wool grows" in "Indica. (wikipedia.org)
Textiles4
- From popular staples like cotton and hemp, to more unusual alternatives including jute, kenaf, and kapok, plants provide us with a whole spectrum of fibers for fashion and textiles. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
- Animal fibers and materials are popular natural choices for textiles. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
- Fragments of cotton textiles have been found at Mohenjo-daro and other sites of the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization, and cotton may have been an important export from it. (wikipedia.org)
- Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, and their use spread to the Mediterranean countries. (wikipedia.org)
Patterns2
- Blue Sky Fibers is sold worldwide and is known for its consciously crafted collection of high-quality natural fibers and patterns. (woolery.com)
- Beautiful, woven, 100% cotton scarves in numerous patterns and colors that shift and change with the length of the scarf. (karenallen-fiberarts.com)
Cellulose4
- Why Cellulose Fiber? (woolery.com)
- Made from plants, these fibers are primarily cellulose, a starchy carbohydrate. (woolery.com)
- Processed Cellulose Fibers - These fibers tend to be derived from the alteration or processing of other plant material then blended with another fiber. (woolery.com)
- While often purported to be a natural fiber, since viscose rayon starts with cellulose from trees, this fiber is anything but natural, as the process of creating viscose rayon is heavy in its reliance on multiple toxic chemicals. (barnhardtcotton.net)
Flax2
- A "bast" fiber like its cousin flax, hemp grows quickly, has natural resistance to many insect species, and often needs little water to cultivate. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
- It is caused by breathing in (inhaling) cotton dust or dusts from other vegetable fibers such as flax, hemp, or sisal while at work. (medlineplus.gov)
Colors3
- This is the same base yarn as Blue Sky's longtime favorite Organic Cotton , with colors printed on an off-white base for a somewhat marled effect. (closeknitportland.com)
- 100% cotton with colors ranging from soft pastels to summer brights, Sirdar Snuggly Cotton DK is perfect for babies, summer projects, market bags and more! (fireflyfibers.com)
- While cotton fibers occur naturally in colors of white, brown, pink and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton have led many cotton-growing locations to ban the growing of colored cotton varieties. (wikipedia.org)
Fabric5
- Soft, cozy, cotton/poly blend velour straight leg pants have an elastic fabric waistband with a black and red drawstring and two front pockets. (karenallen-fiberarts.com)
- Specially designed for baling and bagging wood shavings/chips, waste fabric, cotton yarn and textile scraps etc. (nickbaler.com)
- fragments of cotton fabric dated to the fifth millennium BC have been found in the Indus Valley civilization, as well as fabric remnants dated back to 4200 BC in Peru. (wikipedia.org)
- Cotton fabric was known to the ancient Romans as an import, but cotton was rare in the Romance-speaking lands until imports from the Arabic-speaking lands in the later medieval era at transformatively lowered prices. (wikipedia.org)
- Cotton dust control technology was assessed by conducting preliminary and detailed surveys of cotton ginning, cotton seed processing, yarn manufacturing, knitting, fabric weaving and waste processing operations that use raw cotton. (cdc.gov)
Crops1
- Cotton is one of the most economically important crops worldwide because it is the basic raw material in the textile industry and it also used in oil and livestock feed production. (isaaa.org)
Weaving Weight1
- 100% organic US grown and spun 2 ply unmercerized cotton, 3/2 weaving weight. (hausofyarn.com)
Organic6
- Organic Cotton Worsted is a certified organic worsted weight 2 ply yarn. (woolery.com)
- This is a sampler swatch video of Blue Sky Fibers Organic Cott. (woolery.com)
- A 100% Organic cotton yarn unlike any you have ever experienced! (woolandcompany.com)
- 60% organic cotton/40% acrylic25 sts = 4" (10cm)needle size US 3 (3.25mm)360 yds (330m)3.5 oz (100g)ball, pliedmachine wash cool, lay flat to dry This fingering/light sport weight yarn is a. (fengari.net)
- Exclusively designed and illustrated for Sincere Sheep, our 100% organic cotton drawstring project bag is screen printed by hand in Napa, CA. It is the perfect size for a one to two skein project. (sinceresheep.com)
- For non-organic production, brands should still adhere to practices that support Textile Exchange's Climate+ strategy, which calls for a 45% reduction in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that come from producing fibers and raw materials by 2030, while also supporting the interdependent impact areas of biodiversity, soil health, and water quality and availability. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
Upland cotton4
- Upland cotton represents 90% of the world's cotton supply. (woolery.com)
- However, the unfavorable correlations between the lint yield and fiber quality limit conventional breeding programs in improving upland cotton. (isaaa.org)
- To construct a relatively high density map and determine complex traits associated with fiber quality traits, Ke Zhang and colleagues from Southwest University in China used three upland cotton cultivars to make a segregating population. (isaaa.org)
- This genetic map and QTL can be used for breeding programs of upland cotton to further improve fiber quality. (isaaa.org)
Biodegradable2
- Natural and biodegradable, plant fibers are popular with brands looking to move towards more sustainable materials sourcing. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
- According to a reference module in the 2018 edition of Materials Science and Materials Engineering , natural fibers are a renewable resource and have several advantages associated with them, such as that they impart the composite high specific stiffness and strength, have a desirable fiber aspect ratio, are biodegradable, are readily available from natural sources. (barnhardtcotton.net)
Content2
- These bases take dye differently due to their plant fiber content. (oinkpigments.com)
- They are the main source of cotton fibers used in manufacturing cotton content paper. (printingtips.com)
Staple fiber1
- Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. (wikipedia.org)
Artificial2
- Cotton is easier to wash and maintain than fabrics made with other fibers, both natural and artificial. (barnhardtcotton.net)
- Artificial fibers are the result of reactions with oil-based products. (barnhardtcotton.net)
Blend2
- Made of cotton blend knit terry, our bibs are absorbent for the everyday mishaps you are bound to experience. (babymallonline.com)
- An extra chunky blend of cardable fibers for creating art batts to spin into yarn for knitting, weaving, and crochet. (neauveau.com)
Extraction1
- Polydopamine was coated onto cotton fibers as the adsorbent to improve the extraction efficiency . (bvsalud.org)
Viscose2
- The term "natural fiber" is such a term, and its meaning has been stretched in the last several years to include some fibers, such as viscose rayon, that don't hold up well as natural fibers when submitted to credible scrutiny. (barnhardtcotton.net)
- Perhaps a more immediate threat to the environment is the proliferation of viscose rayon, often marketed as a natural fiber. (barnhardtcotton.net)
Swabs3
- Cotton, macrofoam, polyester, and rayon swabs were used to sample coupons inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. (cdc.gov)
- Premoistened macrofoam and cotton swabs that were vortexed during processing recovered the greatest proportions of spores with a mean recovery of 43.6% (standard deviation [SD] 11.1%) and 41.7% (SD 14.6%), respectively. (cdc.gov)
- The routine cleaning supplies are commercial lens tissue, cotton swabs or other soft tissue, and commercially available lens cleaner or 70% alcohol. (cdc.gov)
Nepps1
- COTTON NEPPS: Dyed mini bits of cotton that love to be blended with anything and create a polka dot impressionistic texture in art batts. (neauveau.com)
Bast1
- These fibers are typically made from either seed or bast (a fiber found in the stem of the plant). (woolery.com)
Renewable3
- Strong, natural, and renewable, cotton is one of the most widely used materials in the fashion and textile industry. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
- Going beyond consumer benefits, natural fibers like cotton are renewable and offer greater environmental sustainability than their man-made counterparts . (barnhardtcotton.net)
- The continued dominance of cotton in a variety of marketplace uses will allow for continued accessibility for a renewable, sustainable resource for several different industries ranging from apparel to healthcare. (barnhardtcotton.net)
Naturally2
- A local line of naturally dyed yarn by Modus Operandi Fibers , available only at Haus of Yarn! (hausofyarn.com)
- Sincere Sheep of Northern California produces naturally dyed and predominantly breed-specific fiber and yarn. (sinceresheep.com)
Spun3
- A favorite with designers andknitters alike, Cotton Glace is spun with a high twist for incredible stitch definition. (fearlessfibers.com)
- The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable, and durable textile. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the Columbia Encyclopedia: Cotton has been spun, woven, and dyed since prehistoric times. (wikipedia.org)
Seeds3
- MO Fibers yarn is dyed with leaves, roots, flowers and seeds right here in Nashville. (hausofyarn.com)
- Cotton linters are fine short fibers that adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant. (asahi-kasei.co.jp)
- Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds. (wikipedia.org)
Kapok2
- Kapok - Extracted from the seedpods of the tree, kapok is bouncy fiber known for retaining its shape and being silkier than cotton. (woolery.com)
- Kapok Fiber - 1 lb. (organiccottonplus.com)
World's1
- India is the world's largest producer of cotton. (wikipedia.org)
Polyester2
- Cotton is actually a high-performance wicking fiber that provides even higher breathability than polyester, moving moisture and heat away from your body. (barnhardtcotton.net)
- He exchanged the polyester Air Force uniform for cotton fiber in 2003 when he moved to the Philadelphia suburbs. (medscape.com)
Synthetic1
- Cotton cuttings, free of synthetic fibers, purchased from the textile industry. (printingtips.com)
Spin1
- Spin your own yarn with our variety of cotton fibers and spinning tools. (cottonclouds.com)
Batts1
- One of my Shakespearean inspired textures for carding into art batts, spinning, felting, free-form weaving and fiber art! (neauveau.com)
Textile industry1
- a zero-waste fiber, either a byproduct of the commercial textile industry, or reclaimed from local mills, or recycled in house to be kept out of landfills. (neauveau.com)
Made4
- Synthetics are fibers made through chemical processes. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
- Cotton is tough and durable, and many products made with its fiber last for years. (barnhardtcotton.net)
- Cotton was grown upriver, made into nets, and traded with fishing villages along the coast for large supplies of fish. (wikipedia.org)
- The Spanish who came to Mexico and Peru in the early 16th century found the people growing cotton and wearing clothing made of it. (wikipedia.org)
Sustainability1
- Cotton has a strong record in sustainability. (barnhardtcotton.net)
Color1
- Shot Cotton uses one color thread for the warp and a different color thread for the weft, creating a beautiful "peppered" effect. (globalfibershop.com)
Natural fiber3
- What Is a Natural Fiber? (barnhardtcotton.net)
- Perhaps the most ubiquitous natural fiber worldwide is cotton, which is produced in dozens of countries and consumed by people of virtually every nation. (barnhardtcotton.net)
- Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today. (wikipedia.org)
Grown1
- Marco Polo in chapter 2 in his book, describes a province he calls Khotan in Turkestan, today's Xinjiang, where cotton was grown in abundance. (wikipedia.org)
Plant4
- We're pushing for plant fibers that prioritize soil health, water, and biodiversity. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
- For plant fibers, this means going beyond greenhouse gas emissions to look at how production practices impact soil health, water, and biodiversity. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
- You can access our latest data on production volume for plant fibers in our Materials Production Dashboard. (jiangnan-textiles.com)
- We are probably most familiar with plant and animal fibers from a consumer standpoint. (barnhardtcotton.net)
Material1
- International Fiber Journal covers fiber-related trends and material science developments and how they impact the supply chain from raw material to end use. (fiberjournal.com)
Widely1
- The two New World cotton species account for the vast majority of modern cotton production, but the two Old World species were widely used before the 1900s. (wikipedia.org)
Items1
- Purchase 10 fiber items and receive 5% off each. (woolery.com)
Species2
- The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. (wikipedia.org)
- In Peru, cultivation of the indigenous cotton species Gossypium barbadense has been dated, from a find in Ancon, to c. 4200 BC, and was the backbone of the development of coastal cultures such as the Norte Chico, Moche, and Nazca. (wikipedia.org)
Soft4
- Cotton Sport is a DK/heavy sport weight soft, light and cozy cotton yarn. (hausofyarn.com)
- Blue Sky Fibers plied, worsted cotton is as soft as your favorite t-shirt. (woolandcompany.com)
- Cotton is soft by nature, and this fiber lets all that natural softness bounce right through its loose, 2-ply twist. (churchmouseyarns.com)
- The slight sheen created by the mercerised cotton is a true sign of quaility and thanks to the hard-wearing properties of this suprprisingly soft yarn, you'll be wearing your Cotton Glace fknits for many years to come. (fearlessfibers.com)
Linen1
- Ramie - Also known as China grass or rhea, ramie is a woody fiber similar to linen. (woolery.com)