An ADP-ribosylating polypeptide produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASES which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger B domain that is needed for entry into cells.
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.
The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment.
An antitoxin produced against the toxin of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that is used for the treatment of DIPHTHERIA.
A species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria in which three cultural types are recognized. These types (gravis, intermedius, and mitis) were originally given in accordance with the clinical severity of the cases from which the different strains were most frequently isolated. This species is the causative agent of DIPHTHERIA.
A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated.
A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.
Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purified antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines.
Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.
Tetanus toxoid is a purified and chemically inactivated form of the tetanus toxin, used as a vaccine to induce active immunity against tetanus disease by stimulating the production of antibodies.
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is not a medical term or concept, but a regional organization that consists of post-Soviet states, and therefore, it does not have a medical definition.
Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.
Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.
A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.
Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.
Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of two polypeptide chains, the toxic A subunit and a lectin B subunit, linked by disulfide bridges. The lectin portion binds to cell surfaces and facilitates transport into the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.
The cause of TETANUS in humans and domestic animals. It is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. Two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin.
Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.
Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.
Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.
An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.
An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.
Notification or reporting by a physician or other health care provider of the occurrence of specified contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infections to designated public health agencies. The United States system of reporting notifiable diseases evolved from the Quarantine Act of 1878, which authorized the US Public Health Service to collect morbidity data on cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever; each state in the US has its own list of notifiable diseases and depends largely on reporting by the individual health care provider. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is the name of a country located in Central Asia, known officially as the Kyrgyz Republic.
Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.
Protein factors uniquely required during the elongation phase of protein synthesis.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
Vaccines used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS. They include inactivated (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, INACTIVATED) and oral vaccines (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, ORAL).
Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.
A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for: hemagglutinating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principals each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.
Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is a country located in Eastern Europe and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it.
Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) cannot be provided as a medical definition, as it is not a medical term; it refers to a former political state that existed from 1922 until 1991 and was dissolved into multiple independent countries.
Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment.
A cultured line of C3H mouse FIBROBLASTS that do not adhere to one another and do not express CADHERINS.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Russia" is a country and not a medical term. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
A type of H. influenzae isolated most frequently from biotype I. Prior to vaccine availability, it was a leading cause of childhood meningitis.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.
Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Azerbaijan" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It is the name of a country located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. If you have any questions related to geography, history, or culture, I would be happy to try and help with those instead!
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
Vaccines that are produced by using only the antigenic part of the disease causing organism. They often require a "booster" every few years to maintain their effectiveness.
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

Candidate bacterial conditions. (1/321)

This article provides background information on bacterial diseases and discusses those that are candidates for elimination or eradication. Only one disease, neonatal tetanus, is a strong candidate for elimination. Others, including Haemophilus influenzae b infection, leprosy, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, meningococcal disease, congenital syphilis, trachoma and syphilis are important causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized and developing countries. For all these diseases, eradication/elimination is not likely because of the characteristics of the disease and limitations in the interventions.  (+info)

Use of molecular subtyping to document long-term persistence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in South Dakota. (2/321)

Enhanced surveillance of patients with upper respiratory symptoms in a Northern Plains community revealed that approximately 4% of them were infected by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae of both mitis and gravis biotypes, showing that the organism is still circulating in the United States. Toxigenic C. diphtheriae was isolated from five members of four households. Four molecular subtyping methods-ribotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and single-strand conformation polymorphism-were used to molecularly characterize these strains and compare them to 17 archival South Dakota strains dating back to 1973 through 1983 and to 5 isolates collected from residents of diverse regions of the United States. Ribotyping and RAPD clearly demonstrated the household transmission of isolates and provided precise information on the circulation of several distinct strains within three households. By MEE, most recent and archival South Dakota strains were identified as closely related and clustered within the newly identified ET (electrophoretic type) 215 complex. Furthermore, three recent South Dakota isolates and eight archival South Dakota isolates were indistinguishable by both ribotyping and RAPD. All of these molecular methods showed that recent South Dakota isolates and archival South Dakota isolates were more closely related to each other than to the C. diphtheriae strains isolated in other parts of the United States or worldwide. The data also supported the improbability of importation of C. diphtheriae into this area and rather strongly suggest the long-term persistence of the organism in this region.  (+info)

Resurgent diphtheria--are we safe? (3/321)

Diphtheria, one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the past, seemed nearly eliminated from industrialized countries, thanks to improved hygienic conditions and large scale vaccinations. In 1990, a large epidemic started in Eastern Europe, mainly in Russia and Ukraine, with over 70,000 cases reported within a 5 year period. The main factors leading to the epidemic included low immunization coverage among infants and children, waning immunity to diphtheria among adults, and profound social changes in the former Soviet Union. The possibility of new virulence factors in the epidemic strain has not yet been ruled out. Even though immunity among adults is far from complete in Western Europe, the epidemic did not spread there. The main reason for this might be the good immune status of children and lack of social turbulence favouring the spread of infection. Several countries have also taken preventive measures, which may also have played a role in protection against the potential epidemic.  (+info)

Experience with diphtheria toxoid-tetanus toxoid-acellular pertussis vaccine in Japan. (4/321)

In Japan, the morbidity rate for pertussis per 100,000 population was 147.6 in 1950 when whole cell pertussis vaccine was introduced but dropped to 0.2 in 1972 when routine immunization with a combined vaccine consisting of diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and whole cell pertussis had been widely accepted. Thereafter, adverse reactions to the whole cell pertussis vaccine became a social problem and lowered the acceptance of the vaccine. As a result, the morbidity rate increased to 11.3 in 1979. Introduction of the safer yet efficacious acellular pertussis vaccine, consisting of mainly pertussis toxoid and filamentous hemagglutinin, into the routine childhood vaccination in combination with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in 1981 increased the acceptance rate. The lowest morbidity rate, 0.1, was achieved in 1993. During the next 16 years, almost all cases were in unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated persons. Regardless of whether whole cell or acellular pertussis vaccine was used, > 90% of the reported pertussis cases were in children < 10 years of age until 1990. However, since 1991, the rate of pertussis in young adults 20-44 years of age has been clearly increasing. To control pertussis, booster vaccination with diphtheria toxoid-tetanus toxoid-acellular pertussis vaccine in adults should be considered.  (+info)

Similarities between the pathogenesis of and immunity to diphtheria and pertussis: the complex nature of serum antitoxin-induced immunity to these two diseases. (5/321)

Despite data from animal studies, seroepidemiological surveys, and controlled clinical trials, skepticism persists about immunity to pertussis conferred by serum IgG neutralizing antibodies (antitoxin). This is largely prompted by the absence of a "protective" level of antitoxin. Examination of the similarities between the pathogenesis and immunity to pertussis and diphtheria provides an explanation for this dilemma. As with pertussis, diphtheria toxoid vaccination confers only approximately 70% immunity on an individual basis, individuals with protective levels of antitoxin may contract diphtheria, and about 50% of the entire population, especially adults, have less than protective levels of antitoxin. The virtual disappearance of diphtheria followed vaccination of the entire population with diphtheria toxoid, which blocked transmission of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and thus reduced the pathogen to almost undetectable levels. The individual and community-based immunity induced by diphtheria toxoid, we hypothesize, is similar to that of pertussis and pertussis toxoid.  (+info)

Diphtheritic polyneuropathy: a clinical study and comparison with Guillain-Barre syndrome. (6/321)

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Clinical features of 50 adults with diphtheritic polyneuropathy (DP) were studied in Riga, Latvia and compared with 21 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). RESULTS: Neurological complications occurred in 15% of patients admitted to hospital with diphtheria and usually after severe pharyngeal infection. Bulbar dysfunction occurred in 98% of patients with DP and only 10% of patients with GBS. Limb weakness was mild or absent in 30% of patients with DP. Ventilation dependent respiratory failure occurred in 20% of patients with DP. The first symptoms of DP occurred 2-50 days after the onset of local diphtheria infection. Neurological deterioration in DP continued for a median of 49 (range 15-83) days and improvement started 73 (range 20-115) days after onset. In 66% of patients with DP, the neuropathy was biphasic with a secondary worsening after 40 days. By contrast patients with GBS worsened for only 10 days on average (range 2-28 days) and improved after 21 (range 4-49) days. Eight patients with DP died, four from severe cardiomyopathy and four from multiple diphtheritic organ failure. Prolonged distal motor latencies (DMLs) were common to both DP and GBS, and more pronounced than motor conduction slowing. Limb symptoms continued after 1 year in 80% of the patients with DP, 6% were unable to walk independently, but independent respiratory and bulbar function had returned in all survivors. By comparison no patients with GBS died and none were severely disabled after 1 year. No death, in patients with DP occurred after antitoxin on days 1 or 2 after onset of diphtheria symptoms, whereas identical rates of death and peak severity of DP were seen both in those who received antitoxin on days 3-6 and those who did not receive it at all. CONCLUSION: Diphtheric polyneuropathy is much more likely than GBS to have a bulbar onset, to lead to respiratory failure, to evolve more slowly, to take a biphasic course, and to cause death or long term disability. Antitoxin seems ineffective if administered after the second day of diphtheritic symptoms.  (+info)

Diphtheria in the Republic of Georgia: use of molecular typing techniques for characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains. (7/321)

Sixty-six Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains (62 of the gravis biotype and 4 of the mitis biotype) isolated during the Georgian diphtheria epidemic of 1993 to 1998 and 13 non-Georgian C. diphtheriae strains (10 Russian and 3 reference isolates) were characterized by (i) biotyping, (ii) toxigenicity testing with the Elek assay and PCR, (iii) the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, and (iv) pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Fifteen selected strains were ribotyped. Six RAPD types and 15 PFGE patterns were identified among all strains examined, and 12 ribotypes were found among the 15 strains that were ribotyped. The Georgian epidemic apparently was caused by one major clonal group of C. diphtheriae (PFGE type A, ribotype R1), which was identical to the predominant epidemic strain(s) isolated during the concurrent diphtheria epidemic in Russia. A dendrogram based on the PFGE patterns revealed profound differences between the minor (nonpredominant) epidemic strains found in Georgia and Russia. The methodologies for RAPD typing, ribotyping, and PFGE typing of C. diphtheriae strains were improved to enable rapid and convenient molecular typing of the strains. The RAPD technique was adequate for biotype differentiation; however, PFGE and ribotyping were better (and equal to each other) at discriminating between epidemiologically related and unrelated isolates.  (+info)

Diphtheria antitoxin levels in the Netherlands: a population-based study. (8/321)

In a population-based study in the Netherlands, diphtheria antitoxin antibodies were measured with a toxin-binding inhibition assay in 9, 134 sera from the general population and religious communities refusing vaccination. The Dutch immunization program appears to induce long-term protection against diphtheria. However, a substantial number of adults born before the program was introduced had no protective diphtheria antibody levels. Although herd immunity seems adequate, long-term population protection cannot be assured. As more than 60% of orthodox reformed persons have antibody levels lower than 0.01 IU/ml, introduction of diphtheria into religious communities refusing vaccination may constitute a danger of spread of the bacterium.  (+info)

Diphtheria toxin is a potent exotoxin produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes the disease diphtheria. This toxin is composed of two subunits: A and B. The B subunit helps the toxin bind to and enter host cells, while the A subunit inhibits protein synthesis within those cells, leading to cell damage and tissue destruction.

The toxin can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the site of infection. In respiratory diphtheria, it typically affects the nose, throat, and tonsils, causing a thick gray or white membrane to form over the affected area, making breathing and swallowing difficult. In cutaneous diphtheria, it infects the skin, leading to ulcers and necrosis.

Diphtheria toxin can also have systemic effects, such as damage to the heart, nerves, and kidneys, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. Fortunately, diphtheria is preventable through vaccination with the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP or Tdap) vaccine.

Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It typically affects the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, and windpipe (trachea), causing a thick gray or white membrane to form over the lining of these areas. This can lead to breathing difficulties, heart complications, and neurological problems if left untreated.

The bacteria can also produce a powerful toxin that can cause damage to other organs in the body. Diphtheria is usually spread through respiratory droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze, or by contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. The disease is preventable through vaccination.

Diphtheria toxoid is a modified form of the diphtheria toxin that has been made harmless but still stimulates an immune response. It is used in vaccines to provide immunity against diphtheria, a serious bacterial infection that can cause breathing difficulties, heart failure, and paralysis. The toxoid is typically combined with other components in a vaccine, such as tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine, to form a combination vaccine that protects against multiple diseases.

The diphtheria toxoid is made by treating the diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde, which modifies the toxin's structure and makes it nontoxic while still retaining its ability to stimulate an immune response. When the toxoid is introduced into the body through vaccination, the immune system recognizes it as a foreign substance and produces antibodies against it. These antibodies then provide protection against future infections with the diphtheria bacteria.

The diphtheria toxoid vaccine is usually given as part of a routine childhood immunization schedule, starting at 2 months of age. Booster shots are recommended throughout childhood and adolescence, and adults may also need booster shots if they have not received them previously or if their immune status has changed.

Diphtheria Antitoxin is a medication used to treat diphtheria, a serious bacterial infection that can affect the nose, throat, and skin. It is made from the serum of animals (such as horses) that have been immunized against diphtheria. The antitoxin works by neutralizing the harmful effects of the diphtheria toxin produced by the bacteria, which can cause tissue damage and other complications.

Diphtheria Antitoxin is usually given as an injection into a muscle or vein, and it should be administered as soon as possible after a diagnosis of diphtheria has been made. It is important to note that while the antitoxin can help prevent further damage caused by the toxin, it does not treat the underlying infection itself, which requires antibiotics for proper treatment.

Like any medication, Diphtheria Antitoxin can have side effects, including allergic reactions, serum sickness, and anaphylaxis. It should only be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional who is experienced in its use and can monitor the patient for any adverse reactions.

'Corynebacterium diphtheriae' is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria that can cause the disease diphtheria. It is commonly found in the upper respiratory tract and skin of humans and can be transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with contaminated objects. The bacterium produces a potent exotoxin that can cause severe inflammation and formation of a pseudomembrane in the throat, leading to difficulty breathing and swallowing. In severe cases, the toxin can spread to other organs, causing serious complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and peripheral neuropathy (damage to nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). The disease is preventable through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine.

The Diphtheria-Tetanus vaccine, also known as the DT vaccine or Td vaccine (if diphtheria toxoid is not included), is a combination vaccine that protects against two potentially serious bacterial infections: diphtheria and tetanus.

Diphtheria is a respiratory infection that can cause breathing difficulties, heart problems, and nerve damage. Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the jaw and neck.

The vaccine contains small amounts of inactivated toxins (toxoids) from the bacteria that cause diphtheria and tetanus. When the vaccine is administered, it stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that provide protection against these diseases.

In addition to protecting against diphtheria and tetanus, some formulations of the vaccine may also include protection against pertussis (whooping cough), polio, or hepatitis B. The DTaP vaccine is a similar combination vaccine that includes protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, but uses acellular pertussis components instead of the whole-cell pertussis component used in the DT vaccine.

The Diphtheria-Tetanus vaccine is typically given as a series of shots in childhood, with booster shots recommended every 10 years to maintain immunity. It is an important part of routine childhood vaccination and is also recommended for adults who have not received the full series of shots or whose protection has waned over time.

The Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine is a combination immunization that protects against three bacterial diseases: diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping cough).

Diphtheria is an upper respiratory infection that can lead to breathing difficulties, heart failure, paralysis, or even death. Tetanus is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, leading to "lockjaw." Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection characterized by severe coughing fits, which can make it difficult to breathe and may lead to pneumonia, seizures, or brain damage.

The DTaP vaccine contains inactivated toxins (toxoids) from the bacteria that cause these diseases. It is typically given as a series of five shots, with doses administered at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15-18 months, and 4-6 years of age. The vaccine helps the immune system develop protection against the diseases without causing the actual illness.

It is important to note that there are other combination vaccines available that protect against these same diseases, such as DT (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids) and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis), which contain higher doses of the diphtheria and pertussis components. These vaccines are recommended for different age groups and may be used as booster shots to maintain immunity throughout adulthood.

Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The bacteria are found in soil, dust and manure and can enter the body through wounds, cuts or abrasions, particularly if they're not cleaned properly. The bacterium produces a toxin that affects the nervous system, causing muscle stiffness and spasms, often beginning in the jaw and face (lockjaw) and then spreading to the rest of the body.

Tetanus can be prevented through vaccination, and it's important to get vaccinated if you haven't already or if your immunization status is not up-to-date. If tetanus is suspected, medical attention should be sought immediately, as it can be a life-threatening condition if left untreated. Treatment typically involves administering tetanus immune globulin (TIG) to neutralize the toxin and antibiotics to kill the bacteria, as well as supportive care such as wound cleaning and management, and in some cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to assist with breathing.

Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis (DTaP) vaccines are a type of combination vaccine that protect against three serious diseases caused by bacteria: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (also known as whooping cough).

Diphtheria is a highly contagious respiratory infection that can cause breathing difficulties, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, which can be severe enough to cause broken bones or suffocation. Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection that causes severe coughing fits, making it difficult to breathe, eat, or drink.

The "a" in DTaP stands for "acellular," which means that the pertussis component of the vaccine contains only parts of the bacteria, rather than the whole cells used in older vaccines. This reduces the risk of side effects associated with the whole-cell pertussis vaccine while still providing effective protection against the disease.

DTaP vaccines are typically given as a series of five shots, starting at 2 months of age and ending at 4-6 years of age. Booster doses may be recommended later in life to maintain immunity. DTaP vaccines are an essential part of routine childhood immunization schedules and have significantly reduced the incidence of these diseases worldwide.

Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:

1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.

Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.

Tetanus toxoid is a purified and inactivated form of the tetanus toxin, which is derived from the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It is used as a vaccine to induce active immunity against tetanus, a potentially fatal disease caused by this toxin. The toxoid is produced through a series of chemical treatments that modify the toxic properties of the tetanus toxin while preserving its antigenic qualities. This allows the immune system to recognize and develop protective antibodies against the toxin without causing illness. Tetanus toxoid is often combined with diphtheria and/or pertussis toxoids in vaccines such as DTaP, Tdap, and Td.

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is not a medical term, but rather a political and geographical term. It refers to a regional organization that was established in 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The CIS comprises 10 post-Soviet states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Therefore, there is no medical definition associated with the term "Commonwealth of Independent States." However, it is important to note that public health and healthcare systems in CIS countries have undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with varying degrees of success and challenges.

Peptide Elongation Factor 2 (PEF2), also known as Elongation Factor-G (EF-G) in prokaryotes or Translation Elongation Factor 2 (TEF2) in eukaryotes, is a vital protein involved in the elongation phase of protein synthesis, specifically during translation. It facilitates the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site of the ribosome, thereby enabling the addition of new amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

During this process, PEF2/EF-G/TEF2 binds to the ribosome and utilizes the energy from GTP hydrolysis to induce a conformational change in the ribosome, leading to the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA and mRNA. After completing the translocation step, PEF2/EF-G/TEF2 is released from the ribosome and can be reused in subsequent elongation cycles.

In summary, Peptide Elongation Factor 2 (PEF2) is a crucial player in protein synthesis that facilitates the movement of peptidyl-tRNA within the ribosome during translation, allowing for the continuous addition of amino acids to the nascent polypeptide chain.

Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated (IPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio), a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. IPV contains inactivated (killed) polioviruses of all three poliovirus types. It works by stimulating an immune response in the body, but because the viruses are inactivated, they cannot cause polio. After vaccination, the immune system recognizes and responds to the inactivated viruses, producing antibodies that protect against future infection with wild, or naturally occurring, polioviruses. IPV is typically given as an injection in the leg or arm, and a series of doses are required for full protection. It is a safe and effective way to prevent polio and its complications.

Whoopering Cough, also known as Pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound during inspiration. The disease can affect people of all ages, but it is most dangerous for babies and young children. Symptoms typically develop within 5 to 10 days after exposure and include runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. After a week or two, the cough becomes more severe and is often followed by vomiting and exhaustion. Complications can be serious, especially in infants, and may include pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, or death. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria and reduce the severity of symptoms. Vaccination is available and recommended for the prevention of whooping cough.

An immunization schedule is a series of planned dates when a person, usually a child, should receive specific vaccines in order to be fully protected against certain preventable diseases. The schedule is developed based on scientific research and recommendations from health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The immunization schedule outlines which vaccines are recommended, the number of doses required, the age at which each dose should be given, and the minimum amount of time that must pass between doses. The schedule may vary depending on factors such as the individual's age, health status, and travel plans.

Immunization schedules are important for ensuring that individuals receive timely protection against vaccine-preventable diseases, and for maintaining high levels of immunity in populations, which helps to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to follow the recommended immunization schedule as closely as possible to ensure optimal protection.

A Pertussis vaccine is a type of immunization used to protect against pertussis, also known as whooping cough. It contains components that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacteria that cause pertussis, Bordetella pertussis. There are two main types of pertussis vaccines: whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. wP vaccines contain killed whole cells of B. pertussis, while aP vaccines contain specific components of the bacteria, such as pertussis toxin and other antigens. Pertussis vaccines are often combined with diphtheria and tetanus to form combination vaccines, such as DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis) and TdaP (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis). These vaccines are typically given to young children as part of their routine immunization schedule.

Ricin is defined as a highly toxic protein that is derived from the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis). It can be produced as a white, powdery substance or a mistable aerosol. Ricin works by getting inside cells and preventing them from making the proteins they need. Without protein, cells die. Eventually, this can cause organ failure and death.

It is not easily inhaled or absorbed through the skin, but if ingested or injected, it can be lethal in very small amounts. There is no antidote for ricin poisoning - treatment consists of supportive care. Ricin has been used as a bioterrorism agent in the past and continues to be a concern due to its relative ease of production and potential high toxicity.

Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.

A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.

If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.

Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.

Haemophilus vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), a bacterium that can cause serious infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. There are two main types of Hib vaccines:

1. Polysaccharide vaccine: This type of vaccine is made from the sugar coating (polysaccharide) of the bacterial cells. It is not effective in children under 2 years of age because their immune systems are not yet mature enough to respond effectively to this type of vaccine.
2. Conjugate vaccine: This type of vaccine combines the polysaccharide with a protein carrier, which helps to stimulate a stronger and more sustained immune response. It is effective in infants as young as 6 weeks old.

Hib vaccines are usually given as part of routine childhood immunizations starting at 2 months of age. They are administered through an injection into the muscle. The vaccine is safe and effective, with few side effects. Vaccination against Hib has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of Hib infections worldwide.

Secondary immunization, also known as "anamnestic response" or "booster," refers to the enhanced immune response that occurs upon re-exposure to an antigen, having previously been immunized or infected with the same pathogen. This response is characterized by a more rapid and robust production of antibodies and memory cells compared to the primary immune response. The secondary immunization aims to maintain long-term immunity against infectious diseases and improve vaccine effectiveness. It usually involves administering additional doses of a vaccine or booster shots after the initial series of immunizations, which helps reinforce the immune system's ability to recognize and combat specific pathogens.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a class of toxic proteins that inhibit protein synthesis in cells by modifying ribosomal RNA. They can be found in various plants, animals, and bacteria. Type 2 RIPs are characterized by their structure, which consists of two separate polypeptide chains: an A chain with N-glycosidase activity that removes an adenine residue from a specific site on the 28S rRNA, and a B chain that facilitates the binding of the A chain to the ribosome. The B chain is a lectin domain that allows for specific recognition and binding to glycoconjugates on the cell surface, leading to internalization of the RIP into the cell. Type 2 RIPs are known for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, making them potential candidates for use in cancer therapy and other medical applications.

Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some species of Corynebacterium can cause disease in humans, including C. diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, and C. jeikeium, which can cause various types of infections in immunocompromised individuals. Other species are part of the normal flora and are not typically pathogenic. The bacteria are characterized by their irregular, club-shaped appearance and their ability to form characteristic arrangements called palisades. They are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Immunotoxins are biomolecules that combine the specificity of an antibody with the toxicity of a toxin. They are created by chemically linking a monoclonal antibody (that recognizes and binds to a specific cell surface antigen) to a protein toxin (that inhibits protein synthesis in cells). The immunotoxin selectively binds to the target cell, gets internalized, and releases the toxin into the cytosol, leading to cell death. Immunotoxins have been explored as potential therapeutic agents for targeted cancer therapy and treatment of other diseases.

'Clostridium tetani' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that is the causative agent of tetanus. The bacteria are commonly found in soil, dust, and manure, and can contaminate wounds, leading to the production of a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin causes muscle spasms and stiffness, particularly in the jaw and neck muscles, as well as autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which can be life-threatening. Tetanus is preventable through vaccination with the tetanus toxoid vaccine.

Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins are molecules that mediate communication and interaction between different cells in living organisms. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). These signals can be released into the extracellular space, where they bind to specific receptors on the target cell's surface, triggering intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately lead to a response.

Peptides are short chains of amino acids, while proteins are larger molecules made up of one or more polypeptide chains. Both can function as intercellular signaling molecules by acting as ligands for cell surface receptors or by being cleaved from larger precursor proteins and released into the extracellular space. Examples of intercellular signaling peptides and proteins include growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hormones, neurotransmitters, and their respective receptors.

These molecules contribute to maintaining homeostasis within an organism by coordinating cellular activities across tissues and organs. Dysregulation of intercellular signaling pathways has been implicated in various diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying intercellular signaling is essential for developing targeted therapies to treat these disorders.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) sugars, also known as sugar nucleotides, are molecules that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids. These molecules consist of a sugar molecule, usually glucose or galactose, linked to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

The ADP portion of the molecule provides the energy needed for the transfer of the sugar moiety to other molecules during the process of glycosylation. The reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called glycosyltransferases, which transfer the sugar from the ADP-sugar donor to an acceptor molecule, such as a protein or lipid.

ADP-sugars are important in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signal transduction, and protein folding. Abnormalities in the metabolism of ADP-sugars have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders.

ADP Ribose Transferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose groups from donor molecules, such as NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), to specific acceptor molecules. This transfer process plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, gene expression regulation, and modulation of protein function.

The reaction catalyzed by ADP Ribose Transferases can be represented as follows:

Donor (NAD+ or NADP+) + Acceptor → Product (NR + ADP-ribosylated acceptor)

There are two main types of ADP Ribose Transferases based on their function and the type of modification they perform:

1. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs): These enzymes add multiple ADP-ribose units to a single acceptor protein, forming long, linear, or branched chains known as poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). PARylation is involved in DNA repair, genomic stability, and cell death pathways.
2. Monomeric ADP-ribosyltransferases: These enzymes transfer a single ADP-ribose unit to an acceptor protein, which is called mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation. This modification can regulate protein function, localization, and stability in various cellular processes, such as signal transduction, inflammation, and stress response.

Dysregulation of ADP Ribose Transferases has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.

Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl. It is a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water and can be produced by combining ammonia (NH3) with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Ammonium chloride is commonly used as a source of hydrogen ions in chemical reactions, and it has a variety of industrial and medical applications.

In the medical field, ammonium chloride is sometimes used as a expectorant to help thin and loosen mucus in the respiratory tract, making it easier to cough up and clear from the lungs. It may also be used to treat conditions such as metabolic alkalosis, a condition characterized by an excess of base in the body that can lead to symptoms such as confusion, muscle twitching, and irregular heartbeat.

However, it is important to note that ammonium chloride can have side effects, including stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional and should not be taken in large amounts or for extended periods of time without medical supervision.

Adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) is a molecule that plays a role in various cellular processes, including the modification of proteins and the regulation of enzyme activity. It is formed by the attachment of a diphosphate group and a ribose sugar to the adenine base of a nucleotide. ADPR is involved in the transfer of chemical energy within cells and is also a precursor in the synthesis of other important molecules, such as NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). It should be noted that ADPR is not a medication or a drug, but rather a naturally occurring biomolecule.

Disease notification is the process by which health care professionals, laboratories, or other relevant individuals or organizations inform public health authorities about cases of specific diseases or conditions that are reportable (also known as notifiable) within a particular jurisdiction. Reportable diseases are those that have been designated by law or regulation as posing a significant risk to public health and for which timely reporting is necessary to enable effective surveillance, control measures, and prevention strategies.

The specific diseases and conditions that must be reported, as well as the procedures for reporting, vary by jurisdiction. Common reportable diseases include infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as non-infectious conditions like cancer and lead poisoning.

The purpose of disease notification is to provide public health officials with accurate and up-to-date information about the occurrence and spread of diseases in a population. This information can help inform policy decisions, guide resource allocation, and support the development and implementation of evidence-based interventions to protect and promote the health of communities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.

By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.

Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.

Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.

Peptide elongation factors are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the process of protein synthesis in cells, specifically during the elongation stage of translation. They assist in the addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain by facilitating the binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs (transfer RNAs with attached amino acids) to the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs.

In prokaryotic cells, there are two main peptide elongation factors: EF-Tu and EF-G. EF-Tu forms a complex with aminoacyl-tRNA and delivers it to the ribosome's acceptor site (A-site), where the incoming amino acid is matched with the corresponding codon on the mRNA. Once the correct match is made, GTP hydrolysis occurs, releasing EF-Tu from the complex, allowing for peptide bond formation between the new amino acid and the growing polypeptide chain.

EF-G then enters the scene to facilitate translocation, the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA, which shifts the newly formed peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site (peptidyl-tRNA site) and makes room for another aminoacyl-tRNA in the A-site. This process continues until protein synthesis is complete.

In eukaryotic cells, the equivalent proteins are called EF1α, EF1β, EF1γ, and EF2 (also known as eEF1A, eEF1B, eEF1G, and eEF2). The overall function remains similar to that in prokaryotes, but the specific mechanisms and protein names differ.

Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.

Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.

It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.

Poliovirus vaccines are preparations used for active immunization against poliomyelitis, a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. The two types of poliovirus vaccines available are:

1. Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV): This vaccine contains inactivated (killed) poliovirus strains of all three serotypes. IPV is typically administered through an injection, usually in combination with other vaccines. It provides a strong immune response and does not carry the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), which is a rare but serious adverse event associated with the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).

2. Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV): This vaccine contains live attenuated (weakened) poliovirus strains of all three serotypes. OPV is administered orally and induces both humoral and intestinal immunity, which helps prevent the spread of the virus in a community. However, there is a small risk of VAPP associated with this vaccine, especially after multiple doses. In rare cases, the weakened virus can revert to its virulent form and cause paralytic polio in the vaccinated individual or their close contacts.

Both IPV and OPV have been instrumental in global efforts to eradicate polio. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends using IPV in routine immunization programs, while using OPV during supplementary immunization activities in areas with a high risk of poliovirus transmission.

Immunization programs, also known as vaccination programs, are organized efforts to administer vaccines to populations or communities in order to protect individuals from vaccine-preventable diseases. These programs are typically implemented by public health agencies and involve the planning, coordination, and delivery of immunizations to ensure that a high percentage of people are protected against specific infectious diseases.

Immunization programs may target specific age groups, such as infants and young children, or populations at higher risk of certain diseases, such as travelers, healthcare workers, or individuals with weakened immune systems. The goals of immunization programs include controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases, and protecting vulnerable populations from outbreaks and epidemics.

Immunization programs may be delivered through a variety of settings, including healthcare facilities, schools, community centers, and mobile clinics. They often involve partnerships between government agencies, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and communities to ensure that vaccines are accessible, affordable, and acceptable to the populations they serve. Effective immunization programs require strong leadership, adequate funding, robust data systems, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess their impact and identify areas for improvement.

Abrin is a protein toxin found in the seeds of the rosary pea plant (Abrus precatorius), also known as jequirity bean. It is a highly potent toxin, similar in structure and function to ricin, which is found in castor beans. Abrin inhibits protein synthesis in cells by removing a critical adenine residue from the 28S rRNA of the 60S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing peptide bond formation and ultimately leading to cell death.

Ingesting or inhaling abrin can cause severe illness or death in both humans and animals. Symptoms of abrin poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever, followed by respiratory distress, multi-organ failure, and potentially fatal shock. There is no antidote for abrin poisoning, and treatment is primarily supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and maintaining vital organ function.

It's important to note that abrin is classified as a potential bioterrorism agent due to its high toxicity and potential use in malicious attacks. As such, handling or coming into contact with abrin should be avoided, and any suspected exposure should be reported to medical professionals immediately.

A peptide fragment is a short chain of amino acids that is derived from a larger peptide or protein through various biological or chemical processes. These fragments can result from the natural breakdown of proteins in the body during regular physiological processes, such as digestion, or they can be produced experimentally in a laboratory setting for research or therapeutic purposes.

Peptide fragments are often used in research to map the structure and function of larger peptides and proteins, as well as to study their interactions with other molecules. In some cases, peptide fragments may also have biological activity of their own and can be developed into drugs or diagnostic tools. For example, certain peptide fragments derived from hormones or neurotransmitters may bind to receptors in the body and mimic or block the effects of the full-length molecule.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Eastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Cholinergic receptors are a type of receptor in the body that are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a chemical that nerve cells use to communicate with each other and with muscles. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors: muscarinic and nicotinic.

Muscarinic receptors are found in the heart, smooth muscle, glands, and the central nervous system. They are activated by muscarine, a type of alkaloid found in certain mushrooms. When muscarinic receptors are activated, they can cause changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and other bodily functions.

Nicotinic receptors are found in the nervous system and at the junction between nerves and muscles (the neuromuscular junction). They are activated by nicotine, a type of alkaloid found in tobacco plants. When nicotinic receptors are activated, they can cause the release of neurotransmitters and the contraction of muscles.

Cholinergic receptors play an important role in many physiological processes, including learning, memory, and movement. They are also targets for drugs used to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and myasthenia gravis (a disorder that causes muscle weakness).

Corynebacterium infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, which are gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms that commonly inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. While many species of Corynebacterium are harmless commensals, some can cause a range of infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions.

The most common Corynebacterium species that causes infection is C. diphtheriae, which is responsible for diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening respiratory illness characterized by the formation of a thick, grayish membrane in the throat and upper airways. Other Corynebacterium species, such as C. jeikeium, C. urealyticum, and C. striatum, can cause various types of healthcare-associated infections, including bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and skin and soft tissue infections.

Corynebacterium infections are typically treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin, erythromycin, or vancomycin, depending on the species of bacteria involved and the patient's medical history. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue. Preventive measures, such as vaccination against C. diphtheriae and good hygiene practices, can help reduce the risk of Corynebacterium infections.

Immunization is defined medically as the process where an individual is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through the administration of a vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the body's own immune system to recognize and fight off the specific disease-causing organism, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of future infections with that organism.

Immunization can be achieved actively, where the person is given a vaccine to trigger an immune response, or passively, where antibodies are transferred to the person through immunoglobulin therapy. Immunizations are an important part of preventive healthcare and have been successful in controlling and eliminating many infectious diseases worldwide.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the abbreviation "USSR" stands for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which was a socialist state in Eastern Europe and northern and central Asia that existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. It was not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medicine, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Exotoxins are a type of toxin that are produced and released by certain bacteria into their external environment, including the surrounding tissues or host's bloodstream. These toxins can cause damage to cells and tissues, and contribute to the symptoms and complications associated with bacterial infections.

Exotoxins are typically proteins, and they can have a variety of effects on host cells, depending on their specific structure and function. Some exotoxins act by disrupting the cell membrane, leading to cell lysis or death. Others interfere with intracellular signaling pathways, alter gene expression, or modify host immune responses.

Examples of bacterial infections that are associated with the production of exotoxins include:

* Botulism, caused by Clostridium botulinum
* Diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
* Tetanus, caused by Clostridium tetani
* Pertussis (whooping cough), caused by Bordetella pertussis
* Food poisoning, caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus cereus

Exotoxins can be highly potent and dangerous, and some have been developed as biological weapons. However, many exotoxins are also used in medicine for therapeutic purposes, such as botulinum toxin (Botox) for the treatment of wrinkles or dystonia.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Cell surface receptors, also known as membrane receptors, are proteins located on the cell membrane that bind to specific molecules outside the cell, known as ligands. These receptors play a crucial role in signal transduction, which is the process of converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular response.

Cell surface receptors can be classified into several categories based on their structure and mechanism of action, including:

1. Ion channel receptors: These receptors contain a pore that opens to allow ions to flow across the cell membrane when they bind to their ligands. This ion flux can directly activate or inhibit various cellular processes.
2. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): These receptors consist of seven transmembrane domains and are associated with heterotrimeric G proteins that modulate intracellular signaling pathways upon ligand binding.
3. Enzyme-linked receptors: These receptors possess an intrinsic enzymatic activity or are linked to an enzyme, which becomes activated when the receptor binds to its ligand. This activation can lead to the initiation of various signaling cascades within the cell.
4. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): These receptors contain intracellular tyrosine kinase domains that become activated upon ligand binding, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling molecules.
5. Integrins: These receptors are transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions by binding to extracellular matrix proteins or counter-receptors on adjacent cells. They play essential roles in cell adhesion, migration, and survival.

Cell surface receptors are involved in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, hormone signaling, immune response, and cell growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of these receptors can contribute to the development of numerous diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Recombinant fusion proteins are artificially created biomolecules that combine the functional domains or properties of two or more different proteins into a single protein entity. They are generated through recombinant DNA technology, where the genes encoding the desired protein domains are linked together and expressed as a single, chimeric gene in a host organism, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells.

The resulting fusion protein retains the functional properties of its individual constituent proteins, allowing for novel applications in research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. For instance, recombinant fusion proteins can be designed to enhance protein stability, solubility, or immunogenicity, making them valuable tools for studying protein-protein interactions, developing targeted therapies, or generating vaccines against infectious diseases or cancer.

Examples of recombinant fusion proteins include:

1. Etaglunatide (ABT-523): A soluble Fc fusion protein that combines the heavy chain fragment crystallizable region (Fc) of an immunoglobulin with the extracellular domain of the human interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). This fusion protein functions as a decoy receptor, neutralizing IL-6 and its downstream signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis.
2. Etanercept (Enbrel): A soluble TNF receptor p75 Fc fusion protein that binds to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inhibits its proinflammatory activity, making it a valuable therapeutic option for treating autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis.
3. Abatacept (Orencia): A fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin, which downregulates T-cell activation and proliferation in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Belimumab (Benlysta): A monoclonal antibody that targets B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein, preventing its interaction with the B-cell surface receptor and inhibiting B-cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
5. Romiplostim (Nplate): A fusion protein consisting of a thrombopoietin receptor agonist peptide linked to an immunoglobulin Fc region, which stimulates platelet production in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
6. Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp): A hyperglycosylated erythropoiesis-stimulating protein that functions as a longer-acting form of recombinant human erythropoietin, used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease or cancer.
7. Palivizumab (Synagis): A monoclonal antibody directed against the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which prevents RSV infection and is administered prophylactically to high-risk infants during the RSV season.
8. Ranibizumab (Lucentis): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other ocular disorders.
9. Cetuximab (Erbitux): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), used in the treatment of colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
10. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully humanized monoclonal antibody that targets tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
11. Bevacizumab (Avastin): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF-A, used in the treatment of various cancers, including colorectal, lung, breast, and kidney cancer.
12. Trastuzumab (Herceptin): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets HER2/neu receptor, used in the treatment of breast cancer.
13. Rituximab (Rituxan): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 antigen on B cells, used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis.
14. Palivizumab (Synagis): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus, used in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants.
15. Infliximab (Remicade): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
16. Natalizumab (Tysabri): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to α4β1 integrin, used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease.
17. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
18. Golimumab (Simponi): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and ulcerative colitis.
19. Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia): A PEGylated Fab' fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Crohn's disease.
20. Ustekinumab (Stelara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-12 and IL-23, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Crohn's disease.
21. Secukinumab (Cosentyx): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
22. Ixekizumab (Taltz): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
23. Brodalumab (Siliq): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17 receptor A, used in the treatment of psoriasis.
24. Sarilumab (Kevzara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
25. Tocilizumab (Actemra): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, giant cell arteritis, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell-induced cytokine release syndrome.
26. Siltuximab (Sylvant): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment of multicentric Castleman disease.
27. Satralizumab (Enspryng): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6 receptor alpha, used in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
28. Sirukumab (Plivensia): A human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment

"Hepatitis B vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. They work by introducing a small and harmless piece of the virus to your body, which triggers your immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in your body and provide protection if you are exposed to the real hepatitis B virus in the future.

The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as a series of three shots over a six-month period. It is recommended for all infants, children and adolescents who have not previously been vaccinated, as well as for adults who are at increased risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and those with certain medical conditions.

It's important to note that hepatitis B vaccine does not provide protection against other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or C."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Russia" is not a medical term or concept. Russia is the largest country in the world by land area, located primarily in Asia with a smaller portion extending into Europe. It is a nation rich in history and culture, known for its diverse landscapes, from tundra and forests to subtropical beaches.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please feel free to ask!

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacterial subtype that can cause serious infections, particularly in children under 5 years of age. Although its name may be confusing, Hib is not the cause of influenza (the flu). It is defined medically as a gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium that is a member of the family Pasteurellaceae.

Hib is responsible for several severe and potentially life-threatening infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), epiglottitis (swelling of the tissue located at the base of the tongue that can block the windpipe), pneumonia, and bacteremia (bloodstream infection).

Before the introduction of the Hib vaccine in the 1980s and 1990s, Haemophilus influenzae type b was a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years old. Since then, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased dramatically in vaccinated populations.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.

Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.

A poison is defined in the context of medicine as any substance that, when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism, causes injury, illness, or death. Poisons can be solids, liquids, or gases and can enter the body through various routes such as ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption through the skin. They work by disrupting normal physiological processes, damaging cells, or interfering with the functioning of enzymes or signaling molecules. Examples of poisons include heavy metals like lead and mercury, certain plants and mushrooms, some medications when taken in excessive amounts, and various chemicals found in household and industrial products.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Azerbaijan" is a country's name and not a medical term or condition. It is located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. If you have any questions about Azerbaijani culture, history, or geography, I would be happy to try to help answer them, but for medical information, it would be best to consult a reliable health or medical resource.

Protein biosynthesis is the process by which cells generate new proteins. It involves two major steps: transcription and translation. Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. This RNA copy, or messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information to the site of protein synthesis, the ribosome. During translation, the mRNA is read by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA. The ribosome then links these amino acids together in the correct order to form a polypeptide chain, which may then fold into a functional protein. Protein biosynthesis is essential for the growth and maintenance of all living organisms.

Acellular vaccines are a type of vaccine that contain one or more antigens but do not contain whole cell parts or components of the pathogen. They are designed to produce an immune response in the body that is specific to the antigen(s) contained within the vaccine, while minimizing the risk of adverse reactions associated with whole cell vaccines.

Acellular vaccines are often produced using recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene from the pathogen is inserted into a different organism (such as yeast or bacteria) that can produce large quantities of the antigen. The antigen is then purified and used to create the vaccine.

One example of an acellular vaccine is the DTaP vaccine, which is used to protect against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough). This vaccine contains only a small portion of the pertussis bacterium, along with purified versions of the toxins produced by the bacteria. By contrast, whole cell pertussis vaccines contain entire killed bacteria, which can cause more frequent and severe side effects.

Overall, acellular vaccines offer a safer and more targeted approach to immunization than whole cell vaccines, while still providing effective protection against infectious diseases.

Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.

Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.

In 1735, a diphtheria epidemic swept through New England. Before 1826, diphtheria was known by different names across the world ... In 2013, three children died of diphtheria in Hyderabad, India. In early June 2015, a case of diphtheria was diagnosed at Vall ... "Diphtheria". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Mapping diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine coverage in Africa, ... "Diphtheria Symptoms". www.cdc.gov. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017. "Diphtheria". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library ...
... (DAT) is a medication made up of antibodies used in the treatment of diphtheria. It is no longer ... Diphtheria antitoxin is made from the blood plasma of horses that have been immunized against diphtheria toxin. It works by ... Diphtheria antitoxin was developed and came into medical use in the late 1800s. The 1901 diphtheria antitoxin contamination ... Diphtheria antitoxin is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In the United States it can be obtained ...
... is a toxoid vaccine against diphtheria, an illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Its use has ... Diphtheria Toxoid at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "Diphtheria Vaccine". Drug ... The diphtheria vaccine is very safe. Significant side effects are rare. Pain may occur at the injection site. A bump may form ... The diphtheria vaccine was developed in 1923. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 1890, ...
Myocarditis secondary to diphtheria toxin is considered one of the biggest risks to unimmunized children. Diphtheria toxin was ... It uses diphtheria toxin (truncated by the cell binding domain) coupled to an antibody to CD3ε (UCHT1). Similar to other A-B ... Diphtheria toxin is extraordinarily potent. The lethal dose for humans is about 0.1 μg of toxin per kg of body weight. Death ... The diphtheria toxin has the same mechanism of action as the enzyme NAD(+)-diphthamide ADP-ribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.36). It ...
Cutaneous diphtheria is an infection of the skin by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.: 265 It is also known as "desert sore". ... Diphtheria Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical ... Diphtheria, All stub articles, Infection-related cutaneous condition stubs). ...
He was used to produce serum containing diphtheria antitoxin (antibodies against diphtheria toxin). Jim produced over 30 US ... 1901 animal deaths, Vaccination in the United States, Drug safety, Medical scandals in the United States, Diphtheria, Tetanus) ... a similar incident involving contamination of diphtheria vaccine doses in Australia in 1928 Immunology Inoculation Public ... quarts (7.5 US gallons; 28.5 litres) of diphtheria antitoxin in his career. After the death of a girl in St. Louis, Missouri, ...
He argued in 1937 against diphtheria immunization on the grounds that it was effective against the milder forms of the disease ... "Diphtheria". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 26 July 1937. p. 18. Retrieved 2 January 2021 - via National Library of Australia. " ...
Diphtheria, a once common childhood respiratory infection, produces a neurotoxin which can result in a biphasic neuropathy. ... Some of the bacterial agents most associated with neuritis are leprosy, lyme disease, and diphtheria. Viral causes of neuritis ... Sharma NC, Efstratiou A, Mokrousov I, Mutreja A, Das B, Ramamurthy T (December 2019). "Diphtheria". Nature Reviews. Disease ... neurological sequelae of infection must be treated with diphtheria antitoxin. Herpes simplex virus is a common virus which ...
"Diphtheria". Queensland Health. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020. "Queensland Health". Public health and wellbeing. ... for example diphtheria), issues health alerts to the public and provides advice regarding travel and other restrictions on ...
"DIPHTHERIA". Daily Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1903 - 1926). 5 April 1919. p. 6. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. ... She was a resident at the Hospital during the influenza and diphtheria epidemics of 1919 where she took the responsibility ...
"diphtheria". Online Etymology Dictionary. Gao, B.; Gupta, R. S. (2012). "Phylogenetic Framework and Molecular Signatures for ... Perhaps the most notable one is C. diphtheriae, which acquires the capacity to produce diphtheria toxin only after interacting ... Others can cause human disease, including, most notably, diphtheria, which is caused by C. diphtheriae. As with various species ... The most notable human infection is diphtheria, caused by C. diphtheriae. It is an acute, contagious infection characterized by ...
"About Diphtheria". CDC. CDC. Retrieved 10 April 2014. "Diphtheria Cause and Spread to Others". CDC. CDC. Retrieved 10 April ... Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheria. It is spread through respiratory droplets from ... "Diphtheria Symptoms". CDC. CDC. Retrieved 10 April 2014. "Diphtheria Complications". CDC. CDC. Retrieved 10 April 2014. " ... In the past decade, the United States has had fewer than 5 reported cases of diphtheria. Unfortunately, the disease is still an ...
In 1911, newspapers across Pennsylvania reported that the city of Pottsville was "in the throes of an epidemic of diphtheria," ... "Diphtheria Epidemic." Pittston, Pennsylvania: Pittston Gazette, May 26, 1911. Bortner, Peter E. "Baber Cemetery receives 10 ...
Diphtheria toxin ADP-ribosylates ribosomal elongation factor EF-2, which attenuates protein synthesis. There are a variety of ... Diphtheria toxin. "Site and configuration of ADP-ribosylation of diphthamide in elongation factor 2". J Biol Chem. 1981;256: ... Collier RJ, Pappenheimer, Jr AM (1964). "STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN* II. EFFECT OF TOXIN ON AMINO ACID ... It is also the basis for the toxicity of bacterial compounds such as cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and others. The first ...
He is known for his work on epidemic of diphtheria in California. Fourgeaud made use of acid for treatment of diphtheria, which ... "Diphtheria Timeline". History of Vaccines. Retrieved 29 November 2012. Click through to "Toward Diphtheria Immunization" ... timeline, and choose "1856: Diphtheria in California." (Articles with hCards, Articles with VIAF identifiers, Articles with NLG ...
"Diphtheria Cases". The Singapore Free Press. 23 July 1952. p. 5. Retrieved 8 November 2020 - via NewspaperSG. "Crying Need For ...
"Effectiveness of Standard Diphtheria Antitoxin Against all Types of Diphtheria Infection" (1933, with Minnie Eisner and Erla ... "Diphtheria toxin-antitoxin titration by Ramon method for practical application" (1924, with Edwin J. Banzhaf) "Diphtheria ... Povitzky, Olga R.; Eisner, Minnie (1935-03-01). "The Effect of Temperature on the Antigenic Value of Diphtheria Toxoid". The ... Back in New York, Povitzky worked on diphtheria antitoxin production. In 1923, she collaborated with Josephine Neal in ...
Diphtheria killed 256 children in Haverhill between November 17, 1735, and December 31, 1737. George Washington visited ... 1735 - Diphtheria epidemic.[citation needed] 1789 - George Washington visits town. 1790 - Population: 2,408. 1796 - Haverhill ...
Kwantes, W. (1984). "Diphtheria in Europe". The Journal of Hygiene. 93 (3): 433-437. doi:10.1017/S0022172400065025. JSTOR ... the pathogen responsible for diphtheria. Tellurium and tellurium compounds are considered to be mildly toxic and need to be ...
... died of diphtheria. Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria (3 May 1905 - 8 July 1996). Stillborn daughter (6 December 1906). Prince Rudolf ...
On Diphtheria, 1860. On the Study of Epidemic Diseases as Illustrated by the Pestilences of London. Being a paper etc. pp. 24 T ... He was the author of works on diphtheria, chronic bronchitis, and on Addison's disease, the subject of his Croonian lectures ( ... Greenhow was engaged for inquiries into diphtheria (1859) and pulmonary disease among operatives (miners, grinders, flax- ...
"CDC Features - Diphtheria". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 24, 2016. "History - Iditarod". ... It occurred when a large diphtheria epidemic threatened Nome. Because Nome's supply of antitoxin had expired, Dr. Curtis Welch ...
Rich, Vera (13 April 1996). "Diphtheria penalty in Ukraine?". The Lancet. 347 (9007): 1038. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90175-0. ... Rich, Vera (15 June 1996). "Diphtheria vaccination fails in Ukraine". The Lancet. 347 (9016): 1686. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96) ... Rich, Vera (2 November 1996). "Ukraine's diphtheria campaign". The Lancet. 348 (9036): 1245. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)65521-3 ...
"Diphtheria at Karamea". Evening Star. 24 June 1929. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022 - via ... The earthquake disrupted efforts underway at the time to control an outbreak of diphtheria in the settlement, and it was ...
In 1987, the first Hib conjugate vaccine, which used diphtheria toxoid as the carrier protein (PRP-D), was licensed in the U.S ... The Hib vaccine is available by itself, in combination with the diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine, and in combination with ... Hib vaccine combined with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-polio vaccines and hepatitis B vaccines are available in the United ... The World Health Organization (WHO) has certified several Hib vaccine combinations, including a pentavalent diphtheria- ...
In particular, diphtheria (known as "The Strangler" for its infection of the respiratory system) was the leading cause of death ... In 1922, there were 747 cases and 32 deaths due to diphtheria in Hamilton. By 1927, the numbers had fallen to 11 cases and 1 ... In Ontario alone, 36,000 children died from diphtheria between 1880 and 1929. Research at the end of the 19th century, notably ... Following the success, they soon moved to tackle the lack of access to the diphtheria antitoxin with a commitment from ...
His work with the diphtheria pathogen was also of practical importance for the development of vaccines against diphtheria (by ... The Diphtheria Bacillus". Journal of Bacteriology. 25 (5): 509-519. doi:10.1128/JB.25.5.509-519.1933. PMC 533524. PMID 16559631 ... In 1930 Mueller began his studies on the nutritional requirements of the diphtheria bacillus. Within a few years the Mueller ... Mueller, J. H. (1937). "Nicotinic Acid as a Growth Accessory Substance for the Diphtheria Bacillus". Journal of Bacteriology. ...
"Diphtheria vaccine" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 81 (3): 24-32. 20 January 2006. PMID 16671240. Archived (PDF) from the original ... Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Pathogenic ...
Diphtheria used to be a leading cause of childhood death until the creation of a vaccine. The diphtheria vaccine contains a ... Diphtheria toxin Diphtheria toxin is produced by virulent Corynebacterium diphtheriae that infect the mucosal membranes of the ... diphtheria toxin is only produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and is required for the diphtheria disease. Some ... "Symptoms of Diphtheria , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2022-04-24. "Whooping Cough (Pertussis) , CDC". www.cdc.gov. ...
... diphtheria, pertussis; N. meningitidis; and varicella. Surveillance is the act of infection investigation using the CDC ...
Diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria is usually made based on signs and symptoms. A swab specimen is taken from the throat to ... Diphtheria treatment involves:. *Using diphtheria antitoxin to stop the bacteria toxin from damaging the body. This treatment ... If the bacteria grow and make the diphtheria toxin, the doctor can be sure a patient has diphtheria. However, it takes time to ... Diagnosis and treatment depend on the type of diphtheria someone has. If a doctor thinks you have respiratory diphtheria, they ...
Cutaneous diphtheria is common in tropical countries. Respiratory and cutaneous diphtheria have been reported in travelers to ... Diphtheria can affect any age group, especially people who are not fully vaccinated with diphtheria toxoid vaccine. ... cutaneous diphtheria), or rarely, mucous membranes at other sites (eye, ear, vulva). Nasal diphtheria can be asymptomatic or ... tetanus-diphtheria) or Tdap (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis). This booster is particularly important for travelers who ...
Diphtheria is an acute infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. ... Diphtheria is an acute infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. ... Diphtheria. www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/index.html. Updated May 26, 2020. Accessed March 8, 2022. ... Diphtheria is a rare disease. It is also a reportable disease, and any cases are often publicized in the media. This helps you ...
Diphtheria manifests as either an upper respiratory tract or cutaneous infection and is caused by the aerobic gram-positive ... C diphtheria is responsible for both endemic and epidemic diseases, and it was first described in the 5th century BC by ... Since the introduction and widespread use of diphtheria toxoid in the 1920s, respiratory diphtheria has been well controlled, ... encoded search term (Diphtheria) and Diphtheria What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Notice to Readers Reinstatement of Regular Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine Schedule ... Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine shortage--United States. MMWR 1984;33:695-6.. POINT OF CONTACT FOR THIS DOCUMENT:. To ... The status of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine availability in the United States and interim recommendations of the U ... Notice to Readers Reinstatement of Regular Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine Schedule MMWR 34(16);231-2 Publication date: 04 ...
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Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the toxin produced by a bacterium named Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The ... Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the toxin produced by a bacterium named Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The ... Control of diphtheria, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis B field guide, 2005 ...
When his seven-year-old brother Jubrin was diagnosed with diphtheria in July 2023, Aminu Dayyabu Alharini had never heard of ... Building momentum against diphtheria outbreak in Nigeria 02 November 2023. Abuja, 31 October 2023 ‒ When his seven-year-old ... "I had never heard of diphtheria," Safiya says. "I dont want my children or those in the neighbourhood to fall sick or die from ... Diphtheria, a vaccine-preventable bacterial infection, is highly contagious and can lead to severe respiratory complications ...
In 1735, a diphtheria epidemic swept through New England. Before 1826, diphtheria was known by different names across the world ... In 2013, three children died of diphtheria in Hyderabad, India. In early June 2015, a case of diphtheria was diagnosed at Vall ... "Diphtheria". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Mapping diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine coverage in Africa, ... "Diphtheria Symptoms". www.cdc.gov. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017. "Diphtheria". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library ...
Diphtheria surveillance including case definition and reporting to the CDC. ... to obtain diphtheria antitoxin for treating the patient. A Food and Drug Administration-licensed diphtheria antitoxin product ... However, diphtheria antitoxin is available from CDC under an Investigational New Drug (IND) protocol. Healthcare professionals ... In 2020, the World Health Organization reported 10,107 global cases of diphtheria. While this was a decline in the number of ...
Photos of diphtheria disease and images of people affected by this disease. ... Child with diphtheria showing a characteristic swollen neck, sometimes referred to as "bull neck.". Source: PHIL Photo ID# 5325 ... Blood agar culture with growing colonies of Corynebacterium diphtheria type (belfanti) bacteria.. Source: PHIL Photo ID# 824 ... Micrograph revealing an intranuclear inclusion body in a heart section from a patient with diphtheria-related myocarditis.. ...
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection thats rare in the United States, where health officials immunize kids against it. But its ... Can Diphtheria Be Prevented?. Preventing diphtheria depends almost completely on giving the diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis ... What Is Diphtheria?. Diphtheria is a bacterial infection. It spreads easily and happens quickly, and mainly affects the nose ... How Is Diphtheria Treated?. Children and adults with diphtheria are treated in a hospital. After a doctor confirms the ...
... diphtheria & tetanus toxoids), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & ... encoded search term (diphtheria & tetanus toxoids (Tenivac%2C TDVAX)) and diphtheria & tetanus toxoids (Tenivac, TDVAX) What to ... Diphtheria: Diphtheria is an acute toxin-mediated disease caused by toxigenic strains of C diphtheriae; protection against ... 2010infanrix-daptacel-diphtheria-tetanus-toxoids-acellular-pertussis-vaccine-343172Drugs. Drugs diphtheria & tetanus toxoids/ ...
Diphtheria is a deadly infectious disease but is entirely preventable by vaccination ... The diphtheria anti-toxin is the primary means of reducing mortality and the risk of other diphtheria-caused complications, ... MSF staff at the Diphtheria Treatment Centre in Moynarghona, Bangladesh, administer the diphtheria antitoxin. © Anna Surinyach ... A diphtheria diagnosis is confirmed by taking a sample of cells from the throat or nose, or from a wound on the skin. ...
... Brand Name(s): Adacel® (as a combination product containing Diphtheria, Tetanus ... Tdap vaccine can prevent tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis.. Diphtheria and pertussis spread from person to person. Tetanus ... Has had an allergic reaction after a previous dose of any vaccine that protects against tetanus, diphtheria, or pertussis, or ... Has had severe pain or swelling after a previous dose of any vaccine that protects against tetanus or diphtheria ...
Diphtheria. Country of origin:. Cyprus. Location:. Nicosia. Status:. On hold. Formed in:. 1993. Genre:. Heavy/Power/Progressive ... Diphtheria very briefly began life as a death metal band.. Phivos Papadopoulos runs Pitch Black Records.. Compilation ...
MSF has now treated more than 4,000 people for diphtheria since December 2017, according to Carla Pla, project medical director ... camps and a lack of vaccination coverage for Rohingya children coming from Myanmar has resulted in an outbreak of diphtheria. ...
Diphtheria - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Prevention of Diphtheria Vaccination For more information, see also Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine Diphtheria-Tetanus- ... The diphtheria vaccine protects only against the effects of the diphtheria toxin; it does not prevent infection with diphtheria ... After exposure to diphtheria If people have close contact with a person who has diphtheria, they are tested for the infection ...
Comparative seroepidemiology of diphtheria in six European countries and Israel - Volume 141 Issue 1 ... Diphtheria vaccination coverage is reported in Figure 2, together with the standardized age-serological profiles for diphtheria ... Testing and inter-laboratory standardization of diphtheria toxin antibody measurements. Each country undertook diphtheria ... Prevalence of diphtheria and tetanus antibodies among adults in Singapore: a national serological study to identify most ...
2003). Diphtheria. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Global Health Odyssey Museum. "Diphtheria" (2003). ... Title : Diphtheria Corporate Authors(s) : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Global Health Odyssey Museum. ... Diphtheria is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria. Publication date from document properties. ...
We expressed the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor in transgenic mice … ... Diphtheria toxin receptor-mediated conditional and targeted cell ablation in transgenic mice Nat Biotechnol. 2001 Aug;19(8):746 ... We expressed the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor in transgenic mice using a hepatocyte-specific promoter and found that ...
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Polio (Tdap-IPV) vaccine information, who should get the vaccine, benefits, possible post-vaccination ... Diphtheria is a serious infection of the nose and throat caused by diphtheria bacteria. The bacteria are spread through the air ... What are tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, and polio?. Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is caused by bacteria mostly found in the ... Tetanus, diphtheria and polio are now rare in B.C. because of routine childhood immunization programs. Whooping cough still ...
Get all of the latest Diphtheria news from Luton Today. Providing a fresh perspective for online news. ... Get all of the latest Diphtheria news from Luton Today. Providing a fresh perspective for online news. ...
Learn more about Diphtheria from related diseases, pathways, genes and PTMs with the Novus Bioinformatics Tool. ... Diphtheria: Disease Bioinformatics. Research of Diphtheria has been linked to Tetanus, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis, Whooping Cough ... Explore more on Diphtheria below! For more information on how to use Laverne, please read the How to Guide.. ... The study of Diphtheria has been mentioned in research publications which can be found using our bioinformatics tool below. ...
The Modern Diphtheria Vaccine. With a modern vaccine formulation, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis are brought under control ... Diphtheria, which had previously been called by a variety of names, gained its official name from French physician Pierre ... Respiratory diphtheria has almost disappeared in the United States. Since 2004, the CDC has recorded no cases of respiratory ... The New York City Board of Health told the Health Department to devise a plan to ensure the purity and potency of diphtheria ...
... commence immunisation of vulnerable Nigerians against diphtheria disease ... "Cognisant that diphtheria is a highly contagious, infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Corynebacterium diphtheria ... "Further notes that since this index case, the Kaduna State Government has confirmed that the death toll from the diphtheria ... Also, the Senate called for intensification of search for active cases of diphtheria with contact tracing, risk communication ...
... boss Makgothi Thobakgale says at least 342 inmates and 36 officials have been vaccinated after an outbreak of diphtheria - now ... boss Makgothi Thobakgale says at least 342 inmates and 36 officials have been vaccinated after an outbreak of diphtheria - now ... Diphtheria is a contagious and potentially life-threatening bacterial infection spread through contact with respiratory ... Image: Supplied A Pollsmoor Correctional Centre prisoner died on November 5 after becoming infected with diphtheria. File photo ...
... a post-translationally modified histidine residue termed diphthamide that is specifically ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin ( ... Expression of non-ADP-ribosylatable, diphtheria toxin-resistant elongation factor 2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biochem Biophys ... a post-translationally modified histidine residue termed diphthamide that is specifically ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin ( ...
... Journal Article Overview ... BACKGROUND: In 2008, a diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, and inactivated poliovirus combined vaccine (DTaP-IPV) was ...
... teenagers across Pakistan due to diphtheria, shows failure of countrys routine immunisation programme ... At least 39 children, teenagers die across Pakistan due to diphtheria.. *Pediatricians say diphtheria outbreak due to non- ... "Diphtheria is a lethal bacterial infection, a vaccine-preventable disease, but every week dozens of diphtheria cases are now ... According to experts, diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheria that ...
  • Diphtheria is caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae biotype mitis , gravis , intermedius , or belfanti . (cdc.gov)
  • Diphtheria is an acute infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the toxin produced by a bacterium named Corynebacterium diphtheriae . (who.int)
  • Blood agar culture with growing colonies of Corynebacterium diphtheria type (belfanti) bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • Diphtheria is also known as diphtheria, corynebacterium infections, corynebacterium infection. (novusbio.com)
  • According to experts, diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called 'Corynebacterium diphtheria that make toxins. (geo.tv)
  • Corynebacterium diphtheria infects the nasopharynx or skin. (alliedacademies.org)
  • In 1888 Pierre Roux and Alexandre Yersin ANCHOR showed that the liquid in which the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae had been grown caused all the well-known effects of diphtheria, by injecting it into guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats and horses. (animalresearch.info)
  • Pharyngeal or cutaneous diphtheria is caused by toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae and occasionally by Corynebacterium ulcerans . (patient.info)
  • In 2021, there were 10 cases of diphtheria in the UK, 3 of which were toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae . (patient.info)
  • Diphtheria is an acute, contagious, febrile illness caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae . (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • With support from WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund, Kano state has carried out three phases of reactive routine immunization campaigns in February, April and August 2023, using the combination tetanus-diphtheria and pentavalent vaccines. (who.int)
  • Since the introduction of diphtheria vaccines, which began in the 1920s and 1930s, and implementation of universal childhood vaccination in the late 1940s, diphtheria has been well-controlled in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccines preventing diphtheria became available in the late 1940s in Europe and North America. (msf.org.uk)
  • The last known fatal case of diphtheria in Canada, described in a case report published in 2021, occurred in a traveller who was not up to date with relevant vaccines Footnote 10 . (canada.ca)
  • all reported having received diphtheria toxoid containing vaccines within the last 10 years. (health.gov.au)
  • Proceedings of an Informal Consultation on the World Health Organization Requirements for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis and Combined Vaccines, May 30 - June 1, 1988 / Charles R. Manclark, editor. (who.int)
  • Diphtheria and pertussis vaccination : report of a Conference of Heads of Laboratories Producing Diphtheria and Pertussis Vaccines, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 13-18 October 1952. (who.int)
  • It describes what diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough) are, describes the vaccines and also side effects. (vic.gov.au)
  • Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccines aren't live vaccinations. (healthline.com)
  • Health officials report that sufficient number of vaccines and anti-diphtheria serums are available. (com.ng)
  • Outbreaks in Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, South Africa, Sudan, and Pakistan have occurred since 2011 (travel information about diphtheria is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] web site ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Title : Diphtheria Corporate Authors(s) : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Global Health Odyssey Museum. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of widespread vaccination (immunization) of children, diphtheria is now rare in many parts of the world. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although vaccination is not guaranteed to prevent diphtheria, vaccinated persons who later develop diphtheria have been reported as having milder and fewer fatal infections. (medscape.com)
  • Diphtheritic croup is extremely rare in countries where diphtheria vaccination is customary. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diphtheria is a deadly infectious disease but is entirely preventable by vaccination. (msf.org.uk)
  • But prior to the successful vaccination programme, diphtheria was very common and one of the leading causes of death in children. (msf.org.uk)
  • A combination of poor living conditions in the camps and a lack of vaccination coverage for Rohingya children coming from Myanmar has resulted in an outbreak of diphtheria. (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • Today, diphtheria is rare in high-resource countries, primarily because of widespread childhood vaccination. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fewer than five cases occur in the United States each year, but diphtheria bacteria still exist in the world and can cause outbreaks if vaccination is inadequate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Routine vaccination has made diphtheria rare in high-resource countries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Health education efforts to inform inmates, department of correctional services officials and service providers about the symptoms of diphtheria, the importance of vaccination, and preventive measures are being amplified," the national correctional services commissioner said on Monday. (timeslive.co.za)
  • We have previously shown preterm infants less than 37 weeks of gestational age to display satisfactory immune response to all component antigens of a hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus- Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine (DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib), with seroprotection/vaccine response rates generally similar to those seen in full-term infants following primary vaccination and a booster dose [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It noted that its Emergency Health Unit was deploying expert health and supply chain staff to help over-stretched clinics to detect and treat diphtheria cases and to support mass vaccination campaigns across the worst-hit areas. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Diphtheria is a vaccine-preventable disease that has largely been eradicated across the world, although periodic outbreaks happen in places where large groups of children have missed this routine vaccination, such as the disruptions to vaccinations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Canada has maintained a low incidence of toxigenic diphtheria since the 1990s, supported by continued commitment to publicly funded vaccination programs. (canada.ca)
  • As a result of high vaccination rates, there have been no cases of diphtheria in Ontario since 1995. (gov.on.ca)
  • underlying the outbreak is a low vaccination rate, with only 70 per cent of children having received their first dose of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. (socialnews.xyz)
  • They can swab the back of the throat or nose and test it for the bacteria that cause diphtheria. (cdc.gov)
  • If the bacteria grow and make the diphtheria toxin, the doctor can be sure a patient has diphtheria. (cdc.gov)
  • However, it takes time to grow the bacteria, so it is important to start treatment right away if a doctor suspects respiratory diphtheria . (cdc.gov)
  • Using diphtheria antitoxin to stop the bacteria toxin from damaging the body. (cdc.gov)
  • The bacteria that cause diphtheria spread through respiratory droplets (such as from a cough or sneeze) of an infected person or someone who carries the bacteria but has no symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People infected with the diphtheria bacteria, even if they don't have any symptoms, can infect others for up to 4 weeks. (kidshealth.org)
  • After a doctor confirms the diagnosis through a throat culture , the infected person gets a special anti-toxin, given through injections or an IV , to neutralize the diphtheria toxin already circulating in the body, plus antibiotics to kill the remaining diphtheria bacteria. (kidshealth.org)
  • When someone is diagnosed with diphtheria, the doctor will notify the local health department and treat everyone in the household who may have been exposed to the bacteria. (kidshealth.org)
  • These samples will be examined to see whether the bacteria that cause diphtheria are present. (msf.org.uk)
  • The bacteria that cause diphtheria are usually spread in droplets of moisture coughed into the air. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diphtheria is a now-rare vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) associated with a wide range of clinical illnesses, depending on the infection site and the toxigenicity of the bacteria. (canada.ca)
  • Diphtheria is caused by strains of bacteria that are typically transmitted through respiratory droplets, coughing, or sneezing. (healthline.com)
  • People can also contract diphtheria from contact with open sores or ulcers containing the bacteria. (healthline.com)
  • Transmission occurs person-to-person through respiratory droplets or direct contact with secretions from cutaneous diphtheria lesions, and rarely, by fomites. (cdc.gov)
  • Cutaneous diphtheria is common in tropical countries. (cdc.gov)
  • Respiratory and cutaneous diphtheria have been reported in travelers to countries with endemic disease. (cdc.gov)
  • To determine whether hospitalization data, complemented with notifiable disease data, can describe the toxigenic respiratory and cutaneous diphtheria burden in Canada, and to assess if Canada is meeting its diphtheria vaccine-preventable disease-reduction target of zero annual cases of locally transmitted respiratory diphtheria. (canada.ca)
  • 23%). Cutaneous diphtheria accounted for 43% of records, and respiratory diphtheria accounted for 3%, with the remainder being other diphtheria complications or site unspecified. (canada.ca)
  • A report of the public health response undertaken for a case of toxigenic cutaneous diphtheria reported in a returned traveller and the implications for surveillance policy change in South Australia and nationally. (health.gov.au)
  • A case of cutaneous diphtheria was reported to the South Australian Department for Health and Ageing in April 2013 in an Australian-born 18-year-old female following travel in India. (health.gov.au)
  • Although cutaneous diphtheria is not included as part of the Australian communicable disease surveillance case definition, this may be an oversight as international evidence demonstrates that it is a source of organism transmission and can potentially result in outbreaks among susceptible populations. (health.gov.au)
  • We report the public health response to a case of imported cutaneous diphtheria in South Australia. (health.gov.au)
  • In countries where hygiene is poor, cutaneous diphtheria is the predominant clinical manifestation and source of infection. (patient.info)
  • MSF doctor Nina Goldman describes seeing her first case of diphtheria while responding to the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh. (msf.org.uk)
  • Bretonneau recorded the first successful use of tracheotomy in a case of diphtheria. (historyofvaccines.org)
  • Risk factors for diphtheria include crowded environments, poor hygiene, and lack of immunization. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anyone who has come into contact with an infected person should get an immunization or booster shot against diphtheria, if they have not already received it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Overcrowding, poor health, substandard living conditions, incomplete immunization, and immunocompromised states facilitate susceptibility to diphtheria and are risk factors for transmission of this disease. (medscape.com)
  • Following his recovery, Jubrin's brother, a village head, is now using the experience and position in the community to raise awareness and educate people on the importance of childhood immunization against diseases such as diphtheria. (who.int)
  • Diphtheria is caused by a bacterial infection that is now rare in countries where immunization is widespread. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Before the introduction of mass and routine immunization, diphtheria was a common cause of morbidity and mortality. (cambridge.org)
  • Reported cases and incidence of Diphtheria are collected annually through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on Immunization (JRF). (who.int)
  • In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that children aged 11-12 years receive tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap), meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY), and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (HPV vaccine can be started at age 9 years). (medscape.com)
  • Equine diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) is the mainstay of treatment and can be administered without waiting for laboratory confirmation. (cdc.gov)
  • Diphtheria antitoxin is given as a shot into a muscle or through an IV (intravenous line). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Healthcare professionals should promptly report suspected diphtheria cases to their respective health department and then the CDC Emergency Operations Center (770-488-7100) to obtain diphtheria antitoxin for treating the patient. (cdc.gov)
  • A Food and Drug Administration-licensed diphtheria antitoxin product is no longer available commercially in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • However, diphtheria antitoxin is available from CDC under an Investigational New Drug (IND) protocol. (cdc.gov)
  • Healthcare professionals must provide additional epidemiologic and clinical data to receive diphtheria antitoxin under the IND. (cdc.gov)
  • 0·01 IU/ml of diphtheria antitoxin antibodies). (cambridge.org)
  • An antiserum to the toxin, known as an antitoxin, was developed, and this protected animals from fatal doses of diphtheria toxin. (animalresearch.info)
  • Production of the antitoxin on a large scale was achieved in horses, with both the diphtheria serum and the antiserum being standardised using guinea pigs. (animalresearch.info)
  • ANCHOR Despite delays in administering the antitoxin, several studies carried out during the 1890's showed that deaths from diphtheria were approximately halved. (animalresearch.info)
  • Despite use of the antitoxin, death rates from diphtheria were still high in the early 1900s and the need for a vaccine was clear. (animalresearch.info)
  • However, responding to the outbreak has proven challenging, due to a worldwide shortage of lifesaving diphtheria antitoxin used in treatment, caused by dwindling production capacity. (socialnews.xyz)
  • While we provided 2,000 doses of diphtheria antitoxin last month in Kano, securing doses of the antitoxin has been one of the biggest challenges in this crisis," says Dr Omar. (socialnews.xyz)
  • Preventing diphtheria depends almost completely on giving the diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine to children (DTaP) and non-immunized adolescents and adults (Tdap). (kidshealth.org)
  • After a single dose of Tdap, teens and adults should get a booster shot with the Tdap or the diphtheria/tetanus vaccine (Td) every 10 years. (kidshealth.org)
  • Tdap vaccine can prevent tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. (safemedication.com)
  • Also, adults should receive a booster dose of either Tdap or Td (a different vaccine that protects against tetanus and diphtheria but not pertussis) every 10 years, or after 5 years in the case of a severe or dirty wound or burn. (safemedication.com)
  • The Tdap-IPV vaccine is the best way to protect against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and polio, which are serious and sometimes fatal diseases. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine coverage represents coverage with ≥1 Tdap dose at age ≥10 years. (medscape.com)
  • Protection does not last forever and a tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis ( Tdap ) booster dose is recommended when one is 14 -16 years old, and once in adulthood to maintain protection against these three diseases. (gov.on.ca)
  • In Ontario, individuals who have received their primary series (i.e., four doses of vaccine) for the prevention of tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and polio should receive Tdap-IPV vaccine as a booster dose at 4 - 6 years of age. (gov.on.ca)
  • Individuals 7 years of age and older who have not completed their primary series for prevention of tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and polio should receive up to three doses of Tdap-IPV vaccine, depending on age and immune status. (gov.on.ca)
  • Tdap is a vaccine that includes protection from three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). (healthline.com)
  • Tdap is different than the DTaP vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough), which is given to infants and children in five doses, starting at 2 months of age. (healthline.com)
  • All three doses are necessary for full protection against diphtheria. (who.int)
  • Further doses of the diphtheria-tetanus vaccine are recommended every ten years. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment includes throat cultures and booster doses of the diphtheria vaccine. (kidshealth.org)
  • She had previously received 5 doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine as part of routine childhood immunisation. (health.gov.au)
  • Doctors usually decide if a person has diphtheria by looking for common signs and symptoms . (cdc.gov)
  • People without symptoms who carry diphtheria should be treated with antibiotics. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A carrier is someone whose cultures are positive for the diphtheria species but does not exhibit signs and symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • The symptoms of diphtheria usually begin two to seven days after infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Diphtheria? (kidshealth.org)
  • Diphtheria symptoms then begin over a few days, with sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarseness, a general feeling of illness (malaise), a low-grade fever (about 100.4 to 102° F, or 38 to 38.9° C), and a fast heart rate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The symptoms of diphtheria include pharyngitis, fever, swelling of the neck or area surrounding the skin lesion. (alliedacademies.org)
  • About two weeks ago, we received patients that had symptoms of diphtheria in 14 local government areas bordering states that already established the infection. (pulse.ng)
  • He also called on residents to promptly report persons with symptoms of diphtheria to Disease Notification Officers in the local government areas or to the nearest health facility. (pulse.ng)
  • During the recovery phase, patients need to receive a full course of immunisation - having had diphtheria does not give automatic protection against it. (msf.org.uk)
  • The Senate has mandated the Federal Ministry of Health to, as a matter of urgency, commence immunisation of vulnerable Nigerians against diphtheria disease following the death of 20 people in Kaduna State. (leadership.ng)
  • Diphtheria is rare in Australia owing to high immunisation coverage. (health.gov.au)
  • This translated information resource provides information on the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough) booster vaccine given for free to children at 18 months old through the National Immunisation Program schedule. (vic.gov.au)
  • Diphtheria, a vaccine-preventable bacterial infection, is highly contagious and can lead to severe respiratory complications due to the formation of a greyish membrane in the throat. (who.int)
  • Diphtheria is a bacterial infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • Diphtheria is a contagious and potentially life-threatening bacterial infection spread through contact with respiratory droplets or hand-to-mouth contact with secretions from an infected person's mouth, nose, throat or skin, according to the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD). (timeslive.co.za)
  • Diphtheria is a lethal bacterial infection, a vaccine-preventable disease, but every week dozens of diphtheria cases are now being reported from Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan while suspected diphtheria cases are also being reported from Azad Jammu and Kashmir", an official of the National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination (NHS,R&C) said. (geo.tv)
  • Diphtheria is an acute, highly contagious bacterial disease causing inflammation of the mucous membranes, difficulty in breathing and swallowing, and potentially fatal heart and nerve damage. (samaritanspurse.ca)
  • However, diphtheria is a highly contagious bacterial infection that can be fatal without treatment. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Diphtheria is a toxin-mediated bacterial acute upper respiratory tract infection, but sometimes it infects the skin. (patient.info)
  • Diphtheria is a highly contagious and potentially life-threatening bacterial disease, which can present in respiratory or cutaneous forms. (socialnews.xyz)
  • C diphtheria is responsible for both endemic and epidemic diseases, and it was first described in the 5th century BC by Hippocrates. (medscape.com)
  • It protects preteens and adults against three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). (healthline.com)
  • Toxigenic strains of C. ulcerans also cause rare cases of a diphtheria-like illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Toxigenic strains of diphtheria still circulate in all regions of the world, and the disease can re-emerge if a population's overall protection decreases, as was the case in Eastern Europe in the 1990s. (msf.org.uk)
  • In addition to disease burden, other toxigenic Corynebacteria ( C. ulcerans or C. pseudotuberculosis ) and non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae may serve to maintain a reservoir for toxigenic respiratory diphtheria Footnote 2 Footnote 4 Footnote 8 . (canada.ca)
  • Countries with diphtheria vaccine coverage similar to Canada's report sporadic toxigenic respiratory diphtheria mostly associated with travel to endemic countries Footnote 2 Footnote 5 Footnote 9 Footnote 10 . (canada.ca)
  • The protocol for the public health management of diphtheria in South Australia has since been revised to include cutaneous lesions caused by the toxigenic strain of the organism as part of the surveillance case definition. (health.gov.au)
  • Diphtheria can affect any age group, especially people who are not fully vaccinated with diphtheria toxoid vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • This makes a diphtheria infection different from other more common infections that cause sore throat (such as strep throat ). (kidshealth.org)
  • In diphtheria cases that progress beyond a throat infection, the toxin spreads through the bloodstream. (kidshealth.org)
  • 2 A death from pharyngeal diphtheria was recorded in 2011 in an unimmunised contact of a traveller who acquired the infection in Papua New Guinea. (health.gov.au)
  • The use of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) in the United States has greatly decreased the incidence of diphtheria. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND: In 2008, a diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, and inactivated poliovirus combined vaccine (DTaP-IPV) was licensed for use in children 4 through 6 years of age. (healthpartners.com)
  • Guillain Barré syndrome after combined diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine: A rare pediatric case report and review of literature. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diphtheria can also involve the skin, eyes, or genitals, and can cause complications, including myocarditis (which in itself can result in an abnormal heart rate), inflammation of nerves (which can result in paralysis), kidney problems, and bleeding problems due to low levels of platelets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Micrograph revealing an intranuclear inclusion body in a heart section from a patient with diphtheria-related myocarditis. (cdc.gov)
  • The diphtheria anti-toxin is the primary means of reducing mortality and the risk of other diphtheria-caused complications, such as myocarditis (damage to the heart muscle) and neuropathies (nerve damage). (msf.org.uk)
  • Diphtheria toxin can also be absorbed into the bloodstream, causing distant organ dysfunction, including polyneuropathy, nephritis, and myocarditis. (patient.info)
  • The 3 isolated strains of C diphtheria include gravis, intermedius, and mitis. (medscape.com)
  • The World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) have decided to provide anti- diphtheria serum as dozens of children died following a recent surge in the deadly infectious disease. (geo.tv)
  • Paediatricians said that the diphtheria outbreak was due to the non-availability of the pentavalent vaccine and anti-diphtheria serum. (geo.tv)
  • As per the officials, the anti-diphtheria serum is manufactured in very less amounts due to the disease's eradication across the globe. (geo.tv)
  • The child has been treated with anti-diphtheria serum and her condition is stable. (com.ng)
  • Ask whether you need antibiotics to prevent getting diphtheria. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This is a booster dose for children who were immunized against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and polio at a younger age. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • The vaccine is also provided free to older children and adults who need protection against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and polio. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Rohingya crisis: 'After measles and diphtheria outbreaks, what will be next? (msf.org.uk)
  • Are measles, mumps and diphtheria outbreaks harbingers of worse to come? (timeslive.co.za)
  • In diphtheria of the upper respiratory tract, there is a membranous pharyngitis (often referred to as a pseudomembrane) with fever, enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes and oedema of soft tissues giving a 'bull neck' appearance. (patient.info)
  • diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenza type b (DTP-hepB-Hib). (geo.tv)
  • Tetanus and diphtheria are rare in the United States today, but whooping cough continues to spread. (healthline.com)
  • In response to the Rohingya refugee crisis, we have treated more than 7,000 people for diphtheria in Bangladesh's Cox's Bazar district as of the end of June 2019. (msf.org.uk)
  • MSF has now treated more than 4,000 people for diphtheria since December 2017, according to Carla Pla, project medical director for an MSF hospital in Cox's Bazar, in Bangladesh . (doctorswithoutborders.org)
  • Prisons boss Makgothi Thobakgale says at least 342 inmates and 36 officials have been vaccinated after an outbreak of diphtheria - now under control - claimed the life of an inmate at Pollsmoor Correctional Centre in Cape Town. (timeslive.co.za)
  • The treatment center is being used to respond to an outbreak of diphtheria among the 655,000 Rohingya who fled from violence and murder in their homeland of Myanmar in 2017. (samaritanspurse.ca)
  • Hospital administrative data are consistent with the low incidence of diphtheria reported in CNDSS, and a low burden of respiratory diphtheria in Canada. (canada.ca)
  • Cases are largely observed among unimmunised individuals with recent travel to countries where diphtheria remains endemic, or among the contacts of such travellers. (health.gov.au)
  • Although clinical disease remains rare, the susceptibility to diphtheria observed in these serosurveys highlights the importance of strengthened surveillance. (cambridge.org)
  • In some cases, diphtheria infects your skin first and causes skin lesions . (medlineplus.gov)
  • As the number of asymptomatic carriers decrease, the number of diphtheria cases consequently decline. (medscape.com)
  • Cumulatively from 9 May 2022 to 25 October 2023, 15 569 suspected (9772 confirmed) diphtheria cases that have been reported across Nigeria, 547 of whom have died. (who.int)
  • In 2020, the World Health Organization reported 10,107 global cases of diphtheria. (cdc.gov)
  • Individuals without evidence of clinical criteria as described by the diphtheria surveillance case definition but for whom toxin-producing C. diphtheriae is confirmed via laboratory testing (isolation and toxigenicity testing by modified Elek test or other validated test capable of confirming toxin-production) should not be classified as cases. (cdc.gov)
  • Cases of laboratory-confirmed, non-toxin-producing C. diphtheriae (respiratory or non-respiratory) should not be reported by state or local health departments to CDC as diphtheria cases. (cdc.gov)
  • Most cases of diphtheria happen in people who aren't vaccinated at all or who didn't get all their shots. (kidshealth.org)
  • Diphtheria cases have been recorded as a result of the war in Yemen and Rohingya refugees fleeing Myanmar . (msf.org.uk)
  • In 2018, MSF teams continued to see cases of diphtheria across Yemen, treating 570 patients in Abs, Ad Dhale, Ibb and Taiz. (msf.org.uk)
  • Since 2004, the CDC has recorded no cases of respiratory diphtheria in the United States. (historyofvaccines.org)
  • Also, the Senate called for intensification of search for active cases of diphtheria with contact tracing, risk communication activities and movement of affected cases to health facilities for management. (leadership.ng)
  • Eight laboratory-confirmed cases of diphtheria have been confirmed at Pollsmoor since the inmate, initially detained at Medium A (B section) from December 22. (timeslive.co.za)
  • Nigeria recorded 7,202 cases of diphtheria and 430 deaths since the outbreak started in May 2022. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Diphtheria can be fatal in more than 10% of cases, but this can increase in places like overcrowded displacement camps or informal settlements in cities, where families have limited access to health services or where health facilities are overwhelmed. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Eighteen cases of diphtheria were reported through CNDSS. (canada.ca)
  • Jigawa has recorded 91 suspected cases of diphtheria in 14 local government areas. (pulse.ng)
  • Diphtheria cases are mainly from Southeast Asia, South America, Africa and India. (patient.info)
  • In Bauchi state, where we have already treated 21 cases with diphtheria during our usual medical activities in Ganjuwa, we are monitoring the situation there and in Jama'are, and are ready to start diphtheria-specific activities based on the needs. (socialnews.xyz)
  • Patients with respiratory diphtheria require hospitalization to monitor response to treatment and manage complications. (cdc.gov)
  • Classic respiratory diphtheria describes toxin-mediated pseudomembranous respiratory disease associated with inflammation in the throat, high fatality rates and severe complications affecting the heart and nervous system Footnote 1 . (canada.ca)
  • C diphtheria adheres to mucosal epithelial cells where the exotoxin, released by endosomes, causes a localized inflammatory reaction followed by tissue destruction and necrosis. (medscape.com)
  • Eucaryotic elongation factor 2 (EF-2) contains a post-translationally modified histidine residue termed diphthamide that is specifically ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin (DT) or Pseudomonas exotoxin A. To analyze the potential physiological role of ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 by cellular ADP-ribosyl transferase, we constructed DT-resistant, non-ADP-ribosylatable Saccharomyces cerevisiae EF-2 by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed the mutant EF-2 in yeast. (nih.gov)
  • C diphtheriae produces a potent diphtheria exotoxin that is absorbed systemically and can lead to cardiac failure and paralysis of the diaphragm. (mayocliniclabs.com)
  • We cannot stop until we have reached all children who have not been vaccinated against diphtheria and continue encouraging all parents to bring their children for routine childhood immunizations. (who.int)
  • Louis Dublin, a Met Life statistician, estimated that childhood illnesses, including diphtheria, cost the American economy about $200,000,000 a year in lost parental wages and medical care. (historyofvaccines.org)
  • To treat diphtheria, patients need to be isolated and receive antibiotics and anti-toxins. (msf.org.uk)
  • MADRID - Officials say a six-year-old boy who had been the first child to contract diphtheria in Spain in 29 years has died from the disease in a Barcelona hospital. (globalnews.ca)
  • Abuja, 31 October 2023 ‒ When his seven-year-old brother Jubrin was diagnosed with diphtheria in July 2023, Aminu Dayyabu Alharini had never heard of the disease, the latest outbreak of which has claimed more than 500 lives in Nigeria. (who.int)
  • Diphtheria is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, and clinicians can contact their state health department or the CDC Emergency Operations Center for more information. (cdc.gov)
  • Diphtheria is a rare disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although state health departments now rarely report diphtheria in the United States, the disease was one of the most common causes of illness and death among children before a vaccine was available. (cdc.gov)
  • French physician Pierre Bretonneau (1778-1862) give the disease diphtheria its name. (historyofvaccines.org)
  • Diphtheria, which had previously been called by a variety of names, gained its official name from French physician Pierre Bretonneau (1778-1862), who called the disease diphtérite . (historyofvaccines.org)
  • Lin D, Ho Mi Fane B, Squires SG, Dickson C. Describing the burden of diphtheria in Canada from 2006 to 2017, using hospital administrative data and reportable disease data. (canada.ca)
  • Diphtheria-related hospital discharge data from 2006 to 2017 were extracted from the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD), and diphtheria case counts for the same period were retrieved from the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS), for descriptive analyses. (canada.ca)
  • Diphtheria is a serious disease of the nose, throat and skin. (gov.on.ca)
  • Diphtheria kills about one out of every 10 people who get the disease. (gov.on.ca)
  • This treatment is very important for respiratory diphtheria infections, but it is rarely used for diphtheria skin infections. (cdc.gov)
  • This is important for diphtheria infections in the respiratory system and on the skin and other parts of the body (e.g., eyes, blood). (cdc.gov)
  • People with diphtheria are usually no longer able to infect others 48 hours after they begin taking antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
  • Diphtheria can be prevented in those exposed, as well as treated with the antibiotics erythromycin or benzylpenicillin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Becoming infected with diphtheria, haemophilus B, pertussis, polio, or tetanus is much more dangerous to your child's health than receiving this vaccine. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Two records with diphtheria as the most responsible diagnosis resulted in inpatient deaths. (canada.ca)
  • Nasal diphtheria can be asymptomatic or mild, with a blood-tinged discharge. (cdc.gov)
  • Often diphtheria presents with a nasal discharge that is initially watery and becomes purulent and blood-stained. (patient.info)
  • For each country, a nationally representative population sample was collected across the entire age range and was tested for antibodies to diphtheria toxin. (cambridge.org)
  • These pathways complement our catalog of research reagents for the study of Diphtheria including antibodies and ELISA kits against DST, DCT, EEF2, IL2, HBEGF. (novusbio.com)
  • We have 3450 products for the study of Diphtheria that can be applied to Flow Cytometry, Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot from our catalog of antibodies and ELISA kits. (novusbio.com)
  • The hallmark of respiratory diphtheria is a pseudomembrane that appears within 2-3 days of illness onset, covers the mucous lining of the tonsils, pharynx, larynx, or nares, and that can extend into the trachea. (cdc.gov)
  • The pseudomembrane of diphtheria may cover a wide area. (historyofvaccines.org)
  • Even with treatment, about 1 in 10 patients with respiratory diphtheria die. (cdc.gov)
  • With prompt care in a hospital, most patients recover from diphtheria. (kidshealth.org)
  • Patients with diphtheria need to be admitted for monitoring and isolation. (msf.org.uk)
  • Maranatha Weeks, one of the Canadian medical professionals who will be treating diphtheria patients in Bangladesh. (samaritanspurse.ca)
  • Samaritan's Purse is opening a 50-bed treatment center in Bangladesh to help Rohingya diphtheria patients. (samaritanspurse.ca)
  • Whether it's treating diphtheria patients in Bangladesh or supporting Christian hospitals in Africa, Samaritan's Purse is committed to using gifts from Canadians like you to help people physically in the name of Jesus Christ-the Great Physician. (samaritanspurse.ca)
  • We're currently seeing more than 700 people with suspected diphtheria and admitting more than 280 patients on a weekly basis in Kano state's two diphtheria treatment centres," says Dr Hashim Juma Omar, MSF emergency medical doctor in Nigeria. (socialnews.xyz)
  • Almost 75 000 zero-dose children under the age of two received the first dose of the pentavalent vaccine, while around 670 000 eligible children (4‒14 years) were vaccinated with the tetanus-diphtheria vaccine in 18 high-burden local government areas in Kano state. (who.int)
  • Safiya Mohammed, a mother of two in residing in Ungogo Local Government Area, a hotspot for diphtheria in Kano state, ensured her children were vaccinated. (who.int)
  • A humanitarian group, Save the Children International (SCI) has said it was launching a wide-scale health response against diphtheria in the three most impacted states of Kano, Yobe, and Katsina . (thenationonlineng.net)