Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.
A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.
Pathological processes of the URINARY BLADDER.
c-Kit positive cells related to SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that are intercalated between the autonomic nerves and the effector smooth muscle cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Different phenotypic classes play roles as pacemakers, mediators of neural inputs, and mechanosensors.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder.
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
The epithelial lining of the URINARY TRACT.
A sulfated pentosyl polysaccharide with heparin-like properties.
The fluid of the body that is outside of CELLS. It is the external environment for the cells.
A species of POLYOMAVIRUS apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. The virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances.
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.
Presence of blood in the urine.
The instillation or other administration of drugs into the bladder, usually to treat local disease, including neoplasms.
Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).
Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
Complex pain syndrome with unknown etiology, characterized by constant or intermittent generalized vulva pain (Generalized vulvodynia) or localized burning sensations in the VESTIBULE area when pressure is applied (Vestibulodynia, or Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome). Typically, vulvar tissue with vulvodynia appears normal without infection or skin disease. Vulvodynia impacts negatively on a woman's quality of life as it interferes with sexual and daily activities.
A group of interstitial lung diseases with no known etiology. There are several entities with varying patterns of inflammation and fibrosis. They are classified by their distinct clinical-radiological-pathological features and prognosis. They include IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS; CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; and others.
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.
Substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading.
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.
A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.
Acrolein is an unsaturated aldehyde (C3H4O), highly reactive, toxic and naturally occurring compound that can be found in certain foods, tobacco smoke and is produced as a result of environmental pollution or industrial processes.
Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.
A uroplakin subtype that heterodimerizes with UROPLAKIN IB to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells.
Strains of Escherichia coli that preferentially grow and persist within the urinary tract. They exhibit certain virulence factors and strategies that cause urinary tract infections.
A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.
A uroplakin subtype that heterodimerizes with UROPLAKIN IA to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells.
Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body.
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor is required in antigen-induced cystitis. (1/150)

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a debilitating disease that has been adversely affecting the quality of women's lives for many years. The trigger in IC is not entirely known, and a role for the sensory nerves in its pathogenesis has been suggested. In addition to inflammation, increased mast cell numbers in the detrusor muscle have been reported in a subset of IC patients. Experimentally, several lines of evidence support a central role for substance P and neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors in cystitis. The availability of mice genetically deficient in neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R(-/-)) allows us to directly evaluate the importance of substance P in cystitis. An unexpected finding of this investigation is that NK-1R(-/-) mice present increased numbers of mast cells in the bladder when compared with wild-type control mice. Despite the increase in mast cell numbers, no concomitant inflammation was observed. In addition, bladder instillation of wild-type mice with a sensitizing antigen induces activation of mast cells and an acute inflammatory response characterized by plasma extravasation, edema, and migration of neutrophils. Antigen-sensitized NK-1R(-/-) mice also exhibit bladder mast cell degranulation in response to antigen challenge. However, NK-1R(-/-) mice are protected from inflammation, failing to present bladder inflammatory cell infiltrate or edema in response to antigen challenge. This work presents the first evidence of participation of NK-1 receptors in cystitis and a mandatory participation of these receptors on the chain of events linking mast cell degranulation and inflammation.  (+info)

Urothelial pathophysiological changes in feline interstitial cystitis: a human model. (2/150)

Unique barrier properties of the urothelial surface membrane permit urine storage. Interstitial cystitis causes disabling dysuria, and frequency. Similarly, feline interstitial cystitis (FIC) occurs in cats. These studies define the permeability and structural properties of normal and FIC urothelium. To determine the effects of bladder filling, groups were studied before and after hydrodistention. Normal urothelium with or without hydrodistention exhibited high transepithelial resistances (TER) and low water and urea permeabilities, resembling other species. Fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed localization of the marker AE-31 to the apical surface of all umbrella cells in normal urothelium, with the tight junction protein ZO-1 localized to tight junctions. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed uniform distribution of luminal cells with characteristic apical membrane and tight junction morphology. Urothelium in FIC animals displayed reduced TER and increased water and urea permeability following hydrodistention. Structural studies in FIC revealed denuded urothelium, with appearance of AE-31 in underlying epithelial cells. The results demonstrate severe epithelial damage and dysfunction in FIC and suggest novel approaches toward examining the etiology and therapy of IC.  (+info)

Interstitial cystitis: a retrospective analysis of treatment with pentosan polysulfate and follow-up patient survey. (3/150)

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) in relieving symptoms of interstitial cystitis, the authors retrospectively reviewed charts of 260 patients in whom interstitial cystitis had been diagnosed. Subsequently, they conducted a follow-up phone interview or mail survey of those patients who were treated with PPS to investigate changes in the patients' symptoms, adverse effects, and change in quality of life. The control group consisted of patients whose interstitial cystitis had been diagnosed at cystoscopy and had a duration of at least 1 year and who had taken at least one or more oral medications for their symptoms. The average length of treatment was 9.3 months among the 27 subjects on PPS therapy. The mean length of time that they had diagnosed interstitial cystitis was 35.63 months and 48.78 months for the PPS-treated and control groups, respectively, with no statistically significant difference. Changes in frequency, urgency, and pain were greater in the treatment group and statistically significant (P = .11, P = .49, and P = .004, respectively). No change occurred in the rate of nocturia in the PPS-treated group compared with that in the control group. Symptoms of both groups improved over time, but improvement was statistically significantly greater in the treatment group (P = .001) over the treatment interval. The most common side effect attributable to PPS was diarrhea in 15% of subjects. Pentosan proved to be an efficacious option for reducing the debilitating symptoms of interstitial cystitis.  (+info)

Interstitial cystitis. Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. (4/150)

OBJECTIVE: To review current knowledge about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of interstitial cystitis, with special emphasis on management of this condition by family physicians. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: Articles were identified through MEDLINE and review of abstracts presented at Urology and Interstitial Cystitis meetings during the last decade. Recent reviews were further searched for additional studies and trials. Data were summarized from large epidemiologic studies. Etiologic theories were extracted from current concepts and reviews of scientific studies. Diagnostic criteria described in this review are based on clinical interpretation of National Institutes of Health (NIH) research guidelines, interpretation of data from the NIH Interstitial Cystitis Cohort Study, and recent evidence on use of the potassium sensitivity test. Treatment suggestions are based on six randomized placebo-controlled clinical treatment trials and best available clinical data. MAIN MESSAGE: Interstitial cystitis affects about 0.01% to 0.5% of women. Its etiology is unknown, but might involve microbiologic, immunologic, mucosal, neurogenic, and other yet undefined agents. The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. It is impossible to provide a purely evidence-based treatment strategy, but review of available evidence suggests that conservative supportive therapy (including diet modification); oral treatment with pentosan polysulfate, amitriptyline, or hydroxyzine; and intravesical treatments with heparinlike medications, dimethyl sulfoxide, or BCG vaccine could benefit some patients. CONCLUSION: Family physicians should have an understanding of interstitial cystitis and be able to make a diagnosis and formulate an evidence-based treatment strategy for their patients.  (+info)

Comorbid clinical conditions in chronic fatigue: a co-twin control study. (5/150)

OBJECTIVES: Chronically fatiguing illness, defined as fatigue for at least 6 months, has been associated with various physical health conditions. Our objective was to determine whether there is a significant relationship between chronically fatiguing illness and 10 clinical conditions that frequently appear to be associated with fatigue, adjusting for the potentially confounding effects of psychiatric illness. DESIGN: A co-twin control study controlling for genetic and many environmental factors by comparing chronically fatigued twins with their nonfatigued co-twins. SETTING: A nationally distributed volunteer twin registry. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 127 twin pairs in which one member of the pair experienced fatigue of at least 6 months' duration and the co-twin was healthy and denied chronic fatigue. Fatigued twins were classified into 3 levels using increasingly stringent diagnostic criteria. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twins reported on a history of fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivities, temporomandibular disorder, interstitial cystitis, postconcussion syndrome, tension headache, chronic low back pain, chronic pelvic pain (women), and chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (men). The prevalence of these comorbid clinical conditions was significantly higher in the fatigued twins compared to their nonfatigued co-twins. Most notably, compared to their nonfatigued co-twins, the chronically fatigued twins had higher rates of fibromyalgia (> 70% vs < 10%) and irritable bowel syndrome (> 50% vs < 5%). The strongest associations were observed between chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia (odds ratios > 20), irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pelvic pain, multiple chemical sensitivities, and temporomandibular disorder (all with odds ratios > or = 4). Regression analysis suggested that the number of comorbid clinical conditions associated with chronic fatigue could not be attributed solely to psychiatric illness. CONCLUSIONS: Chronically fatiguing illnesses were associated with high rates of many other clinical conditions. Thus, patients with chronic fatigue may present a complex clinical picture that poses diagnostic and management challenges. Nonetheless, clinicians should assess such patients for the presence of comorbid clinical conditions. Future research should provide a better understanding of the temporal relationship of the onset of fatigue and these conditions, and develop strategies for early intervention.  (+info)

Interstitial cystitis: urgency and frequency syndrome. (6/150)

Interstitial cystitis is a chronic, severely debilitating disease of the urinary bladder. Excessive urgency and frequency of urination, suprapubic pain, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain and negative urine cultures are characteristic of interstitial cystitis. The course of the disease is usually marked by flare-ups and remissions. Other conditions that should be ruled out include bacterial cystitis, urethritis, neoplasia, vaginitis and vulvar vestibulitis. Interstitial cystitis is diagnosed by cystoscopy and hydrodistention of the bladder. Glomerulations or Hunner's ulcers found at cystoscopy are diagnostic. Oral treatments of interstitial cystitis include pentosan polysulfate, tricyclic antidepressants and antihistamines. Intravesicular therapies include hydrodistention, dimethyl sulfoxide and heparin, or a combination of agents. Referral to a support group should be offered to all patients with interstitial cystitis.  (+info)

A portuguese isolate of Borrelia lusitaniae induces disease in C3H/HeN mice. (7/150)

A low-passage, Portuguese isolate of Borrelia lusitaniae, strain PotiB2, was inoculated into C3H/HeN mice and disease was monitored by histopathology at 8 weeks after spirochaete challenge. Ear, heart, bladder, femoro-tibial joint, brain and spinal cord were examined. B. lusitaniae strain PotiB2 (6 of 10 mice) and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strain N40 (9 of 10 mice) induced similar lesions in the bladder of infected mice characterised as a multifocal, lymphoid, interstitial cystitis. Moreover, both B. lusitaniae PotiB2 and B. burdorferi N40 induced lesions in the heart of infected mice. The lesions induced by B. lusitaniae PotiB2 (2 of 10 mice) were characterised as a severe, necrotising endarteritis of the aorta, with a minimal, mixed inflammatory infiltrate (neutrophils, macrophages and lymphoid cells) extending into the adjacent myocardium. In contrast, B. burgdorferi N40 induced a periarteritis of the pulmonary artery (7 of 10 mice), with no involvement of the endothelium and more extensive inflammation and subsequent necrosis of the adjacent myocardium. This infiltrate was composed entirely of mononuclear cells, predominantly mature lymphocytes and plasma cells. No lesions were noted in the joints or central nervous system with inoculation of strains N40 or PotiB2, and co-inoculation of either strain with Ixodes ricinus salivary gland lysate did not affect the resulting pathology. Serology, examined 8 weeks after inoculation, indicated a different reactivity in mice infected with B. lusitaniae PotiB2 compared with B. burgdorferi N40. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that mice with lesions resulting from infection with B. lusitaniae PotiB2 reacted only to the flagellin protein (41 kDa) or to flagellin and OspC, whereas mice infected with B. burgdorferi N40 reacted with multiple high and low mol. wt proteins, including flagellin, p93, p39, OspA, OspB and OspC. These results indicate that B. lusitaniae PotiB2 induced pathology similar to B. burgdorferi N40 when inoculated into susceptible mice. Moreover, these results establish the first animal model of disease with B. lusitaniae. This mouse model can be used to characterise the immunopathogenesis of B. lusitaniae infection and to delineate the proteins responsible for disease induction in susceptible mice.  (+info)

Delayed toxicity of cyclophosphamide on the bladder of DBA/2 and C57BL/6 female mouse. (8/150)

The present study describes the delayed development of a severe bladder pathology in a susceptible strain of mice (DBA/2) but not in a resistant strain (C57BL/6) when both were treated with a single 300 mg/kg dose of cyclophosphamide (CY). Inbred DBA/2 and C57BL/6 female mice were injected with CY, and the effect of the drug on the bladder was assessed during 100 days by light microscopy using different staining procedures, and after 30 days by conventional electron microscopy. Early CY toxicity caused a typical haemorrhagic cystitis in both strains that was completely repaired in about 7-10 days. After 30 days of CY injection ulcerous and non-ulcerous forms of chronic cystitis appeared in 86% of DBA/2 mice but only in 4% of C57BL/6 mice. Delayed cystitis was characterized by infiltration and transepithelial passage into the lumen of inflammatory cells and by frequent exfoliation of the urothelium. Mast cells appeared in the connective and muscular layers of the bladder at a much higher number in DBA/2 mice than in C57BL/6 mice or untreated controls. Electron microscopy disclosed the absence of the typical discoidal vesicles normally present in the cytoplasm of surface cells. Instead, numerous abnormal vesicles containing one or several dark granules were observed in the cytoplasm of cells from all the epithelial layers. Delayed cystitis still persisted in DBA/2 mice 100 days after treatment. These results indicate that delayed toxicity of CY in female DBA/2 mice causes a bladder pathology that is not observed in C57BL/6 mice. This pathology resembles interstitial cystitis in humans and could perhaps be used as an animal model for studies on the disease.  (+info)

Cystitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bacterial infection. The infection can occur when bacteria from the digestive tract or skin enter the urinary tract through the urethra and travel up to the bladder. This condition is more common in women than men due to their shorter urethras, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.

Symptoms of cystitis may include a strong, frequent, or urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen or back. In some cases, there may be blood in the urine, fever, chills, or nausea and vomiting.

Cystitis can usually be treated with antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. Drinking plenty of water to flush out the bacteria and alleviating symptoms with over-the-counter pain medications may also help. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, wiping from front to back after using the toilet, urinating after sexual activity, and avoiding using douches or perfumes in the genital area.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) in the interstitium, the tissue and space around the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. The interstitium is where the blood vessels that deliver oxygen to the lungs are located. ILDs can be caused by a variety of factors, including environmental exposures, medications, connective tissue diseases, and autoimmune disorders.

The scarring and inflammation in ILDs can make it difficult for the lungs to expand and contract normally, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue. The scarring can also make it harder for oxygen to move from the air sacs into the bloodstream.

There are many different types of ILDs, including:

* Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): a type of ILD that is caused by unknown factors and tends to progress rapidly
* Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: an ILD that is caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled substances, such as mold or bird droppings
* Connective tissue diseases: ILDs can be a complication of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma
* Sarcoidosis: an inflammatory disorder that can affect multiple organs, including the lungs
* Asbestosis: an ILD caused by exposure to asbestos fibers

Treatment for ILDs depends on the specific type of disease and its underlying cause. Some treatments may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and oxygen therapy. In some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.

The urinary bladder is a muscular, hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine before it is released from the body. It expands as it fills with urine and contracts when emptying. The typical adult bladder can hold between 400 to 600 milliliters of urine for about 2-5 hours before the urge to urinate occurs. The wall of the bladder contains several layers, including a mucous membrane, a layer of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle), and an outer fibrous adventitia. The muscles of the bladder neck and urethra remain contracted to prevent leakage of urine during filling, and they relax during voiding to allow the urine to flow out through the urethra.

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder health condition characterized by recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder and the surrounding pelvic region. It is also known as painful bladder syndrome (PBS). The symptoms can vary from person to person and may include:

1. Pain or pressure in the bladder and pelvis
2. Frequent urination, often in small amounts
3. Urgent need to urinate
4. Persistent discomfort or pain, which may worsen with certain foods, menstruation, stress, or sexual activity

Interstitial cystitis is a complex and poorly understood condition, and its exact cause remains unknown. There is no known cure for IC, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These treatments may include lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, oral medications, bladder instillations, and nerve stimulation techniques. In some cases, surgery might be considered as a last resort.

It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you suspect you have interstitial cystitis for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan tailored to your specific needs.

Urinary bladder diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the urinary bladder, a muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine before it is excreted from the body. These diseases can impair the bladder's ability to store or empty urine properly, leading to various symptoms and complications. Here are some common urinary bladder diseases with their medical definitions:

1. Cystitis: This is an inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infections (known as UTI - Urinary Tract Infection). However, it can also be triggered by irritants, radiation therapy, or chemical exposure.
2. Overactive Bladder (OAB): A group of symptoms that include urgency, frequency, and, in some cases, urge incontinence. The bladder muscle contracts excessively, causing a strong, sudden desire to urinate.
3. Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS): A chronic bladder condition characterized by pain, pressure, or discomfort in the bladder and pelvic region, often accompanied by urinary frequency and urgency. Unlike cystitis, IC/BPS is not caused by infection, but its exact cause remains unknown.
4. Bladder Cancer: The abnormal growth of cancerous cells within the bladder lining or muscle. It can present as non-muscle-invasive (superficial) or muscle-invasive, depending on whether the tumor has grown into the bladder muscle.
5. Bladder Diverticula: Small sac-like pouches that form in the bladder lining and protrude outward through its wall. These may result from increased bladder pressure due to conditions like OAB or an enlarged prostate.
6. Neurogenic Bladder: A condition where nerve damage or dysfunction affects the bladder's ability to store or empty urine properly. This can lead to symptoms such as incontinence, urgency, and retention.
7. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Although not a bladder disease itself, BPH is a common condition in older men where the prostate gland enlarges, putting pressure on the bladder and urethra, leading to urinary symptoms like frequency, urgency, and hesitancy.

Understanding these various bladder conditions can help individuals identify potential issues early on and seek appropriate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICCs) are specialized cells found in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as in other organs such as the urinary and vascular systems. They play a crucial role in regulating the motility of the digestive system by acting as pacemakers and mediators of nerve impulses that control muscle contractions. ICCs have a unique morphology, characterized by numerous extensions and a large number of mitochondria, which allow them to generate electrical signals and communicate with surrounding cells. They are named after Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the Spanish histologist who first described these cells in the late 19th century.

Cystoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end (cystoscope) into the bladder through the urethra. This procedure allows healthcare professionals to examine the lining of the bladder and urethra for any abnormalities such as inflammation, tumors, or stones. Cystoscopy can be used for diagnostic purposes, as well as for therapeutic interventions like removing small bladder tumors or performing biopsies. It is typically performed under local or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and pain.

Pelvic pain is defined as discomfort or unpleasant sensation in the lower abdominal region, below the belly button, and between the hips. It can be acute (sudden and lasting for a short time) or chronic (persisting for months or even years), and it may be steady or intermittent, mild or severe. The pain can have various causes, including musculoskeletal issues, nerve irritation, infection, inflammation, or organic diseases in the reproductive, urinary, or gastrointestinal systems. Accurate diagnosis often requires a thorough medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Urothelium is the specialized type of epithelial tissue that lines the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It is a type of transitional epithelium that can change its shape and size depending on the degree of distension or stretching of the organs it lines.

The main function of urothelium is to provide a barrier against urine, which contains various waste products and potential irritants, while also allowing the exchange of ions and water. The urothelial cells are joined together by tight junctions that prevent the passage of substances through the paracellular space, and they also have the ability to transport ions and water through their cell membranes.

In addition to its barrier function, urothelium is also involved in sensory and immune functions. It contains specialized nerve endings that can detect mechanical and chemical stimuli, such as stretch or irritation, and it expresses various antimicrobial peptides and other defense mechanisms that help protect the urinary tract from infection.

Overall, urothelium plays a critical role in maintaining the health and function of the urinary tract, and its dysfunction has been implicated in various urinary tract disorders, such as interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and bladder cancer.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester" is not a recognized medical term or a substance used in medicine. It seems to be a non-existent term. You might have made a mistake while typing or it could be a specific chemical compound not related to medical field. If you meant "Pentosan Polysulfate," I can provide its definition:

Pentosan Polysulfate is a semi-synthetic drug with properties similar to heparin. It is used in the treatment of osteoarthritis and interstitial cystitis due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The chemical structure consists of a polyanionic, polydisperse molecule made up of repeating pentosan units linked by sulfuric ester bonds.

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the fluid that exists outside of the cells in the body. It makes up about 20-25% of the total body weight in a healthy adult. ECF can be further divided into two main components: interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid.

Interstitial fluid is the fluid that surrounds the cells and fills the spaces between them. It provides nutrients to the cells, removes waste products, and helps maintain a balanced environment around the cells.

Intravascular fluid, also known as plasma, is the fluid component of blood that circulates in the blood vessels. It carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, and helps regulate temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure.

Maintaining the proper balance of ECF is essential for normal bodily functions. Disruptions in this balance can lead to various medical conditions, such as dehydration, edema, and heart failure.

BK virus, also known as BK polyomavirus, is a type of virus that belongs to the Polyomaviridae family. It is named after the initials of a patient in whom the virus was first isolated. The BK virus is a common infection in humans and is typically acquired during childhood. After the initial infection, the virus remains dormant in the body, often found in the urinary tract and kidneys.

In immunocompetent individuals, the virus usually does not cause any significant problems. However, in people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have undergone organ transplantation or have HIV/AIDS, BK virus can lead to severe complications. One of the most common manifestations of BK virus infection in immunocompromised individuals is hemorrhagic cystitis, a condition characterized by inflammation and bleeding in the bladder. In transplant recipients, BK virus can also cause nephropathy, leading to kidney damage or even failure.

There is no specific treatment for BK virus infection, but antiviral medications may be used to help control the virus's replication in some cases. Maintaining a strong immune system and monitoring viral load through regular testing are essential strategies for managing BK virus infections in immunocompromised individuals.

Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that involves the renal pelvis and the kidney parenchyma. It's typically caused by bacterial invasion, often via the ascending route from the lower urinary tract. The most common causative agent is Escherichia coli (E. coli), but other bacteria such as Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas can also be responsible.

Acute pyelonephritis can lead to symptoms like fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and frequent or painful urination. If left untreated, it can potentially cause permanent kidney damage, sepsis, or other complications. Chronic pyelonephritis, on the other hand, is usually associated with underlying structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, urinalysis, and imaging studies, while treatment often consists of antibiotics tailored to the identified pathogen and the patient's overall health status.

Hematuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of blood in urine. It can be visible to the naked eye, which is called gross hematuria, or detected only under a microscope, known as microscopic hematuria. The blood in urine may come from any site along the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Hematuria can be a symptom of various medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, kidney disease, or cancer of the urinary tract. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if you notice blood in your urine to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.

Intravesical administration refers to the instillation of medication directly into the bladder through a catheter or other medical device. This method is often used to deliver treatments for various bladder conditions, such as interstitial cystitis, bladder cancer, and chronic bladder infections. The medication is held in the bladder for a specified period, usually ranging from a few minutes to several hours, before being urinated out. This allows the medication to come into close contact with the bladder lining, potentially enhancing its effectiveness while minimizing systemic side effects.

Polyomavirus infections refer to the infectious diseases caused by polyomaviruses, a type of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that are capable of infecting humans and animals. There are several different types of polyomaviruses that can cause infection, including JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV), KI virus (KIV), WU virus (WUV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV).

Infection with these viruses typically occurs during childhood and is usually asymptomatic or associated with mild respiratory illness. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients, polyomavirus infections can lead to more serious complications, including nephropathy (BKV), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (JCV), and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCPyV).

Diagnosis of polyomavirus infections typically involves the detection of viral DNA or antigens in clinical samples, such as blood, urine, or tissue biopsies. Treatment is generally supportive and aimed at managing symptoms, although antiviral therapy may be used in some cases. Prevention strategies include good hygiene practices and avoiding close contact with individuals who are known to be infected.

Urine is a physiological excretory product that is primarily composed of water, urea, and various ions (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and others) that are the byproducts of protein metabolism. It also contains small amounts of other substances like uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and various organic compounds. Urine is produced by the kidneys through a process called urination or micturition, where it is filtered from the blood and then stored in the bladder until it is excreted from the body through the urethra. The color, volume, and composition of urine can provide important diagnostic information about various medical conditions.

Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, typically bacteria, in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, resulting in infection and inflammation. The majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, but other organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus can also cause UTIs.

UTIs can be classified into two types based on the location of the infection:

1. Lower UTI or bladder infection (cystitis): This type of UTI affects the bladder and urethra. Symptoms may include a frequent and urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.

2. Upper UTI or kidney infection (pyelonephritis): This type of UTI affects the kidneys and can be more severe than a bladder infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the flanks or back.

UTIs are more common in women than men due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Other risk factors for UTIs include sexual activity, use of diaphragms or spermicides, urinary catheterization, diabetes, and weakened immune systems.

UTIs are typically diagnosed through a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the causative organism and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan may be necessary to evaluate for any underlying abnormalities in the urinary tract.

Vulvodynia is a chronic pain condition that affects the vulva, which is the external female genital area. The main symptom is persistent, often burning or irritating pain without an identifiable cause. Some women may experience pain only when the area is touched (provoked vulvodynia), while others have constant pain (unprovoked vulvodynia).

The pain can significantly affect a woman's quality of life, making everyday activities like sitting, wearing tight clothes, or having sex uncomfortable or even unbearable. The exact cause of vulvodynia is not known, but it may be associated with nerve damage or irritation, hormonal changes, muscle spasms, allergies, or past genital infections. Treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach and can include medication, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, and counseling.

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are a group of rare lung diseases with no known cause, characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue. The term "idiopathic" means that the cause is unknown, and "interstitial" refers to the spaces between the air sacs in the lungs where the inflammation and scarring occur.

IIPs are classified into several subtypes based on their clinical, radiological, and pathological features. These include:

1. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): This is the most common and aggressive form of IIP, characterized by progressive scarring of the lung tissue, which leads to difficulty breathing and decreased lung function over time.
2. Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP): This subtype is characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis in the lung tissue. NSIP can be idiopathic or associated with connective tissue diseases.
3. Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Interstitial Lung Disease (RB-ILD): This subtype primarily affects smokers and is characterized by inflammation of the small airways and surrounding lung tissue.
4. Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP): This subtype is also more common in smokers and is characterized by accumulation of pigmented macrophages in the lung tissue.
5. Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP): This subtype is characterized by the formation of fibrous masses in the small airways and alveoli, leading to cough and shortness of breath.
6. Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP)/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): This subtype is a severe form of IIP that can rapidly progress to respiratory failure and requires immediate medical attention.

The diagnosis of IIPs typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and lung biopsy. Treatment options may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and oxygen therapy, depending on the severity and subtype of the disease.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a specific type of lung disease that results from the thickening and scarring of the lung tissues, particularly those in the alveoli (air sacs) and interstitium (the space around the air sacs). This scarring makes it harder for the lungs to properly expand and transfer oxygen into the bloodstream, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and eventually respiratory failure. The exact cause of pulmonary fibrosis can vary, with some cases being idiopathic (without a known cause) or related to environmental factors, medications, medical conditions, or genetic predisposition.

Anti-infective agents for the urinary tract are medications used to prevent or treat infections caused by microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses) in the urinary system. These agents can be administered locally (for example, via catheter instillation) or systemically (orally or intravenously).

Common classes of anti-infective agents used for urinary tract infections include:

1. Antibiotics: These are the most commonly prescribed class of anti-infectives for urinary tract infections. They target and kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria responsible for the infection. Common antibiotics used for this purpose include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and fosfomycin.
2. Antifungals: These medications are used to treat fungal urinary tract infections (UTIs). Common antifungal agents include fluconazole, amphotericin B, and nystatin.
3. Antivirals: Although rare, viral UTIs can occur, and antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat them. Examples of antiviral agents used for urinary tract infections include acyclovir and valacyclovir.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment for any suspected urinary tract infection. Improper use or misuse of anti-infective agents can lead to antibiotic resistance, making future treatments more challenging.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a urological condition characterized by the involuntary contraction of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder, leading to symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and nocturia (the need to wake up at night to urinate), with or without urge incontinence (the involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong desire to void). It is important to note that OAB is not necessarily related to bladder volume or age-related changes, and it can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. The exact cause of OAB is not fully understood, but it may be associated with neurological disorders, certain medications, infections, or other underlying medical conditions. Treatment options for OAB include behavioral modifications, pelvic floor exercises, bladder training, medications, and, in some cases, surgical interventions.

Mesna is a medication used in the prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis (inflammation and bleeding of the bladder) caused by certain chemotherapy drugs, specifically ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide. Mesna works by neutralizing the toxic metabolites of these chemotherapy agents, which can cause bladder irritation and damage.

Mesna is administered intravenously (into a vein) along with ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide, and it may also be given as a separate infusion after the chemotherapy treatment. The dosage and timing of Mesna administration are determined by the healthcare provider based on the patient's weight, kidney function, and the dose of chemotherapy received.

It is important to note that Mesna does not have any direct anticancer effects and is used solely to manage the side effects of chemotherapy.

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent, which is a type of chemotherapy medication. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. This helps to stop the spread of cancer in the body. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer. It can be given orally as a tablet or intravenously as an injection.

Cyclophosphamide can also have immunosuppressive effects, which means it can suppress the activity of the immune system. This makes it useful in treating certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. However, this immunosuppression can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects.

Like all chemotherapy medications, cyclophosphamide can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. It is important for patients receiving cyclophosphamide to be closely monitored by their healthcare team to manage these side effects and ensure the medication is working effectively.

The extracellular space is the region outside of cells within a tissue or organ, where various biological molecules and ions exist in a fluid medium. This space is filled with extracellular matrix (ECM), which includes proteins like collagen and elastin, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans that provide structural support and biochemical cues to surrounding cells. The ECM also contains various ions, nutrients, waste products, signaling molecules, and growth factors that play crucial roles in cell-cell communication, tissue homeostasis, and regulation of cell behavior. Additionally, the extracellular space includes the interstitial fluid, which is the fluid component of the ECM, and the lymphatic and vascular systems, through which cells exchange nutrients, waste products, and signaling molecules with the rest of the body. Overall, the extracellular space is a complex and dynamic microenvironment that plays essential roles in maintaining tissue structure, function, and homeostasis.

Acrolein is an unsaturated aldehyde with the chemical formula CH2CHCHO. It is a colorless liquid that has a distinct unpleasant odor and is highly reactive. Acrolein is produced by the partial oxidation of certain organic compounds, such as glycerol and fatty acids, and it is also found in small amounts in some foods, such as coffee and bread.

Acrolein is a potent irritant to the eyes, nose, and throat, and exposure to high levels can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It has been shown to have toxic effects on the lungs, heart, and nervous system, and prolonged exposure has been linked to an increased risk of cancer.

In the medical field, acrolein is sometimes used as a laboratory reagent or as a preservative for biological specimens. However, due to its potential health hazards, it must be handled with care and appropriate safety precautions should be taken when working with this compound.

Pyelitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the renal pelvis, which is the part of the kidney where urine collects before flowing into the ureter. Pyelitis can occur as a result of a bacterial infection, and it is often associated with pyelonephritis, which is an inflammation of the kidney tissue itself.

The symptoms of pyelitis may include fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and frequent or painful urination. The condition can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including urinalysis, urine culture, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the underlying infection, as well as supportive care to manage any symptoms.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience symptoms of pyelitis, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications, including kidney damage and sepsis.

Fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by the excessive accumulation and/or altered deposition of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen, in various tissues and organs. This results in the formation of fibrous scar tissue that can impair organ function and structure. Fibrosis can occur as a result of chronic inflammation, tissue injury, or abnormal repair mechanisms, and it is a common feature of many diseases, including liver cirrhosis, lung fibrosis, heart failure, and kidney disease.

In medical terms, fibrosis is defined as:

"The process of producing scar tissue (consisting of collagen) in response to injury or chronic inflammation in normal connective tissue. This can lead to the thickening and stiffening of affected tissues and organs, impairing their function."

Uroplakin III is a protein that is a component of urothelial plaques, which are specialized structures found on the surface of urothelial cells in the urinary bladder. Urothelial plaques play an important role in maintaining the barrier function and permeability properties of the urothelium.

Uroplakin III is a member of the uroplakin family of proteins, which includes UPIa, UPII, UPIII, and UPIIIA. These proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the Golgi apparatus, where they form heterodimers that are then transported to the plasma membrane. At the plasma membrane, the heterodimers assemble into larger complexes called urothelial plaques.

Uroplakin III is a transmembrane protein with a molecular weight of approximately 27 kDa. It has been shown to play a role in the formation and stability of urothelial plaques, as well as in the regulation of ion transport across the urothelium. Mutations in the gene encoding Uroplakin III have been associated with certain bladder diseases, including interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and bladder cancer.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are a subgroup of E. coli bacteria that have developed the ability to cause urinary tract infections (UTIs). These infections can affect any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UPEC are responsible for the majority of uncomplicated UTIs in otherwise healthy individuals.

UPEC possess various virulence factors that allow them to adhere to and colonize the urinary tract, evade host immune responses, and cause tissue damage. Some of these virulence factors include fimbriae, which are hair-like structures that help the bacteria attach to host cells; toxins such as hemolysin, which can damage host cells; and polysaccharide capsules, which protect the bacteria from phagocytosis by host immune cells.

UPEC can cause a range of UTI symptoms, including frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, strong-smelling or cloudy urine, and fever. If left untreated, UTIs caused by UPEC can lead to more serious complications, such as kidney damage or bloodstream infections. Treatment typically involves antibiotics that are effective against UPEC, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, or fluoroquinolones. However, the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance among UPEC isolates is a growing concern and highlights the need for ongoing research into new treatment strategies.

Nitrofurantoin is an antibacterial medication used to treat urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of bacteria. According to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of the National Library of Medicine, its medical definition is: "Antibacterial agent with nitrofuran ring and furazan moiety. It is used to treat urinary tract infections and is also used for prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections."

Nitrofurantoin works by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis, leading to bacterial death. It is typically administered orally and is available under various brand names, such as Macrobid® and Furadantin®. The medication is generally well-tolerated; however, potential side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain), headaches, dizziness, and pulmonary reactions. Rare but severe adverse events include peripheral neuropathy and hepatotoxicity.

It is essential to note that nitrofurantoin's effectiveness depends on the susceptibility of the infecting bacteria, and resistance has been reported in some cases. Therefore, it is crucial to consider local resistance patterns when prescribing this antibiotic.

Uroplakin II is a type of protein that is a component of the urothelium, which is the tissue that lines the urinary tract. Specifically, uroplakins are part of the asymmetric unit membrane (AUM) of the urothelial plaques, which are specialized structures on the apical surface of the urothelium. These plaques help to provide a barrier function and protect the underlying tissues from various harmful substances in the urine. Uroplakin II is a transmembrane protein that forms heterodimers with other uroplakins, such as uroplakin Ib, to create the building blocks of the urothelial plaques.

Urination, also known as micturition, is the physiological process of excreting urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra. It is a complex process that involves several systems in the body, including the urinary system, nervous system, and muscular system.

In medical terms, urination is defined as the voluntary or involuntary discharge of urine from the urethra, which is the final pathway for the elimination of waste products from the body. The process is regulated by a complex interplay between the detrusor muscle of the bladder, the internal and external sphincters of the urethra, and the nervous system.

During urination, the detrusor muscle contracts, causing the bladder to empty, while the sphincters relax to allow the urine to flow through the urethra and out of the body. The nervous system plays a crucial role in coordinating these actions, with sensory receptors in the bladder sending signals to the brain when it is time to urinate.

Urination is essential for maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body, as well as eliminating waste products such as urea, creatinine, and other metabolic byproducts. Abnormalities in urination can indicate underlying medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.

Prostatitis is a medical condition that refers to inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be caused by bacterial or non-bacterial factors. It can present with various symptoms such as pain in the lower abdomen, pelvis, or genital area, difficulty and/or painful urination, ejaculation pain, and flu-like symptoms. Prostatitis can be acute or chronic, and it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterium E. coli, which can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific strain and site of infection. The majority of E. coli strains are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals. However, some strains, particularly those that produce Shiga toxins, can cause severe illness.

E. coli infections can occur through various routes, including contaminated food or water, person-to-person contact, or direct contact with animals or their environments. Common symptoms of E. coli infections include diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur, which may lead to kidney failure and other long-term health problems.

Preventing E. coli infections involves practicing good hygiene, cooking meats thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of food during preparation, washing fruits and vegetables before eating, and avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and juices. Prompt medical attention is necessary if symptoms of an E. coli infection are suspected to prevent potential complications.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

A medical definition of an ulcer is:

A lesion on the skin or mucous membrane characterized by disintegration of surface epithelium, inflammation, and is associated with the loss of substance below the normal lining. Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are types of peptic ulcers that occur in the gastrointestinal tract.

Another type of ulcer is a venous ulcer, which occurs when there is reduced blood flow from vein insufficiency, usually in the lower leg. This can cause skin damage and lead to an open sore or ulcer.

There are other types of ulcers as well, including decubitus ulcers (also known as pressure sores or bedsores), which are caused by prolonged pressure on the skin.

Bacteriuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine. The condition can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and it can occur in various populations, including hospitalized patients, pregnant women, and individuals with underlying urologic abnormalities.

There are different types of bacteriuria, including:

1. Significant bacteriuria: This refers to the presence of a large number of bacteria in the urine (usually greater than 100,000 colony-forming units per milliliter or CFU/mL) and is often associated with urinary tract infection (UTI).
2. Contaminant bacteriuria: This occurs when bacteria from the skin or external environment enter the urine sample during collection, leading to a small number of bacteria present in the urine.
3. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: This refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine without any symptoms of UTI. It is more common in older adults, pregnant women, and individuals with diabetes or other underlying medical conditions.

The diagnosis of bacteriuria typically involves a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the type and quantity of bacteria present in the urine. Treatment depends on the type and severity of bacteriuria and may involve antibiotics to eliminate the infection. However, asymptomatic bacteriuria often does not require treatment unless it occurs in pregnant women or individuals undergoing urologic procedures.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Originally called interstitial cystitis, this disorder was renamed to interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) in ... "Epidemiology of Interstitial Cystitis". In Sant, Grannum R. (ed.). Interstitial Cystitis. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. pp. 9 ... while the Multinational Interstitial Cystitis Association have labeled it as painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis ( ... Interstitial cystitis at Curlie Parsons, J. Kellogg; Parsons, C. Lowell (2004). "The Historical Origins of Interstitial ...
Interstitial cystitis refers to a condition in which the bladder is infected due to a cause that is not bacteria. Frequent ... "Interstitial cystitis". Mayo Clinic. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2020. Glass, Cheryl, A.; Gunter, Debbie (2017). Glass ... Cystitis refers to infection or inflammation of the bladder. It commonly occurs as part of a urinary tract infection. In adults ... Alpha blocker Cystitis glandularis UPK1B Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2016). Medical Physiology. Elsevier Health ...
Interstitial cystitis. Regular scuba diving. The temporomandibular joints are the dual articulation of the mandible with the ... interstitial cystitis, headache, chronic lower back pain and chronic neck pain. These disorders have also been theorized to be ...
"Bladder retraining". Interstitial Cystitis Association. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018. " ...
... (FIC) or feline interstitial cystitis or cystitis in cats, is one of the most frequently observed ... Wooten S. "Feline interstitial cystitis: It's not about the bladder". DVM 360. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. ... "Cystistat® for your interstitial cystitis" (PDF). Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust. Retrieved 15 October 2020. "Bladder ... While the catheter is in place, intravesical instillation (which is also used to treat human interstitial cystitis) may also be ...
Interstitial cystitis=autoimmune cyatitis? Interstitial as a participating disease in lupus erythematosus]". Zeitschrift für ...
Other chronic disorders: Interstitial cystitis may be associated with other chronic pain syndromes, such as irritable bowel ... "Interstitial cystitis: Risk factors". Mayo Clinic. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Ford AC, ...
Patients with interstitial cystitis may find relief by modifying their diet to remove foods and beverages that trigger symptoms ... Hunner's ulcers or Hunner's lesions occur in 5 to 10 percent of people who have the bladder disease interstitial cystitis. They ... Glomerulation Persu, C; Cauni, V; Gutue, S; Blaj, I; Jinga, V; Geavlete, P (2010). "From interstitial cystitis to chronic ... Histological changes in interstitial cystitis. International Urogynecology Journal, Volume 4, Number 4, 1993, 246-249. doi: ...
Domingue GJ, Ghoniem GM, Bost KL, Fermin C, Human LG (April 1995). "Dormant microbes in interstitial cystitis". The Journal of ... and interstitial cystitis. He also speculated about their role in other diseases such as rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, ...
"Is interstitial cystitis an allergic disorder?: A case of interstitial cystitis treated successfully with anti-IgE". Int. J. ... interstitial cystitis, nasal polyps, and idiopathic angioedema. Several groups have reported clinical trial results that ... in the blood and interstitial fluid and to the membrane-bound form of IgE (mIgE) on the surface of mIgE-expressing B ...
Urology: treatment of chronic prostatitis, interstitial cystitis. Pulmonology and phthisiology: treatment of pneumosclerosis, ...
Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a type of chronic pain that affects the bladder. ... "Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome fact sheet". OWH. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. ... "Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: AUA guideline amendment". The Journal of Urology. 193 ( ... When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection (cystitis) and when it affects the upper urinary ...
p. 663 "What is Interstitial Cystitis (IC)?". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 9, 2016. ... The most common causes of frequent urination are:[citation needed] interstitial cystitis urinary tract infection enlarged ...
Colemeadow J, Sahai A, Malde S (2020). "Clinical Management of Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis: A Review on Current ... Giusto LL, Zahner PM, Shoskes DA (July 2018). "An evaluation of the pharmacotherapy for interstitial cystitis". Expert Opin ...
... or interstitial cystitis; urinary blockage such as from prostate enlargement, stricture, or narrowing of the urinary tract; ...
Myers suffered from interstitial cystitis throughout her career. She was awarded the 1997 Heather Farr Player Award by the LPGA ...
Interstitial cystitis Prostatitis Hamilton-Miller JM (May 1994). "The urethral syndrome and its management". J. Antimicrob. ...
Bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis) and related disorders". In Atala, Anthony (ed.). Bladder Disease: Research ...
Interstitial cystitis (IC) a type of painful bladder syndrome is a chronic disease of the bladder that causes feelings of ... "What is Interstitial Cystitis(IC)/Bladder Pain Syndrome? - Urology Care Foundation". www.urologyhealth.org. Retrieved 2021-07- ... "Increased bladder permeability in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome". Translational Andrology and Urology. 4 (5): ...
Bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis) and related disorders". Bladder Disease: Research Concepts and Clinical ...
... interstitial cystitis, endometriosis in women. There are many anatomical variations of the pelvis. In the female the pelvis can ...
contribute to etiologies such as interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Ureaplasma spp. are associated with ...
Eardley, I; Whelan, P; Kirby, R; Schaeffer, A. "Drugs Used In The Treatment Of Interstitial Cystitis". Drug Treatment in ...
Is there an association between vulvodynia and interstitial cystitis?". Obstetrics & Gynecology. The American College of ...
Martin has spoken about her struggle with interstitial cystitis. Schulz, Sarah (November 25, 2019). "'Dynasty': Meet Pamela Sue ...
In 1978, the US FDA approved DMSO for treating interstitial cystitis. In 1980, the US Congress held hearings on claims that the ... has approved its use only for the symptomatic relief of patients with interstitial cystitis. A 1978 study concluded that DMSO ...
Homma, Yukio (2019). "Interstitial cystitis, bladder pain syndrome, hypersensitive bladder, and interstitial cystitis/bladder ... In relation to interstitial cystitis, when noxious stimuli are present, it causes injury to the bladder mucosa resulting in ... Interstitial cystitis (IC)/ bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is associated with chronic pelvic pain, pressure and discomfort within ... Interstitial cystitis may also induce angiogenic factors including VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and PD-ECGF ( ...
Resiniferatoxin (RTX), a naturally occurring capsaicin analog, designed to treat interstitial cystitis. IC485, a PDE4 inhibitor ... interstitial cystitis, psoriasis, hemorrhagic shock, sexual dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, rheumatoid arthritis, ... Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of RTX Topical Solution in Patients With Interstitial Cystitis". ...
UCPPS specifically refers to chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) in men and interstitial cystitis or ... Common causes in include: endometriosis in women, bowel adhesions, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis. The ... "Innovative Approach for Interstitial Cystitis: Vaginal Pessaries Loaded Diazepam-A Preliminary Study". Journal of Pharmaceutics ...
"Pharmacologic attenuation of pelvic pain in a murine model of interstitial cystitis". BMC Urology. 9: 16. doi:10.1186/1471-2490 ... expression of histamine receptors in the bladder wall tissues of patients with bladder pain syndrome/Interstitial cystitis - ... Histamine can cause bladder inflammation and contribute to the symptoms of such bladder diseases as cystitis (inflammation of ... There is limited research that histamine H2 receptor antagonists can potentially alleviate symptoms of cystitis or painful ...
Originally called interstitial cystitis, this disorder was renamed to interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) in ... "Epidemiology of Interstitial Cystitis". In Sant, Grannum R. (ed.). Interstitial Cystitis. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. pp. 9 ... while the Multinational Interstitial Cystitis Association have labeled it as painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis ( ... Interstitial cystitis at Curlie Parsons, J. Kellogg; Parsons, C. Lowell (2004). "The Historical Origins of Interstitial ...
Interstitial Cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder condition resulting in recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder or ... Interstitial Cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder condition resulting in recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder or ...
... you may be dealing with Interstitial cystitis (IC). Read more about it ... Interstitial Cystitis (American Academy of Family Physicians) Also in Spanish * Interstitial Cystitis (Mayo Foundation for ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Cystitis (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Cystitis, Interstitial (National Institutes ... Diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) Also in Spanish ...
Interstitial cystitis has no clear etiology or pathophysiology, and diagnostic criteria for the syndrome remain undefined. ... Interstitial cystitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by daytime and nighttime urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain ... The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis revisited: lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Interstitial Cystitis ... encoded search term (Interstitial Cystitis) and Interstitial Cystitis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
One potential problem may be interstitial cystitis (IC; its also called painful bladder syndrome), a chronic, incurable ... One of the most common medical problems women face is a bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) known as cystitis that can ... And while its unclear whether treating cystitis will protect you from IC, the possibility of a link should motivate women to ... Researchers at the University of Maryland found that 18 to 36 percent of 313 women had bacterial cystitis infections the day ...
Interstitial cystitis and endometriosis are common causes of pelvic pain. Learn the symptoms of each and the odds of them ... Interstitial cystitis. (n.d.).. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/interstitial. *. Interstitial cystitis (painful bladder ... Looking to reduce the uncomfortable symptoms of interstitial cystitis? This article explores how to follow the interstitial ... Bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis). (2022).. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/interstitial-cystitis/. ...
Interstitial cystitis has no clear etiology or pathophysiology, and diagnostic criteria for the syndrome remain undefined. ... Interstitial cystitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by daytime and nighttime urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain ... The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis revisited: lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Interstitial Cystitis ... encoded search term (Interstitial Cystitis) and Interstitial Cystitis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
This is also known as painful bladder syndrome. IC is a chronic condition that can cause increased frequency of urination, urgency, and pain/pressure in bladder. Chronic pain can cause spasms of pelvic floor muscles. PT can help control pain, teach relaxation techniques, educate patient on timing voids during the day, and teach healthy bladder habits.
Interstitial cystitis happens when the walls of the bladder become swollen. This causes an urgent need to urinate, pain or ... A randomized double-blind trial of oral L-arginine for treatment of interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 1999;161(2):558-565. ... Treatment of bladder pain syndrome and interstitial cystitis: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2016 May;27(5):697-708. ... Guided imagery for women with interstitial cystitis: results of a prospective, randomized controlled pilot study. J Altern ...
Editors Commentary - Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: What do patients mean by "perceived" bladder pain? March ... Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis - Abstract March 7, 2011 Caveolin-1 may participate in the pathogenesis of ... Proof of concept trial of tanezumab for the treatment of symptoms associated with interstitial cystitis - Abstract April 28, ... Treatment of interstitial cystitis by intravesical instillation of hyaluronic acid: A prospective study on 31 patients - ...
Hunner ulcer seen in interstitial cystitis by cystoscopy.[1][2]. Interstitial cystitis (IC), also called bladder pain syndrome ... "Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome fact sheet". OWH. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. ... "From interstitial cystitis to chronic pelvic pain". Journal of Medicine and Life. 3 (2): 167-74. PMC 3019050. PMID 20968203.. ... Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstitial_cystitis&oldid=8804872" ...
Interstitial cystitis (in-ter-stish-uhl sĭ-stītĭs), or as we call it, IC, is a condition that consists of recurring pelvic ... Interstitial cystitis (in-ter-stish-uhl sĭ-stītĭs), or as we call it, IC, is a condition that consists of recurring pelvic ... ICA advocates for interstitial cystitis (IC) research dedicated to discovery of a cure and better treatments, raises awareness ... ICA advocates for interstitial cystitis (IC) research dedicated to discovery of a cure and better treatments, raises awareness ...
Interstitial cystitis (in-ter-stish-uhl sĭ-stītĭs), or as we call it, IC, is a condition that consists of recurring pelvic ... Interstitial cystitis (in-ter-stish-uhl sĭ-stītĭs), or as we call it, IC, is a condition that consists of recurring pelvic ... Interstitial cystitis (in-ter-stish-uhl sĭ-stītĭs), or as we call it, IC, is a condition that consists of recurring pelvic ... ICA advocates for interstitial cystitis (IC) research dedicated to discovery of a cure and better treatments, raises awareness ...
... Neurourol Urodyn. ... Objective: Previous studies have suggested an association between bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) and ...
Find out if you can get Social Security Disability benefits based on interstitial cystitis. ... Disabling Symptoms of Interstitial Cystitis. Specific symptoms that affect those with IC include pain in the pelvis, pain ... Interstitial cystitis (IC), often called painful bladder syndrome, is chronic inflammation of the wall of the bladder. The pain ... Interstitial cystitis doesnt have a specific disability listing in Social Securitys listing of impairments (the "blue book ...
Interstitial Cystitis - Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS). The medical term syndrome is defined as a set of problems observed in ... Interstitial Cystitis (IS) is a rare and more severe form of Bladder Pain Syndrome. BPS and IC are more common in women ... The diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis presupposes that we have first excluded any other pathological condition originating ... Almost half of women with Interstitial Cystitis, suffer from depression due to the above problem. ...
The ICN is the largest IC support group in the world, providing patient educational materials, 24/7 support forum, the latest IC research, physician listings, subscriptions, newsletters, guest lectures, clinical trials, drug glossary and much more.
I am interested to know if anyone who suffers from Interstitial Cystitis also has Endometriosis, or if anyone has been ... Filed Under: Interstitial Cystitis Tagged With: endometriosis, Interstitial Cystitis Reader Interactions. Comments. * free@last ... Interstitial Cystitis or Endometriosis?. 48 Comments I am interested to know if anyone who suffers from Interstitial Cystitis ... You are here: Home / Chronic Illnesses / Interstitial Cystitis / Interstitial Cystitis or Endometriosis? ...
Interstitial Cystitis (IC) refers to an uncomfortable and annoying inflammatory condition of the bladder. The classic symptoms ... Interstitial Cystitis. Interstitial Cystitis (IC) refers to an uncomfortable and annoying inflammatory condition of the bladder ... Angela Kilmartin, authour of The Patients Encyclopedia of Urinary Tract Infection, Sexual Cystitis and Interstitial Cystitis] ... Sexual Cystitis and Interstitial Cystitis. Her website details what she believes to be the cause of this and other bladder ...
An estimated 50 to 60% of women will experience a UTI. Throw in the increased risk of infection when catheterized, having a bladder instillation or cystoscopy with hydrodistention, IC patients may be at more risk of UTI.
Replied by sara.anne on topic Re: Cystoscopy: interstitial cystitis? Welcome!! I moved your post to a new thread since the once ... Re: Cystoscopy: interstitial cystitis? was created by dana4deb First time here and appreciating the information, thank you. 70- ... It is cystitis (which just means irritation of the bladder) and, unfortunately, it can take a long time to heal. It is most ... Urologist says its cystitis, that some TURBT/Mitomycin patients have inflammation for over a year, but offered a biopsy if I ...
... one of the pit stops was an interstitial cystitis (IC) diagnosis. ... Interstitial Cystitis, Medical Gaslighting, and "Hysteric" Women: Hannah Georges Endo Story by * Endofound Org, ... In my long, painful road to discovering and treating my endometriosis, one of the pit stops was an interstitial cystitis (IC) ... Still others with interstitial cystitis, endometriosis "evil twin," have been told to "relax and have a glass of wine," or ...
A new clinical trial for Interstitial Cystitis studying the effectiveness of the new product, Uracyst, for its safety and ... You are here: Home / Chronic Illnesses / Interstitial Cystitis / Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trial Recruiting ... Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Trial Recruiting. 3 Comments A new clinical trial for Interstitial Cystitis studying the ... Filed Under: Interstitial Cystitis Tagged With: Interstitial Cystitis Reader Interactions. Comments. * Brenda Scholtz says ...
Feline interstitial cystitis (FIC) has been frustrating veterinarians for many years. While FIC is the most common diagnosis in ... Feline interstitial cystitis (FIC) has been frustrating veterinarians for many years. While FIC is the most common diagnosis in ... Interstitial Cystitis Is an Enigma. Potential causes vary, and stress is likely a factor. By ... it is crucial that owners have their pets examined by their veterinarians when they are having an episode or flare of cystitis ...
What is interstitial cystitis and bladder pain syndrome? Learn more about the symptoms, causes, nutrients and diet support. ... 1 What is Interstitial Cystitis and Bladder Pain Syndrome? Summary and Quick Facts *Interstitial cystitis, sometimes called ... Homma Y. Interstitial cystitis, bladder pain syndrome, hypersensitive bladder, and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome ... 2 What Causes Interstitial Cystitis and Bladder Pain Syndrome? Figure 2. Diagram showing layers of the bladder. Credit: Cancer ...
Interstitial cystitis and bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) presents with symptoms of debilitating bladder pain and is typically a ... Temporally complex inflammatory networks in an animal model reveal signatures for interstitial cystitis and bladder pain ... Temporally complex inflammatory networks in an animal model reveal signatures for interstitial cystitis and bladder pain ...
Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis response to nerve blocks and trigger point injections. ... Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC) is a debilitating condition characterised by bladder/pelvic pain and ...
SeptemberPatients with interstitial cystitis experience an unpleasant sensation (pain, pressure, discomfort) perceived to be ... Interstitial Cystitis Awareness. Awareness Color: Teal. Awareness Month/Day(s): September. Patients with interstitial cystitis ... Home > BY CAUSE TYPE > Interstitial Cystitis Awareness. ... Interstitial Cystitis Awareness Ribbon Magnet. As Low As: $2.95 ...
Does Pyridium help interstitial cystitis?. Does Pyridium help interstitial cystitis?. Pyridium has an average rating of 8.0 out ... Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of interstitial cystitis.. Are cranberry pills good for interstitial cystitis?. ... Are eggs bad for interstitial cystitis?. Eggs. Also rich in protein, eggs are on several lists as one of the "least bothersome ... Does Vitamin D Help interstitial cystitis?. Conclusion: Vitamin D may have a beneficial role in IC. Calcitriol is best used for ...
Interstitial Cystitis Awareness Month Interstitial Cystitis Awareness Month is observed in September. According to the ... Interstitial Cystitis Awareness Month Interstitial Cystitis Awareness Month is observed in September. According to the ... Interstitial Cystitis Awareness Month calls attention to this condition that is not well known by many. Also known as Bladder… ... Interstitial Cystitis Awareness Month calls attention to this condition that is not well known by many. Also known as Bladder… ...
  • There is no cure for interstitial cystitis and management of this condition can be challenging. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is no cure for interstitial cystitis nor is there a single treatment which can eradicate symptoms of the condition entirely. (alternative-medicine-clinics.com)
  • There is no cure for interstitial cystitis and the prognosis is variable. (green-infos.com)
  • There's currently no cure for interstitial cystitis but the symptoms can be managed with some lifestyle changes, therapies, and treatments. (zavamed.com)
  • There is no easy cure for interstitial cystitis . (urology-clinics.com)
  • The International Continence Society has coined the term painful bladder syndrome (suprapubic pain with bladder filling associated with increased daytime and nighttime frequency, in the absence of proven urinary infection or other obvious pathology) and reserves the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis for patients with characteristic cystoscopic and histologic features of the condition. (medscape.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis is a painful disorder affecting your bladder. (healthline.com)
  • Randomized multicenter clinical trial of myofascial physical therapy in women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and pelvic floor tenderness. (epnet.com)
  • Editor's Commentary - Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: What do patients mean by "perceived" bladder pain? (urotoday.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis (IC), often called painful bladder syndrome, is chronic inflammation of the wall of the bladder. (disabilitysecrets.com)
  • In my long, painful road to discovering and treating my endometriosis, one of the pit stops was an interstitial cystitis (IC) diagnosis. (endofound.org)
  • Interstitial cystitis (IC), also referred to as painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the bladder characterized by urinary urgency, frequency, and chronic pelvic pain. (alternative-medicine-clinics.com)
  • Sexual intercourse may become uncomfortable or even painful as a result of interstitial cystitis. (wise-geek.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic, painful, debilitating bladder disorder which predominantly affects women. (psu.edu)
  • Interstitial cystitis (IC), also called painful bladder syndrome, is a complex bladder pain condition that can be confusing, frustrating, and debilitating. (mypfm.com)
  • Painful bladder syndrome , known medically as interstitial cystitis , is a problem that many men and women deal with. (urology-clinics.com)
  • As the name implies, the most common symptom of interstitial cystitis is a painful bladder . (urology-clinics.com)
  • Dealing with painful interstitial cystitis can lead to many long-term problems, including depression , reduced quality of life and more. (urology-clinics.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis is part of a broader range of conditions referred to as painful bladder syndrome. (urologic-specialists.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis (bladder pain syndrome, Hunner ulcer) is a painful bladder disease characterized by chronic urinary urgency, frequency, and pain without evidence of bacterial infection. (medscape.com)
  • The Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network has been conducting collaborative research on urological chronic pelvic pain disorders-specifically, interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis is most often made when long-standing urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain exist in the absence of a readily identifiable etiology, such as urinary tract infection (UTI). (medscape.com)
  • However, these assays are currently used primarily for research purposes and do not have a defined role in the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. (medscape.com)
  • Cystoscopy, with bladder overdistention, is performed to help exclude other causes of symptoms suggestive of interstitial cystitis and to provide evidence for the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis presupposes that we have first excluded any other pathological condition originating from pelvic organs, i.e. urological, gynecological or intestinal disease. (imop.gr)
  • The results indicate that biopsies are useful as an aid in the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. (nebraska.edu)
  • Cystoscopy is considered by some clinicians to be mandatory in order to diagnose interstitial cystitis However, this is somewhat controversial because of the lack of specific or pathognomonic findings (except perhaps the very rare finding of a Hunner ulcer). (medscape.com)
  • Aside from a thorough history and physical examination, cystoscopy is described as the most important diagnostic tool for assessing a patient who may have interstitial cystitis. (medscape.com)
  • In general, cystoscopy is performed while the patient is under anesthesia in order to provide sufficient distention to examine for coexisting urethral and bladder pathology (eg, transitional cell carcinoma) and features of interstitial cystitis, such as Hunner ulcers and glomerulations. (medscape.com)
  • Hunner ulcer seen in interstitial cystitis by cystoscopy . (wikipedia.org)
  • Re: Cystoscopy: interstitial cystitis? (bladdercancersupport.org)
  • To schedule a consultation with a healthcare practitioner in Van Nuys who specializes in natural remedies for interstitial cystitis , call (424) 365-1800 or contact Dr. Jeremy Fischer online . (alternative-medicine-clinics.com)
  • Is Oxybutynin used to treat interstitial cystitis? (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • How are electrodes used to treat interstitial cystitis? (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • If you or a loved one are taking Elmiron to treat interstitial cystitis, commonly known as bladder pain syndrome (BPS), you may be at risk of serious eye disease. (colson.com)
  • Elmiron is the only medication approved to treat interstitial cystitis by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (colson.com)
  • If you are somebody you care about takes the prescription drug Elmiron to treat interstitial cystitis, you may be in danger of suffering from eye damage. (colson.com)
  • Symptoms of interstitial cystitis typically include pelvic pain. (wise-geek.com)
  • Medical treatments for interstitial cystitis have included overstretching of the bladder with water, instillation of a dilute silver nitrate solution into the bladder, and steroid use. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • DMSO is the only FDA-approved bladder instillation drug for interstitial cystitis. (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • Pain that often happens with a full bladder or that improves after urination is more likely to be interstitial cystitis. (healthline.com)
  • Frequent urination is one of the most commonly reported symptoms of interstitial cystitis, although these frequent trips to the restroom typically produce very little urine. (wise-geek.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis and endometriosis can cause similar symptoms, like chronic pelvic pain, lower back pain, and pain during sex. (healthline.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by daytime and nighttime urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain. (medscape.com)
  • Oh-Oka H. Clinical Efficacy of 1-Year Intensive Systematic Dietary Manipulation as Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies on Female Patients With Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. (epnet.com)
  • A new clinical trial for Interstitial Cystitis studying the effectiveness of the new product, Uracyst, for its safety and effectiveness in IC/PBS patients is currently recruiting patients. (fightingfatigue.org)
  • Finally, cats do develop medical conditions (such as bladder stones and urinary tract infections) that cause similar clinical signs, so it is crucial that owners have their pets examined by their veterinarians when they are having an episode or flare of cystitis," says Dr. Kaplan. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
  • Incidence of interstitial cystitis is unknown, but the disorder appears to be more common than once thought and may underlie other clinical syndromes (eg, chronic pelvic pain). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis is best diagnosed on the basis of its clinical features. (medscape.com)
  • The most important element in treating patients with interstitial cystitis is education and emotional support. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with interstitial cystitis have pelvic floor hypertonicity on MRI, which manifests as shortened levator, increased posterior puborectalis angles, and decreased puborectal distances. (medscape.com)
  • Importantly, patients who can tolerate several hundred milliliters of fluid during bladder filling, with manipulation and examination, without general anesthesia probably do not have interstitial cystitis. (medscape.com)
  • The ICA advocates for research dedicated to discovery of a cure and better treatments, raises awareness, and serves as a central hub for the healthcare providers, researchers and millions of patients who have interstitial cystitis. (ichelp.org)
  • Urologist says it's cystitis, that some TURBT/Mitomycin patients have inflammation for over a year, but offered a biopsy if I want one. (bladdercancersupport.org)
  • Symptoms of interstitial cystitis can vary between patients and over time. (urologic-specialists.com)
  • Patients with bladder cystitis may present with symptoms of urgency, frequency, dysuria, hematuria, cloudy and offensive-smelling urine, or suprapubic discomfort. (medscape.com)
  • Nearly 90% of patients with interstitial cystitis are women. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with suspected acute cystitis, a urine sample should be obtained and sent for microscopic analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Ces résultats semblent indiquer que l'utilisation de l'alun en tant qu'antiplaquettaire oral pourrait faire l'objet d'études complémentaires, en tenant compte des effets secondaires éventuels notamment chez les patients dont la fonction rénale est altérée. (who.int)
  • IC should not be confused with common cystitis , a bacterial infection of the bladder that is the most common type of urinary tract infection (UTI). (green-infos.com)
  • Currently, treatments for interstitial cystitis are aimed at relieving symptoms rather than achieving a cure. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • What is interstitial cystitis and what are the symptoms and treatments? (zavamed.com)
  • Thankfully, there are interstitial cystitis treatments . (urology-clinics.com)
  • The animal treatments perficial interstitial spaces. (who.int)
  • "Interstitial cystitis" and "bladder pain syndrome" (IC/BPS) are terms used to describe chronic bladder pain or pressure along with urinary symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and sleep disruption due to the need to urinate. (lifeextension.com)
  • Alternatively, interstitial cystitis natural treatment , including dietary modifications and natural supplements, is available and can significantly improve symptoms by helping to repair the bladder lining, reduce urinary urgency and frequency, as well as pain and spasms of the bladder. (alternative-medicine-clinics.com)
  • One of the most common medical problems women face is a bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) known as cystitis that can cause an urgent need go to the bathroom, a burning sensation, and the inability to actually relieve the pressure. (oprah.com)
  • Researchers at the University of Maryland found that 18 to 36 percent of 313 women had bacterial cystitis infections the day their IC began. (oprah.com)
  • The symptoms of interstitial cystitis often mimic those of a urinary tract infection but a bacterial infection is not present, and antibiotics do not help IC-antibiotics can actually aggravate IC symptoms. (alternative-medicine-clinics.com)
  • Cystitis is simply an inflammation of the urinary bladder and is often caused by some forms of bacterial infection. (philahomeopathy.com)
  • Interstitial Cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder condition resulting in recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder or surrounding pelvic region. (cdc.gov)
  • and no biopsy patterns that are pathognomonic for interstitial cystitis. (medscape.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis (IC), a type of bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is chronic pain in the bladder and pelvic floor of unknown cause. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interstitial Cystitis (IC) refers to an uncomfortable and annoying inflammatory condition of the bladder. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Temporally complex inflammatory networks in an animal model reveal signatures for interstitial cystitis and bladder pain syndrome phenotype. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Interstitial cystitis is an inflammatory disorder of the bladder. (healthfully.com)
  • The incidence of cystitis is high in women because of the short length of the urethra and because of the proximity of the urethra to the anus. (medscape.com)
  • There are no clear diagnostic criteria for interstitial cystitis, and the incidence is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • The symptoms of interstitial cystitis can range from mild to severe. (healthline.com)
  • Interstitial Cystitis (IS) is a rare and more severe form of Bladder Pain Syndrome. (imop.gr)
  • The symptoms of interstitial cystitis can be mild or severe and vary from person to person. (zavamed.com)
  • Amitriptyline is the medication most commonly prescribed for interstitial cystitis. (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis has no clear etiology or pathophysiology, and diagnostic criteria for the syndrome remain undefined. (medscape.com)
  • Some people with IC/BPS have been diagnosed with other conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, allergies, Sjögren syndrome, which raises the possibility that interstitial cystitis may be caused by mechanisms that cause these other conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interstitial cystitis and bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) presents with symptoms of debilitating bladder pain and is typically a diagnosis of exclusion. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Interstitial cystitis surgery is typically only for those with extreme bladder pain. (urology-clinics.com)
  • Cystitis is defined as inflammation of the urinary bladder from any cause. (medscape.com)
  • This article will explore the link between interstitial cystitis and endometriosis. (healthline.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis shares similar symptoms with endometriosis - especially a type of endometriosis called bladder endometriosis , which occurs in your bladder. (healthline.com)
  • In fact, people with endometriosis may be at an increased risk of developing interstitial cystitis. (healthline.com)
  • Researchers found that people with endometriosis were more than four times as likely to develop interstitial cystitis than people without endometriosis. (healthline.com)
  • Imaging tests such as MRI and transvaginal ultrasound are also sometimes used to help diagnose endometriosis and interstitial cystitis. (healthline.com)
  • Previous studies have suggested an association between bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) and endometriosis. (nih.gov)
  • Home / Chronic Illnesses / Interstitial Cystitis / Interstitial Cystitis or Endometriosis? (fightingfatigue.org)
  • I am interested to know if anyone who suffers from Interstitial Cystitis also has Endometriosis, or if anyone has been misdiagnosed with having one, but actually has the other disease. (fightingfatigue.org)
  • Figure 1: Hunner lesion observed on the bladder wall of a patient with interstitial cystitis. (lifeextension.com)
  • Elmiron is the only oral drug approved by the FDA specifically for interstitial cystitis. (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • Pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron), which is approved by the Food and Drug Administration specifically for treating interstitial cystitis. (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • Is Elmiron the only approved treatment for interstitial cystitis? (colson.com)
  • A randomized double-blind trial of oral L-arginine for treatment of interstitial cystitis. (epnet.com)
  • Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a novel treatment for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. (epnet.com)
  • Treatment of bladder pain syndrome and interstitial cystitis: a systematic review. (epnet.com)
  • Pyridium has an average rating of 8.0 out of 10 from a total of 9 ratings for the treatment of Interstitial Cystitis. (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • What is the latest treatment for interstitial cystitis? (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • Which medication is the only moral agent approved for the treatment of interstitial cystitis? (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • Pentosan polysulfate sodium is the only oral agent approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. (mysqlpreacher.com)
  • Take control of your interstitial cystitis treatment with this comprehensive guide. (mypfm.com)
  • Homeopathy is one branch of medicine that can provide treatment for Interstitial cystitis in a more natural way since its treatment is based on minerals and herbs rather than on chemical substances. (philahomeopathy.com)
  • Since it is a safe and non-intrusive remedial treatment, it can help alleviate the pain and discomfort caused by cystitis easily. (philahomeopathy.com)
  • Homeopathic treatment is often designed to manage symptoms of cystitis if the cause of the condition is not known. (philahomeopathy.com)
  • If interstitial cystitis is present, treatment can begin. (urology-clinics.com)
  • The best treatment for interstitial cystitis will vary depending on the individual patient and the severity of the problem. (urology-clinics.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis is chronic inflammation of the bladder. (familydoctor.org)
  • No known radiographic, ultrasonographic, or other imaging findings are specific for interstitial cystitis. (medscape.com)
  • In men, expressed prostatic secretions yield no findings specific for interstitial cystitis. (medscape.com)
  • Morphologic changes, including light microscopy and ultrastructural, immunologic, and immunohistochemical findings in interstitial cystitis are described. (nebraska.edu)
  • Prospective studies are required to confirm the findings of the correlation between interstitial cystitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes . (bvsalud.org)
  • The long-term effects of interstitial cystitis can include a reduction in your bladder's ability to hold urine, sleep disturbances due to the frequent need to urinate, depression, anxiety, chronic pain , and negative effects on personal relationships. (disabilitysecrets.com)
  • There's usually no infection behind interstitial cystitis, but you may experience pain and a frequent urge to pee. (zavamed.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis is initially asymptomatic, but symptoms appear and worsen over years as the bladder wall is damaged. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cystitis may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis , also called bladder pain syndrome, is a disorder characterized by irritation and inflammation of your bladder walls. (healthline.com)
  • The symptoms of interstitial cystitis often mimic those of a urinary tract infection, although tests show no signs of infectious bacteria. (wise-geek.com)
  • In a lot of cases, Interstitial cystitis usually comes with an inflammation of the urethra which then makes the disease a urinary tract infection. (philahomeopathy.com)
  • While it is not an infection, interstitial cystitis can often feel like an infection. (urologic-specialists.com)
  • And while it's unclear whether treating cystitis will protect you from IC, the possibility of a link should motivate women to seek proper medical care, says Dmochowski. (oprah.com)
  • Guided imagery for women with interstitial cystitis: results of a prospective, randomized controlled pilot study. (epnet.com)
  • Almost half of women with Interstitial Cystitis, suffer from depression due to the above problem. (imop.gr)
  • People of any age can be affected by symptoms of interstitial cystitis, although this condition is most common among women, especially those of childbearing age. (wise-geek.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis is more common in women aged over 31 and currently has no cure. (zavamed.com)
  • Interstitial cystitis could really alter the course of normal life for people living with it, and while it may affect both sexes and people of all age groups, women are more susceptible to the condition than men. (philahomeopathy.com)
  • While more women suffer from interstitial cystitis than men, it can occur in either gender. (urology-clinics.com)
  • 793 pregnant women were found to have chronic interstitial cystitis . (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 6 ] In a study of white-matter microstructure in women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome evaluated by diffusion tensor imaging, white-matter abnormalities were identified that correlated with pain severity, urinary symptoms, and impaired quality of life. (medscape.com)
  • The high susceptibility of females to cystitis is due to their shorter urethra which makes it easy for bacteria to move into the bladder. (philahomeopathy.com)
  • [ 7 ] In another study, females with interstitial cystitis displayed increased gray-matter volume in several regions of the brain, including the right primary somatosensory cortex, the superior parietal lobule bilaterally, and the right supplementary motor area. (medscape.com)