Dna virus infections. Medical search. Web

DNA virus infections refer to diseases caused by viruses that incorporate double-stranded or single-stranded DNA as their genetic material, replicating within host cell nucleus or cytoplasm, and including various families such as Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Parvoviridae.

RNA virus infections refer to diseases caused by viruses that have RNA as their genetic material, which includes a wide range of pathogens affecting humans, animals, and plants, manifesting in various clinical symptoms and potentially leading to significant morbidity and mortality.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.

Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.

A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.

A family of DNA plant viruses that infect eukaryotic algae.

The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.

Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.

A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Inanimate objects that carry pathogenic microorganisms and thus can serve as the source of infection. Microorganisms typically survive on fomites for minutes or hours. Common fomites include CLOTHING, tissue paper, hairbrushes, and COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS.

Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

The type species of PARAPOXVIRUS which causes a skin infection in natural hosts, usually young sheep. Humans may contract local skin lesions by contact. The virus apparently persists in soil.

Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.

Field of medicine concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. It includes the interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease.

'Cooking and eating utensils' are tools or instruments made of various materials, such as metals, ceramics, glass, or silicone, that are specifically designed and used for preparing, serving, and consuming food during meal preparations and dining occasions.

Susceptibility of TT virus to interferon therapy. (1/273)

TT virus (TTV) is a newly identified single-stranded DNA virus. We retrospectively analysed serum samples from sixteen patients, infected with both hepatitis C virus (HCV) and TTV, and who had been treated with interferon. An elevated serum alanine aminotransferase level after interferon was associated with persistence of HCV (abnormal in five of seven patients with persistence of HCV compared with normal in all nine patients who showed eradication of HCV) irrespective of persistence of TTV. Comparison of partial viral DNA nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis showed that viral strains that had a high identity to the prototype virus were more resistant to interferon than those showing low nucleotide sequence identity. Although we observed no liver cell injury caused by persistent TTV infection, the mechanism(s) of TTV resistance to interferon should be further investigated for a better understanding of viral diseases and establishment of therapy. (+info)

Further observations on the epidemiology and spread of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in southeastern Australia and a recommended sampling strategy for surveillance. (2/273)

Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) is an iridovirus confined to Australia and is known only from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and redfin perch Perca fluviatilis. Outbreaks of disease caused by EHNV in trout populations have invariably been of low severity, affecting only 0+ post-hatchery phase fingerlings < 125 mm in length. To date the virus has been demonstrated in very few live in-contact fish, and anti-EHNV antibodies have not been found in survivors of outbreaks, suggesting low infectivity but high case fatality rates in trout. During an on-going study on an endemically infected farm (Farm A) in the Murrumbidgee River catchment of southeastern New South Wales, EHNV infection was demonstrated in 4 to 6 wk old trout fingerlings in the hatchery as well as in 1+ to 2+ grower fish. During a separate investigation of mortalities in 1+ to 2+ trout on Farm B in the Shoalhaven River catchment in southeastern New South Wales, EHNV infection was demonstrated in both fingerlings and adult fish in association with nocardiosis. A 0.7% prevalence of antibodies against EHNV was detected by ELISA in the serum of grower fish at this time, providing the first evidence that EHNV might not kill all infected trout. EHNV infection on Farm B occurred after transfer of fingerlings from Farm C in the Murrumbidgee river catchment. When investigated, there were no obvious signs of diseases on Farm C. 'Routine' mortalities were collected over 10 d on Farm C and EHNV was detected in 2.1% of 190 fish. Tracing investigations of sources of supply of fingerlings to Farm B also led to investigation of Farm D in Victoria, where the prevalence of anti-EHNV antibodies in 3+ to 4+ fish was 1.3%. The results of this study indicate that EHNV may be found in trout in all age classes, need not be associated with clinically detectable disease in the population, can be transferred with shipments of live fish, can be detected in a small proportion of 'routine' mortalities and may be associated with specific antibodies in a small proportion of older fish. Sampling to detect EHNV for certification purposes should be based on examination of 'routine' mortalities rather than random samples of live fish. Antigen-capture ELISA can be used as a cost effective screening test to detect EHNV on a farm provided that sampling rates conform with statistical principles. (+info)

Early acquisition of TT virus (TTV) in an area endemic for TTV infection. (3/273)

TT virus (TTV) is widely distributed, with high frequencies of viremia in South America, Central Africa, and Papua New Guinea. The incidence and timing of infection in children born in a rural area of the Democratic Republic of Congo was investigated. TTV viremia was detected in 61 (58%) of 105 women attending an antenatal clinic and in 36 (54%) of 68 infants. Most infants acquired the infection at >/=3 months postpartum. Surprisingly, TTV infection was detected in a large proportion of children with TTV-negative mothers (13 [43%] of 30). Nucleotide sequences of TTV-infected children were frequently epidemiologically unlinked to variants detected in the mother. These three aspects contrast with the maternal transmission of hepatitis G virus/GB virus C in this cohort and suggest an environmental source of TTV infection comparable to hepatitis A virus and other enterically transmitted infections. (+info)

Prevalence of TT virus infection in US blood donors and populations at risk for acquiring parenterally transmitted viruses. (4/273)

Two overlapping sets of TT virus (TTV)-specific polymerase chain reaction primers were used to test for presence of TTV, which was found in approximately 10% of US volunteer blood donors, 13% of commercial blood donors, and 17% of intravenous drug abusers. The rate of TTV infection among US non-A, non-B, non-C, non-D, non-E hepatitis patients was only 2%. Among commercial blood donors and intravenous drug abusers, only 1%-3% of the TTV-positive individuals were coinfected with GB virus C (GBV-C), a parenterally transmitted virus. This suggests that GBV-C and TTV may have different routes of transmission. Comparison of the sensitivities of 2 TTV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sets showed that the majority of samples were detected with only 1 of the 2 sets. Therefore, previous studies in which only a single PCR primer pair was used may have significantly underestimated the true prevalence of TTV. (+info)

Excretion into bile of a novel unenveloped DNA virus (TT virus) associated with acute and chronic non-A-G hepatitis. (5/273)

Recently, an unenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus named TT virus (TTV) has been reported in association with hepatitis of non-A-G etiology. Five patients with TTV viremia, who received bile drainage or cholecystectomy, were tested for TTV DNA in bile by polymerase chain reaction with heminested primers. TTV DNA was detected in bile from all patients; titers were 10-100 times higher than in serum in 4 and at a comparable level in the remaining 1 patient. TTV DNA was detected in feces, also, in 1 of the 2 patients tested. The buoyant density of TTV in bile from 1 tested patient (1.33-1.35 g/cm3) was the same as that in feces (1.32-1.35 g/cm3). TTV may be secreted via bile into feces in a transmissible form and would spread by a fecal-oral route for deep and wide penetration into the general population. (+info)

High prevalence of TT virus infection in healthy children and adults and in patients with liver disease in Taiwan. (6/273)

A newly identified DNA virus, named TT virus (TTV), was found to be related to transfusion-associated hepatitis. We conducted the following experiments to evaluate its pathogenic role in liver disease and potential modes of transmission. We used PCR to detect TTV DNA in serum. The rates of TTV viremia in 13 patients with idiopathic acute hepatitis, 14 patients with idiopathic fulminant hepatitis, 22 patients with chronic hepatitis, and 19 patients with cirrhosis of the liver were 46, 64, 55, and 63%, respectively, and were not significantly different from those in 50 healthy control subjects (53%). PCR products derived from seven patients with liver disease and three healthy controls were cloned and then subjected to phylogenetic analyses, which failed to link a virulent strain of TTV to severe liver disease. TTV infection was further assessed in an additional 148 subjects with normal liver biochemical tests, including 30 newborns (sera collected from the umbilical cord), 23 infants, 16 preschool children, 21 individuals of an age prior to that of sexual experience (aged 6 to 15 years), 15 young adults (aged under 30 years), and 43 individuals older than 30 years. The rates of TTV viremia were 0, 17, 25, 33, 47, and 54%, respectively. These findings suggest that TTV is transmitted mainly via nonparenteral daily contact and frequently occurs very early in life and that TTV infection does not have a significant effect on liver disease. (+info)

TT virus infection in patients with hepatitis C: frequency, persistence, and sequence heterogeneity. (7/273)

TT virus (TTV) was recently identified in the serum of a patient with hepatitis. The role of TTV in liver disease has not been established. Three polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols were used to detect TTV DNA in sera of persons infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and in blood donors. Sera from 11.5% of HCV-infected patients and 7.7% of blood donors were positive by protocols 1 or 2. In contrast, 48.7% and 57.7% of sera, respectively, were positive when tested by protocol 3. There was no difference in the severity of hepatitis in persons coinfected with TTV and HCV when compared with those infected with HCV alone, regardless of which TTV PCR protocol was used. TTV DNA persisted in serum samples taken up to 6 years apart in individual patients. Sequence analysis indicated that most viral sequences were distinct between patients, and there was evidence of genetic heterogeneity and viral evolution within individuals. (+info)

Marked genomic heterogeneity and frequent mixed infection of TT virus demonstrated by PCR with primers from coding and noncoding regions. (8/273)

A nonenveloped, single-stranded, and circular DNA virus designated TT virus (TTV) has been reported in association with hepatitis of unknown etiology. TTV has a wide sequence divergence (approximately 52%), by which it is classified into at least 16 genotypes separated by an evolutionary distance of >0.30. Therefore, the detection of TTV DNA by polymerase chain reaction would be influenced by primers deduced from conserved or divergent regions of the genome. Of the 30 sera from healthy individuals, up to 17% tested positive with primers deduced from coding region, much less frequently than up to 93% testing positive with primers from noncoding region. These differences were not attributable to the sensitivity of detection, because a cloned TTV DNA of genotype 1a was detected sensitively (up to 1 copy per test) with primers deduced from either the coding or the noncoding region of the same genotype. Sera testing positive only with noncoding region primers, or those showing higher titers with noncoding than coding region primers, contained TTV DNA strains with sequence divergence of 47-53% from the TA278 isolate of genotype 1a within the N22 region spanning 222-231 nucleotides. Some of the sera contained two or three TTV DNA strains of distinct genotypes. These results indicate TTV strains with extremely high sequence divergence prevailing in healthy individuals and frequent mixed infection with TTV strains of distinct genotypes. (+info)

DNA virus infections refer to diseases or conditions caused by the invasion and replication of DNA viruses in a host organism. DNA viruses are a type of virus that uses DNA as their genetic material. They can cause a variety of diseases, ranging from relatively mild illnesses to severe or life-threatening conditions.

Some examples of DNA viruses include herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and adenoviruses. These viruses can cause a range of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, cervical cancer, liver cancer, and respiratory infections.

DNA virus infections typically occur when the virus enters the body through a break in the skin or mucous membranes, such as those found in the eyes, nose, mouth, or genitals. Once inside the body, the virus infects cells and uses their machinery to replicate itself, often causing damage to the host cells in the process.

The symptoms of DNA virus infections can vary widely depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Treatment may include antiviral medications, which can help to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, as well as prevent the spread of the virus to others. In some cases, vaccines may be available to prevent DNA virus infections.

RNA virus infections refer to diseases or conditions caused by the invasion and replication of RNA (Ribonucleic acid) viruses in host cells. These viruses use RNA as their genetic material, which is different from DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) viruses. Upon entering a host cell, the RNA virus releases its genetic material, which then uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components and replicate. This process can lead to various outcomes, depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response:

1. Asymptomatic infection: Some RNA virus infections may not cause any noticeable symptoms and may only be discovered through diagnostic testing.
2. Acute infection: Many RNA viruses cause acute infections, characterized by the rapid onset of symptoms that typically last for a short period (days to weeks). Examples include the common cold (caused by rhinoviruses), influenza (caused by orthomyxoviruses), and some gastrointestinal infections (caused by noroviruses or rotaviruses).
3. Chronic infection: A few RNA viruses can establish chronic infections, where the virus persists in the host for an extended period, sometimes leading to long-term health complications. Examples include HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), HCV (Hepatitis C Virus), and HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1).
4. Latent infection: Some RNA viruses, like herpesviruses, can establish latency in the host, where they remain dormant for extended periods but can reactivate under certain conditions, causing recurrent symptoms or diseases.
5. Oncogenic potential: Certain RNA viruses have oncogenic properties and can contribute to the development of cancer. For example, retroviruses like HTLV-1 can cause leukemia and lymphoma by integrating their genetic material into the host cell's DNA and altering gene expression.

Treatment for RNA virus infections varies depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Antiviral medications, immunotherapy, and supportive care are common treatment strategies. Vaccines are also available to prevent some RNA virus infections, such as measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, and hepatitis A and B.

DNA viruses are a type of virus that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. These viruses replicate by using the host cell's machinery to synthesize new viral components, which are then assembled into new viruses and released from the host cell.

DNA viruses can be further classified based on the structure of their genomes and the way they replicate. For example, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses have a genome made up of two strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses have a genome made up of a single strand of DNA.

Examples of DNA viruses include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, human papillomavirus, and adenoviruses. Some DNA viruses are associated with specific diseases, such as cancer (e.g., human papillomavirus) or neurological disorders (e.g., herpes simplex virus).

It's important to note that while DNA viruses contain DNA as their genetic material, RNA viruses contain RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. Both DNA and RNA viruses can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

RNA viruses are a type of virus that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material, as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA viruses replicate by using an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate their RNA genome.

There are several different groups of RNA viruses, including:

1. Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that is complementary to the mRNA and must undergo transcription to produce mRNA before translation can occur. Examples include influenza virus, measles virus, and rabies virus.
2. Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that can serve as mRNA and can be directly translated into protein after entry into the host cell. Examples include poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses.
3. Double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA and use a complex replication strategy involving both transcription and reverse transcription. Examples include rotaviruses and reoviruses.

RNA viruses are known to cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as hepatitis C, polio, and COVID-19. Due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt quickly to new environments, RNA viruses can be difficult to control and treat with antiviral drugs or vaccines.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Vaccinia virus is a large, complex DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is the virus used in the production of the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is not identical to the variola virus, which causes smallpox, but it is closely related and provides cross-protection against smallpox infection.

The vaccinia virus has a unique replication cycle that occurs entirely in the cytoplasm of infected cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. This allows the virus to evade host cell defenses and efficiently produce new virions. The virus causes the formation of pocks or lesions on the skin, which contain large numbers of virus particles that can be transmitted to others through close contact.

Vaccinia virus has also been used as a vector for the delivery of genes encoding therapeutic proteins, vaccines against other infectious diseases, and cancer therapies. However, the use of vaccinia virus as a vector is limited by its potential to cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions.

Viral diseases are illnesses caused by the infection and replication of viruses in host organisms. These infectious agents are obligate parasites, meaning they rely on the cells of other living organisms to survive and reproduce. Viruses can infect various types of hosts, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, causing a wide range of diseases with varying symptoms and severity.

Once a virus enters a host cell, it takes over the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles, often leading to cell damage or death. The immune system recognizes the viral components as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response can result in inflammation, fever, and other symptoms associated with viral diseases.

Examples of well-known viral diseases include:

1. Influenza (flu) - caused by influenza A, B, or C viruses
2. Common cold - usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses
3. HIV/AIDS - caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
4. Measles - caused by measles morbillivirus
5. Hepatitis B and C - caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively
6. Herpes simplex - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
7. Chickenpox and shingles - both caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
8. Rabies - caused by rabies lyssavirus
9. Ebola - caused by ebolaviruses
10. COVID-19 - caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Prevention and treatment strategies for viral diseases may include vaccination, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection.

Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.

A plant virus is not defined in medical terms, as viruses are typically considered within the context of living organisms and plants are not classified as such. However, I can provide a general virology definition for you:

Plant viruses are small infectious agents that consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They infect various plant species, causing a wide range of symptoms and diseases, which can result in significant economic losses in agriculture and horticulture. Plant viruses lack the ability to replicate outside a host cell, and they rely on the host's metabolic machinery for their reproduction. They can be transmitted through various means, such as insect vectors, seeds, or mechanical contact.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.

The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:

1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.

Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

'Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes flu in humans and animals. It contains certain proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on its surface, with this subtype specifically having H1 and N1 antigens. The H1N1 strain is well-known for causing the 2009 swine flu pandemic, which was a global outbreak of flu that resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. This subtype can also cause seasonal flu, although the severity and symptoms may vary. It is important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and new strains or subtypes can emerge over time, requiring regular updates to vaccines to protect against them.

Virus shedding refers to the release of virus particles by an infected individual, who can then transmit the virus to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, fecal matter, or bodily fluids. This occurs when the virus replicates inside the host's cells and is released into the surrounding environment, where it can infect other individuals. The duration of virus shedding varies depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response. It's important to note that some individuals may shed viruses even before they show symptoms, making infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Virus assembly, also known as virion assembly, is the final stage in the virus life cycle where individual viral components come together to form a complete viral particle or virion. This process typically involves the self-assembly of viral capsid proteins around the viral genome (DNA or RNA) and, in enveloped viruses, the acquisition of a lipid bilayer membrane containing viral glycoproteins. The specific mechanisms and regulation of virus assembly vary among different viral families, but it is often directed by interactions between viral structural proteins and genomic nucleic acid.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. It is a DNA virus that has been extensively studied in laboratory settings due to its ability to transform cells and cause tumors in animals. In fact, SV40 was discovered as a contaminant of poliovirus vaccines that were prepared using rhesus monkey kidney cells in the 1950s and 1960s.

SV40 is not typically associated with human disease, but there has been some concern that exposure to the virus through contaminated vaccines or other means could increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as mesothelioma and brain tumors. However, most studies have failed to find a consistent link between SV40 infection and cancer in humans.

The medical community generally agrees that SV40 is not a significant public health threat, but researchers continue to study the virus to better understand its biology and potential impact on human health.

Antiviral agents are a class of medications that are designed to treat infections caused by viruses. Unlike antibiotics, which target bacteria, antiviral agents interfere with the replication and infection mechanisms of viruses, either by inhibiting their ability to replicate or by modulating the host's immune response to the virus.

Antiviral agents are used to treat a variety of viral infections, including influenza, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B and C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.

These medications can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the type of viral infection being treated. Some antiviral agents are also used for prophylaxis, or prevention, of certain viral infections.

It is important to note that antiviral agents are not effective against all types of viruses and may have significant side effects. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any antiviral therapy.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family and causes the infectious disease known as hepatitis B. This virus primarily targets the liver, where it can lead to inflammation and damage of the liver tissue. The infection can range from acute to chronic, with chronic hepatitis B increasing the risk of developing serious liver complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The Hepatitis B virus has a complex life cycle, involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. It enters hepatocytes (liver cells) via binding to specific receptors and is taken up by endocytosis. The viral DNA is released into the nucleus, where it is converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) form, which serves as the template for viral transcription.

HBV transcribes several RNAs, including pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which is used as a template for reverse transcription during virion assembly. The pgRNA is encapsidated into core particles along with the viral polymerase and undergoes reverse transcription to generate new viral DNA. This process occurs within the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, resulting in the formation of immature virions containing partially double-stranded DNA.

These immature virions are then enveloped by host cell membranes containing HBV envelope proteins (known as surface antigens) to form mature virions that can be secreted from the hepatocyte and infect other cells. The virus can also integrate into the host genome, which may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic cases.

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids containing the virus, such as through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Prevention strategies include vaccination, safe sex practices, and avoiding needle-sharing behaviors. Treatment for hepatitis B typically involves antiviral medications that can help suppress viral replication and reduce the risk of liver damage.

Measles virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of measles, a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a red, blotchy rash. The virus primarily infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream.

The genome of the measles virus is approximately 16 kilobases in length and encodes for eight proteins: nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin (H), large protein (L), and two non-structural proteins, V and C. The H protein is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor CD150 (SLAM) and mediating viral entry, while the F protein facilitates fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.

Measles virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected individuals. The virus can remain airborne for up to two hours in a closed space, making it highly contagious. Measles is preventable through vaccination, which has led to significant reductions in the incidence of the disease worldwide.

Orthomyxoviridae is a family of viruses that includes influenza A, B, and C viruses, which can cause respiratory infections in humans. Orthomyxoviridae infections are typically characterized by symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue.

Influenza A and B viruses can cause seasonal epidemics of respiratory illness that occur mainly during the winter months in temperate climates. Influenza A viruses can also cause pandemics, which are global outbreaks of disease that occur when a new strain of the virus emerges to which there is little or no immunity in the human population.

Influenza C viruses are less common and typically cause milder illness than influenza A and B viruses. They do not cause epidemics and are not usually included in seasonal flu vaccines.

Orthomyxoviridae infections can be prevented through vaccination, good respiratory hygiene (such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing), hand washing, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. Antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat influenza A and B infections, particularly for people at high risk of complications, such as older adults, young children, pregnant women, and people with certain underlying medical conditions.

Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV) are a common type of virus that cause respiratory infections, particularly in young children and older adults. They are responsible for inflammation and narrowing of the small airways in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulties and other symptoms associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia.

The term "syncytial" refers to the ability of these viruses to cause infected cells to merge and form large multinucleated cells called syncytia, which is a characteristic feature of RSV infections. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and it can also survive on surfaces for several hours, making transmission easy.

RSV infections are most common during the winter months and can cause mild to severe symptoms depending on factors such as age, overall health, and underlying medical conditions. While RSV is typically associated with respiratory illnesses in children, it can also cause significant disease in older adults and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, there is no vaccine available for RSV, but antiviral medications and supportive care are used to manage severe infections.

"Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype" is a specific subtype of the Influenza A virus that is often found in avian species (birds) and can occasionally infect humans. The "H5N1" refers to the specific proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) found on the surface of the virus. This subtype has caused serious infections in humans, with high mortality rates, especially in cases where people have had close contact with infected birds. It does not commonly spread from person to person, but there is concern that it could mutate and adapt to efficiently transmit between humans, which would potentially cause a pandemic.

Phycodnaviridae is a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect various types of algae, including both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic species. These viruses have a complex structure, with a capsid made up of multiple proteins and an outer lipid membrane. They are also known to contain various enzymes and other accessory proteins that are involved in the replication and packaging of their genomes.

Phycodnaviridae viruses are significant in marine ecosystems, where they play a role in regulating algal populations and contributing to nutrient cycling. Some members of this family have also been studied for their potential as sources of new genes and biomolecules with industrial or medical applications. However, it is important to note that these viruses can also cause harmful blooms or "red tides" in some aquatic environments, which can have negative impacts on fisheries and other marine resources.

Sindbis virus is an alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family. It's named after the location where it was first isolated, in Sindbis, Egypt, in 1952. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect a wide range of animals, including birds and humans. In humans, Sindbis virus infection often causes a mild flu-like illness characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. However, some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as neurological disorders, although this is relatively rare. There is no specific treatment for Sindbis virus infection, and management typically involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infections refer to the clinical illnesses caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. RSV is a highly contagious virus that spreads through respiratory droplets, contact with infected surfaces, or direct contact with infected people. It primarily infects the respiratory tract, causing inflammation and damage to the cells lining the airways.

RSV infections can lead to a range of respiratory illnesses, from mild, cold-like symptoms to more severe conditions such as bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lungs) and pneumonia (infection of the lung tissue). The severity of the infection tends to depend on factors like age, overall health status, and presence of underlying medical conditions.

In infants and young children, RSV is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia, often resulting in hospitalization. In older adults, people with weakened immune systems, and those with chronic heart or lung conditions, RSV infections can also be severe and potentially life-threatening.

Symptoms of RSV infection may include runny nose, cough, sneezing, fever, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and providing supportive care, although hospitalization and more aggressive interventions may be necessary in severe cases or for high-risk individuals. Preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing masks, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals can help reduce the spread of RSV.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is an Flavivirus, which is a type of virus that is spread by mosquitoes. It was first discovered in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937 and has since been found in many countries throughout the world. WNV can cause a mild to severe illness known as West Nile fever.

Most people who become infected with WNV do not develop any symptoms, but some may experience fever, headache, body aches, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or a rash. In rare cases, the virus can cause serious neurological illnesses such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). These severe forms of the disease can be fatal, especially in older adults and people with weakened immune systems.

WNV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, but it can also be spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. There is no specific treatment for WNV, and most people recover on their own with rest and supportive care. However, hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity hours.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

Defective viruses are viruses that have lost the ability to complete a full replication cycle and produce progeny virions independently. These viruses require the assistance of a helper virus, which provides the necessary functions for replication. Defective viruses can arise due to mutations, deletions, or other genetic changes that result in the loss of essential genes. They are often non-infectious and cannot cause disease on their own, but they may interfere with the replication of the helper virus and modulate the course of infection. Defective viruses can be found in various types of viruses, including retroviruses, bacteriophages, and DNA viruses.

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the nervous system of mammals, including humans. It's caused by the rabies virus (RV), which belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and genus Lyssavirus. The virus has a bullet-shaped appearance under an electron microscope and is encased in a lipid envelope.

The rabies virus primarily spreads through the saliva of infected animals, usually via bites. Once inside the body, it travels along nerve fibers to the brain, where it multiplies rapidly and causes inflammation (encephalitis). The infection can lead to symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, paralysis, coma, and ultimately death if left untreated.

Rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear, but prompt post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes vaccination and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin, can prevent the disease from developing when administered after an exposure to a potentially rabid animal. Pre-exposure vaccination is also recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure, such as veterinarians and travelers visiting rabies-endemic areas.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Fomites are objects or materials in the environment that can carry and transmit infectious organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Common examples of fomites include doorknobs, handrails, clothing, bedding, and towels. When an infected person touches or coughs on a fomite, the microorganisms can be transferred to another person who comes into contact with it. It's important to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and cleaning surfaces, to reduce the spread of infections through fomites.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Orf virus, also known as contagious ecthyma virus, is a member of the Parapoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family. It primarily affects sheep and goats, causing a contagious skin disease characterized by papules, vesicles, pustules, and scabs, mainly on the mouth and legs. The virus can also infect humans, particularly those who handle infected animals or consume raw meat from an infected animal. In human cases, it typically causes a papular or pustular dermatitis, often on the hands, fingers, or forearms. The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within 4-6 weeks without scarring.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:

1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.

These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.

Epidemiology is the study of how often and why diseases occur in different groups of people and places. It is a key discipline in public health and informs policy decisions and evidence-based practices by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists use various study designs, including observational studies, experiments, and surveys, to collect and analyze data on the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. They seek to understand the causes of health outcomes and develop strategies to control or prevent adverse health events. The ultimate goal of epidemiology is to improve population health and eliminate health disparities.

Cooking and eating utensils are devices or tools used in the preparation, cooking, and serving of food. Here is a brief medical definition for some common types:

1. Cooking utensils: These include various tools and equipment used to prepare and cook food, such as knives, cutting boards, pots, pans, whisks, spatulas, colanders, and measuring cups/spoons. They help to chop, dice, mix, blend, stir, sauté, boil, fry, bake, or grill ingredients.
2. Eating utensils: These are devices used to consume food and include items like forks, spoons, knives, chopsticks, and straws. They aid in bringing food from the plate or bowl to the mouth and cutting or separating food into manageable pieces.

Proper cleaning and maintenance of cooking and eating utensils are essential to prevent cross-contamination of bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause foodborne illnesses. Using clean utensils and following safe food handling practices can help minimize the risk of infection and promote overall health.

2005). "New DNA viruses identified in patients with acute viral infection syndrome". Journal of Virology. 79 (13): 8320-8326. ... Torque teno midi virus 1 Torque teno midi virus 2 Torque teno midi virus 3 Torque teno midi virus 4 Torque teno midi virus 5 ... Torque teno midi virus 6 Torque teno midi virus 7 Torque teno midi virus 8 Torque teno midi virus 9 Torque teno midi virus 10 ... Torque teno midi virus 11 Torque teno midi virus 12 Torque teno midi virus 13 Torque teno midi virus 14 Torque teno midi virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammatorquevirus

"Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA". Proceedings of the ... Kino T, Pavlakis GN (Apr 2004). "Partner molecules of accessory protein Vpr of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1". DNA ... "Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection". Journal of Virology. 69 (6): ... KPNA2 protein interacts with the NLSs of DNA helicase Q1 and SV40 T antigen and may be involved in the nuclear transport of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-1

"Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA". Proceedings of the ... "Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection". Journal of Virology. 69 (6): ... This protein is found to interact with the NLSs of DNA helicase Q1 and SV40 T antigen. KPNA4 has been shown to interact with ... Gallay P, Hope T, Chin D, Trono D (Sep 1997). "HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells through the recognition of integrase by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-3

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus and the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are ... and DNA repair.SMC-1B belongs to a family of proteins required for chromatid cohesion and DNA recombination during meiosis and ... April 2017). "Unique DNA methylation signature in HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas". Genome Medicine. 9 (1 ... December 1999). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22". Nature. 402 (6761): 489-495. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..489D. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMC1B

Mice lacking cGAS are more vulnerable to lethal infection by DNA viruses and RNA viruses. In addition, cGAS has been shown to ... It is part of the cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway. It binds to microbial DNA as well as self DNA that invades the cytoplasm, and ... May 2013). "Cyclic [G(2',5')pA(3',5')p] is the metazoan second messenger produced by DNA-activated cyclic GMP-AMP synthase". ... Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS, cGAMP synthase), belonging to the nucleotidyltransferase family, is a cytosolic DNA sensor that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_GMP-AMP_synthase

1996). "Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA". Proc. Natl ... "Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection". J. Virol. 69 (6): 3949-54. doi ... Gallay P, Hope T, Chin D, Trono D (1997). "HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells through the recognition of integrase by the ... Gallay P, Swingler S, Aiken C, Trono D (1995). "HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-6

1996). "Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA". Proc. Natl ... "Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection". J. Virol. 69 (6): 3949-54. doi ... Gallay P, Swingler S, Aiken C, Trono D (1995). "HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of ... nuclear localization signal of the matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 allows the establishment of infection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-4

1996). "Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA". Proc. Natl ... Kino T, Pavlakis GN (2004). "Partner molecules of accessory protein Vpr of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1". DNA Cell ... "Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection". J. Virol. 69 (6): 3949-54. doi ... Gallay P, Swingler S, Aiken C, Trono D (1995). "HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-5

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The ... When the virus enters a cell, the cellular immune response is to protect the cell. The cell does so by wrapping the viral DNA ... In this fashion, the virus can persist in the cell (and thus the host) indefinitely. While primary infection is often ... Huff JL, Barry PA (February 2003). "B-virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) infection in humans and macaques: potential for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoherpesviridae

... s are small, double-stranded DNA viral phages that require the co-infection of another virus. The co-infecting viruses ... The host amoeba also showed a partial recovery from the infection by the Samba virus. Virophages have small double-stranded DNA ... The host range for virophages include giant viruses with double stranded DNA genomes. Virophages use the transcriptional ... Their dependence upon the giant virus for replication often results in the deactivation of the giant viruses. The virophage may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virophage

... which leads to opportunistic infections. Hepatitis B viral infection (HBV) is a transmissible DNA virus that can potentially ... Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a transmissible retrovirus that can predispose individuals carrying the virus to acquired ... or infections. Typically, acquired angioedema presents later in adulthood, in contrast to hereditary angioedema which usually ... "Testing for hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic urticaria and angioedema". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_C1_esterase_inhibitor_deficiency

"The PYRIN domain-only protein POP3 inhibits ALR inflammasomes and regulates responses to infection with DNA viruses". Nature ... "The Mason-Pfizer monkey virus PPPY and PSAP motifs both contribute to virus release". Journal of Virology. 77 (17): 9474-9485. ... Her goal for the next few years is to learn more about the targetome of the KSHV microRNAs and identification of the virus' ... Gottwein, Eva; Krausslich, Hans-Georg (July 2005). "Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag ubiquitination". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Gottwein

Canine parvovirus 2 is caused by a small DNA virus, and infections are often fatal in pups. The emergence of the parvovirus in ... Animal viruses are viruses that infect animals. Viruses infect all cellular life and although viruses infect every animal, ... Humans cannot be infected by plant or insect viruses, but they are susceptible to infections with viruses from other ... Chen, Y. P.; Siede, R. (2007). "Honey Bee Viruses". Advances in Virus Research Volume 70. Advances in Virus Research. Vol. 70. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_virus

... suggests that the drug's actions are more effective at preventing infections from RNA viruses than infections from DNA viruses ... 2007). "Antiviral activity of arbidol against influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus and ... Umifenovir inhibits membrane fusion of influenza virus. Umifenovir prevents contact between the virus and target host cells. ... B and poliovirus infection of mammalian cells when introduced either in advance of viral infection or during infection. Side ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umifenovir

These large and complex enveloped DNA viruses commonly infect humans, causing a lifelong latent infection. Conditions ... His research in the early 1970s was in the field of plant viruses, including tobacco rattle virus and tobacco necrosis virus, ... Minson's group called the resulting virus a "disabled infectious single cycle" (DISC) virus; similarly disabled viruses are ... Minson has also worked in collaboration with Margaret Stanley on another DNA virus, human papillomavirus, which is associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Minson

... also promotes cell survival during infection by double-stranded DNA viruses by activating TBK1 to carry out an immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RALB

Currently efforts have been made to prevent infection by the virus through the development of DNA vaccines and ... The virus has been shown to persist subclinically in fish populations up to 10 weeks following experimental infection. ... The virus has been implicated in several outbreaks of SVC throughout the past few decades. Originally the range of the virus ... In 2004 the virus was isolated from imported koi in Cedar Lake, Wisconsin. Additionally, the virus has been linked to an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_viraemia_of_carp

Infections. 3 (9): e64. doi:10.1038/emi.2014.64. PMC 4185362. PMID 26038757. v t e (Protein articles without symbol, Protein ... Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase is a hepatitis B viral protein. It is a DNA polymerase that can use either DNA or RNA ... DNA strand. The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase is a multifunctional enzyme, with both RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent ... DNA strand synthesis. The resulting RC-DNA is partially double stranded. The (-) DNA strand is longer than a genome length, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus_DNA_polymerase

... and DNA Vaccines for Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Infections in Mice and Guinea Pigs" (PDF). Journal of Virology. Retrieved May 20, ... "Immunization with a replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 mutant reduces herpes simplex virus 1 infection and prevents ... Instead of introducing a weakened version of the herpes virus or protein subunit, this vaccine uses a small section of DNA to ... "PaxVax Signs R&D Collaboration with UC San Diego to Develop a Vaccine to Prevent Herpes Simplex Virus Infections". paxvax.com. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research

Robinson HL, Pertmer TM (2000). DNA vaccines for viral infections: basic studies and applications. Advances in Virus Research. ... RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines are examples of third generation vaccines. In 2016 a DNA vaccine for the Zika virus began testing ... DNA vaccination - The proposed mechanism is the insertion and expression of viral or bacterial DNA in human or animal cells ( ... Soon scientists began cultivating other viruses in eggs. Eggs were used for virus propagation in the development of a yellow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine

... were required to provide a bacterial host with immunity against infection by a DNA virus. By designing an anti-virus CRISPR, ... In effect, the spacers are fragments of DNA gathered from viruses that previously tried to attack the cell. The source of the ... They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a ... Type III systems were also found to target DNA in addition to RNA using a different Cas protein in the complex, Cas10. The DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR

... and plays an important role in the coordination of immune defense to DNA virus infections, as well as intracellular bacterial ... In a study of UPEC infection of the urinary bladder epithelium, epithelial cells were found to secrete IL-1β at high levels in ... The NLRP3 inflammasome was also found to respond to PAMPs of different pathogens, such as viruses, e.g. influenza A, bacteria, ... In contrast to AIM2, IFI16 is a nuclear DNA sensor. Following interaction with viral DNAs, IFI16 was shown to recruit caspase-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammasome

The mechanism of infection stems from the conversion of relaxed circular double stranded DNA (rcDNA) into cccDNA, from virus ... Closed covalent circular DNA (cccDNA) is a unique DNA structure that forms in response to infection of a cell. Genomic DNA ... cccDNA was first described in bacteriophages, but it was also found in some cell cultures where an infection of DNA viruses ( ... cccDNA (covalently closed circular DNA) is a special DNA structure that arises during the propagation of some viruses in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CccDNA

... there is rarely an association with EBV infection or other DNA viruses. In the immunocompetent population, PCNSLs typically ... Primary CNS lymphoma is highly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (> 90%) in immunodeficient patients (such as ... PCNSLs represent around 20% of all cases of lymphomas in HIV infections. (Other types are Burkitt's lymphomas and immunoblastic ... The most studied chemotherapeutic agent in PCNSL is methotrexate (a folate analogue that interferes with DNA repair). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_central_nervous_system_lymphoma

"Detection of JC virus DNA in human tonsil tissue: evidence for site of initial viral infection". J. Virol. 72 (12): 9918-23. ... Human polyomavirus 2, commonly referred to as the JC virus or John Cunningham virus, is a type of human polyomavirus (formerly ... "JC virus DNA is present in many human brain samples from patients without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy". J. Virol ... "JC virus DNA sequences are frequently present in the human upper and lower gastrointestinal tract". Gastroenterology. 119 (5): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2

... s are subject to infection by large double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the genus Prasinovirus in the family ... It has been estimated that from 2 to 10% of the Micromonas pusilla population is lysed per day by viruses. Recent studies agree ... Cottrell MT, Suttle CA (1991). "Wide-spread occurrence and clonal variation in viruses which cause lysis of a cosmopolitan, ... Mayer JA, Taylor FJ (1979). "A virus which lyses the marine nanoflagellate, "Micromonas pusilla"". Nature. 281 (5729): 299-301 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasinophyte

... inflammasome plays a crucial role in the defense against viral infection as genetic material from DNA viruses that enter ... However, AIM2 does not respond to all DNA viruses. To date, only mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), vaccinia virus, and human ... Bacterial DNA is released into cytoplasm during infection of a host cell, where it is recognized by AIM2 and other cytoplasmic ... The HIN1 domain binds to DNA, whereas HIN2 domain interacts with AIM2. HIN2 domain does not block the DNA binding surface of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM2

Co-infection with DNA viruses such as HTLV-1, herpes simplex virus-2, varicella zoster virus and cytomegalovirus may enhance ... 1986). "Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequence by DNA viruses". PNAS. 83 (24): 9759 ... This makes the host more susceptible to and less able to cope with infection with HIV-1, viruses and some types of bacteria. ... 1999). "Long-term survival after infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among homosexual men in hepatitis B ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_disease_progression_rates

New DNA viruses identified in patients with acute viral infection syndrome. J Virol 79: 8230-8236. Lau SK, Woo PC, Tse H, Fu CT ... Tetraparvoviruses are small, non enveloped animal viruses with a single-stranded DNA genome between 4 and 6 kb in length. There ... These viruses have been isolated from blood, liver, spleen, lymph node and bone marrow. These viruses have not been associated ... These new viruses were recognised as being related to but distinct from the known parvoviruses. They were isolated from a group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraparvovirus

DNA Vaccine for West Nile Virus Infection in Fish Crows (Corvus ossifragus) Michael J. Turell*. , Michel L. Bunning†‡1, George ... DNA Vaccine for West Nile Virus Infection in Fish Crows (Corvus ossifragus). ... Effect of route of administration of a DNA West Nile virus vaccine on the protection of fish crows from challenge with virulent ... Placebo, crows were inoculated IM with 0.5 mg of nonspecific DNA and given 0.5 mg of nonspecific DNA orally.. bRoom controls ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/9/03-0025-t1

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Decay Dynamics With Early, Long-term Virologic Control of Perinatal Infection.. Uprety ... HIV-1 DNA trajectories during VS. RESULTS. In the first 2 years following VS, HIV-1 DNA levels decreased by -0.25 (95% ... The estimated mean half-life of HIV-1 DNA from VS was 15.9 years and was shorter for group 1 compared to group 2 at 5.9 years ... Whether this is an immediate or long-term effect of virologic suppression (VS) in perinatal infection is unknown. METHODS. We ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/pt/mdl-28329153

Categories: DNA Virus Infections Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=DNA+Virus+Infections&parentid=27092&catid=8712

Viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is a key factor to establish persistent infection in infected hepatocytes. ... and persistent HBV infection is a global public health problem, with 257 million people as HBV chronic carriers. ... p,Hepatitis B is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), ... circular DNA minichromosome in hepatitis B virus infection. ... Hepatitis B virus and DNA damage response: interactions and consequences for the infection. Viruses 9(10):304 ...

https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1007/s41048-020-00112-z

... and tenofovir in treatment of DNA virus and retrovirus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 Oct. 16(4):569-96. [QxMD MEDLINE ... which are double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the largest of all animal viruses. [6] ... Progressive ORF virus infection in a patient with lymphoma: successful treatment using imiquimod. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 1. ... Spyrou V, Valiakos G. Orf virus infection in sheep or goats. Vet Microbiol. 2015 Dec 14. 181 (1-2):178-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133450-overview

... a common pathogen that causes lifelong infections and can lead to devastating illness in newborns and those with weakened ... DNA viruses are known for their ability to cause chronic infections.. Researchers say NOD2 may provide new opportunities to ... To compare the effect of different viruses, researchers also infected cells with herpes simplex type 1 and type 2, DNA viruses ... When infection occurs during pregnancy, the virus can be transmitted to the fetus and lead to a range of complications, the ...

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/researchers_identify_protein_that_helps_control_common_viral_infection

Virus Diseases [C02]. *DNA Virus Infections [C02.256]. *Poxviridae Infections [C02.256.743]. *Molluscum Contagiosum [C02.256. ... A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM ... Expanding the Morphologic Heterogeneity of Stromal Changes in Molluscum Contagiosum Infection. Am J Dermatopathol. 2018 Dec; 40 ... Common viral and fungal skin infections. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2001 Jun; 47(6):28-34. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Molluscum%20Contagiosum

... to protect against infections. However, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to hinder the cGAS-STING signal transduction, ... cGAS recognizes the pathogenic DNA in the cytosol and then synthesizes 2′3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (2′3′cGAMP). As the second messenger ... to protect against infections. However, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to hinder the cGAS-STING signal transduction, ... cGAS recognizes the pathogenic DNA in the cytosol and then synthesizes 23-cyclic GMP-AMP (23-cGAMP). As the second ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.790714/full

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammatorquevirus

DDX41 is required for cGAS-STING activation against DNA virus infection. Singh RS, Vidhyasagar V, Yang S, Arna AB, Yadav M, ... Delphi consensus statement from the Fungal Infection Study Forum and Academy of Pulmonary Sciences, India. Muthu V, Agarwal R, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=search&term=Aggarwal+A%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50

UV-induced DNA damage, inter-strand DNA crosslinking and virus infection [38]. The inferred association between the viral titer ... Cellular DNA repair cofactors affecting hepatitis B virus infection and replication. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008, 14, 5059- ... Xu, L.H.; Huang, M.; Fang, S.G.; Liu, D.X. Coronavirus infection induces DNA replication stress partly through interaction of ... Several of the host proteins presented as linked to the virus titer, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of this virus ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2466/htm

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides an advanced tool for massive genomic sequencing of viruses. However, the isolation of ... Hantaan virus (HTNV), identified in the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), belongs to the genus Hantavirus of the family ... New DNA viruses identified in patients with acute viral infection syndrome. J Virol 79: 8230-8236. ... New DNA viruses identified in patients with acute viral infection syndrome. J Virol 79: 8230-8236. ...

https://www.ajtmh.org/abstract/journals/tpmd/96/2/article-p389.xml?rskey=Y30Tuy&result=24

Researchers use CRISPR to create plants that resist infection by DNA viruses. ... Tiny insects carry the tomato spotted wilt virus, which causes infected plants to develop discolored ring-shape blotches. ... Tomatoes infected with cucumber mosaic virus lure the pollinators, according to a study. ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/tag/tomato

... the limits of sensitivity of techniques to detect hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA, and antibodies to ... Serosurvey of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among hospital-based surgeons. J ... Prevalence of hepatitis C virus .... Figure 3. Hepatitis C virus infection testing .... This page last reviewed: Wednesday, ... Routes of infection, viremia, and liver disease in blood donors found to have hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1996; ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0055154/m0055154.asp

Developmental and Stem Cell Biology and Infection and Cancer. ... Infection ... viruses ...

https://ki.se/en/cmb/research-areas

... families cause the most common primary viral infections of the oral cavity. HPV infections have received particular attention ... HPV is a 50-nm virus composed of double-stranded DNA with no envelope. The virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades ... HHV-2 is also known as herpes simplex virus type 2, or genital herpes virus. HHV-2 infection is less common in the oral cavity ... Infections - Parainfluenza 3 virus, coxsackievirus, influenza A virus, CMV, Staphylococcus aureus (suppurative parotitis), or ...

https://reference.medscape.com/article/1079920-overview

Hepatic Histologic Changes in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection with High DNA Level and Normal or Minimally ...

https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/FMCJ/issue/view/1563

Seasonal variation in Tp53 R249S-mutated serum DNA with aflatoxin exposure and hepatitis B virus infection. Villar S., le Roux- ... A study of the circulation of West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, Batai virus and Usutu virus in mosquitoes in a potential high- ... No HIV infections despite high numbers of hepatitis B and C virus infections in Dutch prisoners. Schreuder I., van der Sande M. ... Treatment of acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected MSM mannen die seks hebben met mannen (mannen die seks hebben ...

https://www.rivm.nl/wetenschappelijk-jaarverslag/wetenschappelijk-jaarverslag/artikelen-infectieziekten-2011

Human adenovirus, a DNA virus, is associated with respiratory infections and smoking-induced lung function impairment (2,3). ... RSV, which is an enveloped RNA virus, is one of the most important and frequent viruses for respiratory tract infections in ... Invitek RTP DNA/RNA Virus Mini kit (Invitek, Berlin, Germany) was used to perform RSV RNA isolation, according to the ... Adenoplex® multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kits and Invitek RTP® DNA/RNA Virus Mini kits were used for PCR assays of ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/mmr.2015.3681

... infection. Hepatitis B virus increases cellular oxidative stress and the development of HCC occurs after a long latency period ... The study was carried out to determine whether mitochondrial DNA abnormalities were associated with HCC in individuals with HBV ... and deletion of specific areas of the mitochondrial genome in tumour and matched normal tissue of patients with HBV infection ... Correlations between mitochondrial DNA haplogroup D5 and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Yunnan, China *Xiao Li ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/6602496?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a33362b8-009c-4ec6-bcf4-27de283359a0

In occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) can be detected in serum samples; however, oral fluid ... Infections were detected targeting DNA from the kinetoplast DNA minicircle (kDNA) and satellite DNA (satDNA). The discrete ... After copulation, all mosquitoes were individually evaluated for viral infection by RT-qPCR. FINDINGS The mean infection rate ... HBV DNA was detected in five serum and four oral fluid samples (the detection limit for oral fluid was 1.656 log IU/mL in ...

https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/i/2018.v113n1/

DNA. NAU-TGen study results show COVID-19 virus triggers antibodies from previous coronavirus infections. Posted by Heather ... NAU-TGen study results show COVID-19 virus triggers antibodies from previous coronavirus infections ... Over the last 20 years, rapid advances in DNA sequencing and bioinformatics technologies have significantly improved scientists ... suggest the immune systems of people infected with COVID-19 may rely on antibodies created during infections from earlier ...

https://nau.edu/nau-research/tag/dna/

A new study published by Portugals National Institute of Health has uncovered evidence that the virus responsible for the ... Furthermore, this double-stranded DNA virus, infections by which have historically been self-limiting, appears to be evolving ( ... The next piece of evidence that this virus has leaked from a lab comes with the finding that whilst the virus closely resembles ... They also concluded that the virus belongs to the West African clade of monkeypox viruses. However, they found it it is most ...

https://www.shtfplan.com/headline-news/study-finds-latest-monkeypox-outbreak-is-result-of-biolab-manipulated-virus-possibly-released-intentionally

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The ... Is herpes virus DNA or RNA?. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a double-stranded DNA virus that proliferates in the nuclei of ... They all come from the large Herpesviridae family of DNA viruses that affect humans. Scientists wanted to give these viruses a ... What kind of virus is alphaherpes simplex virus?. Alphaherpesvirinae contains the human herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2, ...

https://www.xshotpix.com/what-family-does-herpes-belong-to/

These molecules (unmethylated circular DNA, peptides starting with formylmethionine) look like virus/bacterial infection to the ... Infection can (but rarely does) arise from a single virus particle. The fact that its so infectious shows it can propagate ... The issue is having enough of the correct antigens to bind and inactivate viruses quickly enough to limit the infection. ... throat and trachea colonised by the viral infection. Killing viral particles, as well as cells infected by the virus, in the ...

https://www.halfbakery.com/idea/UVC_20Light_20Oral_20Device_20for_20Covid-19/addlink

DNA and RNA viruses can also impact tRNA synthesis, processing, and charging to modulate infection and pathogenesis (Dremel et ... The intersection of DNA virus infection and tRNA biologySemin Cell Dev Biol. ... After 24 hours, 1 mL of either virus or media for mock infection along with 2 mL of media supplemented with 10 μg/mL of ... 2020Emerging Roles of tRNAs in RNA Virus InfectionsTrends Biochem Sci. 45:794-805 ...

https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/90316

It would also help prevent pneumonia from secondary bacterial infections. (halfbakery.com)
Unexpectedly, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1 (Ogg1) knockout mice show enhanced stimuli-driven IFN expression that confers increased resistance to viral and bacterial infections and allergen challenges. (lu.se)

Could we help people Covid-19 Coronavirus infections by inserting a flexible device emitting far Ultraviolet-C light in their mouth? (halfbakery.com)
This protease is abundant in the lungs and has long been identified as playing a key role in SARS-CoV-2 and many other coronavirus infections, enabling the virus to enter host cells and proliferate. (wraltechwire.com)
Teams of other researchers have attempted to use CTSL inhibitors to thwart coronavirus infections for many years. (wraltechwire.com)
Middle East respiratory syndrome is a coronavirus infection that causes severe flu-like symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)

Herpesviruses establish latent permanent infections in their hosts, although clinical signs of disease may not be detected. (medscape.com)
Latent infection with adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (spandidos-publications.com)
Herpesviruses can cause both latent or lytic infections. (xshotpix.com)
CMV shares many attributes with other herpes viruses, including genome, virion structure, and the ability to cause latent and persistent infections. (medscape.com)
Certain viruses -- like the ones that cause chickenpox and cold sores -- may be inactive or "latent" after the initial infection. (medicinenet.com)

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a double-stranded DNA virus that proliferates in the nuclei of host cells during lytic infection (reviewed in reference 1). (xshotpix.com)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the Herpesviridae family. (medscape.com)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. (genome.jp)

Members of the human herpesvirus (HHV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) families cause the most common primary viral infections of the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
Herpesvirus family members are icosahedral DNA viruses. (medscape.com)
is a member of the herpesvirus family, which also includes viruses that cause cold sores (herpes simplex type 1), genital ulcers (herpes simplex type 2), and shingles (herpes zoster) and the cytomegalovirus. (xshotpix.com)
Alphaherpesvirinae contains the human herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2, which are grouped in the genus Simplexvirus, along with bovine mamillitis virus and spider monkey herpesvirus. (xshotpix.com)
In 1971, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) established Herpesvirus as a genus with 23 viruses among four groups. (xshotpix.com)
It is the largest (220 nm in diameter) and most complex herpesvirus, with a 235,000 double-stranded DNA genome. (medscape.com)
DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
Overview of Herpesvirus Infections Some common viral infections are caused by herpesviruses. (merckmanuals.com)

Hepatitis B is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), and persistent HBV infection is a global public health problem, with 257 million people as HBV chronic carriers. (sciopen.com)
DNA viruses are known for their ability to cause chronic infections. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
detectable in persons with acute, chronic, and resolved infection. (cdc.gov)
HHV-5, also known as cytomegalovirus (CMV), causes a primary infection of the salivary glands and other tissues, and it is believed to have a chronic form. (medscape.com)
Therefore, chronic RSV infection may occur in COPD. (spandidos-publications.com)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory airway disease characterized by exacerbations, which are primarily caused by bacterial or viral infections. (spandidos-publications.com)
According to previous studies, adenovirus and RSV may result in chronic infection in the lungs ( 2 , 6 - 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
However, chronic adenovirus and RSV infection data are currently unclear and, to the best of our knowledge, few longitudinal studies have been conducted on the association between chronic infection and COPD. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, RSV chronic infection in COPD and its consequences for local and systemic infection, and functional status have yet to be fully elucidated. (spandidos-publications.com)
Chronic infection with either HBV or HCV results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the liver, leading to an increase in potentially mutagenic DNA lesions ( Waris and Siddiqui, 2003 ). (nature.com)
The infection is more common among men and is more severe in older people and in people with an underlying chronic disorder such as diabetes or a heart or kidney disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
Repeated infections can contribute to chronic lung disease. (medlineplus.gov)
immune complex deposits in the vessel wall of gallbladder may cause necrotizing vasculitis as an extrahepatic complication of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
history of occasional attacks of vomiting, no history of fever, and no past medical illnesses were reported, her husband has chronic HBV infection recently diagnosed but not on treatment (planned to start treatment within next few weeks). (hindawi.com)
By some estimates, more than 350 million people living today have chronic HBV infections while approximately one-third of the global population has been infected at some point in their lives. (newswise.com)

HHV-4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), causes the primary infection infectious mononucleosis , and it is implicated in various diseases, such as African Burkitt lymphoma , other immunoproliferative disorders, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. (xshotpix.com)
Epstein-Barr virus causes a number of diseases, including infectious mononucleosis. (merckmanuals.com)

Humans acquire the infection from contact with infected animals, carcasses, or contaminated, nonliving material. (medscape.com)
Nonetheless, many other viral infections can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections. (medscape.com)
They all come from the large Herpesviridae family of DNA viruses that affect humans. (xshotpix.com)
If further research in humans validates the approach, it could lead to a prevention strategy that is not dependent on the ability of antibodies to recognize specific viral structures, so it would be effective regardless of how the virus mutates. (wraltechwire.com)
These coronaviruses that cause severe respiratory infections are transmitted from animals to humans (zoonotic pathogens). (msdmanuals.com)
Viruses get a bad rap, but they also perform many important functions for humans, plants, animals, and the environment. (medicinenet.com)
There are more than 50 types of immunologically distinct adenoviruses that can cause infections in humans. (cdc.gov)
These data emphasize the importance of molecular approaches to help identify the presence of key pathogens in the past, enabling us to better constrain the time they may have infected humans," explains Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionary geneticist with the McMaster Ancient DNA Centre and a principal investigator with the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research. (newswise.com)

The models of most immune evasion during innate immune responses are conserved, including altering the post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) of vital proteins to inactivate or degrade these components, eluding DNA sensing from PRRs, decreasing cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) cellular abundance, and modifying metabolism approach in host cells ( Eaglesham and Kranzusch, 2020 ). (frontiersin.org)

HHV-1, also known as herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, causes primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, or oral herpes. (medscape.com)
HHV-2, also known as HSV-2, causes genital herpes and occasionally causes oral disease that is clinically similar to that of HHV-1 infection. (medscape.com)
HHV-3, also known as varicella-zoster virus (VZV), causes the primary infection chickenpox and the secondary reactivation disease herpes zoster. (medscape.com)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) active infections (detected by DNA-PCR, confirmed by serology) were found in the perilymphatic fluid of 16.7% (3/18) cases of idiopathic SNHL. (who.int)
Is herpes virus DNA or RNA? (xshotpix.com)
Most herpes simplex eye infections get better in 1 to 2 weeks, although they can last longer. (xshotpix.com)
Which is a member of the herpes virus family? (xshotpix.com)
Herpes simplex virus 1 is a virus responsible for the majority of cold sores and a minority of genital sores, while herpes simplex virus 2 is a virus responsible for the majority of genital sores. (xshotpix.com)
How many types of herpes virus are there? (xshotpix.com)
There are currently 8 different types of herpes viruses known today. (xshotpix.com)
Can the body rid itself of herpes virus? (xshotpix.com)
How harmful to the body is the herpes virus? (xshotpix.com)
Does everyone carry the herpes virus? (xshotpix.com)
Not everyone carries the herpes simplex type one virus. (xshotpix.com)
This is the main cause of the herpes virus spreading. (xshotpix.com)
This review will address epigenetic regulation in members of the polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, human papillomaviruses, hepatitis B, and herpes viruses. (mdpi.com)
The other family members include herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1 or HHV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2 or HHV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human herpes virus (HHV)-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8. (medscape.com)
CMV has the largest genome of the herpes viruses. (medscape.com)
Clinical Markers and Outcomes of Neonates With Herpes Simplex Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid Persistence in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Disseminated and Central Nervous System Infection. (childrensmercy.org)
Eight different herpesviruses infect people: Three herpesviruses- herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, and varicella-zoster. (merckmanuals.com)
Infection with genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) (see the image below) remains a common viral sexually transmitted disease, often subclinical, and a major worldwide problem in women of reproductive age. (medscape.com)
See Herpes Simplex Viruses: Test Your Knowledge, a Critical Images slideshow, for more information on clinical, histologic, and radiographic imaging findings in HSV-1 and HSV-2. (medscape.com)
Five percent of all women of childbearing age report a history of genital herpes, and up to 30% have antibodies to herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). (medscape.com)
The percentage of adults aged 20-29 years with genital herpes infection decreased from 17% during 1988-1994 to 10% during 2003-2006. (medscape.com)
HSV has 2 subtypes: herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2. (medscape.com)

A more complex form could be a Bronchoscope-like tube that light up bronchial passages in their lungs, as well as areas in their mouth, throat and trachea colonised by the viral infection. (halfbakery.com)
The proof-of-concept experiments, conducted in mice, modified a currently available lipid nanoparticle to deliver a specific CRISPR/Cas13 mRNA that generates an inhospitable environment in the lungs for SARS-CoV-2 infection. (wraltechwire.com)
The CRISPR/Cas13, delivered intravenously through a lipid nanoparticle, diminished CTSL in the animals' lungs, which effectively and safely blocked the SARS-CoV-2 virus from entering cells and infecting the host. (wraltechwire.com)
Further experiments in COVID-infected animals showed that the CRISPR-loaded nanoparticle decreased the viral load in the lungs of animals with COVID infections and inhibited the immune storm that triggers lethal cases. (wraltechwire.com)
Respiratory viral infections affect the lungs, nose, and throat. (medicinenet.com)
MDA5 deficiency is a disorder of the immune system (immunodeficiency) that leads to recurrent, severe infections of the lungs and airways (respiratory tract) beginning in infancy. (medlineplus.gov)

Abdul F, Filleton F, Gerossier L, Paturel A, Hall J, Strubin M, Etienne L, (2018) Smc5/6 antagonism by HBx is an evolutionarily conserved function of hepatitis B virus infection in mammals. (sciopen.com)
However, they found it it is most closely related to monkeypox viruses that were exported from Nigeria to several countries in 2018 and 2019, namely the UK, Israel, and Singapore. (shtfplan.com)
According to the CDC, 20% of the U. S. population had an STI (about 68 million infections) in 2018, with nearly half occurring in adolescents and young adults ages 15-24 years. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
Newswise - HAMILTON, ON, Jan. 4, 2018 - A team of scientists has sequenced the complete genome of an ancient strain of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), shedding new light on a pervasive, complex and deadly pathogen that today kills nearly one million people every year. (newswise.com)

Scientists at Johns Hopkins have identified a protein that regulates the body's immune response to infection with cytomegalovirus, a common pathogen. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Infectious disease specialists at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center have identified a protein that regulates the body's immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a common pathogen that causes lifelong infections and can lead to devastating illness in newborns and those with weakened immune systems. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
STI refers to infection with a pathogen that is transmitted through sexual contact, while STD refers to the recognizable disease that develops as a result of the STI. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
An incubation period refers to the time between exposure to a virus (or other pathogen) and the emergence of symptoms. (medicinenet.com)

Sasidharan A, Banerjee D, Harrison CJ, Selvarangan R. Emergence of Parechovirus A3 as the Leading Cause of Central Nervous System Infection, Surpassing Any Single Enterovirus Type, in Children in Kansas City, Missouri, USA, from 2007 to 2016. (childrensmercy.org)

The role of respiratory viral infections are emerging in COPD exacerbations. (spandidos-publications.com)
Respiratory viral infections occurring during COPD exacerbations are more likely to lead to hospitalization as a result of viral infections leading to a greater airway inflammation and therefore, more severe exacerbations. (spandidos-publications.com)

Although healthy adults who carry the virus rarely exhibit symptoms, CMV can cause serious problems in people with certain immune-deficiency disorders, those with advanced HIV, and in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy to treat cancer or prevent organ rejection. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The biopsy result made some sense: Immunosuppressive drugs make patients with Crohn's vulnerable to serious infections, while most healthy people carry CMV in their bodies without symptoms. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Some infections actually produce no symptoms in people, yet these same people can spread the virus to other people. (cdc.gov)
According to the UK Health Security Agency, 172 cases of monkeypox have been identified in England as of the week ending 29th May 2022, and they have now released new guidance advising anyone with the virus to abstain from sex whilst they have symptoms, and to use a condom for at least eight weeks once the infection has cleared. (shtfplan.com)
Symptoms, when apparent, develop 9-60 days after primary infection. (medscape.com)
A viral infection can lead to a spectrum of symptoms from. (msdmanuals.com)
Later, a trigger like stress, sunlight, or something else, may reactivate the virus and lead to new symptoms. (medicinenet.com)
The time until loss of DNA detection was estimated based on the number of days between the onset of symptoms and the first negative PCR test. (news-medical.net)
While infection by these viruses is common in all children, it usually causes mild symptoms and lasts only a short time before being cleared by a healthy immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
In contrast, individuals with MDA5 deficiency frequently require hospitalization due to the severity of the symptoms caused by the infection. (medlineplus.gov)
Most EBV infections cause no symptoms. (merckmanuals.com)
In most children younger than 5 years, the infection causes no symptoms. (merckmanuals.com)
The usual time between infection and the appearance of symptoms is thought to be 30 to 50 days. (merckmanuals.com)

cGAS recognizes the pathogenic DNA in the cytosol and then synthesizes 2′3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (2′3′cGAMP). (frontiersin.org)
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. (bvsalud.org)
When most people hear the word "virus," they think of disease-causing (pathogenic) viruses such as the common cold, influenza, chickenpox, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2 and others. (medicinenet.com)
Viruses and bacteria are two types of potentially disease-causing (pathogenic) particles. (medicinenet.com)

Influenza virus infection is lethal to the chick embryo. (biomedcentral.com)
TMP, Zn or saline separately had no effect on embryo survival, none of the embryos survived influenza virus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza virus infection in adult solid organ transplant recipients. (smw.ch)
Immune responses to influenza virus infection. (smw.ch)

Crows were inoculated IM with 0.5 mg of the DNA vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Oral, crows were given 0.5 mg of the DNA vaccine orally. (cdc.gov)
Researchers say NOD2 may provide new opportunities to modify the body's immune response to CMV and possibly spur the development of a vaccine against this most common congenital infection. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Live virus, enteric coated vaccine tablets, one for the Type 4 and one for the Type 7 were developed and tested, and routine administration of these vaccines to the trainees started in 1971. (cdc.gov)
A DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein protected guinea pigs from infection by two lineages of influenza D virus. (cdc.gov)
Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent CMV infection. (medscape.com)
The analysis was based on the presence or absence of antibody response against non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from H1N1pdm09 virus, which was not a component of Pandemrix vaccine. (plos.org)

The theory is that these common viruses are brought to the training facilities by a mildly ill or asymptomatic person. (cdc.gov)
Lastly, the authors believe that the time of persistence of viral DNA in body fluids estimated in this study might not be generalizable to all monkeypox infections, especially asymptomatic ones. (news-medical.net)

Beck J, Nassal M, (2007) Hepatitis B virus replication. (sciopen.com)
Viruses have optimized their evading tactics for superior replication and spreading to counteract host immunity. (frontiersin.org)
In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
The displacement loop (D-loop) region is the major control site for mtDNA expression containing the origin of replication for the heavy DNA strand and the major promoters of transcription ( Taanman, 1999 ). (nature.com)
An E2F1-mediated DNA damage response contributes to the replication of human cytomegalovirus. (umassmed.edu)
Replication may be categorized into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. (medscape.com)
These viruses depend on its host for replication and infection. (biomedcentral.com)

The TWiVome reveal the first eukaryotic genes found in a bacteriophage of Wolbachia, and how DNA tumor virus oncogenes antagonize sensing of cytoplasmic DNA by the cell. (virology.ws)
Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
Viruses also participate in the process of evolution by transferring genes among different species. (medicinenet.com)
In biomedical research, scientists use viruses to insert new genes into cells. (medicinenet.com)
Interferons (IFNs) are secreted cytokines with the ability to activate expression of IFN stimulated genes that increase resistance of cells to virus infections. (lu.se)

E2F mediates dihydrofolate reductase promoter activation and multiprotein complex formation in human cytomegalovirus infection. (umassmed.edu)
Productive infection of human endometrial stromal cells by human cytomegalovirus. (umassmed.edu)
The DNA damage response induced by infection with human cytomegalovirus and other viruses. (umassmed.edu)

Those at greatest risk for infection are infants and young children. (cdc.gov)
RSV, which is an enveloped RNA virus, is one of the most important and frequent viruses for respiratory tract infections in infants and young children ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The results of a study led by Northern Arizona University and the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) , an affiliate of City of Hope , suggest the immune systems of people infected with COVID-19 may rely on antibodies created during infections from earlier coronaviruses to help fight the disease. (nau.edu)
It has antibodies, which help protect your baby against infections. (familydoctor.org)
Instead, paired serum samples from patients, who suffered from a laboratory confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection, showed high levels or diagnostic rises (96%) in H1N1pdm virus NS1-specific antibodies and very high cross-reactivity to H3N2 subtype influenza A virus NS1 protein. (plos.org)
Although each is a distinct virus, they share some antigenic components, such that antibodies that react to one type may "neutralize" the other. (medscape.com)
In a primary infection, no type-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to either HSV-1 or HSV-2 exist at the time of the outbreak. (medscape.com)
However, unlike protective antibodies to other viruses, antibodies to HSV do not prevent local recurrence(s). (medscape.com)

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). (wikipedia.org)

Viruses depend on the organisms they infect (hosts) for their very survival. (medicinenet.com)
Viruses infect a host by introducing their genetic material into the cells and hijacking the cell's internal machinery to make more virus particles. (medicinenet.com)
Either way, new virus particles are then free to infect other cells. (medicinenet.com)
RNA virus requires host cell wall receptors to infect and its nucleus to replicate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, the protein recognizes a molecule called double-stranded RNA (a chemical cousin of DNA), which certain viruses, including rhinovirus, RSV, and the flu virus, have as their genetic material or produce when they infect cells and copy (replicate) themselves. (medlineplus.gov)

Seasonal variation in TP53 R249S-mutated serum DNA with aflatoxin exposure and hepatitis B virus infection. (who.int)
only few cases are reported as ACC associated with acute hepatitis B virus infection. (hindawi.com)
We present a 27-year-old female case diagnosed to have acute acalculous cholecystitis and associated with acute hepatitis B virus infection, and she recovered within one week of her presentation without complication or surgical intervention. (hindawi.com)
We would like to present here a second reported case of ACC associated with an acute hepatitis B virus infection [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)

Viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is a key factor to establish persistent infection in infected hepatocytes. (sciopen.com)
The viral DNA was the least persistent in skin lesion samples (5.7 days median time). (news-medical.net)

They may be primary or recurrent infections. (medscape.com)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the influenza (flu) virus may also cause recurrent infections in affected individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
Recurrent rhinovirus infections in a child with inherited MDA5 deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)

The NOD2 protein is a known susceptibility marker for Crohn's disease, so the findings may offer a new explanation for the severe CMV infections seen in some patients with Crohn's. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Additionally, because the NOD2 protein is regulated by a gene implicated in the inflammatory intestinal condition Crohn's disease, the findings offer a new explanation for the severe CMV infections that sometimes occur in patients with Crohn's. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Viruses are associated with more severe exacerbations and with greater morbidity, therefore, require further research ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
A lack of the important early immune response stimulated by interferons leads to severe viral infections in infants with MDA5 deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
The research team also suggests that Beethoven's Hepatitis B infection might have driven the composer's severe liver disease, exacerbated by his alcohol intake and genetic risk. (cam.ac.uk)
Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
We hypothesize that a more rapid induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in bursal cells following IBDV infection leads to more severe disease in line W birds than in line 15I. (imperial.ac.uk)

As the second messenger, cGAMP activates STING and induces the following cascade to produce type I interferon (IFN-I) to protect against infections. (frontiersin.org)
Garcia-Sastre A. Induction and evasion of type I interferon responses by influenza viruses. (smw.ch)

Here we outline the current status of the viral evasion mechanism underlying the regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, focusing on how post-transcriptional modifications, viral proteins, and non-coding RNAs involve innate immunity during viral infection, attempting to inspire new targets discovery and uncover potential clinical antiviral treatments. (frontiersin.org)
The Committee agreed that, despite the considerable progress that had been made in investigating Variola virus, significant components of this research, most notably the refinement and use of an animal model developed in 2001 and the development of antiviral drugs, were unlikely to be completed by the end of 2002. (who.int)
The main treatments are: antiviral eyedrops or ointment - these stop the virus spreading and are usually used several times a day for up to 2 weeks. (xshotpix.com)
Antiviral treatment is used for immunocompromised individuals who have eye infections or life-threatening illnesses due to CMV. (medscape.com)
2004. NISN statement on antiviral resistance in influenza viruses. (nationalacademies.org)
In a mouse model of bronchiolitis induced by RSV infection, functional ablation of OGG1 by a small molecule inhibitor (TH5487) enhances IFN-λ production, decreases immunopathology, neutrophilia, and confers antiviral protection. (lu.se)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Decay Dynamics With Early, Long-term Virologic Control of Perinatal Infection. (bvsalud.org)
Early antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) limits proviral reservoirs , a goal for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) remission strategies . (bvsalud.org)
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. (cdc.gov)
Human adenovirus, a DNA virus, is associated with respiratory infections and smoking-induced lung function impairment ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
While genomic DNA is complex, the human mitochondrial genome is only 16.5 kb in length, encoding 13 polypeptides of the respiratory chain, 22 transfer RNAs and two rRNAs ( Taanman, 1999 ). (nature.com)
Continuous low doses of far Ultraviolet-C (far- UVC) light are safe to human tissue, but harmful to viruses. (halfbakery.com)
Moreover, individuals with chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are more likely to contract human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to transmit the virus to their sex partners. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
2004. Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus. (nationalacademies.org)
In the present study, the researchers used archived laboratory test results to gather molecular detection data, which were further grouped based on the age and sex of patients, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, and clinical manifestations of monkeypox. (news-medical.net)
Could human DNA be every type of plant, animal, or microbe DNA? (phys.org)
Human infections with African-derived Ebolavirus species are characterized by an incubation period that is typically 3 to 8 days in primary cases and slightly longer in secondary cases. (medscape.com)
Non-structural (NS) 1 proteins from recombinant influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) and influenza A/Finland/554/09 (H1N1pdm09) viruses were purified and used in Western blot analysis to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. (plos.org)
We found that functional inhibition, genetic ablation, and inactivation by post-translational modification of OGG1 significantly augment IFN-λ expression in epithelial cells infected by human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). (lu.se)

The findings, published March 26 in the open-access journal PLOS One , offer what the Johns Hopkins teams says is a first-of-its-kind evidence that a protein that specializes in bacterial detection is also turned on when it sniffs out a virus from the DNA family. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Overview of Viral Infections A virus is composed of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. (msdmanuals.com)
Viruses are small particles of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) that are surrounded by a protein coat. (medicinenet.com)
The MDA5 protein plays an important role in innate immunity, the body's early, nonspecific response to foreign invaders (pathogens) such as viruses and bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
Deficiency of MDA5 protein activity reduces interferon production in response to RNA-containing viruses. (medlineplus.gov)
Based on quantitative Western blot analysis, only two of the 45 (4.4%) Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic patients showed specific antibody response against the NS1 protein from the H1N1pdm09 virus, indicating past infection with the H1N1pdm09 virus. (plos.org)
Here, we tested the hypothesis that the DNA repair protein OGG1 recognizes 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoGua) in promoters modulating IFN expression. (lu.se)

DNA analysis of perilymphatic fluid were determined in the serum. (who.int)

In May 1999, the Fifty-second World Health Assembly by resolution WHA52.10 authorized temporary retention up to not later than 2002 of the existing stocks of Variola virus at the two current locations,1 for the purpose of further international research. (who.int)
Further, during extensive discussion about the potential availability of an animal model, additional research was identified that would necessitate access to live Variola virus stocks after the expected 2002 destruction date. (who.int)
Mitochondrial DNA is more susceptible to sustained DNA damage compared with nuclear DNA due to the lack of histones and decreased capacity for DNA repair ( Kang and Hamasaki, 2002 ). (nature.com)

What if the malfunctioning NOD2 found in Crohn's was also responsible for the uncontrolled CMV infections seen in some of these patients? (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The results of the present study suggested that RSV infection may be prevalent in patients with COPD‑AE and in those in a stable condition. (spandidos-publications.com)
The present study evaluated the association between viral infections, functional status and systemic inflammation in patients experiencing COPD-AEs and those in a stable condition. (spandidos-publications.com)
The frequency of mutation and deletion of specific areas of the mitochondrial genome in tumour and matched normal tissue of patients with HBV infection was investigated in the current study. (nature.com)
Upon completion of this course, you will be prepared to provide evidence-based care for patients with those sexually transmitted infections (STIs) identified as reaching epidemic levels in the United States. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
Most patients with CMV infection exhibit few clinical findings on physical examination. (medscape.com)
In patients with HIV infection, CMV involves the entire GI tract. (medscape.com)
To conclude, the study investigated the stability of monkeypox viral DNA in various types of body fluid samples from monkeypox patients. (news-medical.net)
Influenza virus was isolated from patients and propagated in eggs. (biomedcentral.com)
In patients who have Ebola virus infection, 2 types of exposure history are recognized: primary and secondary. (medscape.com)
This group includes patients who experienced infection with Reston ebolavirus, as evidenced by antibody production, but did not develop Ebola virus disease. (medscape.com)
In the 1995 Ebola virus outbreak in Kikwit, DRC, tachypnea was the single most discriminating sign that separated survivors (none of whom had tachypnea) from patients who died (37% of whom had tachypnea). (medscape.com)

Antibody response occurs 3-4 weeks after the infection and is lifelong. (medscape.com)

These infections are most frequently caused by rhinovirus (the virus that causes the common cold). (medlineplus.gov)

Whether this is an immediate or long-term effect of virologic suppression (VS) in perinatal infection is unknown. (bvsalud.org)
This article reviews (1) the types of genital HSV infections, (2) the risks and sequelae of neonatal HSV infection, and (3) the strategies to reduce perinatal transmission of HSV. (medscape.com)

These results will be of interest to virologists interested in studying the alterations in tRNA modifications, host methyltransferases, and viral infections. (elifesciences.org)

The lesions of a primary infection begin as tender vesicles, which may rupture and become ulcers. (medscape.com)

all five that were sequenced had adenovirus type 41 infection identified. (cdc.gov)
While there have been case reports of hepatitis in immunocompromised children with adenovirus type 41 infection, adenovirus type 41 is not known to be a cause of hepatitis in otherwise healthy children [5, 6]. (cdc.gov)

Common viral and fungal skin infections. (harvard.edu)

Infected saliva or droplets spread the viruses in the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
The MERS virus is spread through close contact with people who have MERS or through airborne droplets that were coughed or sneezed out by an infected person. (msdmanuals.com)
These viruses are most commonly spread by inhaling droplets containing virus particles. (medicinenet.com)
Adenoviruses are doubled-stranded DNA viruses that spread by close personal contact, respiratory droplets, and fomites [3]. (cdc.gov)

For instance, due to their genetic flexibility, viruses have developed various viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to interrupt several checkpoints of cGAS-STING. (frontiersin.org)
The next piece of evidence that this virus has leaked from a lab comes with the finding that whilst the virus closely resembles those exported from Nigeria in 18/19, it is still different with over 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are genetic variations. (shtfplan.com)
Another subset of viruses has DNA as their genetic material. (medlineplus.gov)
Using small tissue samples of skin and bone, scientists were able to tease out tiny fragments of DNA and then stitch together pieces of genetic information to create a much more complete picture. (newswise.com)
But its DNA, its genetic material, is a strand that is about 17,000 nanometers long! (lu.se)

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause respiratory illness ranging in severity from the common cold to fatal pneumonia. (msdmanuals.com)

See Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hepatitis C for information on these viral infections. (medscape.com)

These findings provide evidence that Nsp5-dependent cleavage of TRMT1 and perturbation of tRNA modification patterns contribute to the cellular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (elifesciences.org)
Some cases of HAV reported that the pathogenesis of ACC is due to direct invasion of the virus to gallbladder wall [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

[ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)

What kind of virus is alphaherpes simplex virus? (xshotpix.com)

Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)

Synonymous Mutations at the Beginning of the Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Gene Impact Experimental Fitness. (umassmed.edu)
While DNA polymerases have read-proof abilities with correction facilities, RNA polymerases do not have such qualities whereby errors, i.e. mutations, occur [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Some of these mutations may allow RNA virus to cross species like SARS and COVID-19 whereby no vaccination existed. (biomedcentral.com)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)

Some viruses can spread through touch, saliva, or even the air. (medicinenet.com)
Infected people shed the virus periodically in their saliva. (merckmanuals.com)

Mechanistically, OGG1 bound to 8-oxoGua in proximity to interferon response elements, which inhibits the IRF3/IRF7 and NF-κB/RelA DNA occupancy, while promoting the suppressor NF-κB1/p50-p50 homodimer binding to the IFN-λ2/3 promoter. (lu.se)

Killing viral particles, as well as cells infected by the virus, in the throat, tonsils and trachea would lower the viral load the immune system must fight. (halfbakery.com)
With an active viral infection, a virus makes copies of itself and bursts the host cell (killing it) to set the newly-formed virus particles free. (medicinenet.com)
In other cases, virus particles "bud" off the host cell over a period of time before killing the host cell. (medicinenet.com)
The virus makes more copies of itself, releases new virus particles, and kills more host cells. (medicinenet.com)
The study did not test for the infectivity of viral particles and only investigated the persistence of the DNA in the fluids. (news-medical.net)

Far-UVC is proven to inactivate the H1N1 virus (see the first link below for more information). (halfbakery.com)

Ichinohe T, Lee HK, Ogura Y, Flavell R, Iwasaki A. Inflammasome recognition of influenza virus is essential for adaptive immune responses. (smw.ch)

Because of the circular nature of its DNA genome, TTMDV (which was provisionally named small anellovirus 1) was classified as an anellovirus. (wikipedia.org)
Like other members of its family, TTMDV's genome is a circular single-stranded piece of DNA of a negative polarity. (wikipedia.org)

Assembly regarding their proposals for the date of final destruction of the remaining stocks of variola virus. (who.int)
The Committee's main recommendation, therefore, was that serious consideration should be given to further extending the deadline for the destruction of Variola virus in order to allow essential research to be completed. (who.int)
Review of Variola virus strains in the two repositories. (who.int)
Several methods have been devised recently for very sensitive detection of Variola virus DNA and to distinguish this DNA from that of other orthopoxviruses, the most promising being analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, multiplex PCR and real-time PCR with fluorigenic probes. (who.int)
Previous scientific analysis of the 16th century remains-which did not include DNA testing-suggested the child was infected with Variola virus, or smallpox. (newswise.com)

Limited number of cases of ACC were reported to be associated with acute viral hepatitis A infection [ 5 , 10 - 13 ] and only one case reported with hepatitis B infection [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)

The Munich Security Conference exercise revealed that the engineered monkeypox virus was developed illicitly at the fictional country of Anica's leading institute of virology by lab scientists working alongside an Arnican terrorist group. (shtfplan.com)
Persistence of monkeypox virus DNA in clinical specimens. (news-medical.net)
The monkeypox virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, was, until very recently, endemic to the west and central African countries. (news-medical.net)

Routine vaccination has fundamentally altered the natural history of many frequently observed and serious infections. (smw.ch)

Most infections result in non-serious illness in otherwise healthy people. (cdc.gov)
HHV-6, which can produce acute infection in CD4 + T lymphocytes, causes roseola infantum , a febrile illness that affects young children. (medscape.com)
Lab tests may help clarify whether an illness is due to a virus, bacteria, or other infectious agent or disease process. (medicinenet.com)
They also found evidence of an infection with Hepatitis B virus in at latest the months before the composer's final illness. (cam.ac.uk)
Usually, the infection begins with a general feeling of illness (malaise) and low grade fever followed by sore throat and/or swollen lymph nodes. (merckmanuals.com)

Over the last 20 years, rapid advances in DNA sequencing and bioinformatics technologies have significantly improved scientists' understanding of the microbial world. (nau.edu)
A new study published by Portugal's National Institute of Health has uncovered evidence that the virus responsible for the Monkeypox outbreak allegedly sweeping across Europe, America, and Australia, has been heavily manipulated in a lab by scientists, and further evidence suggests it has been released intentionally. (shtfplan.com)
The scientists concluded that the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox that we're now allegedly witnessing is most likely the result of a single origin because all sequences of viruses released so far tightly cluster together. (shtfplan.com)
Scientists wanted to give these viruses a systematic name, thus each is designated with an Arabic numeral from 1 to 8 attached to their host-derived name. (xshotpix.com)
However, the scientists caution that the nature and timing of this infection - which would have greatly influenced its relationship with Beethoven's liver disease - could not currently be determined, and similarly caution that the true extent of his alcohol consumption remains unknown. (cam.ac.uk)

Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)

The orf virus is able to produce a homolog of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)‒10, which contributes to localized suppression of immunity. (medscape.com)

Organisms18

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes3

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Health Care1

Susceptibility of TT virus to interferon therapy. (1/273)

Further observations on the epidemiology and spread of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in southeastern Australia and a recommended sampling strategy for surveillance. (2/273)

Early acquisition of TT virus (TTV) in an area endemic for TTV infection. (3/273)

Prevalence of TT virus infection in US blood donors and populations at risk for acquiring parenterally transmitted viruses. (4/273)

Excretion into bile of a novel unenveloped DNA virus (TT virus) associated with acute and chronic non-A-G hepatitis. (5/273)

High prevalence of TT virus infection in healthy children and adults and in patients with liver disease in Taiwan. (6/273)

TT virus infection in patients with hepatitis C: frequency, persistence, and sequence heterogeneity. (7/273)

Marked genomic heterogeneity and frequent mixed infection of TT virus demonstrated by PCR with primers from coding and noncoding regions. (8/273)

DNA Virus Infections

RNA Virus Infections

DNA Viruses

RNA Viruses

Virus Replication

Vaccinia virus

Virus Diseases

Receptors, Virus

Plant Viruses

DNA, Viral

Virus Cultivation

Viral Proteins

Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype

Virus Shedding

Virus Assembly

RNA, Viral

Simian virus 40

Antiviral Agents

Hepatitis B virus

Measles virus

Orthomyxoviridae Infections

Respiratory Syncytial Viruses

Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype

Phycodnaviridae

Sindbis Virus

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections

West Nile virus

Antigens, Viral

Defective Viruses

Rabies virus

Antibodies, Viral

Molecular Sequence Data

Fomites

Goats

Sheep

Orf virus

Goat Diseases

Epidemiology

Cooking and Eating Utensils

Susceptibility of TT virus to interferon therapy. (1/273)

Further observations on the epidemiology and spread of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in southeastern Australia and a recommended sampling strategy for surveillance. (2/273)

Early acquisition of TT virus (TTV) in an area endemic for TTV infection. (3/273)

Prevalence of TT virus infection in US blood donors and populations at risk for acquiring parenterally transmitted viruses. (4/273)

Excretion into bile of a novel unenveloped DNA virus (TT virus) associated with acute and chronic non-A-G hepatitis. (5/273)

High prevalence of TT virus infection in healthy children and adults and in patients with liver disease in Taiwan. (6/273)

TT virus infection in patients with hepatitis C: frequency, persistence, and sequence heterogeneity. (7/273)

Marked genomic heterogeneity and frequent mixed infection of TT virus demonstrated by PCR with primers from coding and noncoding regions. (8/273)

Gammatorquevirus

Importin subunit alpha-1

Importin subunit alpha-3

SMC1B

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase

Importin subunit alpha-6

Importin subunit alpha-7

Importin subunit alpha-4

Importin subunit alpha-5

Orthoherpesviridae

Virophage

Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency

Eva Gottwein

Animal virus

Umifenovir

Tony Minson

RALB

Spring viraemia of carp

Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase

Herpes simplex research

Vaccine

CRISPR

Inflammasome

CccDNA

Primary central nervous system lymphoma

Human polyomavirus 2

Prasinophyte

AIM2

HIV disease progression rates

Tetraparvovirus

Table 1 - DNA Vaccine for West Nile Virus Infection in Fish Crows (Corvus ossifragus) - Volume 9, Number 9-September 2003 -...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Decay Dynamics With Early, Long-term Virologic Control of Perinatal Infection. | Clin...

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