Congenital conditions in individuals with a male karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.
The processes of anatomical and physiological changes related to sexual or reproductive functions during the life span of a human or an animal, from FERTILIZATION to DEATH. These include SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; SEXUAL MATURATION; and changes during AGING.
Congenital conditions in individuals with a female karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.
Defects in the SEX DETERMINATION PROCESS in 46, XY individuals that result in abnormal gonadal development and deficiencies in TESTOSTERONE and subsequently ANTIMULLERIAN HORMONE or other factors required for normal male sex development. This leads to the development of female phenotypes (male to female sex reversal), normal to tall stature, and bilateral streak or dysgenic gonads which are susceptible to GONADAL TISSUE NEOPLASMS. An XY gonadal dysgenesis is associated with structural abnormalities on the Y CHROMOSOME, a mutation in the GENE, SRY, or a mutation in other autosomal genes that are involved in sex determination.
Clinical treatments used to change the physiological sexual characteristics of an individual.
The 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis may be sporadic or familial. Familial XX gonadal dysgenesis is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and its locus was mapped to chromosome 2. Mutation in the gene for the FSH receptor (RECEPTORS, FSH) was detected. Sporadic XX gonadal dysgenesis is heterogeneous and has been associated with trisomy-13 and trisomy-18. These phenotypic females are characterized by a normal stature, sexual infantilism, bilateral streak gonads, amenorrhea, elevated plasma LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH concentration.
Development of male secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the FEMALE. It is due to the effects of androgenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.
Congenital conditions in individuals in which male GONADS develop in a genetic female (female to male sex reversal).
A complex neoplasm composed of a mixture of gonadal elements, such as large primordial GERM CELLS, immature SERTOLI CELLS or GRANULOSA CELLS of the sex cord, and gonadal stromal cells. Gonadoblastomas are most often associated with gonadal dysgenesis, 46, XY.
A transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor family NR5 that is expressed throughout the adrenal and reproductive axes during development. It plays an important role in sexual differentiation, formation of primary steroidogenic tissues, and their functions in post-natal and adult life. It regulates the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes.
Conditions of sexual ambiguity in which the individual possesses gonadal tissues of both sexes, tissues from the OVARY and the TESTIS. There can be a testis on one side and an ovary on the other (lateral), or there may be combined ovarian and testicular tissue (ovotestes) on each side (bilateral). The karyotype may be 46,XX; 46,XY; or a mosaic of 46,XX/46,XY. These disorders have historically been called true hermaphroditism.
An inherited condition characterized by multiple malformations of CARTILAGE and bone including CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS; midface hypoplasia; radiohumeral SYNOSTOSIS; CHOANAL ATRESIA; femoral bowing; neonatal fractures; and multiple joint CONTRACTURES and, occasionally, urogenital, gastrointestinal or cardiac defects. In utero exposure to FLUCONAZOLE, as well as mutations in at least two separate genes are associated with this condition - POR (encoding P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase (NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE)) and FGFR2 (encoding FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2).
A disorder of sexual development transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. These patients have a karyotype of 46,XY with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN) gene. Severity of the defect in receptor quantity or quality correlates with their phenotypes. In these genetic males, the phenotypic spectrum ranges from those with normal female external genitalia, through those with genital ambiguity as in Reifenstein Syndrome, to that of a normal male with INFERTILITY.
Validation of the SEX of an individual by inspection of the GONADS and/or by genetic tests.
The stages of development of the psychological aspects of sexuality from birth to adulthood; i.e., oral, anal, genital, and latent periods.
The external and internal organs related to reproduction.
A transcription factor that plays an essential role in the development of the TESTES. It is encoded by a gene on the Y chromosome and contains a specific HMG-BOX DOMAIN that is found within members of the SOX family of transcription factors.
Congenital conditions of atypical sexual development associated with abnormal sex chromosome constitutions including MONOSOMY; TRISOMY; and MOSAICISM.
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.
A microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at C17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. Defects in CYP17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) and abnormal sexual differentiation.
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The rights of the individual to cultural, social, economic, and educational opportunities as provided by society, e.g., right to work, right to education, and right to social security.
Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of nursing.

True hermaphroditism associated with microphthalmia. (1/770)

A 4-year-old boy with an undescending left testis, penoscrotal hypospadia and bilateral microphthalmia was admitted to our hospital. Chromosome analysis revealed a karyotype of 46, XX del(x)(p2 2,31) and the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) was negative. The right testis was located in the scrotum and a left cystic ovary-like gonad, a salpinx and a unicorn uterus were found in the left inguinal canal. Histologically the gonad was an ovotestis in which primordial follicles covered infantile seminiferous tubules. Microphthalmia is observed in some congenital syndromes caused by interstitial deletion of the X chromosome. This case suggested that the short arm of the X chromosome was involved in the differentiation of the gonad. Very closely located follicles and infantile seminiferous tubules indicated that induction of meiosis in the fetus was controlled by the local microenvironment in follicles and seminiferous tubules, and not by the systemic hormonal condition.  (+info)

Morphogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans male tail tip. (2/770)

Using electron microscopy and immunofluorescent labeling of adherens junctions, we have reconstructed the changes in cell architecture and intercellular associations that occur during morphogenesis of the nematode male tail tip. During late postembryonic development, the Caenorhabditis elegans male tail is reshaped to form a copulatory structure. The most posterior hypodermal cells in the tail define a specialized, sexually dimorphic compartment in which cells fuse and retract in the male, changing their shape from a tapered cone to a blunt dome. Developmental profiles using electron microscopy and immunofluorescent staining suggest that cell fusions are initiated at or adjacent to adherens junctions. Anterior portions of the tail tip cells show the first evidence of retractions and fusions, consistent with our hypothesis that an anterior event triggers these morphogenetic events. Available mutations that interfere with morphogenesis implicate particular regulatory pathways and suggest loci at which evolutionary changes could have produced morphological diversity.  (+info)

Sexual dimorphism in white campion: complex control of carpel number is revealed by y chromosome deletions. (3/770)

Sexual dimorphism in the dioecious plant white campion (Silene latifolia = Melandrium album) is under the control of two main regions on the Y chromosome. One such region, encoding the gynoecium-suppressing function (GSF), is responsible for the arrest of carpel initiation in male flowers. To generate chromosomal deletions, we used pollen irradiation in male plants to produce hermaphroditic mutants (bsx mutants) in which carpel development was restored. The mutants resulted from alterations in at least two GSF chromosomal regions, one autosomal and one located on the distal half of the (p)-arm of the Y chromosome. The two mutations affected carpel development independently, each mutation showing incomplete penetrance and variegation, albeit at significantly different levels. During successive meiotic generations, a progressive increase in penetrance and a reduction in variegation levels were observed and quantified at the level of the Y-linked GSF (GSF-Y). Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the behavior of the bsx mutations: epigenetic regulation or/and second-site mutation of modifier genes. In addition, studies on the inheritance of the hermaphroditic trait showed that, unlike wild-type Y chromosomes, deleted Y chromosomes can be transmitted through both the male and the female lines. Altogether, these findings bring experimental support, on the one hand, to the existence on the Y chromosome of genic meiotic drive function(s) and, on the other hand, to models that consider that dioecy evolved through multiple mutation events. As such, the GSF is actually a system containing more than one locus and whose primary component is located on the Y chromosome.  (+info)

A neomorphic syntaxin mutation blocks volatile-anesthetic action in Caenorhabditis elegans. (4/770)

The molecular mechanisms underlying general anesthesia are unknown. For volatile general anesthetics (VAs), indirect evidence for both lipid and protein targets has been found. However, no in vivo data have implicated clearly any particular lipid or protein in the control of sensitivity to clinical concentrations of VAs. Genetics provides one approach toward identifying these mechanisms, but genes strongly regulating sensitivity to clinical concentrations of VAs have not been identified. By screening existing mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that a mutation in the neuronal syntaxin gene dominantly conferred resistance to the VAs isoflurane and halothane. By contrast, other mutations in syntaxin and in the syntaxin-binding proteins synaptobrevin and SNAP-25 produced VA hypersensitivity. The syntaxin allelic variation was striking, particularly for isoflurane, where a 33-fold range of sensitivities was seen. Both the resistant and hypersensitive mutations decrease synaptic transmission; thus, the indirect effect of reducing neurotransmission does not explain the VA resistance. As assessed by pharmacological criteria, halothane and isoflurane themselves reduced cholinergic transmission, and the presynaptic anesthetic effect was blocked by the resistant syntaxin mutation. A single gene mutation conferring high-level resistance to VAs is inconsistent with nonspecific membrane-perturbation theories of anesthesia. The genetic and pharmacological data suggest that the resistant syntaxin mutant directly blocks VA binding to or efficacy against presynaptic targets that mediate anesthetic behavioral effects. Syntaxin and syntaxin-binding proteins are candidate anesthetic targets.  (+info)

Evolution of sperm size in nematodes: sperm competition favours larger sperm. (5/770)

In the free-living rhabditid nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, sperm size is a determinant of sperm competitiveness. Larger sperm crawl faster and physically displace smaller sperm to take fertilization priority, but not without a cost: larger sperm are produced at a slower rate. Here, we investigate the evolution of sperm size in the family Rhabditidae by comparing sperm among 19 species, seven of which are hermaphroditic (self-fertile hermaphrodites and males), the rest being gonochoristic (females and males). We found that sperm size differed significantly with reproductive mode: males of gonochoristic species had significantly larger sperm than did males of the hermaphroditic species. Because males compose 50% of the populations of gonochoristic species but are rare in hermaphroditic species, the risk of male-male sperm competition is greater in gonochoristic species. Larger sperm have thus evolved in species with a greater risk of sperm competition. Our results support recent studies contending that sperm size may increase in response to sperm competition.  (+info)

Sperm competition in the absence of fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans. (6/770)

Hermaphrodite self-fertilization is the primary mode of reproduction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. However, when a hermaphrodite is crossed with a male, nearly all of the oocytes are fertilized by male-derived sperm. This sperm precedence during reproduction is due to the competitive superiority of male-derived sperm and results in a functional suppression of hermaphrodite self-fertility. In this study, mutant males that inseminate fertilization-defective sperm were used to reveal that sperm competition within a hermaphrodite does not require successful fertilization. However, sperm competition does require normal sperm motility. Additionally, sperm competition is not an absolute process because oocytes not fertilized by male-derived sperm can sometimes be fertilized by hermaphrodite-derived sperm. These results indicate that outcrossed progeny result from a wild-type cross because male-derived sperm are competitively superior and hermaphrodite-derived sperm become unavailable to oocytes. The sperm competition assays described in this study will be useful in further classifying the large number of currently identified mutations that alter sperm function and development in C. elegans.  (+info)

spe-12 encodes a sperm cell surface protein that promotes spermiogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. (7/770)

During spermiogenesis, Caenorhabditis elegans spermatids activate and mature into crawling spermatozoa without synthesizing new proteins. Mutations in the spe-12 gene block spermatid activation, rendering normally self-fertile hermaphrodites sterile. Mutant males, however, are fertile. Surprisingly, when mutant hermaphrodites mate with a male, their self-spermatids activate and form functional spermatozoa, presumably due to contact with male seminal fluid. Here we show that, in addition to its essential role in normal activation of hermaphrodite-derived spermatids, SPE-12 also plays a supplementary but nonessential role in mating-induced activation. We have identified the spe-12 gene, which encodes a novel protein containing a single transmembrane domain. spe-12 mRNA is expressed in the sperm-producing germ line and the protein localizes to the spermatid cell surface. We propose that SPE-12 functions downstream of both hermaphrodite- and male-derived activation signals in a spermatid signaling pathway that initiates spermiogenesis.  (+info)

A region of human chromosome 9p required for testis development contains two genes related to known sexual regulators. (8/770)

Deletion of the distal short arm of chromosome 9 (9p) has been reported in a number of cases to be associated with gonadal dysgenesis and XY sex reversal, suggesting that this region contains one or more genes required in two copies for normal testis development. Recent studies have greatly narrowed the interval containing this putative autosomal testis-determining gene(s) to the distal portion of 9p24.3. We previously identified DMRT1, a human gene with sequence similarity to genes that regulate the sexual development of nematodes and insects. These genes contain a novel DNA-binding domain, which we named the DM domain. DMRT1 maps to 9p24. 3 and in adults is expressed specifically in the testis. We have investigated the possible role of DM domain genes in 9p sex reversal. We identified a second DM domain gene, DMRT2, which also maps to 9p24.3. We found that point mutations in the coding region of DMRT1 and the DM domain of DMRT2 are not frequent in XY females. We showed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis that both genes are deleted in the smallest reported sex-reversing 9p deletion, suggesting that gonadal dysgenesis in 9p-deleted individuals might be due to combined hemizygosity of DMRT1 and DMRT2.  (+info)

'46, XY Disorders of Sex Development' (DSD) is a term used to describe conditions in which individuals are born with chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not fit typical definitions of male or female. In these cases, the individual has 46 chromosomes, including one X and one Y chromosome (46, XY), which would typically result in the development of male characteristics. However, for various reasons, the sexual differentiation process may be disrupted, leading to atypical development of the internal and/or external sex organs.

There are several possible causes of 46, XY DSD, including genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or anatomical abnormalities. These conditions can range from mild to severe in terms of their impact on physical health and sexual function, and they may also have psychological and social implications.

Examples of 46, XY DSD include complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), and disorders of gonadal development such as Swyer syndrome. Treatment for 46, XY DSD may involve surgical intervention, hormone replacement therapy, and/or psychological support.

Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are a group of conditions that occur when there is a difference in the development and assignment of sex characteristics. These differences may be apparent at birth, at puberty, or later in life. DSD can affect chromosomes, gonads, genitals, or secondary sexual characteristics, and can result from genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development.

DSDs were previously referred to as "intersex" conditions, but the term "Disorders of Sex Development" is now preferred in medical settings because it is more descriptive and less stigmatizing. DSDs are not errors or abnormalities, but rather variations in human development that require sensitive and individualized care.

The diagnosis and management of DSD can be complex and may involve a team of healthcare providers, including endocrinologists, urologists, gynecologists, psychologists, and genetic counselors. Treatment options depend on the specific type of DSD and may include hormone therapy, surgery, or other interventions to support physical and emotional well-being.

Sexual development is a multidimensional process that includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects. It refers to the changes and growth that occur in an individual from infancy to adulthood related to sexuality, reproduction, and gender identity. This process involves the maturation of primary and secondary sex characteristics, the development of sexual attraction and desire, and the acquisition of knowledge about sexual health and relationships.

Physical aspects of sexual development include the maturation of reproductive organs, hormonal changes, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males. Cognitive aspects involve the development of sexual knowledge, attitudes, and values. Emotional aspects refer to the emergence of sexual feelings, desires, and fantasies, as well as the ability to form intimate relationships. Social aspects include the development of gender roles and identities, communication skills related to sexuality, and the ability to navigate social norms and expectations around sexual behavior.

Sexual development is a complex and ongoing process that is influenced by various factors such as genetics, hormones, environment, culture, and personal experiences. It is important to note that sexual development varies widely among individuals, and there is no one "normal" or "correct" way for it to unfold.

'46, XX Disorders of Sex Development' (DSD) is a medical term used to describe individuals who have typical female chromosomes (46, XX) but do not develop typical female physical characteristics. This condition is also sometimes referred to as 'Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome' (CAIS).

Individuals with 46, XX DSD/CAIS have testes instead of ovaries, and they typically do not have a uterus or fallopian tubes. They usually have female external genitalia that appear normal or near-normal, but they may also have undescended testes or inguinal hernias. Because their bodies are insensitive to androgens (male hormones), they do not develop male physical characteristics such as a penis or facial hair.

Individuals with 46, XX DSD/CAIS are typically raised as females and may not become aware of their condition until puberty, when they do not menstruate or develop secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts. Treatment for this condition typically involves surgery to remove the undescended testes and hormone replacement therapy to promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

It's important to note that individuals with 46, XX DSD/CAIS can live healthy and fulfilling lives, but they may face unique challenges related to their gender identity, sexuality, and fertility. It is essential to provide these individuals with comprehensive medical care, emotional support, and access to resources and information to help them navigate these challenges.

Gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XY is a medical condition where the gonads (testes) fail to develop or function properly in an individual with a 46,XY karyotype (a normal male chromosomal composition). This means that the person has one X and one Y chromosome, but their gonads do not develop into fully functional testes. As a result, the person may have ambiguous genitalia or female external genitalia, and they will typically not produce enough or any male hormones. The condition can also be associated with an increased risk of developing germ cell tumors in the dysgenetic gonads.

The severity of gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XY can vary widely, and it may be accompanied by other developmental abnormalities or syndromes. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the dysgenetic gonads to reduce the risk of tumor development, as well as hormone replacement therapy to support normal sexual development and reproductive function. The underlying cause of gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XY is not always known, but it can be associated with genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities.

Sex reassignment procedures, also known as gender confirmation surgery or sex change surgery, refer to surgical procedures that aim to alter a person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics to match their gender identity. These procedures can include a variety of surgeries such as genital reconstruction, chest reconstruction (for transgender women), hysterectomy, oophorectomy, orchidectomy, and metoidioplasty or phalloplasty (for transgender men). It is important to note that sex reassignment procedures are just one aspect of the transition process for many transgender individuals, which may also include hormone therapy, legal name changes, and social transitions.

Gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XX is a medical condition where an individual with a 46,XX karyotype has underdeveloped or absent gonads (ovaries). Normally, individuals with a 46,XX karyotype have ovaries that produce female sex hormones and develop into reproductive organs. However, in cases of gonadal dysgenesis, the gonads do not develop properly and may appear as streak gonads, which lack germ cells and are incapable of producing sex hormones or gametes (eggs).

Individuals with 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis often have female external genitalia but may have primary amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) due to the underdeveloped or absent ovaries. They may also have other features such as short stature, webbed neck, and intellectual disability, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

The underlying causes of 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis can vary, including genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, or exposure to environmental factors during fetal development. Some individuals with this condition may have an increased risk of developing gonadal tumors, so regular monitoring and follow-up care are essential.

Virilism is a condition that results from excessive exposure to androgens (male hormones) such as testosterone. It can occur in both males and females, but it is more noticeable in women and children. In females, virilism can cause various masculinizing features like excess body hair, deepened voice, enlarged clitoris, and irregular menstrual cycles. In children, it can lead to premature puberty and growth abnormalities. Virilism is often caused by conditions that involve the adrenal glands or ovaries, including tumors, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and certain medications.

'46, XX Testicular Disorders of Sex Development' (DSD) is a medical condition where an individual is genetically female (has two X chromosomes) but has testes instead of ovaries, and typically has a male or ambiguous phenotypic appearance. This condition results from disorders in the hormonal regulation of sexual differentiation during fetal development.

Individuals with 46, XX DSD may have typical male external genitalia, atypical genitalia, or female external genitalia with underdeveloped labia and a clitoris that resembles a small penis. They usually do not have a uterus or fallopian tubes, but they may have a vagina.

The condition is often diagnosed in infancy or early childhood due to the presence of ambiguous genitalia or inguinal hernias (which can contain testicular tissue). In some cases, it may not be diagnosed until puberty when the individual fails to menstruate and has a lack of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development.

Treatment for 46, XX DSD typically involves surgical removal of the testes to prevent the risk of gonadal tumors, hormone replacement therapy to promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and psychological support to help individuals cope with issues related to gender identity and sexual orientation.

Gonadoblastoma is a rare, typically benign, slow-growing tumor that primarily affects the gonads (ovaries or testes). It most commonly occurs in individuals with disorders of sexual development, particularly those with gonadal dysgenesis and a 46,XY karyotype. The tumor is composed of germ cells and sex cord stromal cells, which differentiate into various cell types found within the gonads.

Gonadoblastomas are usually asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally during imaging studies or surgical procedures for other conditions. In some cases, they may produce hormones leading to precocious puberty or virilization. Although typically benign, there is a risk of malignant transformation into germ cell tumors such as dysgerminoma, seminoma, or teratoma. Regular follow-up and monitoring are essential for early detection and management of potential complications. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the affected gonad.

Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1 or NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor protein that functions as a transcription factor, playing a crucial role in the development and regulation of the endocrine system. It is involved in the differentiation and maintenance of steroidogenic tissues such as the adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes), and the hypothalamus and pituitary glands in the brain.

SF-1 regulates the expression of genes that are essential for steroid hormone biosynthesis, including enzymes involved in the production of cortisol, aldosterone, and sex steroids (androgens, estrogens). Mutations in the SF-1 gene can lead to various disorders related to sexual development, adrenal function, and fertility.

In summary, Steroidogenic Factor 1 is a critical transcription factor that regulates the development and function of steroidogenic tissues and the biosynthesis of steroid hormones.

Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development (OT-DSD), also known as true gonadal intersex, are rare conditions where the individual has both ovarian and testicular tissue in their gonads. This condition is characterized by the presence of both ovarian and testicular structures in the same person, which can be found in various combinations and locations within the body.

Individuals with OT-DSD may have varying degrees of development of internal reproductive organs (such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, or vas deferens) and external genitalia that may not clearly fit typical definitions of male or female. The chromosomal patterns in these individuals can also vary, with 46,XX, 46,XY, or mosaic karyotypes (a combination of both).

The diagnosis of OT-DSD is typically made during infancy, adolescence, or adulthood, depending on the individual's presentation. Treatment usually involves surgical management of the gonads and genitalia, hormone replacement therapy, and psychological support for the person and their family. The ultimate goal is to help the individual establish a gender identity that aligns with their personal sense of self while ensuring their physical health and well-being.

Antley-Bixler syndrome phenotype is a medical term used to describe a set of physical features that are characteristic of Antley-Bixler syndrome, a rare genetic disorder. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the genes that provide instructions for making proteins involved in the development of bones and other tissues in the body.

The Antley-Bixler syndrome phenotype typically includes:

1. Craniosynostosis: This is a condition where the bones in the skull fuse together prematurely, leading to an abnormally shaped head.
2. Abnormalities of the face and skull: These may include a prominent forehead, wide-set eyes, a beaked nose, and low-set ears.
3. Bone abnormalities: These may include bowed or bent limbs, fusion of bones in the hands and feet, and other skeletal malformations.
4. Respiratory problems: Some individuals with Antley-Bixler syndrome may have narrow airways, which can lead to breathing difficulties.
5. Genital abnormalities: In some cases, males with Antley-Bixler syndrome may have undescended testicles.

It is important to note that not all individuals with Antley-Bixler syndrome will have all of these features, and the severity of the condition can vary widely from person to person. If you suspect that your child may have Antley-Bixler syndrome, it is important to consult with a medical professional for further evaluation and diagnosis.

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a genetic condition that occurs in individuals who are genetically male (have one X and one Y chromosome) but are resistant to androgens, which are hormones that play a role in male sexual development. This resistance is caused by changes (mutations) in the gene for the androgen receptor.

There are three main types of AIS: complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), and mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS).

In CAIS, individuals are completely resistant to androgens, which results in the development of female external genitalia at birth. Despite having testes, these individuals do not have a functioning male reproductive system and typically have a female gender identity. They may be diagnosed during adolescence when they do not begin to menstruate or experience other signs of puberty.

In PAIS and MAIS, the degree of androgen insensitivity varies, resulting in a range of physical characteristics that can include both male and female features. These individuals may have ambiguous genitalia at birth, and their gender identity may not align with their genetic sex.

It's important to note that people with AIS are typically healthy and do not have an increased risk of medical conditions beyond those related to their hormonal differences. However, they may face challenges related to their gender identity, sexual development, and fertility. It is recommended that individuals with AIS receive comprehensive medical care and support from a team of healthcare professionals who specialize in this condition.

Sex determination analysis is a medical or biological examination used to establish the genetic or phenotypic sex of an individual. This can be done through various methods, including:

1. Genetic testing: Examination of an individual's DNA to identify the presence of specific sex chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males). This is typically performed through a blood or tissue sample.
2. Chromosomal analysis: Microscopic examination of an individual's chromosomes to determine their number and structure. In humans, females typically have 46 chromosomes, including two X chromosomes (46,XX), while males typically have 46 chromosomes, including one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY).
3. Phenotypic analysis: Observation of an individual's physical characteristics, such as the presence or absence of certain sex organs or secondary sexual characteristics, to determine their phenotypic sex.

Sex determination analysis is used in various medical and research contexts, including prenatal testing, diagnosis of disorders of sex development (DSDs), forensic investigations, and population studies. It's important to note that while sex determination analysis can provide information about an individual's genetic or phenotypic sex, it does not necessarily reflect their gender identity, which is a personal sense of being male, female, or something else.

Psychosexual development refers to the theory of personality development in which an individual's sexual desires and behaviors are shaped by their experiences and relationships, particularly during childhood and adolescence. This concept was first introduced by Sigmund Freud as part of his psychoanalytic theory. According to Freud, psychosexual development occurs in five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital.

During each stage, the individual derives pleasure from a different erogenous zone, and their experiences and relationships during this time can have lasting effects on their sexual desires and behaviors later in life. For example, unresolved conflicts during the phallic stage, which is centered around the genitals, may lead to issues with sexual intimacy and relationships in adulthood.

It's important to note that while Freud's theory of psychosexual development has been influential in the field of psychology, it is not universally accepted and has been criticized for its lack of empirical evidence and cultural bias.

Genitalia, also known as the genitals, refer to the reproductive organs located in the pelvic region. In males, these include the penis and testicles, while in females, they consist of the vulva, vagina, clitoris, and ovaries. Genitalia are essential for sexual reproduction and can also be associated with various medical conditions, such as infections, injuries, or congenital abnormalities.

The Sex-Determining Region Y (SRY) protein is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in male sex determination. It is encoded by the SRY gene, which is located on the Y chromosome in humans and many other mammal species. The primary function of the SRY protein is to initiate the development of the testes during embryonic development.

In the absence of a functional SRY protein, the gonads will develop into ovaries. With a functional SRY protein, the gonads will develop into testes, which then produce androgens, including testosterone, that are necessary for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Mutations in the SRY gene can lead to sex reversal, where an individual with a Y chromosome develops as a female due to non-functional or absent SRY protein.

Disorders/Differences of Sex Development (DSDs) related to sex chromosomes are conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. These disorders are caused by differences in the number or structure of the sex chromosomes (X and Y). Some examples of DSDs related to sex chromosomes include:

1. Turner Syndrome (45,X): This condition occurs when an individual has only one X chromosome instead of the typical pair. Affected individuals typically have female physical characteristics but may have short stature, webbed neck, and other features. They usually have underdeveloped ovaries and are unable to menstruate or bear children without medical intervention.

2. Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY): This condition occurs when an individual has an extra X chromosome, resulting in a total of 3 sex chromosomes (XXY). Affected individuals typically have male physical characteristics but may have reduced fertility, breast development, and other features.

3. Triple X Syndrome (47,XXX): This condition occurs when an individual has an extra X chromosome, resulting in a total of 3 sex chromosomes (XXX). Affected individuals typically have normal female physical characteristics but may have learning disabilities and other developmental delays.

4. Jacobs Syndrome (47,XYY): This condition occurs when an individual has an extra Y chromosome, resulting in a total of 3 sex chromosomes (XYY). Affected individuals typically have normal male physical characteristics but may have learning disabilities and other developmental delays.

5. Other variations such as 45,X/46,XY mosaicism or 46,XX/46,XY true hermaphroditism can also occur, leading to a range of physical and developmental characteristics that may not fit typical definitions of male or female.

It's important to note that individuals with DSDs should receive comprehensive medical care from a team of specialists who can provide individualized treatment plans based on their specific needs and circumstances.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of inherited genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands located on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing several essential hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.

CAH is caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in the synthesis of these hormones. The most common form of CAH is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which affects approximately 90% to 95% of all cases. Other less common forms of CAH include 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency and 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency.

The severity of the disorder can vary widely, depending on the degree of enzyme deficiency. In severe cases, the lack of cortisol production can lead to life-threatening salt wasting and electrolyte imbalances in newborns. The excess androgens produced due to the enzyme deficiency can also cause virilization, or masculinization, of female fetuses, leading to ambiguous genitalia at birth.

In milder forms of CAH, symptoms may not appear until later in childhood or even adulthood. These may include early puberty, rapid growth followed by premature fusion of the growth plates and short stature, acne, excessive hair growth, irregular menstrual periods, and infertility.

Treatment for CAH typically involves replacing the missing hormones with medications such as hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and/or sex hormones. Regular monitoring of hormone levels and careful management of medication doses is essential to prevent complications such as adrenal crisis, growth suppression, and osteoporosis.

In severe cases of CAH, early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or minimize the risk of serious health problems and improve quality of life. Genetic counseling may also be recommended for affected individuals and their families to discuss the risks of passing on the disorder to future generations.

Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase, also known as CYP17A1, is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that plays a crucial role in steroid hormone biosynthesis. It is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells in the adrenal glands and gonads. This enzyme catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation and subsequent lyase cleavage of pregnenolone and progesterone, converting them into dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione, respectively. These steroid intermediates are essential for the biosynthesis of both glucocorticoids and sex steroids, including cortisol, aldosterone, estrogens, and testosterone.

Defects in the CYP17A1 gene can lead to several disorders, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, which is characterized by decreased production of cortisol and sex steroids and increased mineralocorticoid levels. This condition results in sexual infantilism, electrolyte imbalances, and hypertension.

The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.

Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.

Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Karyotyping is a medical laboratory test used to study the chromosomes in a cell. It involves obtaining a sample of cells from a patient, usually from blood or bone marrow, and then staining the chromosomes so they can be easily seen under a microscope. The chromosomes are then arranged in pairs based on their size, shape, and other features to create a karyotype. This visual representation allows for the identification and analysis of any chromosomal abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, or structural changes like translocations or inversions. These abnormalities can provide important information about genetic disorders, diseases, and developmental problems.

"Sex characteristics" refer to the anatomical, chromosomal, and genetic features that define males and females. These include both primary sex characteristics (such as reproductive organs like ovaries or testes) and secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts or facial hair) that typically develop during puberty. Sex characteristics are primarily determined by the presence of either X or Y chromosomes, with XX individuals usually developing as females and XY individuals usually developing as males, although variations and exceptions to this rule do occur.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that belongs to androsten class of hormones. It is primarily secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes of males and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone and anabolic steroid. It plays a key role in the development of masculine characteristics, such as body hair and muscle mass, and contributes to bone density, fat distribution, red cell production, and sex drive. In females, testosterone contributes to sexual desire and bone health. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol and its production is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

In medical terms, "sex" refers to the biological characteristics that define males and females. These characteristics include chromosomes, hormone levels, reproductive/sexual anatomy, and secondary sexual traits. Generally, people are categorized as male or female based on their anatomical and genetic features, but there are also intersex individuals who may have physical or genetic features that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. It is important to note that while sex is a biological concept, gender is a social construct that refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, and expectations that a society considers appropriate for men and women.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Human Rights" is a social, political, and legal concept, rather than a medical one. Human rights are basic rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled, regardless of nationality, sex, ethnicity, religion, language, or any other status. They include civil and political rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and freedom of expression; as well as social, cultural and economic rights, like the right to participate in culture, the right to food, and the right to work and receive an education.

However, in the context of healthcare, human rights are crucial. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the right to medical care and the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. Healthcare providers have a responsibility to respect and protect their patients' human rights, ensuring that they receive care without discrimination, that their privacy is protected, and that they are involved in decisions regarding their healthcare.

Violations of human rights can significantly impact an individual's health and well-being, making the promotion and protection of human rights a critical public health issue.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Schools, Nursing" is not a recognized medical term or concept. It seems like there might be some misunderstanding or missing context in your request.

Nursing, as a profession, involves the provision of care to individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nursing education, therefore, typically takes place in schools of nursing, which are institutions dedicated to providing theoretical and practical education for future nurses.

If you're referring to a specific medical condition, treatment, or concept that you think might be related to "Schools, Nursing," could you please provide more context or clarify your question? I'd be happy to help with more information.

... (DSDs), also known as differences in sex development, diverse sex development and variations in ... "Disorders of Sex Development". Organisation Intersex International Australia. "Why Not "Disorders of Sex Development"?". UK ... Beh H, Diamond M (2006). "Variations of Sex Development Instead of Disorders of Sex Development". Archives of Disease in ... "Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) Resources". YourChild. University of Michigan Health System. "Sex Development". Toronto: The ...
"The Genetics of Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development". Genetic Steroid Disorders. pp. 261-263. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12- ... Hutson, John M.; Warne, Garry L.; Grover, Sonia R. (2012-02-02). Disorders of Sex Development: An Integrated Approach to ... DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT: ENDOCRINE ASPECTS", Pediatric Urology (Second Edition), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 459-475 ... True hermaphroditism represents 5% of all sex disorder differentiations. The exact number of confirmed cases is uncertain, but ...
XX Testicular Disorders/Differences of Sex Development". Nonsyndromic 46,XX Testicular Disorders of Sex Development. PMID ... XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on 46,XY Disorder of Sex Development and 46,XY Complete ... XX testicular disorder of sex development. About 20 percent of those with 46 XX testicular disorder of sex development do not ... XX Testicular Disorders/Differences of Sex Development". Nonsyndromic 46,XX Testicular Disorders of Sex Development. PMID ...
Kremen J, Chan YM, Swartz JM (January 2017). "Recent findings on the genetics of disorders of sex development". Curr Opin Urol ... XY disorders of sex development". J Pediatr Urol. 9 (3): 368-379. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.12.002. PMID 23276787. "Swyer ... "Disorders of Sex Development". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 48: 90-102. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn. ... XY Karyotype in a Family with Multiple Disorders of Sexual Development". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 93 ...
Selma Feldman Witchel (2018). "Disorders of Sex Development". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 48: ... Intersex is a general term for an organism that has sex characteristics that are between male and female. It typically applies ... Hunter, R. H. F.; Hunter, Ronald Henry Fraser (1995-03-09). Sex Determination, Differentiation and Intersexuality in Placental ... as opposed to hermaphroditic species in which the majority of members can have both male and female sex characteristics). Such ...
"Explaining Disorders of Sex Development & Intersexuality". Tidy, Colin (January 19, 2016). "Hypospadias". Patient. Patient ... "United Nations Fact Sheet-Intersex" (PDF). Loomba-Albrecht, Lindsey A.; Styne, Dennis M. (2017). "Disorders of Sex Development ... Hypospadias can be a symptom or indication of a difference in sex development or an intersex condition, but some consider that ... When the hypospadias is extensive-third degree/penoscrotal-or has associated differences in sex development such as chordee or ...
ISBN 978-92-4-156498-4. Raveenthiran, V (2017). "Neonatal Sex Assignment in Disorders of Sex Development: A Philosophical ... "Assignment of the sex of rearing in the neonate with a disorder of sex development". Curr Opin Pediatr. 21 (4): 541-7. doi: ... Selma Feldman Witchel (2018). "Disorders of Sex Development". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 48: ... Sex assignment is the discernment of an infant's sex at birth, usually based on the phenotypic sex. It is also referred to as ...
... "disorders of sex development", "disorders of sexual development", "differences of sex development" (all abbreviated as DSD) or ... Kim KS, Kim J (January 2012). "Disorders of sex development" (PDF). Korean Journal of Urology. 53 (1): 1-8. doi:10.4111/kju. ... Hughes IA (February 2008). "Disorders of sex development: a new definition and classification". Best Practice & Research. ... 13f and 14m Disorders of sex development Intersex medical interventions Diophantus of Abae Callon of Epidaurus Complete ...
... the function of the human sex chromosomes; and disorders of sexual development. After graduating from New Utrecht High School ... sex determination and differentiation (and their disorders) and disease-causing pathology. He was a past president of the ... for his research and writing on the effect of hormones and the central nervous system on growth and puberty and their disorders ... made many seminal contributions the understanding of pediatric endocrinology including extensive studies on the development and ...
... and Sex Differences". Child Development. 81 (2): 480-486. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01411.x. PMID 20438454. Patel, Vikram; ... Classification as a disorder Gender in individual mental disorders Sex differences in autism Sex differences in schizophrenia ... Depression in women is more likely to be comorbid with anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, and eating disorders. Men ... The fashion industry and media have been cited as potential factors in the development of eating disorders in adolescents and ...
Vilain is an expert on the Disorders of Sex Development and has published widely on the genetic pathways and molecular ... Eric Vilain is a physician-scientist and professor in the fields of Disorders/Differences of Sex Development (DSDs) and ... Délot, Emmanuèle C.; Papp, Jeanette C.; Sandberg, David E.; Vilain, Eric (June 2017). "Genetics of Disorders of Sex Development ... Vilain is currently one of the principal investigators of the Differences/Disorders of Sex Development Translational Research ...
Canada: Wadworth Publishing Company, 1999 Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), ... United Nations Development Programme (2014). "Being LGBT in Asia: Nepal Country Report". Bangkok: United Nations Development ... Intersex issues in Nepal may often be thought to be third sex issues, and the most well-known third-gender group in South Asia ... Group, Queer Youth; Change, Campaign for (21 February 2021). Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics ( ...
"Disorders of Sex Development Research Website". University of Queensland, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, and Prince ... "Third sex option on birth certificates". Deutsche Welle. 1 November 2013. Cox, Lisa (28 November 2013). "ACT government bill ... His intersex status was diagnosed as an adult, described as including a diagnosis of "indeterminate sex", and a surgical ... Human Rights Watch (2020). "They're Chasing Us Away from Sport" Human Rights Violations in Sex Testing of Elite Women Athletes ...
Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in ... 2012). "Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development". Nat. Rev. Urol. 9 (11): 620-627. doi:10.1038/nrurol. ... "Surgery in disorders of sex development (DSD) with a gender issue: If (why), when, and how?". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 12 ... "Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care". Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 85 (3 ...
Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in ... 2012). "Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development". Nat. Rev. Urol. 9 (11): 620-627. doi:10.1038/nrurol. ... claim that secrecy-based models have been perpetuated by a shift in clinical language to disorders of sex development. Morgan ... Curtis, Skyler (2010-2011). "Reproductive Organs and Differences of Sex Development: The Constitutional Issues Created by the ...
"Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development". Sexual Development. 4 (4-5): 259-269. doi:10.1159/000314536. ISSN 1661-5433. PMID ... "Orphanet: 46,XY disorder of sex development due to 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency". www.orpha.net. Retrieved ... 17-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency is a cause of 46,XY disorder of sex development (46,XY DSD) that presents in ... Hewitt, Jacqueline K.; Warne, Garry L. (February 2009). "Management of disorders of sex development". Pediatric Health. 3 (1): ...
Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in ... "WE AFFIRM that those born with a physical disorder of sex development are created in the image of God and have dignity and ... They are their own sex, a category unto themselves completely separate from the male and female sexes. They are both male and ... "Individuals Whose Sex at Birth Is Not Clear". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved 25 November 2017. POTET, Jean-Paul ...
Feder EK, Karkazis K (2008). "What's in a name? The controversy over "disorders of sex development"". Hastings Cent Rep. 38 (5 ... Hughes IA (February 2008). "Disorders of sex development: a new definition and classification". Best Pract. Res. Clin. ... XY disorder of sex development". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95 (4): 1876-88. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2146. PMID 20150575. Lumbroso ... Until around the seventh week of development, the embryo has indifferent sex accessory ducts, which consist of two pairs of ...
The new language of Disorders of Sex Development was always contentious as was seen as pathologizing. Scholars and activists, ... The hospital found that "disorders of sex development" terminology may negatively affect care, give offence, and result in ... The research results for "disorders of sex development" mirrored earlier results from a survey of a congenital adrenal ... Newswise (2017-05-11). "Term "Disorders of Sex Development" May Have Negative Impact". Newswise. Archived from the original on ...
Finkielstain, Gabriela P.; Vieites, Ana; Bergadá, Ignacio; Rey, Rodolfo A. (2021). "Disorders of Sex Development of Adrenal ... implications for normal and abnormal human sex development". Developmental Dynamics. 242 (4): 320-9. doi:10.1002/dvdy.23892. ... This rare deficiency can lead to DSD in both sexes, with affected girls being asymptomatic until puberty, when they show ... Du Toit, Therina; Swart, Amanda C. (2021). "Turning the spotlight on the C11-oxy androgens in human fetal development". J ...
Feder, Ellen K.; Karkazis, Katrina (2008). "What's in a Name? The Controversy over 'Disorders of Sex Development'". Hastings ... "Disorders of Sex Development", co-authored with Ellen Feder and published in 2008, the authors state that "tracing "the history ... In Emotionally and cognitively informed consent for clinical care for differences of sex development, co-authored with Anne ... Tamar-Mattis, Anne (2013). "Emotionally and cognitively informed consent for clinical care for differences of sex development ...
Pornography as a Contributory Risk Factor in the Psycho-Social Development of Violent Sex Offenders. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-549- ... An additional theory is that infantilism is an erotic identity disorder where the erotic fantasy is centered on the self rather ... Marx, E (2009). 101 Things You Didn't Know about Sex. Adams Media. pp. 145. ISBN 978-1-60550-106-2. Freund K; Blanchard R (1993 ... ISBN 978-0-8058-0486-7. Cantor J; Blanchard R; Barbaree H (2009). "Sexual Disorders". In Blaney PH & Millon T (ed.). Oxford ...
Canada: Wadworth Publishing Company, 1999 Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), ... 1996). "Hijras: An Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India". Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and ... Conversely, if a khuntha or female developed male secondary sex characteristics, performed penetrative sex with a woman, or had ... If a khuntha or male developed female secondary sex characteristics, performed vaginal sex, lactated, menstruated, or conceived ...
Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD). Basel: Karger. ISBN 9783318025583. "New study shows female ... Congenital disorders, Pediatric gynecology, Chromosomes, Urethra disorders, Female genital mutilation, Ethically disputed ... A lack of ambiguity of the genitalia is seen as necessary in the assignment of a sex to infants and therefore whether a child's ... The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present. University of Chicago Press, 2000, p. 106. For the obituary, see J.F.C. " ...
Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A Biology x Sex x Environment interaction model of antisocial and ... Development and Psychopathology, 31, 1203-1212. doi:10.1017/S0954579418000822 Sauder, C. L., Derbidge, C. M., & Beauchaine, T. ... Development and Psychopathology, 21, 735-770. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000418 Beauchaine, T. P., Zisner, A., & Sauder, C. L. ( ... Development and Psychopathology, 31, 799-804. doi:10.1017/S0954579419000671 Beauchaine, T. P. (2015). Future directions in ...
Hiort, O (2014). Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD. Basel: Karger. ISBN 9783318025590; Access ...
2016). "Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care". Horm Res Paediatr. 85 (3): 158- ... Vaginoplasties may be performed in children or adolescents with intersex conditions or disorders of sex development. Non- ... Hiort, O (2014). Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD). Basel: Karger. ISBN 9783318025590; Access ... Congenital disorders such as adrenal hyperplasia can affect the structure and function of the vagina and sometimes the vagina ...
328-. ISBN 978-3-540-78354-1. Hiort, O (2014). Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD. Basel: Karger. ... "Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care". Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 85 (3 ... Other reasons for the surgery are to treat adrenal hyperplasia, microphallus, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kustner disorder and for women ... Genitoplasties may be reconstructive to repair injuries, and damage arising from cancer treatment, or congenital disorders, ...
Ono M, Harley VR (February 2013). "Disorders of sex development: new genes, new concepts". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 9 (2 ... Pearce JJ, Singh PB, Gaunt SJ (April 1992). "The mouse has a Polycomb-like chromobox gene". Development. 114 (4): 921-9. doi: ... "Male-to-female sex reversal in M33 mutant mice". Nature. 393 (6686): 688-92. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..688K. doi:10.1038/31482. ... Development. 124 (3): 721-9. doi:10.1242/dev.124.3.721. PMID 9043087. Vidal M (2009-01-01). "Role of polycomb proteins Ring1A ...
Disorders of sex development (DSD) in the journal article Consensus Statement on Intersex Disorders and their Management. The ... A 2016 paper on "Surgery in disorders of sex development (DSD) with a gender issue" repeated many of the same claims, but ... A 2016 follow-up to the 2006 Consensus Statement, termed a Global Disorders of Sex Development Update stated, There is still no ... History of intersex surgery Intersex human rights Disorders of sex development (DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m " ...
Disorders of sexual development (DSDs), formerly termed intersex conditions, are among the most fascinating conditions ... encoded search term (Differences (Disorders) of Sex Development (DSDs)) and Differences (Disorders) of Sex Development (DSDs) ... Phenotypic sex determination begins with genetic sex and follows a logical cascade: Chromosomal sex determines gonadal sex, ... Differences (Disorders) of Sex Development (DSDs). Updated: Nov 30, 2021 * Author: Osama Al-Omar, MD, MBA, FACS, FEBU; Chief ...
Disorders of sex development (DSDs), also known as differences in sex development, diverse sex development and variations in ... "Disorders of Sex Development". Organisation Intersex International Australia. "Why Not "Disorders of Sex Development"?". UK ... Beh H, Diamond M (2006). "Variations of Sex Development Instead of Disorders of Sex Development". Archives of Disease in ... "Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) Resources". YourChild. University of Michigan Health System. "Sex Development". Toronto: The ...
Erratum - 9th International Symposium in Disorders/Differences of Sex Development Sex Dev (February,2023) ... 9th International Symposium in Disorders/Differences of Sex Development Subject Area: Endocrinology , Further Areas , Genetics ... 9th International Symposium in Disorders/Differences of Sex Development. Sex Dev 30 June 2022; 16 (Suppl. 1): 1-91. https://doi ... The Aging Ovary and the Tales Learned Since Fetal Development: The Aging Ovary and the Tales Learned Since Fetal Development ...
Individuals born with differences of sex development (DSD) fall into this category of … ... Evolving indications for surgical intervention in patients with differences/disorders of sex development: Implications of ... Keywords: Clitoroplasty; Deferred surgery; Disorders of sex development; Gonadectomy; Shared decision-making; Urogenital sinus ... Individuals born with differences of sex development (DSD) fall into this category of rare conditions and have additional ...
MSH: Congenital conditions in individuals with a male karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is ...
Disorders of sexual development (DSDs), formerly termed intersex conditions, are among the most fascinating conditions ... encoded search term (Disorders of Sex Development) and Disorders of Sex Development What to Read Next on Medscape ... Phenotypic sex determination begins with genetic sex and follows a logical cascade: chromosomal sex determines gonadal sex, ... Update on disorders of sex development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2012 Feb. 19(1):28-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
When a childs gender is in question at birth, the child has atypical genitalia (ambiguous genitalia). This means that the genitals dont seem to be clearly male or female.
Differences of sex development (DSD) is a group of conditions in which there is a discrepancy between the external (outside) ... Differences of sex development (DSD) is a group of conditions in which there is a discrepancy between the external (outside) ... Disorders of sex development. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of ... Disorders of sex development. In: Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC, eds. Fanaroff and Martins Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. ...
DSDs are congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical. DSDs represent a ... sometimes called intersex or variations of sex development) and their families to better understand their condition and improve ... The cause of these problems is often a breakdown of the complex network of gene regulation responsible for proper development ... diverse range of conditions, some of which are relatively common, including sex reversal, genital ambiguity, hypospadias, ...
Sex development. Sex development starts with the initial setting of either a 46,XX or a 46,XY karyotype. Sex development of the ... Sex Dev 2013;7:126-46.. 5. Hiort O, Ahmed SF. Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD). Basel: Karger. ... Gender issues and related social stigma affecting patients with a disorder of sex development in India. Arch Sex Behav 2017;46: ... Approach to the infant with a suspected disorder of sex development. Pediatr Clin North Am 2015;62:983-99.. ...
Parents of Children With Newly Diagnosed Disorders of Sex Development Identify Major Concerns: A Qualitative Study. ... Parents of Children With Newly Diagnosed Disorders of Sex Development Identify Major Conce ...
N2 - UNLABELLED: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare genetic conditions resulting in atypical development of the sex ... AB - UNLABELLED: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare genetic conditions resulting in atypical development of the sex ... UNLABELLED: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare genetic conditions resulting in atypical development of the sex organs ... Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare genetic conditions resulting in atypical development of the sex organs. While some ...
... "development and disorders of biological sex". He laid his focus on intersexuality and what function the hormones and ... We think that all of us were able to learn a lot more about the biological side of our topic "sex & gender" and we also got ... It was also surprising for most of us to learn how the biological sex was formed by hormonal influences and the fact that ...
Sex Chromosome Disorders of Sex Development - 20 Studies Found. Status. Study Active, not recruiting. Study Name: Aneuploidies ...
Disorders of Sex Development. When a childs gender is in question at birth, the child has atypical genitalia (ambiguous ... Disorders Affecting the Adrenal Glands. Detailed information on disorders affecting the adrenal glands, including underactive ... Disorders Affecting the Pituitary Gland. Detailed information on disorders affecting the pituitary gland, including posterior ... Disorders Affecting the Thyroid. Detailed information on disorders affecting the thyroid gland, including hyperthyroidism ( ...
Learn and reinforce your understanding of Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review. ... Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. ... both Clay and Jessie seem to have some form of disorder of sexual development and sex hormones. ... Generally, there are two sex chromosomes; those who have X and Y sex chromosomes are typically considered genetically males, ...
Feminizing Genitoplasty for Children with Disorders of Sex Development The purpose of this work is to present two new surgical ... Feminizing Genitoplasty for Children with Disorders of Sex Development. Feminizing Genitoplasty for Children with Disorders of ... Sex Development. The purpose of this work is to present two new surgical techniques used for feminizing genitoplasty: ...
... on the functional integrity of the NR5A1 protein resulting in serious impairment of its modulation of gonadal development. This ... XY disorders of sex development (DSD) face additional medical and psychological challenges. To optimize management and minimize ... Novel NR5A1 Pathogenic Variants Cause Phenotypic Heterogeneity in 46, XY Disorders of Sex Development. Sex Dev. 2019;13:178-86. ... A novel c.64G , T (p.G22C) NR5A1 variant in a Chinese adolescent with 46,XY disorders of sex development: a case report. *Dan ...
Sex development can be divided into three major components: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and phenotypic sex. DHT, ... The major determinants of sex development can be divided into three components: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex (sex determination ... TABLE 10-1 Classification of Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs) SEX CHROMOSOME DSD. 46,XY DSD (SEE TABLE 10-3). 46,XX DSD (SEE ... Achermann JC, Jameson J. Achermann J.C., & Jameson J Achermann, John C., and J. Larry Jameson. "Disorders of Sex Development." ...
Sex development can be divided into three major components: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and phenotypic sex. DHT, ... The major determinants of sex development can be divided into three components: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex (sex determination ... TABLE 383-1 Classification of Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs) Sex Chromosome DSD. 46,XY DSD (see Table 383-3). 46,XX DSD ( ... Achermann JC, Jameson J. Achermann J.C., & Jameson J Achermann, John C., and J. Larry Jameson. "Disorders of Sex Development." ...
Influence on Adolescent Development Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Influence on Adolescent... ... Sex, race and socioeconomic status all contribute to the development of ADHD. Boys are ... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Influence on Adolescent Development Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ... Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be described as a disorder that ...
Animal Studies, Human Studies, Molecular/Cellular, Pharmacology/Drug Development, Sex Differences. DATE PUBLISHED:. 2023 ... and characterization of prolactin neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of female-prevalent pain disorders.. ... and characterization of prolactin neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of female-prevalent pain disorders. ...
Disorders of sex development: insights from targeted gene sequencing of a large international patient cohort. Overview of ... Sex. Cited by user Boltasu on 11 Apr 2020. Organismele multor specii, nu toate, sunt specializate în sex masculin și sex ...
Consortium on Disorders of Sex Development "Welcome to DSD Guidelines, a project of the Consortium on Disorders of Sex ... and Sex Development for developing and identifying these resources.". Association of LGBTQ+ Psychiatrists "A community of ... and/or born with differences of sex development (DSD). The AAMC thanks the AAMC Advisory Committee on Sexual Orientation, ... approaches to care that enhance the health and well-being of people and families affected by differences of sex development ( ...
... reproductive development could halt, or attempt to proceed down the opposite sex pathway. Humans, like all other mammals, ... What are Differences/Disorders of Sex Development (or intersex conditions)?. If fetal tissues were to receive erroneous signals ... Lee, P. A. et al. (2016) Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care, Hormone ... Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (2015) 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development, NIH National Center for ...
Open the PDF for Managing the Risk of Germ Cell Tumourigenesis in Disorders of Sex Development Patients in another window ... Open the PDF for Advances in Molecular Markers of Germ Cell Cancer in Patients with Disorders of Sex Development in another ... Advances in Molecular Markers of Germ Cell Cancer in Patients with Disorders of Sex Development ... Managing the Risk of Germ Cell Tumourigenesis in Disorders of Sex Development Patients ...
Disorders of sex development and adrenogenital syndrome clinic. Universitätsmedizin Mannheim. Więcej informacji ...
Such gonads are found exclusively in people with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development (OT-DSD), formerly known as true ... Josso N, Audi L, Shaw G. Regional variations in the management of testicular or ovotesticular disorders of sex development. Sex ... Kousta E, Papathanasiou A, Skordis N. Sex determination and disorders of sex development according to the revised nomenclature ... encoded search term (Ovotesticular Disorder of Sexual Development) and Ovotesticular Disorder of Sexual Development What to ...
... biochemical and serology tests for human health and Mendelian disorders, pharmacogenetic drug responses, somatic phenotypes, ... Invitae Disorders of Sex Development Panel. Invitae United States. 88. 53. *D Deletion/duplication analysis ... Nephrotic syndrome and related disorders Deletion / Duplication panel. HNL Genomics Connective Tissue Gene Tests United States ...
  • DSDs are divided into following categories, emphasizing the karyotype's role in diagnosis: 46,XX DSD: Genetic Female Sex Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • 46,XY DSD: Genetic Male Sex Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • A discussion of how chromosomes, genes and hormones contribute to development of these differences illustrates how intricate these processes are. (dsdgenetics.org)
  • These conditions may be caused by numerical or structural variations in sex chromosomes as well as autosomes, variations in genes involved in gonadal and/or genital development, and changes in gonadal and/or adrenal steroidogenesis. (e-apem.org)
  • On the one hand, we all have a genotypic sex, which is determined by our karyotype or set of chromosomes. (osmosis.org)
  • those who have X and Y sex chromosomes are typically considered genetically males, while those who only have X chromosomes are typically considered genetically females. (osmosis.org)
  • Those with this condition have male chromosomes, underdeveloped sex organs, internal female reproductive organs, and female external genitalia. (chkd.org)
  • Within the spectrum of DSD, there are varying degrees of discordant genitalia to sex chromosomes. (medscape.com)
  • Biological sex isn't really determined by chromosomes. (thetech.org)
  • The sex is principally determined by genotype in all species, but the mechanisms range from a single controlling locus to sex chromosomes bearing several linked loci required for sex determination. (researchgate.net)
  • XX, Sex reversal: consist of two groups of patients with male phenotypes, the first with translocated SRY and the second with no SRY gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • XY, Sex reversal: patients with female phenotypes where duplication in the Xp21.2 region of the X chromosome that contains the NR0B1 (DAX1) gene is associated with XY sex reversal. (wikipedia.org)
  • DSDs range from common disorders like cryptorchidism to very rare and complex conditions like complete XX or XY sex reversal. (e-apem.org)
  • however, overtly ambiguous genitalia may occur in one in 4,500 live births, and complete XX or XY sex reversal with unequivocal male or female phenotype at birth is estimated to exist in one in 20,000 live births [ 2 ]. (e-apem.org)
  • Mutations in this gene are responsible for sex reversal in approximately 10-15% of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (46,XY DSD) cases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations in the SRY gene are known to be involved in 46,XY sex reversal and are found in approximately 15% of 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis cases [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A 46 XY sex reversal characterized by an XY karyotype, phenotypically female genitalia and failure to develop secondary sexual characteristics at puberty including menstruation that has_material_basis_in homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the CBX2 gene on chromosome 17q25.3. (jax.org)
  • Differences (disorders) of sex development (DSDs), formerly termed intersex conditions, are seen in infants who are born with ambiguous or abnormal genitalia and may have indeterminate phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)
  • Disorders of sex development (DSDs), also known as differences in sex development, diverse sex development and variations in sex characteristics (VSC), are congenital conditions affecting the reproductive system, in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. (wikipedia.org)
  • Disorders of sex development (DSDs), formerly termed intersex conditions, are among the most fascinating conditions encountered by the clinician. (medscape.com)
  • Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of congenital conditions of the urogenital tract and reproductive system. (e-apem.org)
  • According to the Chicago classification (2006), DSDs can be classified into 3 categories: sex chromosome DSDs, which include Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome, as well as 45,X/46,XY and 46,XX/46,XY variants. (e-apem.org)
  • 46,XY and 46,XX DSDs can be further subdivided into the subclasses of disorders of gonadal development, disorders of androgen biosynthesis and excess, and unclassified. (e-apem.org)
  • Variations at each of these stages can result in disorders (or differences) of sex development (DSDs) ( Table 10-1 ) . (mhmedical.com)
  • However, because our genetic template is still either male or female, these anomalies or Disorders/Differences of Sex Development (DSDs) can only impair that template. (can-sg.org)
  • Therefore, DSDs are said to be sex-specific (belonging to one or other sex). (can-sg.org)
  • Instead, DSDs should be used more specifically to denote those individuals for whom their sex may be difficult for a doctor to immediately observe, which only happens in approximately 0.02% of the population (Sax, 2002). (can-sg.org)
  • p.Arg92Trp) in a significant number of 46,XX ovotesticular or testicular disorders of sex development (DSDs) cases. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
  • However, the paradigm of early gender assignment has been challenged by the results of clinical and basic science research, which show that gender identity development likely begins in utero and may not be the same as chromosomal or phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)
  • In 2006, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) published proposed changes to the previously used nomenclature and definitions of disorders in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic sex is atypical. (medscape.com)
  • Phenotypic sex determination begins with genetic sex and follows a logical cascade: chromosomal sex determines gonadal sex, which determines phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)
  • The type of gonad present determines the differentiation/regression of the internal ducts (ie, müllerian and wolffian ducts) and ultimately determines the phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)
  • On the other hand, phenotypic sex is determined by the primary sexual characteristics, so the genitalia and gonads, as well as the secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast and muscle development, as well as body hair and fat distribution . (osmosis.org)
  • The major determinants of sex development can be divided into three components: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex (sex determination), and phenotypic sex (sex differentiation) ( Fig. 10-1 ) . (mhmedical.com)
  • Sex development can be divided into three major components: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and phenotypic sex. (mhmedical.com)
  • Individuals born with differences of sex development (DSD) fall into this category of rare conditions and have additional social barriers due to the intimate nature of the conditions. (nih.gov)
  • Differences of sex development (DSD) is a group of conditions in which there is a discrepancy between the external (outside) genitals (penis, scrotum, vulva, labia) and the internal (inside) genitals (testes, vagina, ovaries). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Association of American Medical Colleges - Sexual & Gender Minority Health Resources The following resources can be used to promote the health of people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT), gender nonconforming (GNC), and/or born with differences of sex development (DSD). (yale.edu)
  • The medical community has changed its approach to intersex cases-which doctors often categorize as "Differences of Sex Development" or "DSD"-by establishing "DSD teams. (hrw.org)
  • MSH: Congenital conditions in individuals with a male karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical. (linkedlifedata.com)
  • UNLABELLED: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare genetic conditions resulting in atypical development of the sex organs. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • Historically, when children with atypical sex characteristics were born in the United States, the people around them-parents and doctors-made their best guess and assigned the child a sex. (hrw.org)
  • In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sex chromosome DSD: patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy or mosaic sex karyotypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Testis-determining factor (TDF) is a 35-kilobase pair (kbp) sequence on the 11.3 subband of the Y chromosome, an area termed the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY). (medscape.com)
  • Many chromosome configurations other than simple 46, XX or 46, XY can result in disorders of sex development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These include 45, XO (only one X chromosome), and 47, XXY or 47, XXX - both cases have an extra sex chromosome, either an X or a Y. These disorders do not result in a condition in which there is a discrepancy between internal and external genitalia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Around the 6 th week of the unborn baby's development, a gene on the Y chromosome of a developing boy tells the fetal tissue that will form the sex organs to become the testes. (chkd.org)
  • Without the Y chromosome, the fetal tissue in a female baby that will form the sex organs becomes the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes. (chkd.org)
  • The Sex determining Region on the Y gene ( SRY ) is located on the short arm of the Y-chromosome and is the crucial switch that initiates testis determination and subsequent male development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Normal male (46,XY) sex determination relies on the presence of the Y-chromosome, specifically on expression of SRY at the appropriate time and place during gonad development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For the first part of the sex verification test, they will probably check for a Y chromosome. (thetech.org)
  • The LWPES-ESPE terminology mainly reflects the chromosomal sex or the gonadal tissue associated with the disorder. (medscape.com)
  • It was also surprising for most of us to learn how the biological sex was formed by hormonal influences and the fact that before the impact of those hormones on the embryo, everybody is female, was quite new to a lot of us. (erasmus-identity.info)
  • Most of these "gender tests" you mention are actually looking at biological sex, not gender. (thetech.org)
  • Lots of different genes are all part of determining a baby's biological sex. (thetech.org)
  • What are Differences/Disorders of Sex Development (or intersex conditions)? (can-sg.org)
  • Time and spatially controlled transcription factors, signal molecules, and an array of different hormones are involved in the development of sex characteristics, and variations in their pathways and actions are associated with DSD. (e-apem.org)
  • Gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty is caused by early secretion of high levels of sex hormones. (uhhospitals.org)
  • Okay, now based on their initial presentation, both Clay and Jessie seem to have some form of disorder of sexual development and sex hormones . (osmosis.org)
  • Certain hormones also can affect the development of the sex organs. (chkd.org)
  • Cross-sex hormone therapy (noun) - The administration of hormones for those who wish to match their physical secondary sex characteristics to their gender identity. (memphis.edu)
  • But they have only one gender's internal sex organs. (chkd.org)
  • Male pseudohermaphrodite means the child has male internal sex organs. (chkd.org)
  • Female pseudohermaphrodite means the child has female internal sex organs. (chkd.org)
  • After decades of controversy in the medical community over the procedures, the lack of centralized care standards allows doctors to continue operating on children's gonads, internal sex organs, and genitals when they are too young to participate in the decision, even though such surgery is dangerous and could be safely deferred. (hrw.org)
  • Doctors began recommending surgical solutions to the supposed "problem" of intersex traits-internal sex organs, genitalia, or gonads that do not match typical definitions of male and female. (hrw.org)
  • Yet, the example of these two conditions only affect male genitalia, meaning there is no ambiguity over the boy's sex. (can-sg.org)
  • Parent-Rated Severity of Illness and Anxiety among Caregivers of Children Born with a Disorder of Sex Development Including Ambiguous Genitalia. (childrensmercy.org)
  • ADHD is considered one of the more prevalent psychological disorders in children, with approximately 3-7% of school-age children with an ADHD diagnosis as mentioned by Luthy et al. (bartleby.com)
  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes gender dysphoria as a diagnosis. (memphis.edu)
  • Patients must rely on the personal and individualized medical advice of their qualified health care professionals before seeking any information related to their particular diagnosis, cure or treatment of a condition or disorder. (rarediseases.org)
  • Current Diagnosis of Infant Tuberculosis Infection covers problems concerning the diagnosis of LTBI, giving an overview of commercially available options and, unlike most reviews on this subject, also points out some tools currently under development. (eurekaselect.com)
  • In the next period, called sex determination (lasting from approximately 6 to 8 weeks of gestation), the bipotent gonadal anlagen eventually develops into ovarian or testicular cells. (e-apem.org)
  • Because the species with male individuals and female individuals have evolved repeatedly from hermaphroditic progenitors, the mechanisms for the control of sex determination in flowering plants are extremely diverse. (researchgate.net)
  • Sex development starts with the initial setting of either a 46,XX or a 46,XY karyotype. (e-apem.org)
  • Sex development begins in utero but continues into young adulthood with the achievement of sexual maturity and reproductive capability. (mhmedical.com)
  • If fetal tissues were to receive erroneous signals at an early stage, or fail to receive appropriate ones, reproductive development could halt, or attempt to proceed down the opposite sex pathway. (can-sg.org)
  • Congenital anomalies can also affect the development of the organs of the reproductive system. (can-sg.org)
  • Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) (noun) - Group of rare conditions where the reproductive organs and genitals do not develop as expected. (memphis.edu)
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder of women during the reproductive period, is often implicated with NAFLD.Aim: To investigate the potential involvement of PCOS on the aggravation of NAFLD by. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • It is the most common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age, which can occur as young as 11 years old, and is the leading cause of infertility. (cdc.gov)
  • In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues, such as the testis and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. (cdc.gov)
  • A great proportion of 46,XY is caused by mutations in key transcription factors required for sex differentiation and androgen biosynthesis or action [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This enzyme is needed to help the male sex organs complete their development. (chkd.org)
  • Girl babies with this condition have male sex organs. (chkd.org)
  • However, the paradigm of early gender assignment has been challenged by the results of clinical and basic science research, which show that gender identity development likely begins in utero. (medscape.com)
  • Ovotesticular disorder: patients having both ovarian and testicular tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development, which was previously termed "intersex," describes disorders in which there is a discrepancy between a person's phenotype, genetic material, and gonads. (medscape.com)
  • Such gonads are found exclusively in people with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development (OT-DSD), formerly known as true hermaphroditism. (medscape.com)
  • Courtesy of Cureus [De Jesus Escano MR, Mejia Sang ME, Reyes-Mugica M, Colaco M, Fox J. Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development: Approach and Management of an Index Case in the Dominican Republic. (medscape.com)
  • Online at https://www.cureus.com/articles/70052-ovotesticular-disorder-of-sex-development-approach-and-management-of-an-index-case-in-the-dominican-republic]. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development are individuals who have both ovarian and testicular tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Many patients with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development have a uterus. (medscape.com)
  • Endogenous or exogenous (maternal) and possibly endocrine disruptors may also interfere with genital development. (e-apem.org)
  • All individuals with a suspected disorders of sex development need to undergo a thorough diagnostic evaluation, including extensive whole-body and genital physical examinations, biochemical and genetic investigations, and imaging studies. (e-apem.org)
  • The development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics is generally under control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. (osmosis.org)
  • Aromatase deficiency - A disorder which, in females, is characterized by androgen excess and estrogen deficiency, and can result in inappropriate virilization, though without pseudohermaphroditism (i.e., genitals are phenotypically appropriate) (with the exception of the possible incidence of clitoromegaly). (wikipedia.org)
  • Achondroplasia is a group of rare genetic (inherited) bone disorders. (uhhospitals.org)
  • These findings highlight how NR5A1 variants impact ovarian differentiation across multiple pathways, resulting in a switch from ovarian to testis development in genetic females. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
  • Cannabis sativa L. is one of the best studied species under the aspect of genetic determinism of the sex, but the problem is not yet entirely deciphered. (researchgate.net)
  • Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 ( NR5A1, also known as SF-1 , AD4BP and FTZF1 ) is a key transcription factor that determines gonadal development and regulates coordinates endocrine functions [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Having qualities of both biological sexes is called intersexuality. (thetech.org)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] The rationale behind these proposals was to change the nomenclature to reflect advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders while being sensitive to the needs and concerns of patients affected by them. (medscape.com)
  • 90 million peo- agents likely determine more cancers, immune-mediated ple in the United States) and are a rapidly growing burden syndromes, neurodevelopmental disorders, and other in developing economies (http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/ chronic conditions than currently appreciated. (cdc.gov)
  • In the final stage, termed sex differentiation, the hormonal patterns in turn shape the individual phenotype, usually as an expression of male or female traits [ 4 ]. (e-apem.org)
  • This will further orchestrate the formation of a functional testis, ultimately leading to the development of male primary and secondary sex characteristics [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sex" refers to the biological or physical characteristics of a person. (thetech.org)
  • To investigate the role of laparoscopy for the early detection of gonadal tumours, with emphasis on gonadal preservation, in patients with 46XY disorders of sex development (DSD). (uni-luebeck.de)
  • However, despite these promising developments in care for intersex people, the field remains fraught with uneven, inadequate, and piecemeal standards of care-and with broad disagreements among practitioners that implicate the human rights of their intersex patients. (hrw.org)
  • Breast disorders occurring in pediatric patients range from congenital conditions to neonatal infections and from benign disorders such as fibroadenoma in females and gynecomastia in males to breast carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma . (medscape.com)
  • A growth problem means that a child falls either below or above the average range of growth for a child's age, sex, family history, or racial background. (uhhospitals.org)
  • Medications have been developed to decrease hyperactivity and increase focus, and overtly the child's body is not being harmed by the disorder. (bartleby.com)
  • Assigned sex at birth (noun) - The sex (male or female) assigned to a child at birth, most often based on the child's external anatomy. (memphis.edu)
  • The affected residue falls within the DNA-binding domain of the NR5A1 protein, however the exact mechanism by which it causes testicular development in 46,XX individuals remains unclear. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
  • Gender dysphoria (noun) - Distress experienced by some individuals whose gender identity does not correspond with their assigned sex at birth. (memphis.edu)
  • 12 The 1KJPN subjects were adult individuals (age ⩾ 20 years) whose Japanese ancestry was confirmed, and close-relatives were excluded (see Supplementary Figure 1 for statistics regarding age and sex). (nature.com)
  • This is a glossary of medical terms related to communication disorders which are psychological or medical conditions that could have the potential to affect the ways in which individuals can hear, listen, understand, speak and respond to others. (wikipedia.org)
  • Technical tools and devices such as alphabet boards, text telephones, or text-to-speech conversion software used to aid individuals who have communication disorders perform actions, tasks, and activities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Health care professional who is trained to evaluate hearing loss and related disorders, including balance (vestibular) disorders and tinnitus , and to rehabilitate individuals with hearing loss and related disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, abbreviated by ADHD, is a common behavioral disorder that affects roughly 10% of adolescent children. (bartleby.com)
  • We described a novel NR5A1 variant and demonstrated its adverse effects on the functional integrity of the NR5A1 protein resulting in serious impairment of its modulation of gonadal development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • How do disorders of sexual development happen? (chkd.org)
  • The AAMC thanks the AAMC Advisory Committee on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Sex Development for developing and identifying these resources. (yale.edu)
  • Although the hemp is a dioecious species, with sexual dimorphism occurring in a late stage of plant development, as a consequence of intensive improvement, many varieties with different sexual expressions were produced, and a large scale of sexualization types is observed in culture. (researchgate.net)
  • LH and FSH bind to receptors in the testis and ovary and regulate gonadal function by promoting sex steroid production and gametogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Male humans make a lot more testosterone because it is important for early male development. (thetech.org)
  • Most of the circulating testosterone is bound to carrier proteins (sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG], and albumin). (cdc.gov)
  • These phenotypic variations are also difficult to estimate, as cases of the latter are often detected later in infancy, childhood, or even in adolescence due to unusual pubertal development and/or infertility. (e-apem.org)
  • For example, important differences between sexes were evidenced in respect of palisadic tissue, epidermal stomatic number, secretory hair distribution etc. (researchgate.net)
  • Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disorders in Western countries, encompassing a spectrum of diseases ranging from simple steatosis to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • In Brazil, different modalities of discrimination and prejudice, such as transphobia and unprotected sex, place this population at a higher risk of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases 5 5. (scielo.br)
  • It also illustrates how easy it is for one or more of these steps to become disrupted and for the embryo to develop in a way that is different from the typical male or female course of sex development. (dsdgenetics.org)
  • The researchers aim to uncover biological processes underlying the observed patient phenotypes and the male versus female differences by using several cell-based models and to understand sex-linked differences in the manifestations of NDDs by studying induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived models for early brain development and neural function. (erasmusmc-rdo.nl)
  • The development of a mammalian embryo into either female or male is primarily dependent on the sex chromosomal constitution, being XX and XY respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, the hemp is included, according to some authors, in the category of plants with male heterogamy, whereas the others sustain the idea of a complex sex determinism, seen as resultant of interaction between individual hereditary potencies and the environmental factors. (researchgate.net)
  • In breeding activity, the early establishment of the sex would be necessary, imposed by the necessity to remove, from agronomic reasons, the male plants or the high masculinized monoecious plants. (researchgate.net)
  • Mainly virilized females as a result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and girls with aberrant ovarian development. (wikipedia.org)
  • or the group of syndromes to which autistic disorder belongs - the autism spectrum disorders . (wikipedia.org)
  • Select topics in the sidebar to learn more about how sex development usually unfolds during fetal life. (dsdgenetics.org)
  • Discovery and characterization of prolactin neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of female-prevalent pain disorders. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The next part of the sex test will probably be to check to see whether the runner has female parts on the outside AND the inside. (thetech.org)
  • Gender identity is determined not only by the phenotypic appearance of the individual but also by the brain's prenatal and postnatal development as influenced by the environment. (medscape.com)
  • A person whose gender identity and assigned sex at birth correspond (i.e., a person who is not transgender). (memphis.edu)
  • Gender expression does not necessarily correspond to assigned sex at birth or gender identity. (memphis.edu)
  • Someone's gender identity might not match the sex they were assigned at birth. (thetech.org)