Coxsackievirus Infections
Enterovirus B, Human
Enterovirus
Myocarditis
Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein
Enterovirus Infections
T cells contribute to disease severity during coxsackievirus B4 infection. (1/525)
By using a model of coxsackievirus B4-induced disease, the question of whether tissue damage is due to the virus or to immune-mediated mechanisms was addressed. Both viral replication and T-cell function were implicated in contributing to the severity of disease. Three stages (I to III) of disease, which correspond to periods of high viral titers, low viral titers, and no infectious virus, have been identified. Stage I disease is considered to be primarily the result of viral replication. Immunopathological mechanisms appear to contribute to the severity of stage II and III disease. To investigate the role of T cells in contributing to the severity of disease, viral infection in CD8 knockout (ko) mice and CD4 ko mice was analyzed. CD8 T-cell responses appear to be beneficial during early, viral disease but detrimental in later disease when viral titers are diminishing. CD4 ko mice, unlike the parental strain, survived infection. Viral replication was lower in the CD4 ko mice. Was survival due to decreased viral replication or to the lack of T-helper-cell function? To investigate further the role of T helper cells in contributing to tissue damage, viral infection in two additional ko strains (interleukin-4 [IL-4] ko and gamma interferon ko strains) was examined. A clear correlation between viral replication and the outcome of infection was not observed. The absence of IL-4, which may influence T-helper-cell subset development, was advantageous during early viral disease but deleterious in later disease. The results suggest that T-cell-mediated immunity is both beneficial and detrimental during coxsackievirus B4 infection. (+info)Viral myocarditis: identification of five differentially expressed genes in coxsackievirus B3-infected mouse heart. (2/525)
Differences in host susceptibility to viral myocarditis caused by a given strain of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) are known to be largely related to host genetic factors. Little is known, however, about the key genes that encode determinants (mediators) of myocarditis development or the nature of injury. To identify these genes and further understand the molecular mechanisms of the disease process, we have used a murine model and the differential display technique to fingerprint mRNAs from CVB3-infected mouse hearts. Total RNA was extracted from hearts of 4- and 10-week-old A/J(H-2(a)) mice at day 4 after CVB3 infection, and mRNAs were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and subsequently analyzed on polyacrylamide DNA sequencing gels. The differentially displayed bands were confirmed by Northern hybridization using the bands as cDNA probes. Twenty-eight upregulated or downregulated bands were selected from the sequencing gels; among these, 2 upregulated and 3 downregulated cDNA fragments were confirmed by Northern hybridization. DNA sequence analysis and GenBank searching have determined that 4 of the 5 candidate genes are homologous to genes encoding Mus musculus inducible GTPase, mouse mitochondrial hydrophobic peptide (a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase), mouse beta-globin, and Homo sapiens cAMP-regulated response element binding protein (CREB) binding protein (CBP), respectively. The remaining candidate gene matches an unpublished cDNA clone, M musculus Nip21 mRNA (GenBank accession number, AF035207), which is homologous to human Nip2, a Bcl-2 binding protein. Our data suggest preliminarily that both structural and nonstructural genes are involved in myocarditis development. For the structural gene, beta-globin, we further confirmed its downregulation at the protein level by measuring the mean cell volume of red blood cells and found it was marginally reduced in the CVB3-infected group (P<0.06), with no change in hemoglobin concentration. Cardiac myoglobin concentration was also measured and found to be decreased (P<0.005), with a parallel decrease in total soluble protein in the CVB3-infected mouse myocardium (P<0.01). We also noted that the ratio of myoglobin to total protein was not significantly changed; this may be due to the downregulation of additional genes in the host heart, a number being observed on the differential display gels. The significant downregulation of beta-globin major gene expression in the heart may be relevant to impaired cardiac function in both the early and late postinfection period. The other identified nonstructural genes are known to be involved in regulation of gene expression, signal transduction pathways, and apoptotic cell death. The altered expression of structural and nonstructural genes may play important roles in the mediation of myocarditis development and perhaps other pathological processes in the heart. (+info)Hormonal regulation of CD4(+) T-cell responses in coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis in mice. (3/525)
Coxsackievirus B3 infection causes significant cardiac inflammation in male, but not female, B1.Tg.Ealpha mice. This gender difference in disease susceptibility correlates with selective induction of CD4(+) Th1 (gamma interferon-positive) cell responses in animals with testosterone, whereas estradiol promotes preferential CD4(+) Th2 (interleukin-4 positive [IL-4(+)]) cell responses. Differences in immune deviation of CD4(+) T cells cannot be explained by variation in B7-1 or B7-2 expression. Infection significantly upregulated both molecules, but no differences were detected between estradiol- and testosterone-treated groups. Significantly increased numbers of activated (CD69(+)) T cells expressing the gammadelta T-cell receptor were found in male and testosterone-treated male and female mice. In vivo depletion of gammadelta+ cells by using monoclonal antibodies inhibited myocarditis and resulted in a shift from a Th1 to Th2 response phenotype. Taken together, our results indicate that testosterone promotes a CD4(+) Th1 cell response and myocarditis by promoting increased gammadelta+ cell activation. (+info)gamma delta+ T cells regulate major histocompatibility complex class II(IA and IE)-dependent susceptibility to coxsackievirus B3-induced autoimmune myocarditis. (4/525)
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection induces myocardial inflammation and myocyte necrosis in some, but not all, strains of mice. C57BL/6 mice, which inherently lack major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II IE antigen, develop minimal cardiac lesions despite high levels of virus in the heart. The present experiments evaluate the relative roles of class II IA and IE expression on myocarditis susceptibility in four transgenic C57BL/6 mouse strains differing in MHC class II antigen expression. Animals lacking MHC class II IE antigen (C57BL/6 [IA+ IE-] and ABo [IA- IE-]) developed minimal cardiac lesions subsequent to infection despite high concentrations of virus in the heart. In contrast, strains expressing IE (ABo Ealpha [IA- IE+] and Bl.Tg.Ealpha [IA+ IE+]) had substantial cardiac injury. Myocarditis susceptibility correlated to a Th1 (gamma interferon-positive) cell response in the spleen, while disease resistance correlated to a preferential Th2 (interleukin-4-positive) phenotype. Vgamma/Vdelta analysis indicates that distinct subpopulations of gamma delta+ T cells are activated after CVB3 infection of C57BL/6 and Bl.Tg.Ealpha mice. Depletion of gamma delta+ T cells abrogated myocarditis susceptibility in IE+ animals and resulted in a Th1-->Th2 phenotype shift. These studies indicate that the MHC class II antigen haplotype controls myocarditis susceptibility, that this control is most likely mediated through the type of gamma delta T cells activated during CVB3 infection, and finally that different subpopulations of gamma delta+ T cells may either promote or inhibit Th1 cell responses. (+info)Activity of pleconaril against enteroviruses. (5/525)
The activity of pleconaril in cell culture against prototypic enterovirus strains and 215 clinical isolates of the most commonly isolated enterovirus serotypes was examined. The latter viruses were isolated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during the 1970s and 1980s from clinically ill subjects. Pleconaril at a concentration of +info)Susceptibility to myocarditis is dependent on the response of alphabeta T lymphocytes to coxsackieviral infection. (6/525)
Viral myocarditis is an important cause of heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy. T lymphocytes are implicated in myocardial damage in murine models of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis. We used knockout mice lacking CD4 (CD4(-/-)), CD8 (CD8(-/-)), both coreceptors (CD4(-/-)CD8(-/-)), or the T-cell receptor beta chain (TCRbeta(-/-)) to address the contribution of T-cell subpopulations to host susceptibility to CVB3 myocarditis. Severity of disease was magnified in CD8(-/-) mice but attenuated in CD4(-/-) mice, consistent with a pathogenic role for CD4(+) lymphocytes. Elimination of both CD4 and CD8 molecules from T lymphocytes by genetic knockout better protected mice from myocarditis, demonstrating that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells contribute to host susceptibility. The same benefit occurred in TCRbeta(-/-) mice, with prolonged survival and minimal myocardial disease observed after CVB3 infection. Elevated interferon-gamma and decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression are associated with attenuated myocardial damage in CD4(-/-)CD8(-/-) mice. These results show that the presence of TCRalphabeta(+) T cells enhances host susceptibility to myocarditis. The severity of myocardial damage and associated mortality are dependent on the predominant T-cell type available to respond to CVB3 infection. One mechanism by which CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets influence the pathogenesis of myocarditis may involve specific cytokine expression patterns. (+info)Coxsackievirus B4 myocarditis in an orangutan. (7/525)
A 37-year-old female orangutan died at the zoological garden. Autopsy examination demonstrated severe coxsackievirus B4 myocarditis immunohistochemically as a cause of the death. Apoptosis of the cardiac muscle cells was observed using the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick endo labeling method and was considered to play a role in the myocarditis. Congestion of the liver and both lungs due to cardiac failure was also observed. Coxsackievirus infection is found frequently in the Okinawan human population. The present orangutan's infection might have come from visitors who were allowed to go near the orangutan. Malignant tumors, severe suppurative infections, and intestinal parasite infections were not observed. Epstein-Barr virus DNA was detected in lymph nodes, but there was no Burkitt's lymphoma. (+info)The role of B lymphocytes in coxsackievirus B3 infection. (8/525)
Coxsackieviruses are important human pathogens, frequently causing myocarditis, pancreatitis, and a variety of less severe diseases. B lymphocytes appear central to the interaction between these viruses and their mammalian hosts, because agammaglobulinemic humans, genetically incapable of antibody production, are susceptible to chronic infections by coxsackieviruses and related enteroviruses, such as poliovirus and echovirus. However, recent studies show that Type B coxsackievirus (CVB) infects B lymphocytes soon after infection, suggesting the possibility that these cells may play some role in virus dissemination and/or that the virus may be able to modulate the host immune response. We analyzed the role of B lymphocytes in CVB infection and confirmed that CVB infects B lymphocytes, and extended these findings to show that this is a productive infection involving approximately 1 to 10% of the cells; however, infectious center assays show that other splenocytes are infected at approximately the same frequency. Virus is readily detectable by in situ hybridization in the spleen of immunocompetent mice but is difficult to detect in mice deficient in B cells (BcKO mice), consistent with much of the splenic signal being the result of B cell infection. Surprisingly, given the extent of their infection, B cells express barely detectable levels of the murine coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (mCAR), suggesting that another means of cell entry may be used. We found no evidence of B cell depletion following CVB infection, indicating that this is not the explanation for the transient immunosuppression previously reported. Virus replication and dissemination are slightly delayed in BcKO mice, consistent with B cells' playing a role as an important early target of infection and/or a means to distribute the virus to many tissues. In addition, we show that BcKO mice recapitulate a central feature of human agammaglobulinemia: CVB establishes chronic infection in a variety of organs (heart, liver, brain, kidney, lung, pancreas, spleen). In most of these tissues the viral titers remain high (10(5)-10(8) plaque forming units (pfu) per gram of tissue) for the life of the mouse, and in several there is severe pathology, particularly severe myocardial fibrosis with ventricular dilation, reminiscent of the dilated cardiomyopathy seen in humans with chronic enteroviral myocarditis. Transfer of B and/or T cells from non-immune mice had no discernible effect, whereas equivalent transfers from immune mice often resulted in transient or permanent disappearance of detectable CVB. (+info)Coxsackievirus infections are a type of viral illness caused by Coxsackie A and B viruses, which belong to the family Picornaviridae. These viruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific strain and the age and overall health of the infected individual.
The most common types of Coxsackievirus infections are hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. HFMD is characterized by fever, sore throat, and a rash that typically appears on the hands, feet, and mouth. Herpangina is similar but is usually marked by painful sores in the back of the mouth or throat.
Other possible symptoms of Coxsackievirus infections include:
* Fever
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
In some cases, Coxsackievirus infections can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), or pleurodynia (also known as "devil's grip," a painful inflammation of the chest and abdominal muscles).
Coxsackievirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or by touching contaminated surfaces. The viruses can also be spread through fecal-oral transmission.
There is no specific treatment for Coxsackievirus infections, and most people recover on their own within a week or two. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and pain relief. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.
Enterovirus B, Human (HEVB) is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family and are named after the Greek word "pico" meaning small. They are further classified into several species, including Human Enterovirus B (HEV-B).
HEVB includes several serotypes, such as Coxsackievirus A9, A16, and B types, and Echoviruses. These viruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route or respiratory droplets and can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like fever, rash, and sore throat to more severe diseases such as meningitis, myocarditis, and paralysis.
HEVB infections are common worldwide, and people of all ages can be affected. However, young children and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for severe illness. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. There is no specific treatment for HEVB infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, hospitalization may be necessary for severe cases.
An enterovirus is a type of virus that primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, or by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus.
While many people infected with enteroviruses may not experience any symptoms, some may develop mild to severe illnesses such as hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in case of poliovirus). Infection can occur in people of all ages, but young children are more susceptible to infection and severe illness.
Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing food or drinks with someone who is ill. There are also vaccines available to prevent poliovirus infection.
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, which is the middle layer of the heart wall. The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart's pumping function. Myocarditis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, autoimmune diseases, toxins, and drugs.
In myocarditis, the inflammation can damage the cardiac muscle cells, leading to decreased heart function, arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms), and in severe cases, heart failure or even sudden death. Symptoms of myocarditis may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen.
The diagnosis of myocarditis is often based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications to support heart function, reduce inflammation, control arrhythmias, and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.
The Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) is a transmembrane protein that serves as a receptor for several viruses, including Coxsackieviruses and certain types of Adenoviruses. The "Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein" likely refers to a membrane protein that shares structural or functional similarities with the CAR protein.
The CAR protein is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is widely expressed in various tissues, including the heart, lungs, and nervous system. It plays important roles in cell adhesion, tissue development, and repair, as well as serving as an entry point for certain viruses to infect cells.
The CAR-like membrane protein may have similar functions or structures to the CAR protein, but its specific identity and role are not clearly defined in the medical literature. It is possible that it could be a target for viral infection or play a role in cellular processes, but further research is needed to confirm these possibilities.
Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.
There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.
Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.
Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.
There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild, contagious viral infection common in infants and children but can sometimes occur in adults. The disease is often caused by coxsackievirus A16 or enterovirus 71.
The name "hand, foot and mouth" comes from the fact that blister-like sores usually appear in the mouth (and occasionally on the buttocks and legs) along with a rash on the hands and feet. The disease is not related to foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which affects cattle, sheep, and swine.
HFMD is spread through close personal contact, such as hugging and kissing, or through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching objects and surfaces that have the virus on them and then touching the face. People with HFMD are most contagious during the first week of their illness but can still be contagious for weeks after symptoms go away.
There is no specific treatment for HFMD, and it usually resolves on its own within 7-10 days. However, over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers may help alleviate symptoms. It's important to encourage good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to prevent the spread of HFMD.
Coxsackie A virus
CXB3S
Coxsackievirus
Enterovirus
Keshan disease
Bornholm disease
Coxsackie B virus
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor
Delayed puberty
Edwin Herman Lennette
ULK1
SCAR-Fc
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Herpangina
Selenium deficiency
Coxsackie B4 virus
STAT2
Chest pain
SORBS1
Coxsackievirus-induced cardiomyopathy
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Vertically transmitted infection
Diabetes
Palmar erythema
Telethonin
Heart
Blueberry muffin baby
BPIFB3
Oral mucosa
Pericardium
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Viral Infections17
- What are the treatments for viral infections? (nih.gov)
- For most viral infections, treatments can only help with symptoms while you wait for your immune system to fight off the virus. (nih.gov)
- There are antiviral medicines to treat some viral infections. (nih.gov)
- Antibiotics do not work for viral infections. (nih.gov)
- Can viral infections be prevented? (nih.gov)
- Bacterial vs. Viral Infections: How Do They Differ? (nih.gov)
- The government of the PRC has acted on the problem of low selenium causing high Coxsackie viral infections which, in turn, may cause deaths from heart attacks. (second-opinions.co.uk)
- Epidemiological studies in humans and experimental studies in animal have shown that viral infections can induce or protect from autoimmunopathologies depending on several factors including genetic background, host-elicited immune responses, type of virus strain, viral load, and the onset time of infection. (mdpi.com)
- Viral infections of the skin cause anything from a mild rash with itching to blisters or ulcers that cause pain. (leaf.tv)
- Herpangina is an infection with coxsackie virus group A. These viral infections are not curable and can be deadly to those with weakened immune systems. (leaf.tv)
- While there are no cures for these viral infections, treatments are available to prevent the recurrence of ulcers from the herpes simplex viruses. (leaf.tv)
- Viral infections are the most frequent causes of viral myocarditis. (ontariohomeopath.ca)
- Common viral infections that have a propensity for entering the myocardium frequently cause coxsackie myocarditis. (ontariohomeopath.ca)
- Black tea is rich in a group of pathogen-fighting compounds that can protect against a variety of viral infections. (lifegardeningtools.com)
- Yogurt contains an abundance and variety of probiotics that may aid in fighting viral infections. (lifegardeningtools.com)
- Probiotics may protect against other viral infections, including some types of coxsackievirus, HIV-1 and viruses that cause diarrhea. (lifegardeningtools.com)
- In one study, fresh ginger protected against HRSV (human respiratory syncytial virus, a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections) by blocking the virus' ability to attach to cells and stimulating the release of compounds that help counteract viral infections. (lifegardeningtools.com)
Myocarditis7
- A 15-month-old boy presenting with hand, foot and mouth disease died of myocarditis and intractable shock caused by coxsackievirus A16 infection. (nih.gov)
- Update on coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. (nih.gov)
- The coxsackie B serotypes are strongly myotropic but acute infections generally cause only trivial symptoms and rarely result in clinically significant myocarditis or myositis. (bmj.com)
- Fechner, H. (2020) Development of a New Mouse Model for Coxsackievirus-Induced Myocarditis by Attenuating Coxsackievirus B3 Virulence in the Pancreas. (tu.berlin)
- A heterogeneous group of infections produced by coxsackieviruses, including HERPANGINA , aseptic meningitis ( MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC ), a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia ( PLEURODYNIA, EPIDEMIC ) and a serious MYOCARDITIS . (nih.gov)
- In rat models, neither coxsackievirus infection nor histological indications of myocarditis occur when CAR is wiped out. (ontariohomeopath.ca)
- coxsackie Myocarditis symptoms frequently begin prior to the commencement of an upper respiratory infection or nonspecific feverish sickness. (ontariohomeopath.ca)
Serotypes8
- This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, in 2007, CVB1 for the first time was the predominant enterovirus in the United States, accounting for 113 (25%) of 444 enterovirus infections with known serotypes. (cdc.gov)
- During August 2006-April 2010, in Beijing, China, 2 rare human enterovirus serotypes, coxsackievirus A21 and enterovirus 68, were detected most frequently in human enterovirus-positive adults with acute respiratory tract infections. (cdc.gov)
- For instance, in France and Spain, echovirus 11 and echovirus 6 are the predominant serotypes in patients with enterovirus respiratory infections ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- We report that in some years in Beijing, People's Republic of China, the rarely reported coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) and EV68 are the predominant serotypes in adults with enterovirus-associated acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). (cdc.gov)
- From 2002-2004, an estimated 16.4-24.3% of these illnesses were attributed to coxsackievirus serotypes. (medscape.com)
- Monitoring enterovirus infections and providing laboratory confirmation of the serotypes associated with different clinical presentations are of value for the early detection and awareness of emerging enterovirus infections ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- EV-A71 infections, along with other enterovirus serotypes belonging to the species Enterovirus A (EV-A) ( 7 ), are mainly associated with HFMD, which is characterized in children by a brief febrile illness and typical rash, with or without mouth ulcers ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
- EV-A71 and coxsackievirus (CV) A16 were the most frequent serotypes involved in HFMD outbreaks throughout Asia during 1998-2010 ( 1 , 9 ). (cdc.gov)
Viruses8
- Coxsackieviruses are one of the four kinds of viruses (along with polioviruses, echoviruses, and numbered enteroviruses) that together are known as enteroviruses. (healthychildren.org)
- Thus, during some years, these 2 viruses cause a substantial proportion of enterovirus-associated adult acute respiratory tract infections. (cdc.gov)
- Coxsackieviruses are nonenveloped viruses with linear single-stranded RNA. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] Coxsackieviruses are divided into group A and group B viruses based on early observations of their pathogenicity in mice. (medscape.com)
- However, coxsackievirus A16 has been one of the viruses recovered from cerebrospinal fluid in a small number of confirmed cases. (medscape.com)
- Antibiotics treat infections caused by bacteria, not viruses. (medlineplus.gov)
- 7 No such association was found for infection with herpes viruses, 8 while an association with Borna virus infection is disputed. (bmj.com)
- Coxsackieviruses are part of the enterovirus family of viruses (which also includes polioviruses and hepatitis A virus) that can live in the human digestive tract. (healthmatters.io)
Usually caused by coxsackievirus3
- Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an extremely common infection seen in children, and is usually caused by coxsackievirus types A16 and A6. (healthychildren.org)
- Similarly, HFMD is also a viral infection - usually caused by coxsackievirus. (colgate.com.au)
- Epidemic infections in the United States were usually caused by Coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 before Coxsackievirus A6 began to appear. (mhmedical.com)
HFMD7
- The CDC reports coxsackievirus A16 as the virus most frequently isolated in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). (medscape.com)
- Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is most commonly caused by a virus called coxsackievirus A16. (medlineplus.gov)
- Since 2008, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has been associated with several worldwide outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). (wikipedia.org)
- Recent examples are the emergence of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), which was responsible for large hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks associated with rare but severe rhombencephalitis in Asia, and an EV-D68 epidemic associated with severe respiratory infections ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- Typical HFMD caused by Coxsackievirus A16 generally has a mild course. (mhmedical.com)
- HFMD is most commonly caused by members of the enterovirus genus, especially Coxsackievirus. (mhmedical.com)
- Atypical presentations of HFMD caused by Coxsackievirus A6 have been reported in Asian and Europe since 2008 and in the United States since 2011. (mhmedical.com)
Adenovirus infections1
- While suspicious, since so many of the kids had an adenovirus infection, adenovirus infections don't usually cause severe hepatitis. (keepkidshealthy.com)
Aseptic meningitis2
- Encephalitis is an unusual manifestation of CNS infection, although it is sometimes observed in association with aseptic meningitis. (medscape.com)
- Both group A and group B coxsackieviruses can cause nonspecific febrile illnesses, rashes, upper respiratory tract disease, and aseptic meningitis . (medscape.com)
Asymptomatic4
- More than 90% of coxsackieviruses infections are asymptomatic or cause nonspecific febrile illnesses. (medscape.com)
- In most individuals, infection is asymptomatic or causes only mild symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Although mostly asymptomatic or self-limited, enterovirus infections comprise a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in children, which can require medical attention. (cdc.gov)
- Infection may be asymptomatic or have symptoms ranging from mild upper respiratory symptoms to acute respiratory. (msdmanuals.com)
Diagnosis1
- Coxsackievirus A16: epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccine. (nih.gov)
Enteroviral infection5
- Thirteen percent of newborns with fever in the first month of life were noted to have an enteroviral infection. (medscape.com)
- The development of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) has been associated with recent enteroviral infection, particularly coxsackievirus B infection. (medscape.com)
- Innate, humoral and cell-mediated immunity all play a role in the body's response to enteroviral infection. (medscape.com)
- Eczema coxsackium is an enteroviral infection typically affecting children with atopic dermatitis (eczema) . (dermnetnz.org)
- Enteroviral infection can also localise to sites of epidermal barrier breakdown that are not caused by eczema. (dermnetnz.org)
Herpangina3
- Children with coxsackievirus infections can have herpangina no relation to herpes infections), painful ulcers or sores on the roof of the mouth and tonsils. (healthychildren.org)
- In general, group A coxsackieviruses tend to infect the skin and mucous membranes, causing herpangina , acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), and hand-foot-and-mouth (HFM) disease. (medscape.com)
- In others, infection produces short-lived (7-10 days) fever and painful blisters in the mouth (a condition known as herpangina), on the palms and fingers of the hand, or on the soles of the feet. (wikipedia.org)
Coxsackie Virus3
- Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a viral infection caused by the Coxsackie virus. (quintepediatrics.com)
- To avoid infection with HSV1, HSV2 and coxsackie virus, avoid skin-to-skin contact with those infected-in the case of HSV1 and 2 even if the infected person is not showing signs of the infection. (leaf.tv)
- Treatment of infection with the coxsackie virus involves treating the symptoms until the infection subsides. (leaf.tv)
Enteroviruses2
- There is no licensed specific treatment available for coxsackieviruses or any of the other types of enteroviruses. (healthychildren.org)
- With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world, more attention has been focused on understanding the nonpolio enteroviruses such as coxsackieviruses. (medscape.com)
Mild4
- They typically cause mild infections of the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, but sometimes also invade the central nervous system. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Roseola is a common, but mild, infection that is caused by the herpes virus, specifically human herpes virus 6 and 7. (quintepediatrics.com)
- It is a mild infection that most commonly affects children under the age of 10, especially those who are in day care centres, preschool or other areas where children are in close contact with one another. (quintepediatrics.com)
- In most cases, coxsackievirus infections cause mild flu-like symptoms and go away without treatment. (healthmatters.io)
Herpes1
- And in one study, black tea extract, rich in flavanol compounds called theaflavins, inhibited herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) infection. (lifegardeningtools.com)
Symptoms7
- The usual amount of time from exposure to the start of symptoms for most coxsackieviruses is 3 to 6 days. (healthychildren.org)
- Your pediatrician will conduct a physical examination that evaluates signs and symptoms which may indicate a coxsackievirus infection. (healthychildren.org)
- Symptoms may be preceded by an upper respiratory infection within the preceding 7 to 14 days. (medscape.com)
- Coxsackie A virus leads to a number of diseases, however the most common signs and symptoms that appear with infection are fever and flu-like symptoms, mouth sores, and skin rashes. (wikipedia.org)
- Outside of the symptoms, age is also taken into consideration as the most common age of infection is under five years of age. (wikipedia.org)
- One hypothesis suggests the damage is being done by adenovirus, a common childhood infection that normally causes coldlike symptoms and could be treated with an antiviral drug. (keepkidshealthy.com)
- While no association between presumptive viral symptoms and chronic fatigue could be established in one large prospective primary care study, 3 chronic fatigue has been found to follow certain specific laboratory confirmed infections, including infectious mononucleosis, 4 viral hepatitis, 5 Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), 6 and parvovirus B19. (bmj.com)
Outbreaks1
- Worldwide outbreaks with a more virulent Coxsackievirus A6 started as early as 2008. (mhmedical.com)
Induces1
- 7. Coxsackievirus B3 infection induces glycolysis to facilitate viral replication. (nih.gov)
20212
Epidemic1
- Two epidemic waves occurred, dominated by coxsackievirus (CV) A6, which was detected in 53.9% of enterovirus-infected children. (cdc.gov)
Human enterovirus1
- Piralla A , Mariani B , Stronati M , Marone P , Baldanti F . Human enterovirus and parechovirus infections in newborns with sepsis-like illness and neurological disorders. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Echoviruses1
- Coxsackie A virus (CAV) is a cytolytic Coxsackievirus of the Picornaviridae family, an enterovirus (a group containing the polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses). (wikipedia.org)
Rarely2
- Rarely, coxsackieviruses have been implicated in additional neurologic diseases such as sporadic cases of acute flaccid motor (AFM) paralysis that closely mimic poliovirus infection. (medscape.com)
- Coxsackievirus A7 (CVA7) is a rarely detected and poorly characterized virus that belongs to the Enterovirus A species and has three strains: Parker, USSR, and 275/58. (healthmatters.io)
Nonspecific1
- In addition to nonspecific illnesses, various well-described illnesses have been associated with coxsackievirus infections. (medscape.com)
Virology1
- In Western countries, surveillance of enterovirus infections is undertaken by virology laboratories and is thus restricted to enterovirus-infected persons admitted to hospitals ( 19 , 26 ). (cdc.gov)
Picornaviridae1
- Coxsackieviruses belong to the family Picornaviridae and the genus Enterovirus , which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. (medscape.com)
Insulin-dependent diabetes2
- Although principally correlative, data suggest that type-1 insulin-dependent diabetes may result from group B coxsackievirus infections. (medscape.com)
- Viral infection alone is not thought to be adequate to cause type-1 insulin-dependent diabetes. (medscape.com)
Mumps1
- image: PensTV) The mumps is an infection of the salivary glands. (quintepediatrics.com)
Acute2
- In The Lancet for April 23, 1977 was a report from a hospital in England with the title Coxsackie Viral Infection and Acute Myocardial Infarction. (second-opinions.co.uk)
- During the acute infection, the inside of the bowel becomes irritated, and sometimes diarrhea causes the villae which[Read more. (quintepediatrics.com)
Diseases3
- Coxsackievirus A7 is associated with neurological diseases and can cause paralytic poliomyelitis. (wikipedia.org)
- In this review we focus on enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus A16, enterovirus 68 and human parechovirus 3, which have recently drawn attention because of their links to severe neurological diseases. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections caused by organisms that can be transmitted from one person to another through sexual activity and intimate contact. (bioperfectus.com)
Inhibit2
- Long noncoding RNA 1392 regulates MDA5 by interaction with ELAVL1 to inhibit coxsackievirus B5 infection. (bvsalud.org)
- In mice , LINC1392 could inhibit CVB5 replication and alleviated the histopathological lesions of intestinal and brain tissues induced by viral infection . (bvsalud.org)
Mouth9
- If the doctor suspects that your child has hand, foot and mouth disease, your pediatrician will look for the rash associated with this infection as well as for sores in the mouth and throat. (healthychildren.org)
- Characterization of VP1 gene of coxsackievirus A16 prevalent among hand foot mouth disease suffered children in Taizhou, P. R. China, between 2010 and 2013. (nih.gov)
- B1c genetic subtype of coxsackievirus A16 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease in Andaman Islands, India. (nih.gov)
- Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral infection that most often begins in the throat. (medlineplus.gov)
- Hand, foot and mouth disease, also known as enteroviral vesicular stomatitis, is a viral infection that mostly impacts young children under the age of five. (express.co.uk)
- Frequent hand-washing and avoiding close contact with people who are infected with hand-foot-and-mouth disease may help reduce your child's risk of infection. (express.co.uk)
- If you suspect your toddler has aphthous ulcers, or a mouth injury or infection related to dental trauma or teething, book an appointment to see your dental professional. (colgate.com.au)
- Coxsackievirus Infection: Hand, Foot and Mouth. (footcareexpert.co.uk)
- A 1-year-old boy with hand-foot-mouth disease likely to be caused by Coxsackievirus A6. (mhmedical.com)
Enterovirus A71 Infection1
- Enterovirus A71 Infection, Thailand, 2017. (nih.gov)
Severity2
- To describe the severity of neonatal illness associated with coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) infection, CDC analyzed case reports and preliminary data from the National Enterovirus Surveillance System (NESS) for 2007. (cdc.gov)
- Other studies have found probiotics can enhance respiratory tract immunity, speed recovery and lessen the severity of respiratory infections caused by the influenza virus. (lifegardeningtools.com)
Antibiotics1
- Antibiotics do not work because the infection is caused by a virus. (medlineplus.gov)
Meningitis3
- Certain types of coxsackieviruses can cause meningitis (infection of the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord). (healthychildren.org)
- Newborns that get enterovirus infections from their mothers at birth may have an overwhelming infection with fever that leads to liver failure, heart failure, meningitis, seizures , bleeding, and sometimes death. (healthychildren.org)
- Coxsackievirus B infection is more likely than coxsackievirus A to be associated with meningitis. (medscape.com)
Contagious2
- Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that is most common among children. (msdmanuals.com)
- Cold sores are contagious and after the first infection, appear as fluid-filled blisters at the site of infection, which is usually on the lips. (colgate.com.au)
Similarly2
- Similarly, animal models noted infection of pancreatic islet cells. (medscape.com)
- Similarly, coxsackievirus A6 was the most frequently reported enterovirus from 2009-2013. (medscape.com)
Pancreatic3
- Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection of pancreatic β cells is associated with β-cell autoimmunity. (nih.gov)
- [ 6 ] However, multiple factors, including viral load and type of infection along with host genetics and pancreatic enviroment are thought to play a significant role in disease development. (medscape.com)
- Group A coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a flaccid paralysis that was caused by generalized myositis, whereas group B coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a spastic paralysis due to focal muscle injury and degeneration of neuronal, pancreatic, and myocardial tissue. (medscape.com)
Neonatal4
- Neonatal systemic enterovirus disease, characterized by multiorgan involvement, is among the most serious, potentially fatal conditions associated with enterovirus infection. (cdc.gov)
- Beginning in August 2007, CDC received multiple reports of cases of severe neonatal illness and death associated with enterovirus infection. (cdc.gov)
- Systemic neonatal disease often is associated with group B coxsackieviruses. (medscape.com)
- The CDC found that coxsackievirus infections accounted for approximately 25% of all neonatal enterovirus infections (26,737) from 1983 to 2003. (medscape.com)
Bacterial1
- Strep throat, also known as streptococcal pharyngitis, is a bacterial infection of the throat that is caused by group A streptococcus bacteria. (quintepediatrics.com)
Poliovirus1
- Coxsackieviruses share many characteristics with poliovirus. (medscape.com)
Respiratory tract2
- [ 4 ] Coxsackieviruses have been identified in the respiratory tract up to 3 weeks after initial infection and in feces up to 8 weeks after initial infection. (medscape.com)
- In one review, 28 trials found that probiotics had a positive effect on respiratory tract infections (RTIs). (lifegardeningtools.com)
Typically2
- This infection is typically seen in children between 3 and 10 years of age. (healthychildren.org)
- The disease occurs worldwide and was typically caused by Coxsackievirus A16. (mhmedical.com)
Severe1
- And while there is no publicly available adenovirus vaccine (there is one available for folks in the military ), since one theory is that these cases of severe hepatitis could be caused by a "SARS-CoV-2 superantigen mechanism in an adenovirus-41F-sensitised host," then getting vaccinated to prevent that SARS-CoV-2 infection could be a good idea. (keepkidshealthy.com)
Disease3
- Numerous group A coxsackieviruses are responsible for causing CNS disease similar to poliomyelitis. (medscape.com)
- The disease is caused by an enterovirus infection such as the Coxsackievirus A16, Enterovirus 71 or Echovirus. (express.co.uk)
- This mechanism may explain how non-eczematous conditions such as Darier disease have also presented with a widespread viral infection that preferentially erupts at the sites of the skin disease [6]. (dermnetnz.org)
Clinical3
- Typical clinical presentations include encephalomyocarditis (characteristic of group B coxsackieviruses) and hemorrhage-hepatitis syndrome (typical of echovirus 11) ( 1,2 ). (cdc.gov)
- To help clinicians and public health officials better understand the epidemiologic and clinical profiles of HEV respiratory infections, temporal and geographic patterns of circulation, especially the dynamics of HEV serotype shift, need to be determined. (cdc.gov)
- Infection with adenovirus type 41, the implicated adenovirus type, has not previously been linked to such a clinical presentation. (keepkidshealthy.com)
Selenium1
- So Foster first suggested that selenium added to diet would greatly reduced HIV infections. (second-opinions.co.uk)
Immune2
- Recent studies have shown that host lncRNAs participate in the antiviral immune response , but functional lncRNAs in coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) infection remain unknown. (bvsalud.org)
- A third hypothesis proposed earlier this week brings them together, suggesting adenovirus infection forms a destructive partnership with SARS-CoV-2 that sets the immune system loose on the liver. (keepkidshealthy.com)
Children3
- An enterovirus infection was detected in 523 (79.3%) of 659 children tested. (cdc.gov)
- [ 73 ] Consideration of co-infection with HIV should be given in these children. (medscape.com)
- The infection usually occurs in children under 10 years of age, but occasionally can occur in young adults. (nyackschools.org)
Intestinal1
- RIP3 regulates autophagy and is required for Coxsackievirus B3 infection of polarized intestinal epithelial cells. (franklincollege.edu)
Predominant1
- For 2 of the 3 years, coxsackievirus B1 was the predominant serotype. (medscape.com)
Centers1
- Infections are common in childcare centers, preschools, schools, summer camps, and other places where kids are close together. (kidshealth.org)