A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.
Bleeding from a PEPTIC ULCER that can be located in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Vagal denervation of that part of the STOMACH lined with acid-secreting mucosa (GASTRIC MUCOSA) containing the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Since the procedure leaves the vagal branches to the antrum and PYLORUS intact, it circumvents gastric drainage required with truncal vagotomy techniques.
The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID); PEPSINOGENS; INTRINSIC FACTOR; GASTRIN; MUCUS; and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)
A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.
Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief.
Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.
A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.
A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.
A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
A skin ulcer is a breakdown of the skin's surface and underlying tissues, often caused by prolonged pressure, infection, or poor circulation, leading to a loss of continuity in the epidermis and dermis, potentially extending into deeper layers such as subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and bone.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.
Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.
The region of the STOMACH at the junction with the DUODENUM. It is marked by the thickening of circular muscle layers forming the pyloric sphincter to control the opening and closure of the lumen.
Gastric analysis for determination of free acid or total acid.
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.
Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98.
The region between the sharp indentation at the lower third of the STOMACH (incisura angularis) and the junction of the PYLORUS with the DUODENUM. Pyloric antral glands contain mucus-secreting cells and gastrin-secreting endocrine cells (G CELLS).
A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.
A variety of surgical reconstructive procedures devised to restore gastrointestinal continuity, The two major classes of reconstruction are the Billroth I (gastroduodenostomy) and Billroth II (gastrojejunostomy) procedures.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.
A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.
Proenzymes secreted by chief cells, mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells, which are converted into pepsin in the presence of gastric acid or pepsin itself. (Dorland, 28th ed) In humans there are 2 related pepsinogen systems: PEPSINOGEN A (formerly pepsinogen I or pepsinogen) and PEPSINOGEN C (formerly pepsinogen II or progastricsin). Pepsinogen B is the name of a pepsinogen from pigs.
Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.
A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.
A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.
A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.
Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose.
A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.
A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
A genus of leguminous herbs or shrubs whose roots yield GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID and its derivative, CARBENOXOLONE.
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514)
Excision of the whole (total gastrectomy) or part (subtotal gastrectomy, partial gastrectomy, gastric resection) of the stomach. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. It is used frequently in the surgical management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as in physiologic studies of gastrointestinal secretion and motility.
Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to histamine, forming N-methylhistamine, the major metabolite of histamine in man. EC 2.1.1.8.
A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.
Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
A plant species of the genus ATROPA, family SOLANACEAE that contains ATROPINE; SCOPOLAMINE; BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS and other SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS. Some species in this genus are called deadly nightshade which is also a common name for SOLANUM.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older "coffee-ground" in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Any substances taken in by the body that provide nourishment.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.
A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
An extract from calf blood containing inorganic salts, amino acids, polypeptides and purines, but no proteins nor antigenic substances or blood group characteristics. Its exact composition is unknown. It has been proposed as a radiation-protective agent.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Control of bleeding performed through the channel of the endoscope. Techniques include use of lasers, heater probes, bipolar electrocoagulation, and local injection. Endoscopic hemostasis is commonly used to treat bleeding esophageal and gastrointestinal varices and ulcers.
Organic compounds that have the general formula R-SO-R. They are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (From Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 4th ed)
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Any tests done on exhaled air.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections.

Role of apoptosis induced by Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of duodenal ulcer. (1/1325)

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori affects gastric epithelium integrity by acceleration of apoptosis. However, it remains unclear what product of the bacteria causes apoptosis, or whether or not the apoptosis is involved in the development of ulcers. AIMS: To elucidate the factor from H pylori that causes acceleration of apoptosis and the role of apoptosis in the development of duodenal ulcer in H pylori infection. PATIENTS: Five H pylori negative healthy volunteers, 47 H pylori positive patients with duodenal ulcer, and 35 H pylori positive patients with gastric ulcer. METHODS: An endoscopic examination was carried out to diagnose ulcers and determine their clinical stage. To analyse apoptosis, a cell cycle analysis was performed using biopsy specimens. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between the urease activity of the H pylori strain and the level of apoptosis induced by this bacterial strain. Moreover, in duodenal ulcer patients infected with H pylori, the patients with an active ulcer exhibited a significantly higher level of apoptosis than those with ulcers at both the healing and scarring stages. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that acceleration of apoptosis in the antral mucosa caused by the urease of H pylori plays a crucial role in the development of ulcers in the duodenum.  (+info)

Comparison of rabeprazole 20 mg versus omeprazole 20 mg in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer: a European multicentre study. (2/1325)

BACKGROUND: Rabeprazole sodium is the newest member of a class of substituted benzimidazole molecules known as proton pump inhibitors. Other proton pump inhibitors have been shown to be effective in healing active duodenal ulcer. METHOD: This randomized, double-blind, multicentre study, conducted at 25 European sites, compared the efficacy and tolerability of rabeprazole and omeprazole in patients with active duodenal ulcers. One hundred and two patients with active duodenal ulcer received rabeprazole 20 mg and 103 patients omeprazole 20 mg once daily for 2 or 4 weeks, with ulcer healing monitored by endoscopy. RESULTS: After 2 weeks, complete ulcer healing was documented in 69% of patients given rabeprazole 20 mg and in 62% of patients given omeprazole 20 mg (N.S.). After 4 weeks, healing rates were 98% in the rabeprazole group and 93% in the omeprazole group (P = 0.083). Rabeprazole-treated patients had significantly greater improvement in daytime pain symptom relief than those treated with omeprazole at the conclusion of the study (P = 0.038). Both drugs were well tolerated over the 4-week treatment period. Mean changes from baseline to end-point in fasting serum gastrin were significantly greater in the rabeprazole group, but at end-point mean values were well within normal limits for both groups. No clinically meaningful changes or other between-group differences were observed in laboratory parameters. CONCLUSION: In this study, rabeprazole produced healing rates equivalent to omeprazole at weeks 2 and 4, and provided significantly greater improvement in daytime pain. Both treatments were well tolerated.  (+info)

The DU-MACH study: eradication of Helicobacter pylori and ulcer healing in patients with acute duodenal ulcer using omeprazole based triple therapy. (3/1325)

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of two omeprazole triple therapies for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori, ulcer healing and ulcer relapse during a 6-month treatment-free period in patients with active duodenal ulcer. METHODS: This was a double-blind, randomized study in 15 centres across Canada. Patients (n = 149) were randomized to omeprazole 20 mg once daily (O) or one of two 1-week b. d. eradication regimens: omeprazole 20 mg, metronidazole 400 mg and clarithromycin 250 mg (OMC) or omeprazole 20 mg, amoxycillin 1000 mg and clarithromycin 500 mg (OAC). All patients were treated for three additional weeks with omeprazole 20 mg once daily. Ulcer healing was assessed by endoscopy after 4 weeks of study therapy. H. pylori eradication was determined by a 13C-urea breath test and histology, performed at pre-entry, at 4 weeks after the end of all therapy and at 6 months. RESULTS: The intention-to-treat (intention-to-treat) analysis contained 146 patients and the per protocol (per protocol) analysis, 114 patients. The eradication rates were (intention-to-treat/per protocol): OMC-85% and 92%, OAC-78% and 87% and O-0% (O). Ulcer healing (intention-to-treat) was greater than 90% in all groups. The differences in the eradication and relapse rates between O vs. OMC and O vs. OAC were statistically significant (all, P < 0.001). Treatment was well tolerated and compliance was high. CONCLUSION: The OMC and OAC 1-week treatment regimens are safe and effective for eradication, healing and the prevention of relapse in duodenal ulcer patients.  (+info)

The influence of metronidazole resistance on the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate triple therapy regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection. (4/1325)

AIM: To assess the influence of metronidazole resistance on the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy regimens in two consecutive studies. METHODS: In the first study, patients with a culture-proven Helicobacter pylori infection were treated with ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg, metronidazole 500 mg, and clarithromycin 500 mg, all twice daily for 1 week (RMC). In the second study, amoxycillin 1000 mg was substituted for clarithromycin (RMA). Susceptibility testing for metronidazole was performed with the E-test. Follow-up endoscopy was performed after >/= 4 weeks. Antral biopsy samples were taken for histology and urease test, and culture and corpus samples for histology and culture. RESULTS: 112 patients, 53 males, age 55 +/- 14 years (39 duodenal ulcer, 7 gastric ulcer and 66 gastritis) were treated with RMC, and 89 patients, 52 males, age 58 +/- 15 years (23 duodenal ulcer, 7 gastric ulcer and 59 gastritis) were treated with RMA. For RMC, intention-to-treat eradication results were 98% (59/60, 95% CI: 91-100%) and 95% (20/21, 95% CI: 76-100%) for metronidazole susceptible and resistant strains, respectively (P = 0.45). For RMA these figures were 87% (53/61, 95% CI: 76-94%) for metronidazole susceptible strains and 22% (2/9, 95% CI: 3-60%) for resistant strains (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Both regimens are effective in metronidazole susceptible strains. However, in contrast to the amoxycillin-containing regimen, that containing clarithromycin is also effective in resistant strains.  (+info)

Triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication is more effective than long-term maintenance antisecretory treatment in the prevention of recurrence of duodenal ulcer: a prospective long-term follow-up study. (5/1325)

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment and long term acid suppression maintenance in the natural course of duodenal ulcer has not been directly compared. AIM: To compare in a prospective randomized study the effectiveness of H. pylori eradication on the prevention of recurrence of duodenal ulcer with long-term maintenance acid suppression therapy. METHODS: One hundred and fourteen duodenal ulcer patients were randomized to the treatment over a 12-month period. Fifty-seven of them received triple therapy consisting of 1 g sucralfate q.d.s. for 28 days, 300 mg metronidazole q.d.s. for 14 days and 250 mg clarithromycin q.d.s. for 14 days. Another 57 received 20 mg omeprazole q.d.s. for 12 months. An upper endoscopy was performed before treatment, at 6 weeks, and 2, 6 and 12 months after the first endoscopy. Side-effects were self-recorded and clinical follow-ups were arranged for up to 4.25 years. RESULTS: The ulcer healing rate was 90.2% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 79-97%) in the omeprazole group at 6 weeks as compared to 83.3% (95% CI: 70-93%) in the triple therapy group (P = 0.38). There was a higher success rate of pain control in the omeprazole group. Side-effects were more frequently reported and compliance was poorer in the triple therapy group during the first 4 weeks. During follow-up, more relapses were seen in the omeprazole group (9.8%, 95% CI: 3-21%) than the triple therapy group (4.2%, 95% CI: 1-13%) at 1 year (P = 0.44). All relapses were due to the persistence of H. pylori infection. At the 1 year follow-up, none of the patients who were H. pylori negative had an endoscopic relapse compared to 7 out of 56 patients who remained H. pylori positive (12.5%, 95% CI: 5-24%, P = 0.018). After a mean follow-up of 4.07 years, none of those who remained H. pylori negative had an ulcer relapse while the 11 out of 41 who remained H. pylori positive had an ulcer relapse (26.8%, 95% CI 14-43, P = 0. 0005). CONCLUSIONS: Both regimens were highly effective in healing ulcers. The eradication of H. pylori infection was associated with more side-effects and poor compliance but was more effective than the maintenance therapy in reducing the recurrence of duodenal ulcers. For the prevention of ulcer recurrence, testing of H. pylori status after triple therapy is more important than maintenance therapy.  (+info)

Furazolidone-containing short-term triple therapies are effective in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. (6/1325)

BACKGROUND: A furazolidone-containing therapeutic regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection has attracted special interest in the face of a rising world-wide metronidazole resistant H. pylori, and the expense of currently used antimicrobial regimens. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of furazolidone-containing regimens in eradicating H. pylori. METHODS: One-hundred and forty H. pylori positive patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulcer or functional dyspepsia received one of four different regimens to eradicate H. pylori. In the first trial, the patients were randomly assigned to receive a 1-week course of furazolidone 100 mg b.d. and clarithromycin 250 mg b.d., with either tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (TDB) 240 mg b.d. (FCB group) or lansoprazole 30 mg daily (FCL group). In the second trial, the patients were randomly assigned to receive a 1-week course of clarithromycin 250 mg b.d. and omeprazole 20 mg daily, with either furazolidone 100 mg b.d. (FCO group) or metronidazole 400 mg b.d. (MCO group). Endoscopy was repeated 4 weeks following completion of therapy with re-assessment of H. pylori status on gastric biopsies by histology and culture. RESULTS: Four patients (1 in FCB, 1 in FCO and 2 in MCO groups) dropped out because they refused a follow-up endoscopy. Eradication rates of H. pylori on an intention-to-treat basis in the FCB, FCL, FCO and MCO groups were 91% (32/35, 95% CI: 82-99%), 91% (32/35, CI: 82-99%), 86% (30/35, CI: 74-97%) and 74% (26/35, CI: 60-89%) (all P > 0.05), respectively. Mild side-effects occurred in 15% of the 140 patients. In MCO group, the eradication rate in the patients infected with metronidazole-sensitive isolates of H. pylori was 86%, but dropped to 67% in those with metronidazole-resistance strains (P = 0.198). CONCLUSION: One-week regimens containing furazolidone and clarithromycin in combination with TDB or a proton pump inhibitor fulfil the criteria for successful H. pylori therapy.  (+info)

Proximal gastric vagotomy: effects of two operative techniques on clinical and gastric secretory results. (7/1325)

PGV performed in 39 patients by separating the lesser omentum from the stomach beginning 6 or 7 cm proximal to the pylorus and skeletonizing the distal 1 to 2 cm of esophagus was followed by 15.4% of proven and 10.2 of suspected recurrent ulcers. Insulin tests were done during the first 3 months postoperatively on 31 of the patients, including the 6 with proven and the 4 with suspected recurrent ulcers. The peak acid output to insulin minus tha basal acid output (PAOI-BAO) was less than 5 mEq/hr in 16 cases (52%) and from 5 to 25 mEq/hr in the remaining 15 cases. In 6 patients with proven recurrent ulcer, PAOI-BAO averaged 21.9 mEq/hr (range, 11.3 to 41.8); in the 4 patients with suspected recurrence, 9.5 (range, 4.4 to 11.8). The operative technique was changed in one respect; the distal 5 to 7.5 cm of the esophagus was skeletonized. In 14 patients, the mean PAOI-BAO +/- S.E. within 3 months of PGV was 1985 +/- 0.7 mEq/hr, and 13 of 14 values were less than 5 mEq/hr. One patient developed recurrent ulcer and required re-operation; this patient's value for PAO-BAO was 1.8 mEq/hr. The results show quantitatively that great differences in the completeness of PGV result from differences in the periesophageal dissection and emphasize its importance if optimal results are to be obtained and, especially, if the efficacy of the operation is to be judged.  (+info)

Prognosis of gastric ulcer: twenty-five year followup. (8/1325)

Four hundred twenty-two patients with gastric ulcer treated during 1950-1960 were followed up to 25 years with a mean followup of 9 years. Nonoperative treatment was used in 59% with a hospital mortality of 35%, one-third of these deaths being directly due to gastric ulcer perforation or hemorrhage. Operative treatment was used in 41% of patients. The most common operation (86%) was gastric resection without vagotomy. Overall operative mortality was 16%; 34% for emergency procedures and 6% for elective procedures. Cachexia seemed to be the most important factor related to operative mortality. Nonoperative treatment resulted in more than twice the hospital mortality compared to operative treatment. Approximately one-half of all patients treated non-operatively had a recurrent gastric ulcer at some time during this study. The recurrence rate following definitive gastric resection was 1.3% compared with 16% during nonoperative therapy. Three-fourths of recurrences occurred later than two years and nearly half of recurrences after more than 5 years of followup. Patients with a prior history of overt bleeding from gastric ulcer disease particularly were at risk for further bleeding. There were coincidental duodenal ulcers in 10% of our patients and a 0.8% incidence of gastric cancer during followup. Long term followup demonstrates the superiority of operative treatment of gastric ulcer and also reveals the continuous propensity of such ulcers to recurrence following nonoperative treatment. Earlier elective operation in patients with overt bleeding, recurrence or persisting symptoms should decrease overall mortality and result in a lower overall long-term risk of ulcer complications.  (+info)

A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that develops in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. It is characterized by a break in the mucosal layer of the duodinal wall, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Duodenal ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between digestive acid and mucus production, which can be exacerbated by factors such as bacterial infection (commonly with Helicobacter pylori), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, smoking, and stress. Symptoms may include gnawing or burning abdominal pain, often occurring a few hours after meals or during the night, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications can be severe, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction of the duodenum. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, and treatment may include antibiotics (if H. pylori infection is present), acid-suppressing medications, lifestyle modifications, and potentially surgery in severe cases.

A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of the stomach. It's caused by a breakdown in the mucous layer that protects the stomach from digestive juices, allowing acid to come into contact with the stomach lining and cause an ulcer. The most common causes are bacterial infection (usually by Helicobacter pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications like internal bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

Peptic ulcer perforation is a serious and sightful gastrointestinal complication characterized by the penetration or erosion of an acid-peptic ulcer through the full thickness of the stomach or duodenal wall, resulting in spillage of gastric or duodenal contents into the peritoneal cavity. This leads to chemical irritation and/or bacterial infection of the abdominal cavity, causing symptoms such as sudden severe abdominal pain, tenderness, rigidity, and potentially life-threatening sepsis if not promptly diagnosed and treated with surgical intervention, antibiotics, and supportive care.

Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a medical condition characterized by bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract due to a peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They are usually caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

When a peptic ulcer bleeds, it can cause symptoms such as vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools. In severe cases, the bleeding can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by a rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and confusion. Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Treatment may include medications to reduce stomach acid, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori infection, and endoscopic procedures to stop the bleeding. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the ulcer or remove damaged tissue.

A proximal gastric vagotomy is a surgical procedure that involves selectively cutting the vagus nerve (the tenth cranial nerve) close to its origin in the stomach. The vagus nerve plays an important role in controlling the motor functions and secretions of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach.

In a proximal gastric vagotomy, the nerve branches that innervate the proximal part of the stomach are selectively cut, which reduces acid secretion from the stomach. This type of vagotomy is often performed as part of a surgical treatment for peptic ulcers, particularly those located in the upper part of the stomach or in the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine).

It's worth noting that there are different types of vagotomies, and the specific type used depends on the individual patient's needs and medical history. Other types of vagotomy include truncal vagotomy, selective vagotomy, and highly selective vagotomy. Each of these procedures has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of procedure depends on various factors such as the location and severity of the ulcer, the patient's overall health, and the risk of complications.

Gastric juice is a digestive fluid that is produced in the stomach. It is composed of several enzymes, including pepsin, which helps to break down proteins, and gastric amylase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates. Gastric juice also contains hydrochloric acid, which creates a low pH environment in the stomach that is necessary for the activation of pepsin and the digestion of food. Additionally, gastric juice contains mucus, which helps to protect the lining of the stomach from the damaging effects of the hydrochloric acid. The production of gastric juice is controlled by hormones and the autonomic nervous system.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the global population. It is closely associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori infection is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated. The bacterium's spiral shape and flagella allow it to penetrate the mucus layer and adhere to the gastric epithelium, where it releases virulence factors that cause inflammation and tissue damage. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection can be made through various tests, including urea breath test, stool antigen test, or histological examination of a gastric biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and promote healing of the stomach lining.

Cimetidine is a histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist, which is a type of medication that reduces the production of stomach acid. It works by blocking the action of histamine on the H2 receptors in the stomach, which are responsible for stimulating the release of stomach acid. By blocking these receptors, cimetidine reduces the amount of stomach acid produced and can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach ulcers.

Cimetidine is available by prescription in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid. It is typically taken two or three times a day, depending on the specific condition being treated. Common side effects of cimetidine may include headache, dizziness, diarrhea, and constipation.

In addition to its use in treating stomach acid-related conditions, cimetidine has also been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. Some research suggests that it may help to enhance the immune system's response to cancer cells and reduce the growth of certain types of tumors. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment.

Helicobacter infections are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which colonizes the stomach lining and is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. The infection can lead to chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer.

The spiral-shaped H. pylori bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid in their immediate vicinity. This allows them to adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the stomach, where they can cause inflammation (gastritis) and disrupt the normal functioning of the stomach.

Transmission of H. pylori typically occurs through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, and infection is more common in developing countries and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. The diagnosis of Helicobacter infections can be confirmed through various tests, including urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, or gastric biopsy with histology and culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and reduce stomach acidity.

A vagotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting or blocking the vagus nerve, which is a parasympathetic nerve that runs from the brainstem to the abdomen and helps regulate many bodily functions such as heart rate, gastrointestinal motility, and digestion. In particular, vagotomy is often performed as a treatment for peptic ulcers, as it can help reduce gastric acid secretion.

There are several types of vagotomy procedures, including:

1. Truncal vagotomy: This involves cutting the main trunks of the vagus nerve as they enter the abdomen. It is a more extensive procedure that reduces gastric acid secretion significantly but can also lead to side effects such as delayed gastric emptying and diarrhea.
2. Selective vagotomy: This involves cutting only the branches of the vagus nerve that supply the stomach, leaving the rest of the nerve intact. It is a less extensive procedure that reduces gastric acid secretion while minimizing side effects.
3. Highly selective vagotomy (HSV): Also known as parietal cell vagotomy, this involves cutting only the branches of the vagus nerve that supply the acid-secreting cells in the stomach. It is a highly targeted procedure that reduces gastric acid secretion while minimizing side effects such as delayed gastric emptying and diarrhea.

Vagotomy is typically performed using laparoscopic or open surgical techniques, depending on the patient's individual needs and the surgeon's preference. While vagotomy can be effective in treating peptic ulcers, it is not commonly performed today due to the development of less invasive treatments such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) that reduce gastric acid secretion without surgery.

Anti-ulcer agents are a class of medications that are used to treat and prevent ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. These medications work by reducing the production of stomach acid, neutralizing stomach acid, or protecting the lining of the stomach and duodenum from damage caused by stomach acid.

There are several types of anti-ulcer agents, including:

1. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): These medications block the action of proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. PPIs include drugs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole.
2. H-2 receptor antagonists: These medications block the action of histamine on the H-2 receptors in the stomach, reducing the production of stomach acid. Examples include ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine.
3. Antacids: These medications neutralize stomach acid and provide quick relief from symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion. Common antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide.
4. Protective agents: These medications form a barrier between the stomach lining and stomach acid, protecting the lining from damage. Examples include sucralfate and misoprostol.

Anti-ulcer agents are used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is important to take these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as they can have side effects and interactions with other medications.

Gastric acid, also known as stomach acid, is a digestive fluid produced in the stomach. It's primarily composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). The pH of gastric acid is typically between 1.5 and 3.5, making it a strong acid that helps to break down food by denaturing proteins and activating digestive enzymes.

The production of gastric acid is regulated by the enteric nervous system and several hormones. The primary function of gastric acid is to initiate protein digestion, activate pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin, and kill most ingested microorganisms. However, an excess or deficiency in gastric acid secretion can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis, ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Ranitidine is a histamine-2 (H2) blocker medication that works by reducing the amount of acid your stomach produces. It is commonly used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines, and to manage conditions where the stomach produces too much acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Ranitidine is also used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn. Additionally, ranitidine can be used to prevent and treat upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by stress or injury in critically ill patients.

The medication is available in both prescription and over-the-counter forms, and it comes in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. As with any medication, ranitidine should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully monitored.

Gastrins are a group of hormones that are produced by G cells in the stomach lining. These hormones play an essential role in regulating gastric acid secretion and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract. The most well-known gastrin is known as "gastrin-17," which is released into the bloodstream and stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells in the stomach lining.

Gastrins are stored in secretory granules within G cells, and their release is triggered by several factors, including the presence of food in the stomach, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and vagus nerve stimulation. Once released, gastrins bind to specific receptors on parietal cells, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and the activation of enzymes that promote hydrochloric acid secretion.

Abnormalities in gastrin production can lead to several gastrointestinal disorders, including gastrinomas (tumors that produce excessive amounts of gastrin), which can cause severe gastric acid hypersecretion and ulcers. Conversely, a deficiency in gastrin production can result in hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid levels) and impaired digestion.

A leg ulcer is a chronic wound that occurs on the lower extremities, typically on the inner or outer ankle. It's often caused by poor circulation, venous insufficiency, or diabetes. Leg ulcers can also result from injury, infection, or inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. These ulcers can be painful, and they may take a long time to heal, making them prone to infection. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and wound care are essential for healing leg ulcers and preventing complications.

A pressure ulcer, also known as a pressure injury or bedsore, is defined by the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) as "localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device." The damage can be caused by intense and/or prolonged pressure or shear forces, or a combination of both. Pressure ulcers are staged based on their severity, ranging from an initial reddening of the skin (Stage 1) to full-thickness tissue loss that extends down to muscle and bone (Stage 4). Unstageable pressure ulcers are those in which the base of the wound is covered by yellow, tan, green or brown tissue and the extent of tissue damage is not visible. Suspected deep tissue injury (Suspected DTI) describes intact skin or non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence due to pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.

Duodenoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a duodenoscope, which is a flexible, lighted tube with a camera and tiny tools on the end, through the mouth and down the throat to examine the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) and the opening of the bile and pancreatic ducts.

During the procedure, the doctor can take tissue samples for biopsy, remove polyps or other abnormal growths, or perform other interventions as needed. Duodenoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and treat conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammation, infection, and cancer.

It's important to note that duodenoscopes have been associated with the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in some cases, so healthcare providers must follow strict cleaning and disinfection protocols to minimize this risk.

Omeprazole is defined as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric ulcers, and other conditions where reducing stomach acid is desired. It works by blocking the action of the proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. By inhibiting these pumps, omeprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, providing relief from symptoms such as heartburn and pain caused by excess stomach acid.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and oral suspension, and is typically taken once or twice a day, depending on the condition being treated. As with any medication, omeprazole should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully considered before use.

A skin ulcer is a defined as a loss of continuity or disruption of the skin surface, often accompanied by inflammation and/or infection. These lesions can result from various causes including pressure, venous or arterial insufficiency, diabetes, and chronic dermatological conditions. Skin ulcers are typically characterized by their appearance, depth, location, and underlying cause. Common types of skin ulcers include pressure ulcers (also known as bedsores), venous leg ulcers, arterial ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers. Proper evaluation, wound care, management of underlying conditions, and prevention strategies are crucial in the treatment of skin ulcers to promote healing and prevent complications.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, immediately following the stomach. It is a C-shaped structure that is about 10-12 inches long and is responsible for continuing the digestion process that begins in the stomach. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach through the pyloric valve and mixes it with digestive enzymes and bile produced by the pancreas and liver, respectively. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules, allowing for efficient absorption in the remaining sections of the small intestine.

Pentagastrin is a synthetic polypeptide hormone that stimulates the release of gastrin and hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It is used diagnostically to test for conditions such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a rare disorder in which tumors in the pancreas or duodenum produce excessive amounts of gastrin, leading to severe ulcers and other digestive problems.

Pentagastrin is typically administered intravenously, and its effects are monitored through blood tests that measure gastric acid secretion. It is a potent stimulant of gastric acid production, and its use is limited to diagnostic purposes due to the risk of adverse effects such as nausea, flushing, and increased heart rate.

Dumping syndrome, also known as rapid gastric emptying, is a condition that typically occurs in people who have had surgery to remove all or part of their stomach (gastrectomy) or have had a procedure called a gastrojejunostomy. These surgeries can lead to the stomach's contents entering the small intestine too quickly, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, dizziness, and sweating.

There are two types of dumping syndrome: early and late. Early dumping syndrome occurs within 30 minutes after eating, while late dumping syndrome occurs 1-3 hours after eating. Symptoms of early dumping syndrome may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, bloating, dizziness, and fatigue. Late dumping syndrome symptoms may include hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), which can cause sweating, weakness, confusion, and rapid heartbeat.

Treatment for dumping syndrome typically involves dietary modifications, such as eating smaller, more frequent meals that are low in simple sugars, and avoiding fluids during meals. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help slow down gastric emptying or manage symptoms. If these treatments are not effective, surgery may be necessary to correct the problem.

The pylorus is the lower, narrow part of the stomach that connects to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It consists of the pyloric canal, which is a short muscular tube, and the pyloric sphincter, a circular muscle that controls the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum. The pylorus regulates the entry of chyme (partially digested food) into the small intestine by adjusting the size and frequency of the muscular contractions that push the chyme through the pyloric sphincter. This process helps in further digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

Gastric acidity determination is a medical test used to measure the amount of acid in the stomach. This test is often performed to diagnose or monitor conditions such as gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The test involves measuring the pH level of the stomach contents using a thin, flexible tube called a catheter that is passed through the nose and down into the stomach. In some cases, a small sample of stomach fluid may also be collected for further testing.

The normal range for gastric acidity is typically considered to be a pH level below 4. A higher pH level may indicate that the stomach is producing too little acid, while a lower pH level may suggest that it is producing too much. Based on the results of the test, healthcare providers can develop an appropriate treatment plan for the underlying condition causing abnormal gastric acidity.

Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and stress.

Gastritis can present with a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and bloating. In some cases, gastritis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. Depending on the severity and duration of inflammation, gastritis can lead to complications like stomach ulcers or even stomach cancer if left untreated.

There are two main types of gastritis: acute and chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly and may last for a short period, while chronic gastritis persists over time, often leading to atrophy of the stomach lining. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy and tissue biopsy to assess the extent of inflammation and rule out other potential causes of symptoms. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, or lifestyle modifications.

Histamine H2 antagonists, also known as H2 blockers, are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of histamine on the H2 receptors in the stomach. Histamine is a chemical that is released by the body during an allergic reaction and can also be released by certain cells in the stomach in response to food or other stimuli. When histamine binds to the H2 receptors in the stomach, it triggers the release of acid. By blocking the action of histamine on these receptors, H2 antagonists reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach ulcers. Examples of H2 antagonists include ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid), and cimetidine (Tagamet).

Bismuth is a heavy, brittle, white metallic element (symbol: Bi; atomic number: 83) that is found in various minerals and is used in several industrial, medical, and household products. In medicine, bismuth compounds are commonly used as antidiarrheal and anti-ulcer agents due to their antibacterial properties. They can be found in medications like Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate. It's important to note that bismuth itself is not used medically, but its compounds have medical applications.

The pyloric antrum is the distal part of the stomach, which is the last portion that precedes the pylorus and the beginning of the duodenum. It is a thickened, muscular area responsible for grinding and mixing food with gastric juices during digestion. The pyloric antrum also helps regulate the passage of chyme (partially digested food) into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter, which controls the opening and closing of the pylorus. This region is crucial in the gastrointestinal tract's motor functions and overall digestive process.

Amoxicillin is a type of antibiotic known as a penicillin. It works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form cell walls, which is necessary for their growth and survival. By disrupting this process, amoxicillin can kill bacteria and help to clear up infections.

Amoxicillin is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, ear infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. It is available as a tablet, capsule, chewable tablet, or liquid suspension, and is typically taken two to three times a day.

Like all antibiotics, amoxicillin should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, and it is important to take the full course of treatment as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which can make infections more difficult to treat in the future.

Gastroenterostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an anastomosis (a connection or junction) between the stomach and the small intestine, usually between the stomach's lesser curvature and the jejunum (the second part of the small intestine). This procedure is often performed to bypass a diseased or obstructed portion of the gastrointestinal tract, such as in the case of gastric ulcers, tumors, or other conditions that prevent normal digestion and absorption.

There are different types of gastroenterostomy procedures, including:
1. Billroth I (or "gastroduodenostomy"): The stomach is connected directly to the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
2. Billroth II (or "gastrojejunostomy"): The stomach is connected to the jejunum, bypassing the duodenum.
3. Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy: A more complex procedure in which a portion of the jejunum is separated and reconnected further down the small intestine, creating a Y-shaped configuration. This type of gastroenterostomy is often used in bariatric surgery for weight loss.

The choice of gastroenterostomy technique depends on the specific medical condition being treated and the patient's overall health status.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is primarily used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites. Metronidazole works by interfering with the DNA of these organisms, which inhibits their ability to grow and multiply.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, creams, and gels, and is often used to treat conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, amebiasis, giardiasis, and pseudomembranous colitis.

Like all antibiotics, metronidazole should be taken only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance and other complications.

Gastric mucosa refers to the innermost lining of the stomach, which is in contact with the gastric lumen. It is a specialized mucous membrane that consists of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle. The surface epithelium is primarily made up of mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells) and parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen.

The gastric mucosa has several important functions, including protection against self-digestion by the stomach's own digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The mucus layer secreted by the epithelial cells forms a physical barrier that prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from damaging the underlying tissues. Additionally, the bicarbonate ions secreted by the surface epithelial cells help neutralize the acidity in the immediate vicinity of the mucosa.

The gastric mucosa is also responsible for the initial digestion of food through the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. The intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

The gastric mucosa is constantly exposed to potential damage from various factors, including acid, pepsin, and other digestive enzymes, as well as mechanical stress due to muscle contractions during digestion. To maintain its integrity, the gastric mucosa has a remarkable capacity for self-repair and regeneration. However, chronic exposure to noxious stimuli or certain medical conditions can lead to inflammation, erosions, ulcers, or even cancer of the gastric mucosa.

Clarithromycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat various types of bacterial infections, including respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections. It is a member of the macrolide antibiotic family, which works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Clarithromycin is available by prescription and is often used in combination with other medications to treat conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection.

The medical definition of clarithromycin is:

"A antibiotic medication used to treat various types of bacterial infections, belonging to the macrolide antibiotic family. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and is available by prescription."

Dyspepsia is a medical term that refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, nausea, belching, and early satiety (feeling full quickly after starting to eat). It is also commonly known as indigestion. Dyspepsia can have many possible causes, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, gastritis, and functional dyspepsia (a condition in which there is no obvious structural or biochemical explanation for the symptoms). Treatment for dyspepsia depends on the underlying cause.

Duodenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine that receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach. The inflammation can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

Duodenitis can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. In some cases, the cause may remain unidentified, leading to a diagnosis of "non-specific duodenitis."

Treatment for duodenitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as eradicating H. pylori infection or discontinuing NSAID use. Acid-suppressing medications and antacids may also be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and promote healing of the duodenal lining. In severe cases, endoscopic procedures or surgery might be necessary to manage complications like bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

Pepsinogens are inactive precursor forms of the enzyme pepsin, which is produced in the stomach. They are composed of two types: Pepsinogen I (or gastric intrinsic factor) and Pepsinogen II. When exposed to acid in the stomach, these pepsinogens get converted into their active form, pepsin, which helps digest proteins in food. Measurement of pepsinogens in blood can be used as a diagnostic marker for certain stomach conditions, such as atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles is a class of chemical compounds that have both a pyridinylmethylsulfinyl group and a benzimidazole ring in their structure. Pyridinylmethylsulfinyl refers to a functional group consisting of a sulfinyl group (-S(=O)-) attached to a methyl group (-CH2-) that is, in turn, attached to a pyridine ring. Benzimidazoles are heterocyclic compounds containing a fused benzene and imidazole ring.

These types of compounds have been studied for their potential biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor properties. However, it's important to note that medical definitions typically refer to specific substances or classes of substances that have established clinical use or are under investigation for therapeutic purposes. As such, 2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles do not have a recognized medical definition in this sense.

Antacids are a type of medication that is used to neutralize stomach acid and provide rapid relief from symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach discomfort. They work by chemically reacting with the stomach acid to reduce its acidity. Antacids may contain one or more active ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.

Antacids are available over-the-counter in various forms, such as tablets, chewable tablets, liquids, and powders. They can provide quick relief from acid reflux and related symptoms; however, they may not be effective for treating the underlying cause of these symptoms. Therefore, if you experience frequent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Secretory rate refers to the amount or volume of a secretion produced by a gland or an organ over a given period of time. It is a measure of the productivity or activity level of the secreting structure. The secretory rate can be quantified for various bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes, hormones, or milk, depending on the context and the specific gland or organ being studied.

In clinical settings, measuring the secretory rate might involve collecting and analyzing samples over a certain duration to estimate the production rate of the substance in question. This information can be helpful in diagnosing conditions related to impaired secretion, monitoring treatment responses, or understanding the physiological adaptations of the body under different circumstances.

Cysteamine is a medication and a naturally occurring aminothiol compound, which is composed of the amino acid cysteine and a sulfhydryl group. It has various uses in medicine, including as a treatment for cystinosis, a rare genetic disorder that causes an accumulation of cystine crystals in various organs and tissues. Cysteamine works by reacting with cystine to form a compound that can be more easily eliminated from the body. It is available in oral and topical forms and may also be used for other indications, such as treating lung diseases and radiation-induced damage.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It mainly affects the skin and occasionally the bones and joints. The infection typically begins with a painless nodule or papule that may progress to a large, painful ulcer with undermined edges if left untreated. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent disfigurement and disability. Buruli ulcer is primarily found in rural areas of West and Central Africa, but also occurs in other parts of the world including Australia, Asia, and South America. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil, although the exact mode of transmission is not fully understood. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can cure the disease and prevent complications.

Gastroscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a gastroscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, through the mouth and into the digestive tract. The gastroscope allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

The procedure is usually performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, and it typically takes only a few minutes to complete. Gastroscopy can help diagnose various conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, stomach ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus. It can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsy or to treat certain conditions, such as bleeding or the removal of polyps.

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare digestive disorder that is characterized by the development of one or more gastrin-secreting tumors, also known as gastrinomas. These tumors are usually found in the pancreas and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Gastrinomas produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, which leads to the overproduction of stomach acid.

The increased stomach acid can cause severe peptic ulcers, often multiple or refractory to treatment, in the duodenum and jejunum (the second part of the small intestine). ZES may also result in diarrhea due to the excess acid irritating the intestines. In some cases, gastrinomas can be malignant and metastasize to other organs such as the liver and lymph nodes.

The diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome typically involves measuring serum gastrin levels and performing a secretin stimulation test. Imaging tests like CT scans, MRI, or endoscopic ultrasounds may be used to locate the tumors. Treatment usually includes medications to reduce stomach acid production (such as proton pump inhibitors) and surgery to remove the gastrinomas when possible.

Famotidine is a type of medication called an H2 blocker, or histamine-2 receptor antagonist. It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Famotidine is commonly used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines, and to manage conditions where the stomach produces too much acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is also used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn.

Famotidine is available by prescription and over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid. It is important to take famotidine exactly as directed by a healthcare professional, and to talk to them about any potential risks or side effects.

Lansoprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. The medical definition of Lansoprazole is:

A substituted benzimidazole that is a selective gastric proton pump inhibitor, which suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. It is used as an effective therapy for various gastrointestinal disorders, including gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Lansoprazole is available in the form of capsules or oral granules for delayed-release oral administration.

Here's a brief overview of its mechanism of action:

* Lansoprazole is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the parietal cells in the stomach, where it is converted into its active form.
* The active form of lansoprazole binds to and inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system, which is responsible for pumping hydrogen ions (protons) from the cytoplasm of the parietal cell into the lumen of the stomach, where they combine with chloride ions to form hydrochloric acid.
* By inhibiting this proton pump, lansoprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which helps to relieve symptoms and promote healing of gastrointestinal disorders.

Pepsin A is defined as a digestive enzyme that is primarily secreted by the chief cells in the stomach's fundic glands. It plays a crucial role in protein catabolism, helping to break down food proteins into smaller peptides during the digestive process. Pepsin A has an optimal pH range of 1.5-2.5 for its enzymatic activity and is activated from its inactive precursor, pepsinogen, upon exposure to acidic conditions in the stomach.

Duodenal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Here are some examples of duodenal diseases:

1. Duodenitis: This is inflammation of the duodenum, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. Duodenitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or chronic inflammation due to conditions like Crohn's disease.
2. Peptic ulcers: These are sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum, usually as a result of infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, bloating, and heartburn.
3. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the duodenum. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, weight loss, and blood in the stool.
4. Celiac disease: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine in response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the duodenum.
5. Duodenal diverticulosis: This is a condition in which small pouches form in the lining of the duodenum. While many people with duodenal diverticulosis do not experience symptoms, some may develop complications such as inflammation or infection.
6. Duodenal atresia: This is a congenital condition in which the duodenum does not form properly, leading to blockage of the intestine. This can cause symptoms such as vomiting and difficulty feeding in newborns.

Sucralfate is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called aluminum complexes. It's often used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers, including duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as in the prevention of stress-induced mucosal damage in critically ill patients.

Sucralfate works by forming a protective barrier over the ulcer site, which helps to prevent further damage from acid and digestive enzymes. It's not absorbed into the bloodstream, so it acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract. The medical definition of Sucralfate is:

A synthetic basic aluminum salt of sucrose octasulfate, which is used in the treatment of gastro duodenal ulcers and as a protectant against stress-induced mucosal damage in critically ill patients. It exerts its therapeutic effect by forming a complex, adhesive protective coating over ulcerated areas, thereby preventing further erosion from gastric acid and pepsin.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gefarnate" is not a recognized term in medical terminology. It may be that you have misspelled or are unfamiliar with the name of a particular medication or chemical compound. If you meant "Gefinitib," it is a type of cancer medication used to treat certain types of lung cancer. Always consult reliable medical sources or healthcare professionals for accurate and safe information.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Stomach diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the stomach, a muscular sac located in the upper part of the abdomen and is responsible for storing and digesting food. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, loss of appetite, and bloating. Some common stomach diseases include:

1. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause pain, irritation, and ulcers.
2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
3. Peptic ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Stomach cancer: Abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the stomach, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
5. Gastroparesis: A condition where the stomach muscles are weakened or paralyzed, leading to difficulty digesting food and emptying the stomach.
6. Functional dyspepsia: A chronic disorder characterized by symptoms such as pain, bloating, and fullness in the upper abdomen, without any identifiable cause.
7. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A condition where eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the esophagus, causing inflammation and difficulty swallowing.
8. Stomal stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and small intestine, often caused by scar tissue or surgical complications.
9. Hiatal hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, causing symptoms such as heartburn and difficulty swallowing.

These are just a few examples of stomach diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the stomach. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions and preventing complications.

Enprostil is not a medical term that is commonly used in clinical practice or in medical research. It does not have a specific medical definition. Enprostil is a type of medication called a prostaglandin analog, which has been used in the past to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as gastric ulcers. However, it is no longer widely used and has been largely replaced by other medications with fewer side effects.

Enprostil works by stimulating the production of mucus and bicarbonate in the stomach, which helps to protect the lining of the stomach from acid and digestive enzymes. This can help to reduce inflammation and promote healing in individuals with gastric ulcers. However, as I mentioned earlier, Enprostil is not commonly used today due to the availability of safer and more effective treatment options.

Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a term used to describe any bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The bleeding can range from mild to severe and can produce symptoms such as vomiting blood, passing black or tarry stools, or having low blood pressure.

GI hemorrhage can be classified as either upper or lower, depending on the location of the bleed. Upper GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs above the ligament of Treitz, which is a point in the small intestine where it becomes narrower and turns a corner. Common causes of upper GI hemorrhage include gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss tears.

Lower GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs below the ligament of Treitz. Common causes of lower GI hemorrhage include diverticulosis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and vascular abnormalities such as angiodysplasia.

The diagnosis of GI hemorrhage is often made based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, or radionuclide scanning. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the bleeding and may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It is a white solid that is amphoteric, meaning it can react as both an acid and a base. Magnesium hydroxide is commonly used as an over-the-counter antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It works by increasing the pH of the stomach, which can help to reduce the production of stomach acid.

Magnesium hydroxide is also used as a laxative to relieve constipation, as it has a softening effect on stools and stimulates bowel movements. In addition, magnesium hydroxide is sometimes used in medical procedures to neutralize or wash away stomach acid, for example during endoscopies or the treatment of poisoning.

It's important to note that while magnesium hydroxide is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps. In addition, people with kidney disease or severe heart or lung conditions should use magnesium hydroxide with caution, as it can worsen these conditions in some cases.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.

It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.

Penicillins are a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium fungus. They are widely used to treat various bacterial infections due to their bactericidal activity, which means they kill bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of their cell walls. The first penicillin, benzylpenicillin (also known as penicillin G), was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Since then, numerous semi-synthetic penicillins have been developed to expand the spectrum of activity and stability against bacterial enzymes that can inactivate these drugs.

Penicillins are classified into several groups based on their chemical structure and spectrum of activity:

1. Natural Penicillins (e.g., benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin): These have a narrow spectrum of activity, mainly targeting Gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci and staphylococci. However, they are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some bacteria.
2. Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins (e.g., methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin): These penicillins resist degradation by certain bacterial beta-lactamases and are primarily used to treat infections caused by staphylococci, including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).
3. Aminopenicillins (e.g., ampicillin, amoxicillin): These penicillins have an extended spectrum of activity compared to natural penicillins, including some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. However, they are still susceptible to degradation by many beta-lactamases.
4. Antipseudomonal Penicillins (e.g., carbenicillin, ticarcillin): These penicillins have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria with increased resistance to other antibiotics. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanate or tazobactam to protect them from degradation.
5. Extended-spectrum Penicillins (e.g., piperacillin): These penicillins have a broad spectrum of activity, including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to protect them from degradation.

Penicillins are generally well-tolerated antibiotics; however, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, ranging from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Cross-reactivity between different penicillin classes and other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins) is possible but varies depending on the specific drugs involved.

"Glycyrrhiza" is the medical term for the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which belongs to the legume family. The root of this plant contains glycyrrhizin, a sweet-tasting compound that has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes such as treating coughs, stomach ulcers, and liver disorders. However, excessive consumption of glycyrrhizin can lead to serious side effects like high blood pressure, low potassium levels, and even heart problems. Therefore, it is important to use licorice products under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. They work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and cause blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, leading to symptoms such as pain, redness, warmth, and swelling.

NSAIDs are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, muscle strains and sprains, menstrual cramps, headaches, and fever. Some examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

While NSAIDs are generally safe and effective when used as directed, they can have side effects, particularly when taken in large doses or for long periods of time. Common side effects include stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about using NSAIDs.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Furazolidone is defined as an antimicrobial agent with nitrofuran structure. It is primarily used in the treatment of intestinal amebiasis, traveller's diarrhea, and other types of bacterial diarrhea. Furazolidone works by inhibiting certain enzymes necessary for the survival of bacteria, thereby killing or stopping the growth of the microorganisms. It is also used as a preservative in some food products.

It's important to note that Furazolidone has been associated with rare but serious side effects such as lung and liver toxicity, so its use is generally restricted to short-term therapy and under close medical supervision.

A Gastrectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of all or part of the stomach. This procedure can be total (complete resection of the stomach), partial (removal of a portion of the stomach), or sleeve (removal of a portion of the stomach to create a narrow sleeve-shaped pouch).

Gastrectomies are typically performed to treat conditions such as gastric cancer, benign tumors, severe peptic ulcers, and in some cases, for weight loss in individuals with morbid obesity. The type of gastrectomy performed depends on the patient's medical condition and the extent of the disease.

Following a gastrectomy, patients may require adjustments to their diet and lifestyle, as well as potential supplementation of vitamins and minerals that would normally be absorbed in the stomach. In some cases, further reconstructive surgery might be necessary to reestablish gastrointestinal continuity.

A truncal vagotomy is a surgical procedure that involves the selective or complete division of the trunks of the vagus nerves. The vagus nerves are pairs of nerves that originate in the brainstem and extend down to the abdomen, providing parasympathetic nerve supply to various organs. In a truncal vagotomy, the vagus nerves are cut above the level of the diaphragm, which results in denervation of the stomach and parts of the digestive tract.

This procedure is typically performed as a treatment for peptic ulcers, as it reduces acid secretion in the stomach by interrupting the nerve supply that stimulates acid production. However, truncal vagotomy can also have side effects such as altered gastric motility and decreased intestinal secretions, which may lead to symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, or dumping syndrome.

It's important to note that there are different types of vagotomy procedures, including selective vagotomy and highly selective vagotomy, which aim to preserve some of the nerve supply to the stomach and minimize side effects. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the location and severity of the ulcer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.

Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, vinegar-like smell and is the main component of vinegar. In medical terms, acetic acid is used as a topical antiseptic and antibacterial agent, particularly for the treatment of ear infections, external genital warts, and nail fungus. It can also be used as a preservative and solvent in some pharmaceutical preparations.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.

There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism and degradation of histamine, which is a biogenic amine involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Histamine is released by mast cells and basophils during allergic reactions and inflammation, and it can cause symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and wheezing.

HNMT is responsible for methylating the primary amino group of histamine, forming N-methylhistamine, which is then further metabolized by other enzymes. HNMT is primarily found in tissues such as the liver, kidney, and intestine, but it is also present in the brain and other organs.

Inhibition of HNMT has been suggested to be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating histamine-mediated disorders, such as allergies, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of HNMT in these conditions and to develop effective treatments that target this enzyme.

Guanidines are organic compounds that contain a guanidino group, which is a functional group with the formula -NH-C(=NH)-NH2. Guanidines can be found in various natural sources, including some animals, plants, and microorganisms. They also occur as byproducts of certain metabolic processes in the body.

In a medical context, guanidines are most commonly associated with the treatment of muscle weakness and neuromuscular disorders. The most well-known guanidine compound is probably guanidine hydrochloride, which has been used as a medication to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis and Eaton-Lambert syndrome.

However, the use of guanidines as medications has declined in recent years due to their potential for toxicity and the development of safer and more effective treatments. Today, guanidines are mainly used in research settings to study various biological processes, including protein folding and aggregation, enzyme inhibition, and cell signaling.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that work to reduce gastric acid production by blocking the action of proton pumps in the parietal cells of the stomach. These drugs are commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and other conditions where excessive stomach acid is a problem.

PPIs include several different medications such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole. They are usually taken orally, but some PPIs are also available in intravenous (IV) form for hospital use.

By inhibiting the action of proton pumps, PPIs reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. They are generally considered safe and effective when used as directed, but long-term use may increase the risk of certain side effects, including bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection.

Endoscopy of the digestive system, also known as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, is a medical procedure that allows healthcare professionals to visually examine the inside lining of the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, called an endoscope. This procedure can help diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the digestive system, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer.

There are several types of endoscopy procedures that focus on different parts of the digestive tract:

1. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is often used to investigate symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, or bleeding in the upper GI tract.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure explores the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is commonly performed to screen for colon cancer, as well as to diagnose and treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, or polyps.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, this procedure examines the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum. It is often used as a screening tool for colon cancer and to investigate symptoms like rectal bleeding or changes in bowel habits.
4. Upper GI endoscopy: This procedure focuses on the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it. It is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as GERD, ulcers, and difficulty swallowing.
5. Capsule endoscopy: This procedure involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera that captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through. It can help diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.

Endoscopy is typically performed under sedation or anesthesia to ensure patient comfort during the procedure. The images captured by the endoscope are displayed on a monitor, allowing the healthcare provider to assess the condition of the digestive tract and make informed treatment decisions.

Clinical trials are research studies that involve human participants and are designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments, drugs, devices, or behavioral interventions. The purpose of clinical trials is to determine whether a new intervention is safe, effective, and beneficial for patients, as well as to compare it with currently available treatments. Clinical trials follow a series of phases, each with specific goals and criteria, before a new intervention can be approved by regulatory authorities for widespread use.

Clinical trials are conducted according to a protocol, which is a detailed plan that outlines the study's objectives, design, methodology, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations. The protocol is developed and reviewed by a team of medical experts, statisticians, and ethicists, and it must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before the trial can begin.

Participation in clinical trials is voluntary, and participants must provide informed consent before enrolling in the study. Informed consent involves providing potential participants with detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, as well as their rights as research subjects. Participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which they are entitled.

Clinical trials are essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. They help researchers identify new treatments, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies that can benefit patients and improve public health. However, clinical trials also pose potential risks to participants, including adverse effects from experimental interventions, time commitment, and inconvenience. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carefully design and conduct clinical trials to minimize risks and ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.

'Atropa belladonna' is a plant species that is commonly known as deadly nightshade. It belongs to the family Solanaceae and is native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. The plant contains powerful toxic alkaloids, including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which can have various pharmacological effects on the human body.

Atropa belladonna has been used in medicine for its anticholinergic properties, which include blocking the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system. This effect can be useful in treating conditions such as Parkinson's disease, gastrointestinal disorders, and respiratory problems. However, due to its high toxicity, the use of Atropa belladonna and its alkaloids is closely regulated and requires medical supervision.

It is important to note that all parts of the plant, including the berries and leaves, are highly toxic and can cause serious harm or death if ingested or otherwise introduced to the body. Therefore, it is essential to exercise caution when handling this plant and to seek immediate medical attention if exposure occurs.

Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. It is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. In medicine, urease is often associated with certain bacterial infections, such as those caused by Helicobacter pylori, which can produce large amounts of this enzyme. The presence of urease in these infections can lead to increased ammonia production, contributing to the development of gastritis and peptic ulcers.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

Hematemesis is the medical term for vomiting blood. It can range in appearance from bright red blood to dark, coffee-ground material that results from the stomach acid digesting the blood. Hematemesis is often a sign of a serious condition, such as bleeding in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum, and requires immediate medical attention. The underlying cause can be various, including gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, or tumors.

A medical definition of 'food' would be:

"Substances consumed by living organisms, usually in the form of meals, which contain necessary nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. These substances are broken down during digestion to provide energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate bodily functions."

It's important to note that while this is a medical definition, it also aligns with common understanding of what food is.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the stomach that can be benign or malignant. They include a wide range of conditions such as:

1. Gastric adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop from glandular cells in the stomach lining.
2. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): These are rare tumors that can be found in the stomach and other parts of the digestive tract. They originate from the stem cells in the wall of the digestive tract.
3. Leiomyomas: These are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the stomach wall.
4. Lipomas: These are benign tumors that develop from fat cells in the stomach wall.
5. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): These are tumors that develop from the neuroendocrine cells in the stomach lining. They can be benign or malignant.
6. Gastric carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the glandular cells in the stomach lining. They are the most common type of stomach neoplasm and include adenocarcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas, and others.
7. Lymphomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the immune cells in the stomach wall.

Stomach neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. The diagnosis of stomach neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

Pyloric stenosis is a condition that results in the narrowing or complete obstruction of the pylorus, which is the opening from the stomach into the small intestine. This narrowing is usually caused by hypertrophy (thickening) of the muscles in the pylorus, making it difficult for food to pass from the stomach into the duodenum.

The most common form of this condition is infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, which typically affects infants between 3-6 weeks of age. In this case, the pyloric muscle becomes abnormally thick and narrows the opening, making it difficult for stomach contents to empty into the small intestine. This can lead to symptoms such as vomiting (often projectile), dehydration, and poor weight gain.

The diagnosis of pyloric stenosis is often made through physical examination, ultrasound, or other imaging studies. Treatment typically involves surgery to correct the narrowed opening, known as a pyloromyotomy. This procedure involves making an incision in the pylorus to relieve the obstruction and allow normal stomach emptying.

In some cases, pyloric stenosis can also occur in adults, although this is much less common than in infants. Adult pyloric stenosis can be caused by various factors, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, or previous surgeries. The symptoms and treatment approach for adult pyloric stenosis may differ from those seen in infants.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Melena is a medical term that refers to the passage of black, tarry stools. It's not a specific disease but rather a symptom caused by the presence of digested blood in the gastrointestinal tract. The dark color results from the breakdown of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells, by gut bacteria and stomach acids.

Melena stools are often associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which can occur due to various reasons such as gastric ulcers, esophageal varices (dilated veins in the esophagus), Mallory-Weiss tears (tears in the lining of the esophagus or stomach), or tumors.

It is essential to differentiate melena from hematochezia, which refers to the passage of bright red blood in the stool, typically indicating lower gastrointestinal bleeding. A healthcare professional should evaluate any concerns related to changes in bowel movements, including the presence of melena or hematochezia.

Rabeprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The medical definition of Rabeprazole is:

A substituted benzimidazole that acts as a prodrug, being selectively converted to the active form in the acidic environment of gastric parietal cells. It suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Rabeprazole is used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is available by prescription in various forms, including tablets and sodium salt for oral administration.

In simpler terms, Rabeprazole works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which helps to prevent and heal damage to the esophagus and stomach caused by excessive acid production.

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Common gastrointestinal diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Histamine is defined as a biogenic amine that is widely distributed throughout the body and is involved in various physiological functions. It is derived primarily from the amino acid histidine by the action of histidine decarboxylase. Histamine is stored in granules (along with heparin and proteases) within mast cells and basophils, and is released upon stimulation or degranulation of these cells.

Once released into the tissues and circulation, histamine exerts a wide range of pharmacological actions through its interaction with four types of G protein-coupled receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors). Histamine's effects are diverse and include modulation of immune responses, contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, increased vascular permeability, stimulation of gastric acid secretion, and regulation of neurotransmission.

Histamine is also a potent mediator of allergic reactions and inflammation, causing symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and wheezing. Antihistamines are commonly used to block the actions of histamine at H1 receptors, providing relief from these symptoms.

I'm not able to find a medical definition for the term "Actihaemyl." It is possible that this term is not used in the medical field, or that it is a specific term used in a certain context or by a particular organization. If you could provide more context or information about where you encountered this term, I might be able to give a more accurate response. In general, terms related to medicine and health begin with prefix "acti-" mean to do something or make something active, and "haemyl" is not a recognized prefix in medical terminology.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Hemostasis, in general, refers to the process of stopping bleeding or hemorrhage, either naturally or through medical intervention. In the context of endoscopy, endoscopic hemostasis is the use of endoscopic techniques and devices to control gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.

Endoscopes are flexible tubes with a light and camera at the tip, which are inserted into the body to visualize internal organs. In the case of GI endoscopy, the endoscope is inserted through the mouth or rectum to examine the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, or rectum.

Endoscopic hemostasis techniques can be broadly categorized into two types:
- Mechanical methods: These involve the use of devices that physically occlude or constrict blood vessels to stop bleeding. Examples include hemoclips, which are metal clips that are deployed through the endoscope to grasp and compress a bleeding vessel, and band ligation, where a rubber band is used to strangulate a bleeding vessel.
- Thermal methods: These use heat to coagulate (seal) blood vessels and stop bleeding. Examples include monopolar and bipolar electrocoagulation, argon plasma coagulation, and laser coagulation.

Endoscopic hemostasis is an important tool in the management of acute GI bleeding, as well as prevention of rebleeding in patients with chronic or recurrent GI bleeding.

Sulfoxides are organic compounds characterized by the functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and a carbon atom. The general structure is R-S(=O)O-R', where R and R' represent alkyl or aryl groups. They are often formed by the oxidation of sulfides, which contain a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms. Sulfoxides have a trigonal pyramidal geometry at the sulfur atom due to the presence of two electron-withdrawing oxygen atoms. They exhibit properties of both polar and nonpolar compounds, making them useful as solvents and intermediates in organic synthesis.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

A breath test is a medical or forensic procedure used to analyze a sample of exhaled breath in order to detect and measure the presence of various substances, most commonly alcohol. The test is typically conducted using a device called a breathalyzer, which measures the amount of alcohol in the breath and converts it into a reading of blood alcohol concentration (BAC).

In addition to alcohol, breath tests can also be used to detect other substances such as drugs or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may indicate certain medical conditions. However, these types of breath tests are less common and may not be as reliable or accurate as other diagnostic tests.

Breath testing is commonly used by law enforcement officers to determine whether a driver is impaired by alcohol and to establish probable cause for arrest. It is also used in some healthcare settings to monitor patients who are being treated for alcohol abuse or dependence.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

The term "diabetic foot" refers to a condition that affects the feet of people with diabetes, particularly when the disease is not well-controlled. It is characterized by a combination of nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation (peripheral artery disease) in the feet and lower legs.

Neuropathy can cause numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet, making it difficult for people with diabetes to feel injuries, cuts, blisters, or other foot problems. Poor circulation makes it harder for wounds to heal and increases the risk of infection.

Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetic neuropathy and can lead to serious infections, hospitalization, and even amputation if not treated promptly and effectively. Preventive care, including regular foot exams, proper footwear, and good blood glucose control, is essential for people with diabetes to prevent or manage diabetic foot problems.

Metaplasia is a term used in pathology to describe the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type within a tissue or organ. It is an adaptive response of epithelial cells to chronic irritation, inflammation, or injury and can be reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed. Metaplastic changes are often associated with an increased risk of cancer development in the affected area.

For example, in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic exposure to stomach acid can lead to metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium, a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This metaplastic change is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Aluminum hydroxide is a medication that contains the active ingredient aluminum hydroxide, which is an inorganic compound. It is commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of acid reflux and heartburn. Aluminum hydroxide works by reacting with the acid in the stomach to form a physical barrier that prevents the acid from backing up into the esophagus.

In addition to its use as an antacid, aluminum hydroxide is also used as a phosphate binder in patients with kidney disease. It works by binding to phosphate in the gut and preventing it from being absorbed into the bloodstream, which can help to control high phosphate levels in the body.

Aluminum hydroxide is available over-the-counter and by prescription in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid suspensions. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and to talk to a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.

Secretin is a hormone that is produced and released by the S cells in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. It is released in response to the presence of acidic chyme (partially digested food) entering the duodenum from the stomach. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate-rich alkaline secretions, which help neutralize the acidity of the chyme and create an optimal environment for enzymatic digestion in the small intestine.

Additionally, secretin also promotes the production of watery fluids from the liver, which aids in the digestion process. Overall, secretin plays a crucial role in maintaining the pH balance and facilitating proper nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Tinidazole is an antiprotozoal and antibacterial medication used to treat various infections caused by parasites or bacteria. According to the Medical Dictionary, it is defined as:

"A synthetic nitroimidazole antimicrobial agent, similar to metronidazole, that is active against a wide range of anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic. It is used in the treatment of various clinical conditions, including bacterial vaginosis, amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and pseudomembranous colitis."

Tinidazole works by interfering with the DNA of the microorganisms, which leads to their death. It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed for a duration of 2-5 days, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, and changes in taste sensation.

American Medical Association (2003). "Duodenal Ulcer". In Leiken JS, Lipsky MS (eds.). Complete Medical Encyclopedia (First ed ... peptic ulcers and sexual dysfunction, and can eventually be fatal. Other physical effects include an increased risk of ...
Ulcers can develop as a result of damage caused to the gastric mucosal barrier. Duodenal ulcers have been shown to develop in ... "Duodenal Ulcer". The British Medical Journal. 2 (5456): 291-292. 1965. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5456.291-a. JSTOR 25403227. PMC ... Because of this, invading agents such as Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that causes stomach ulcers, can alter the pH of the ...
Gastric and duodenal ulcer. Medical cure by an efficient removal of gastric juice corrosion. Diagnosis of esophageal lesions. " ... Sippy, B. W. (October 28, 1983). "Landmark article May 15, 1915: Gastric and duodenal ulcer. Medical cure by an efficient ... He was most notable for his pioneering treatment for peptic ulcer disease; linking the acidity of the stomach to the severity ... This treatment revolutionized the healing of the ulcers, but was ultimately superseded due to its inability to prevent their ...
Kasich AM, Fein HD (January 1958). "Hexocyclium methosulfate in active duodenal ulcer; evaluation of a new anticholinergic drug ...
The cause of death was shown as: (a) Septicaemia; (b) Haemorhage (c) Chronic duodenal Ulcer. His papers are in the Senate House ...
Rauws and Tytgat describe cure of duodenal ulcer by eradication of H. pylori using Borody's triple therapy combination. Triple- ... World Congress of Gastroenterology recommends eradicating H. pylori to cure duodenal ulcers. First report of resistance of H. ... 1987). "Campylobacter pylori and recurrence of duodenal ulcers-a 12-month follow-up study". The Lancet. 2 (8568): 109-11. doi: ... Rauws E, Tytgat G (1990). "Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori". Lancet. 335 (8700): 1233 ...
He developed a new surgical procedure (surgical vagotomy) for duodenal ulcers (resulting from peptic ulcer disease). He was a ... Gastric juice in duodenal and gastric ulcers. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 68:330-33. With J. J. Moorhead and F. W. Burcky. An ... 1962 Section of the vagus nerves to the stomach in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. In: Surgery of the Stomach and Duodenum, ed ... Direct observations on the mechanism of pain in duodenal ulcer. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 29:753-55. With W. B. Matthews. The ...
An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer, while one in the first part of the intestines is a duodenal ulcer. The most ... Duodenum (called duodenal ulcer) Esophagus (called esophageal ulcer) Stomach (called gastric ulcer) Meckel's diverticulum ( ... Type II: Ulcer in the body in combination with duodenal ulcers. Associated with acid oversecretion. Type III: In the pyloric ... An acidic environment at the antrum causes metaplasia of the duodenal cells, causing duodenal ulcers. Human immune response ...
He died from a burst duodenal ulcer. The inquest was opened by Dr. F. W. Hardman on 26 September and went on to 24 October. ...
April 1981). "[Duodenal ulcer - multicenter double-blind study with proglumide]". Medizinische Klinik. 76 (8): 226-229. PMID ... It was used mainly in the treatment of stomach ulcers, although it has now been largely replaced by newer drugs for this ... Tariq M, Parmar NS, Ageel AM (May 1987). "Gastric and duodenal antiulcer and cytoprotective effects of proglumide in rats". The ...
R. E. Pounder; J. G. Williams; G. J. Milton-Thompson; J. J. Misiewicz (10 May 1975). "Relief of Duodenal Ulcer Symptoms By Oral ... Pounder R (1975). "24-Hour Control of Intragastric Acidity by Cimetidine in Duodenal-Ulcer Patients". The Lancet. 306 (7944): ... and demonstrating efficacy in duodenal ulcer disease, a common cause of significant morbidity in sailors. In 1982, he led a ... "Inhibition of nocturnal acid secretion in duodenal ulcer by one oral dose of metiamide". Lancet. 1 (7860): 693-4. doi:10.1016/ ...
Avoidance behavior and the development of duodenal ulcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1(1), 69-72. doi: ... In all the variations of the experiment, no yoked control monkey ever developed an ulcer. This suggests that the ulcers were a ... Ulcers in Executive Monkeys was a study into the effects of stress, published in 1958 in Scientific American by Joseph V. Brady ... This study came to an abrupt halt when many of the monkeys died from perforated ulcers. To test this Brady used a yoked control ...
Walton died of a duodenal ulcer, aged 57. George Walton, the son of Joseph Walton, served as headmaster from 1912 to 1948, the ...
Boey J, Lee NW, Koo J, Lam PH, Wong J, Ong GB (September 1982). "Immediate definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcers: a ... Truncal vagotomy is a treatment option for chronic duodenal ulcers. It was once considered the gold standard, but is now ... Vagotomy is an essential component of surgical management of peptic (duodenal and gastric) ulcer disease (PUD). Vagotomy was ... The preferred operation for perforations in acute duodenal ulcer". Annals of Surgery. 208 (2): 169-74. doi:10.1097/00000658- ...
In 1925, Kuhn almost died from a duodenal ulcer. Following an arduous recovery, he became an instructor at the Art Students ... In 1948, he was institutionalized, and on July 13, 1949, he died suddenly from a perforated ulcer. He is interred in Woodlawn ... Deaths from ulcers, 19th-century American painters, 19th-century American male artists, American male painters, 20th-century ...
Kopp, M. S.; Korányi, L (1982). "Autonomic and psychologic correlates in hypertension and duodenal ulcer". The Pavlovian ...
Nesbit died in 1927 of a perforated duodenal ulcer. Loughlin, Graham (1988). "Nesbit, Paris (1852-1927)". Australian Dictionary ...
Inflammation of the pyloric antrum, which connects the stomach to the duodenum, is more likely to lead to duodenal ulcers, ... In 1994, the National Institutes of Health stated most recurrent duodenal and gastric ulcers were caused by H. pylori, and ... Eradication of H. pylori is associated with a subsequent decreased risk of duodenal or gastric ulcer recurrence. An increasing ... About 10-20% of those colonized by H. pylori ultimately develop gastric and duodenal ulcers. H. pylori infection is also ...
Box, C. R. (1912). "Left-Sided Subphrenic Abscess Due to Perforated Duodenal Ulcer". British Medical Journal. 1 (2677): 889-890 ...
Patients with active duodenal or gastric ulcers and those with a prior ulcer history should be tested for H. pylori. ... "Recurrence of duodenal ulcer and Campylobacter pylori infection after eradication". Medical Journal of Australia. 151 (8): 431- ... Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols is a standard name for all treatment protocols for peptic ulcers and gastritis in the ... Sonnenberg, A (June 2007). "Time trends of ulcer mortality in Europe". Gastroenterology. 132 (7): 2320-7. doi:10.1053/j.gastro. ...
Duggan died from a duodenal ulcer in 1934 at Moreland. Louis, L. J. (1981). "Duggan, William Joseph (1884-1934)". Australian ...
Brooke, Eileen M. (1950). "Relative Incidence Of Gastric And Duodenal Ulcers". The British Medical Journal. 2 (4678): 560-561. ... and gastric ulcers. She was elected a fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1943. In the 1950s, Brooke was a statistician ...
Endorphin-containing cells in the gastric antral mucosa in duodenal ulcer]". Biulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny ...
Morgan had throughout his life suffered from a chronic duodenal ulcer. In 1945, at age 79, he experienced a severe heart attack ...
It has launched in Korea and China for the treatment of gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease and ... Ji XQ, Du JF, Chen G, Chen G, Yu B (May 2014). "Efficacy of ilaprazole in the treatment of duodenal ulcers: a meta-analysis". ... Bohidar NP, Krishna K, Panda BK, Patel C (2013). "Ilaprazole: Is this a superior proton pump inhibitor for duodenal ulcer?". ... Clinical trial number NCT00952978 for "Ilaprazole for the Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer in Chinese Patients (Phase 3)" at ...
Belohlavek D, Malfertheiner P (1979). "The effect of zolimidine, imidazopyridine-derivate, on the duodenal ulcer healing". ... Drugs used for peptic ulcer disease (PUD), GERD and gastroprokinetic agents (motility stimulants): Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines: CJ- ...
Relief of heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach Treatment for gastric and duodenal ulcers Treatment for pathologic ... ibuprofen alone for reduction of gastric and duodenal ulcers". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 107 (3): 379-86. doi: ... Efficacy of different schemes of anti-helicobacter therapy in duodenal ulcer]". Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 76 (2): 18-22. PMID ... It is used to treat peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is taken by mouth ...
Belohlavek, D; Malfertheiner, P (1979). "The Effect of Zolimidine, Imidazopyridine-derivate, on the Duodenal Ulcer Healing". ... Zolimidine (zoliridine, brand name Solimidin) is a gastroprotective drug previously used for peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal ...
It delays healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers." Sir Robert Platt, the president of the organization, led a committee of nine ...
Perforated duodenal ulcer - The most common cause of rupture in the abdomen. Especially of the anterior aspect of the first ... The most common cause is a perforated abdominal organ, generally from a perforated peptic ulcer, although any part of the bowel ... Perforated peptic ulcer Bowel obstruction Ruptured diverticulum Penetrating trauma Ruptured inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ... Cupola sign Football sign Pneumoretroperitoneum Rigler's sign "Peptic Ulcer Disease". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. ...
Learn more about perforated duodenal ulcers, when to seek care, and more. ... A perforated duodenal ulcer is a serious complication of peptic ulcers. ... Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that occurs in the upper area of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. The ... Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer in the duodenum, an area of the small intestine. Factors such as chronic use of ...
The meaning of DUODENAL ULCER is a peptic ulcer situated in the duodenum. ... "Duodenal ulcer." Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/duodenal% ... Post the Definition of duodenal ulcer to Facebook Facebook Share the Definition of duodenal ulcer on Twitter Twitter ...
... gastric ulcers account for the rest. Unlike gastric ulcers, which may be malignant in about 5% of cases, duodenal ulcers are ... and these lesions account for two thirds of all peptic ulcers, which are defined as mucosal breaks of 3 mm or greater; ... Duodenal ulcers (DUs) affect nearly 10% of the adult population at some time, ... Images of duodenal ulcers are provided below.). Double-contrast upper gastrointestinal series. Posterior wall duodenal ulcer. ...
Here we report an extremely rare case of a duodenal ulcer penetrating the pancreas and complicated with EP. Unlike the classic ... Emphysematous pancreatitis associated with penetrating duodenal ulcer Claudio Tana, Mauro Silingardi, Maria Adele Giamberardino ... Emphysematous pancreatitis associated with penetrating duodenal ulcer. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23(48): 8666-8670 [PMID: ... Core tip: Penetrating peptic ulcers (PPU) represent an extremely rare cause of abdominal pain, and can sometimes manifest with ...
Vagotomy in the treatment of perforated gastro-duodenal ulcers (review of the literature)]. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone ... Perforation of stomach and duodenal ulcers in young adults].. *[Vagotomy in the treatment of perforated gastro-duodenal ulcers ... AdultAgedDrainageDuodenal UlcerGastroenterostomyHumansMiddle AgedPeptic Ulcer PerforationPostoperative ComplicationsPylorus ... Vagotomy in surgery of perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers].. *[Modern surgical treatment methods in perforating ulcers ...
Duodenal ulcer is associated with low dietary linoleic acid intake. Message subject: (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ...
Sleep and duodenal motor activity in patients with severe non-ulcer dyspepsia. ... Sleep and duodenal motor activity in patients with severe non-ulcer dyspepsia. ...
There was a significant increase in smoking among duodenal ulcer patients during sanctions. Other differences between the two ... ABSTRACT Cases of duodenal ulcer admitted to Basra General Hospital for a one-year period prior to economic sanctions were ... Chronic duodenal ulcer (DU) is a major problem of modern society. It is a chronic condition characterized by repeated episodes ... ABSTRACT: Cases of duodenal ulcer admitted to Basra General Hospital for a one-year period prior to economic sanctions were ...
The diagnosis was chronic stomach and duodenal ulcer. I should learn to live with recurrent ulcers. ... Healing from alcohol and drug addiction and duodenal ulcers. S. T. (53), Springe (Germany). After my sisters death in 1974, I ... had serious stomach aches with ulcers. I got tablets and injections against the severe pain. As no improvement occurred, ...
The results of treatment of 40 patients with perforated duodenal ulcer who underwent the intraoperative transduodenal ... The results of treatment of 40 patients with perforated duodenal ulcer who underwent the intraoperative transduodenal ... Identification and timely intraoperative correction of mirrored ulcer of posterior wall of the duodenum during the perforation ... intraoperative transduodenal videoscopy during minimally invasive surgical treatment of patients with perforated duodenal ulcer ...
... *Se iau 100 nuci si se scot camasile lemnoase care despart miezul.Acestea se fierb intr-un litru de apa pina ...
गैस के विषय में आम तौर पर लोगों में बहुत सी भ्रांतियां पाई जाती हैं. लोग समझते हैं कि जो गैस पेट में बनती है वह शरीर में कहीं भी जा.... Continue reading. ...
CLINICA SEMPERVIVA vă oferă o gamă variaţă de terapii complementare de înaltă calitate. Tratamentele practicate în clinica noastră sunt perfecţionate continuu, după ultimele descoperiri în domeniu. ...
Intellectually diverse and driven by passion, we, at Deccan Clinic are on the forefront of surgery. Our tireless pursuit for surgical advancements has helped us bag appreciation, awards and worldwide recognition ...
There are several duodenal ulcer symptoms in women. Here are a few important things to understand for accurate assessment! ... As the name suggests - duodenal ulcer is a break (open sore medically called as peptic ulcer) that forms in the lining of ... Besides stomach and duodenal ulcers, the following common health conditions may also cause abdominal symptoms in women:. 1 2 ... Even sometimes duodenal ulcer doesnt have any symptoms, especially when the open sore is still mild (at early stages of the ...
Peptic ulcer is the general term used to describe an ulcer occurring anywhere in that part of the alimentary tract which comes ... The most common are duodenal and gastric ulcers - the two main causes of which are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection ... Peptic ulcer is the general term used to describe an ulcer occurring anywhere in that part of the alimentary tract which comes ... It is likely that a PMA report will be automatically requested for a history of ulcer when applying for income protection. ...
What causes Peptic Ulcers. The pain associated with a stomach ulcer is a burning chest pain, which may last 2 or 3 hours and ... Stomach Ulcers affect men and women equally. However, the risk for women increases after the menopause, which implies that ... Peptic ulcers are caused by disruption in the normal balance of the protective mucus lining and the corrosive gastric acid ... Herbs can be very effective at treating peptic ulcers. However, it is vital that the patient takes a good look at their ...
Adverse Reaction Duodenal+ulcer pill and drug ...
HERBAL CURE FOR DUODENAL ULCER. CURE FOR DUODENAL ULCER. Allwell Samuel Send an email 0 227 Less than a minute ... Stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers are both types of peptic ulcers. If you have either of these, you have whats called peptic ... A duodenal ulcer is a sore that forms in the lining of the duodenum. Your duodenum is the first part of your small intestine, ... CURE FOR DUODENAL ULCER DUODENAL ULCER Garlic stomach Stomach Ulcer ulcer. Allwell Samuel Send an email 0 227 Less than a ...
Active Duodenal Ulcer. The recommended adult oral dosage for duodenal ulcer is 1 g four times per day on an empty stomach. ... Maintenance therapy for duodenal ulcer patients at reduced dosage after healing of acute ulcers.. ... Duodenal ulcer is a chronic, recurrent disease. While short-term treatment with sucralfate can result in complete healing of ... Acute Duodenal Ulcer. Over 600 patients have participated in well-controlled clinical trials worldwide. Multicenter trials ...
Duodenal ulcers are open sores that form on the upper section of the small intestine or duodenum. There are numerous symptoms ... A duodenal ulcer is one of two types of peptic ulcer-the other being gastric. ... A duodenal ulcer is one of two types of peptic ulcer-the other being gastric. Duodenal ulcers are open sores that form on the ... it has been known to happen to people with duodenal ulcers. For the most part, nausea that comes from duodenal ulcers will be a ...
I am suffering from duodenal ulcer * I have a white patch on my leg ...
COMPLICATIONS OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS GASTRIC PERFORATION The two most serious complications of gastric or duodenal ... Ulcers located in the upper parts of the posterior duodenal wall have a great tendency to penetrate the hepato-duodenal ... COMPLICATIONS OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS pediagenosis March 07, 2021 Digestive , Organ Comment ... A classic example of a chronic perforation is the ulcer of the posterior wall of the duodenal bulb, penetrating into and walled ...
Unusual endoscopic appearance of a bleeding duodenal ulcer. / Wolfsen, H. C. In: Digestive Diseases, Vol. 17, No. 5-6, 01.01. ... Wolfsen, H. C. / Unusual endoscopic appearance of a bleeding duodenal ulcer. In: Digestive Diseases. 1999 ; Vol. 17, No. 5-6. ... Unusual endoscopic appearance of a bleeding duodenal ulcer. Digestive Diseases. 1999 Jan 1;17(5-6). doi: 10.1159/000016958 ... Wolfsen, H. C. (1999). Unusual endoscopic appearance of a bleeding duodenal ulcer. Digestive Diseases, 17(5-6). https://doi.org ...
Posted in General Health and Fitness Tags: duodenal ulcer, duodenal ulcer diet, duodenal ulcer symptoms. ... Duodenal Ulcer Diet: What To Eat And What Not. In case you have developed duodenal ulcers then one option open to you in ... treating your condition is to switch to a duodenal ulcer diet that helps in ameliorating the duodenal ulcer symptoms and which ... A typical duodenal ulcer diet must not contain any kind of beverage that can increase the acidity in your stomach and so you ...
Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are both peptic ulcers, which are open sores in the lining of the digestive tract. Gastric ... Gastric ulcers may cause pain soon after eating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Duodenal ulcers are likely to present with ... One way to tell the difference between gastric and duodenal ulcers is to figure out where and when your symptoms occur. For ... ulcer forms in the lining of the stomach, while duodenal ulcer develops in the upper part of the small intestine. ...
Tag: medicine for ulcer duodenal. DEXPURE D 10MG/30MG CAP. September 15, 2018. mTatva Health ... Drug Facts - Brandsmedicine for esophagitis, medicine for gerd, medicine for ulcer duodenal, medicine for zollinger ellison ... Drug Facts - Brandsmedicine for esophagitis, medicine for gerd, medicine for ulcer duodenal, medicine for zollinger ellison ... Drug Facts - Brandsmedicine for esophagitis, medicine for gerd, medicine for ulcer duodenal, medicine for zollinger ellison ...
Peptic Ulcer. (PUD; Duodenal Ulcer; Ulcer, Peptic; Ulcer, Duodenal). by Debra Wood, RN ... A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or intestine. They may be named by their location:. *Gastric ulcers - in ... Peptic ulcers (stomach ulcers). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Available at: https ... www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers. Accessed January 26, 2021. ...
keywords = "Duodenal ulcer, Gastric secretion, Gastric ulcer, Glyceroglucolipids, Lecithin, Lysolecithin",. author = "J. ... from six duodenal ulcer and six gastric ulcer patients, were analyzed for their content of lecithin, lysolecithin, and ... from six duodenal ulcer and six gastric ulcer patients, were analyzed for their content of lecithin, lysolecithin, and ... from six duodenal ulcer and six gastric ulcer patients, were analyzed for their content of lecithin, lysolecithin, and ...
... repair of a perforated duodenal ulcer should thus be considered as a first choice of treatment for a perforated duodenal ulcer ... repair of a perforated duodenal ulcer should thus be considered as a first choice of treatment for a perforated duodenal ulcer ... repair of a perforated duodenal ulcer should thus be considered as a first choice of treatment for a perforated duodenal ulcer ... repair of a perforated duodenal ulcer should thus be considered as a first choice of treatment for a perforated duodenal ulcer ...
  • Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that occurs in the upper area of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The ulcers are part of PUD, which affects part of the duodenum and the stomach. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Peptic ulcer disease refers to the clinical presentation and disease state that occurs when there is a disruption in the mucosal surface at the level of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine-the duodenum. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis is best made by endoscopy, and in about 90% of patients the ulcer is situated in the first part of the duodenum, within two centimetres of the pylorus [2]. (who.int)
  • The results of treatment of 40 patients with perforated duodenal ulcer who underwent the intraoperative transduodenal videoscopy through perforated hole to diagnose the ulcer of posterior wall of the duodenum were analyzed. (umj.com.ua)
  • Identification and timely intraoperative correction of mirrored ulcer of posterior wall of the duodenum during the perforation of the anterior wall allow to avoid the potential complications associated with late diagnosis of the pathology. (umj.com.ua)
  • As the name suggests - duodenal ulcer is a break (open sore medically called as peptic ulcer) that forms in the lining of duodenum which is the first part of your small intestine close to your stomach (gastric). (healthclop.com)
  • A duodenal ulcer is a sore that forms in the lining of the duodenum. (gadgetsng.com)
  • You can get an ulcer in your stomach as well as in your duodenum. (gadgetsng.com)
  • Duodenal ulcers are open sores that form on the upper section of the small intestine or duodenum. (facty.com)
  • The previous duration of an ulcer, of either the stomach or the duodenum, seems to have no influence on the speed with which the ulcerative and inflammatory processes penetrate the muscular coat and the serous layer. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Ulcers of the anterior wall of both the stomach and the duodenum have a greater access to the "free" peritoneal cavity than do those on the posterior wall. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Furthermore, when you switch to taking a duodenal ulcer diet you must also ensure that you do not take anti-inflammatory medications that will worsen your duodenum ulcer symptoms. (healthrapidly.com)
  • In some instances a duodenum ulcer sufferer experience no problem while eating any type of foods. (healthrapidly.com)
  • It is therefore advisable for such people to chalk out a duodenal ulcer diet that will only include safe foods and beverages and so help them prevent flare-ups of their duodenum ulcer symptoms. (healthrapidly.com)
  • Duodenal ulcers are a type of sore that develop in your small intestine in an area called the duodenum. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • Ulcers can also be caused by anti-inflammatory medications which can impact the mucous barrier in the duodenum enabling acids to cause ulcers. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • Through this test your physician is uses a flexible telescope which provides visibility in the duodenum so that ulcers can be detected. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • Duodenal ulcer refers to ulcers in the duodenum. (hpathy.com)
  • The imaging studies with a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan had repeatedly revealed no tumor around the pancreas or duodenum suggestive of gastrinoma but revealed only a thickened wall of the duodenum potentially due to the initially severe duodenal ulcer. (springeropen.com)
  • Upper endoscopy showed a scar at the duodenal bulb, but no erosion or ulcers in the stomach or the duodenum, and we could not detect the opening of the lesion. (springeropen.com)
  • With «round» and «peptic» stomach ulcers, scarring took place in 16.7%, and eradication occurred in 33.3% of patients, while in the duodenum, these indicators were relatively higher - 40.0% and 60.0% respectively. (vestnik-avicenna.tj)
  • A stomach ulcer, also called a peptic ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of your stomach or in the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). (healthline.com)
  • Severe abdominal pain with or without evidence of bleeding may indicate a perforation of the ulcer through the stomach or duodenum. (mountsinai.org)
  • A peptic ulcer is a defect in the lining of your stomach or the first part of your small intestine, the duodenum. (mountsinai.org)
  • A defect in your duodenum is called a duodenal ulcer. (mountsinai.org)
  • The two most serious complications of gastric or duodenal peptic ulcers are perforation and hemorrhage. (pediagenosis.com)
  • These may block the ulcer and prevent the entry of gastric or duodenal contents into the peritoneal cavity. (pediagenosis.com)
  • NEXIUM I.V. is indicated for risk reduction of rebleeding of gastric or duodenal ulcers following therapeutic endoscopy for acute bleeding gastric or duodenal ulcers in adults. (rxlist.com)
  • Most duodenal ulcers present with dyspepsia as the primary associated symptom, but presentation can range in severity and may include gastrointestinal bleeding, gastric outlet obstruction, perforation, or fistula development. (medscape.com)
  • Sleep and duodenal motor activity in patients with severe non-ulcer dyspepsia. (bmj.com)
  • This article examines duodenal perforation and the associated symptoms, causes, and risk factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Even sometimes duodenal ulcer doesn't have any symptoms, especially when the open sore is still mild (at early stages of the disease) [ 3 ]. (healthclop.com)
  • There are numerous symptoms of duodenal ulcers. (facty.com)
  • An acute peptic ulcer may rapidly penetrate or perforate the gastric or intestinal wall, so that, in some instances, the patient may fail to give any history of typical ulcer symptoms. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Many chronic ulcers, on the other hand, may exist for years without progressing so far in depth as to implicate the serosa, although no chronic ulcers with severe and persistent symptoms or recurrent or calloused ulcers are ever exempt from the potential danger of a perforation. (pediagenosis.com)
  • In case you have developed duodenal ulcers then one option open to you in treating your condition is to switch to a duodenal ulcer diet that helps in ameliorating the duodenal ulcer symptoms and which also helps to make whatever medicines you are taking for your condition work that much more effectively. (healthrapidly.com)
  • One way to tell the difference between gastric and duodenal ulcers is to figure out where and when your symptoms occur. (mdpathyqa.com)
  • Peptic ulcers do not always cause symptoms. (epnet.com)
  • The doctor may suspect an ulcer based on your symptoms. (epnet.com)
  • Though duodenal ulcers may be confused with other medical conditions, there are some common signs and symptoms. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • 8. Extremely serious ulcer cases can cause more severe symptoms and complications that require immediate medical attention including blood in your stool. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • She had continuously taken a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) until the referral since the first presentation of the duodenal ulcer, which had relieved its symptoms such as epigastric pain. (springeropen.com)
  • Small ulcers may not cause any symptoms and may heal without treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Keep reading to learn what ulcer pain feels like, what other symptoms you may experience, and when you should see a doctor. (healthline.com)
  • Does an ulcer have other symptoms? (healthline.com)
  • Besides localized pain, stomach ulcers can cause a number of other symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • It's a good idea to see your doctor if you have any symptoms of an ulcer. (healthline.com)
  • Although there are several home remedies for ulcers , it's a good idea to see your doctor if you have symptoms of an ulcer. (healthline.com)
  • When these symptoms don't go away, one possibility is that you have a peptic ulcer. (mountsinai.org)
  • If the ulcer is small, you may have no idea that you have it because there are no symptoms. (mountsinai.org)
  • What are the symptoms of a peptic ulcer? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many people with a peptic ulcer have no symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Your doctor may suspect an ulcer based on your symptoms and just start you on ulcer treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In general, gender has no significant effect for the risk of developing duodenal ulcer. (healthclop.com)
  • The most common are duodenal and gastric ulcers - the two main causes of which are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin. (irishlife.ie)
  • Some people get duodenal ulcers from infections with Helicobacter pylori often referred to as H. pylori, a bacterium often detected in the stomach. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • The most common cause of ulcers is infection of the stomach by bacteria called Helicobacter pylori ( H pylori ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Helicobacter pylori eradication in adult patients to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin. (nih.gov)
  • In 88 patients with Helicobacter-associated forms of stomach and duodenal ulcer disease on the basis of clinical, endoscopic, bacteriological methods with PCR formulation, the effectiveness of the Maastricht scheme of triple therapy was studied. (vestnik-avicenna.tj)
  • Three-component eradication therapy Helicobacter-associated forms of stomach and duodenal ulcer disease with the prescription of Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin in combination with Omeprazole is quite highly effective. (vestnik-avicenna.tj)
  • Helicobacter pylori-which is passed from cross contamination of fecal matter, was present in patients with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers. (cdc.gov)
  • Helicobacter pylori Infection Helicobacter pylori infection is a bacterial infection that causes inflammation of your stomach lining and ulcers (sores) in your stomach or intestine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nexium ( esomeprazole magnesium ) is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that blocks acid production in the stomach and is used to treat stomach and duodenal ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ), and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome . (rxlist.com)
  • While nausea is an uncommon symptom of a peptic ulcer and usually gastric, it has been known to happen to people with duodenal ulcers. (facty.com)
  • It is also linked to the development of duodenal ulcers and stomach cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers are both types of peptic ulcers. (gadgetsng.com)
  • The most common underlying cause of duodenal perforation is peptic ulcer disease (PUD). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There are two types of duodenal perforation: Free and contained. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In contained perforation, the ulcer creates a hole, but organs such as the pancreas block the area and prevent the bowel contents from leaking freely into the abdomen. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It can irritate the lining of the digestive tract, which can lead to the development of peptic ulcers and increase the risk of perforation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A doctor may order various tests to diagnose duodenal perforation and rule out other diagnoses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The condition can be fatal if a person does not receive treatment for a duodenal perforation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A doctor may need to treat a duodenal perforation with surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Once perforation has taken place, the location of the ulcer plays an important role as to the clinical presentation of the patient. (pediagenosis.com)
  • the term subacute perforation has been reserved for certain tiny ruptures in the serosa, which occur only with a relatively slowly advancing penetration of a chronic gastric ulcer. (pediagenosis.com)
  • A free perforation occurs most frequently with ulcers of the anterior wall of the duodenal bulb. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Without proper treatment, stomach ulcers can progress and lead to complications like internal bleeding and gastrointestinal perforation . (healthline.com)
  • A perforated duodenal ulcer can lead to severe complications, as it allows bacteria from the intestine to escape into and infect the lining of the abdomen. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Some of these may signal ulcer complications such as internal bleeding . (healthclop.com)
  • Fortunately, these two complications appear to have decreased over the last several decades with the wide-spread use of flexible upper endoscopy for diagnosis of ulcer disease and the advent of improved medical treatments with proton pump inhibitors and for H. pylori infection. (pediagenosis.com)
  • When left untreated, duodenal ulcers can lead to more serious complications including bleeding and even perforations in your intestine. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • What are the complications of peptic ulcers? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nonsurgical treatment options include using medication to treat H. pylori to assist in healing the ulcer and reduce the risk of recurrence. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • After we resected the lesion, the hypergastrinemia resolved without recurrence of the duodenal ulcer. (springeropen.com)
  • These tumors are usually malignant, must be removed and acid production suppressed to relieve the recurrence of the ulcers. (mountsinai.org)
  • Almost anyone can develop a peptic ulcer, but one of the most common causes is H. pylori. (facty.com)
  • People who smoke are more likely to develop a peptic ulcer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Long-term use of NSAIDs can irritate and damage the lining of the digestive system and increase a person's risk of developing peptic ulcers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Additionally certain lifestyle factors can increase a person's risk of developing duodenal ulcers including heavy drinking, smoking and heavy stress. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • Gastric ulcer forms in the lining of the stomach, while duodenal ulcer develops in the upper part of the small intestine. (mdpathyqa.com)
  • therefore, this modality is not reliable for detection of duodenitis or duodenal erosions. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Endoscopy has become the diagnostic procedure of choice for patients with suspected duodenal ulcer. (medscape.com)
  • Double-contrast examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract remain a useful alternative to endoscopy but have lower sensitivity, especially in detection of small duodenal ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • Compared with endoscopy, fluoroscopy is an inexpensive and noninvasive technique that provides salient anatomic information along with delineation of the duodenal mucosa and assessment of real-time duodenal motility. (medscape.com)
  • An endoscopy is often used to diagnose a duodenal ulcer. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • To detect an ulcer, you may need a test called an upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Duodenal ulcers are likely to present with abdominal pain a few hours after meals when the stomach is empty (including nighttime abdominal pain). (mdpathyqa.com)
  • Larger ulcers can cause abdominal pain, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, and nausea. (mountsinai.org)
  • Study conducted since several decades ago has suggested that H. pylori infection exists in about 90 percent of duodenal ulcers - though some recent studies also suggest this number is probably declining. (healthclop.com)
  • In fact, it's also quite common to find people with H. pylori infection without developing ulcers. (healthclop.com)
  • Diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcer disease and H. pylori infection. (epnet.com)
  • Most ulcers develop as a result of an infection with bacteria called. (hpathy.com)
  • You have an ulcer without an H pylori infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ulcers are most often caused by either a bacterial infection or by taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (healthline.com)
  • Antibiotics are the treatment of choice when a stomach ulcer is caused by an H. pylori bacterial infection. (healthline.com)
  • More likely, your ulcer is caused by a stomach infection with a type of bacteria called H. pylori. (mountsinai.org)
  • Food coats the ulcer with a protective lining, so it feels less sore. (facty.com)
  • A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or intestine. (epnet.com)
  • An ulcer is a sore. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Your ulcer is caused by taking aspirin or NSAIDs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's best not to use ibuprofen, aspirin, or other NSAIDs , as these drugs can cause ulcers or make them worse. (healthline.com)
  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) help with ulcers caused by H. pylori or those caused by NSAIDs. (healthline.com)
  • A major cause of peptic ulcer, although far less common than H.pylori or NSAIDS, is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. (mountsinai.org)
  • The pain associated with a stomach ulcer is a burning chest pain, which may last 2 or 3 hours and may be accompanied by indigestion, nausea, vomiting that may or may not coincide with eating. (naturopathic-health.co.uk)
  • For the most part, nausea that comes from duodenal ulcers will be a natural response to the pain. (facty.com)
  • Vomiting may or may not accompany nausea and is another uncommon symptom of a duodenal ulcer. (facty.com)
  • The differential diagnosis includes acalculous cholecystitis , acute cholecystitis , cholelithiasis , Crohn disease , gastric ulcer , gastroesophageal reflux , upper gastrointestinal bleeding , acute and chronic pancreatitis , Gastrointestinal tuberculosis , and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome . (medscape.com)
  • Have been on Carafate for about three months after my gastroenterologist diagnosed me with acute gastric ulcer. (appiaimmobiliare.com)
  • Duodenal ulcers are part of a broader disease state categorized as peptic ulcer disease. (medscape.com)
  • It is also recognized that peptic ulcer tends to perforate more often in individuals between the ages of 25 and 50 years than in younger or older persons. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Anemia caused by an ulcer only arises if the ulcer has perforated and is bleeding. (facty.com)
  • If blood is present in your vomit, the ulcer may be bleeding. (facty.com)
  • Bleeding from the intestine is usually black and tarry, but if caused by a peptic ulcer, will be bright red. (facty.com)
  • Wolfsen, HC 1999, ' Unusual endoscopic appearance of a bleeding duodenal ulcer ', Digestive Diseases , vol. 17, no. 5-6. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Wolfsen, H. C. / Unusual endoscopic appearance of a bleeding duodenal ulcer . (elsevierpure.com)
  • Ulcers can cause bleeding. (epnet.com)
  • Nekotorye osobennosti kliniki i diagnostiki krovotecheniy pri gastroduodenal'nykh yazvakh, assotsiirovannykh H. pylori [Some peculiarities of clinical manifestations and diagnostics of gastroduodenal ulcers bleeding associated H. pylori]. (vestnik-avicenna.tj)
  • An actively bleeding ulcer may also be cauterized (blood vessels are sealed with a burning tool) during a gastroscopy procedure. (mountsinai.org)
  • Endoscopic therapy can be used to stop bleeding from the ulcer. (mountsinai.org)
  • Peptic ulcer can also develop in the lining of esophagus (your swallowing tube). (healthclop.com)
  • Chronic duodenal ulcer (DU) is a major problem of modern society. (who.int)
  • The diagnosis was chronic stomach and duodenal ulcer. (bruno-groening.org)
  • Posterior wall duodenal ulcer. (medscape.com)
  • Lateral view of a posterior wall ulcer in the same patient as in the previous image. (medscape.com)
  • Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are both peptic ulcers, which are open sores in the lining of the digestive tract. (mdpathyqa.com)
  • Stomach pain, either dull or sharp, is the most common symptom of a duodenal ulcer. (facty.com)
  • Luckily my ulcer was not too neglected and a course of Carafate was enough for me to heal the ulcer and forget about stomach pain. (appiaimmobiliare.com)
  • A typical duodenal ulcer diet must not contain any kind of beverage that can increase the acidity in your stomach and so you will have to give up consuming coffee and tea as well as milk and also colas and of course alcohol. (healthrapidly.com)
  • There is also need to factor in lifestyle changes that require that you not only maintain the right duodenal ulcer diet but also give up smoking and alcohol consumption. (healthrapidly.com)
  • A large 1997 prospective cohort study of 47,806 American men assessed the relationship between caffeine, alcohol and smoking on the risk of developing duodenal ulcers 18 . (coffeeandhealth.org)
  • To avoid irritating an ulcer a person can try eliminating certain substances from their diet such as caffeine, alcohol, aspirin, and avoid smoking. (mountsinai.org)
  • Other common ulcer risks include smoking cigarettes, drinking a lot of alcohol, or regularly using NSAID pain relievers like aspirin and ibuprofen. (mountsinai.org)
  • From the posterior aspects, the ulcer may proceed to penetrate the underlying organs such as the left lobe of the liver, the pancreas, or the gastrohepatic ligament. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Most people with peptic ulcers have these bacteria living in their digestive tract. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Yet, many people who have these bacteria in their stomach do not develop an ulcer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tissue samples may be obtained to check for H pylori bacteria, a cause of many peptic ulcers. (mountsinai.org)
  • Your health care provider will recommend medicines to heal your ulcer and prevent a relapse. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What treatments can help an ulcer heal? (healthline.com)
  • PPIs help heal ulcers by lowering the acid content in your stomach. (healthline.com)
  • It may take 4 to 8 weeks for PPIs to fully heal the ulcer. (healthline.com)
  • It creates a protective cover over the ulcer thus giving it time and opportunity to heal. (appiaimmobiliare.com)
  • Also, their ulcers heal more slowly and are likely to come back. (msdmanuals.com)
  • H. pylori cause inflammation as well as peptic ulcers, and can be a challenge to diagnose. (facty.com)
  • Your doctor may also order tests to help diagnose an ulcer. (healthline.com)
  • So I would definitely recommend Carafate to other people diagnosed with gastrointestinal ulcers. (appiaimmobiliare.com)
  • Risk reduction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)-associated gastric ulcer in adults at risk for developing gastric ulcers due to age (60 years and older) and/or documented history of gastric ulcers. (nih.gov)
  • Most treatments for a perforated ulcer involve immediate surgery. (facty.com)
  • Once your duodenal ulcer perforates into what is known as the peritoneal cavity the end result is that you may need to undergo surgery in order to get relief. (healthrapidly.com)
  • Duodenal ulcer is associated with low dietary linoleic acid intake. (bmj.com)
  • Peptic ulcers are caused by disruption in the normal balance of the protective mucus lining and the corrosive gastric acid causing damage to the intestinal lining, leading to ulceration. (naturopathic-health.co.uk)
  • These observations suggest that sucralfate's antiulcer activity is the result of formation of an ulcer-adherent complex that covers the ulcer site and protects it against further attack by acid, pepsin, and bile salts. (nih.gov)
  • For example, duodenal ulcers can be caused by the increase in stomach acid associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. (gastrohealthpartners.com)
  • A rare condition, called Zollinger-Ellison syndrome , causes the stomach to produce too much acid, leading to stomach and duodenal ulcers. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Prevention of peptic ulcers with esomeprazole in patients at risk of ulcer development treated with low-dose acetylsalicylic acid: a randomized, controlled trial (OBERON). (janusinfo.se)
  • There was a significant increase in smoking among duodenal ulcer patients during sanctions. (who.int)
  • Il y a eu une augmentation importante du tabagisme chez les patients atteints d'ulcère duodénal pendant la période des sanctions. (who.int)
  • Available at: http://patients.gi.org/topics/peptic-ulcer-disease. (epnet.com)
  • Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretions, collected (at 15-min intervals for 1 h) from six duodenal ulcer and six gastric ulcer patients, were analyzed for their content of lecithin, lysolecithin, and glyceroglucolipids. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • The basal secretions of patients with duodenal ulcer contained about 4.5-fold less (204 μmol/l) of lysolecithin than those from patients with gastric ulcer (932 μmol/l). (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • After pentagastrin stimulation, the lysolecithin concentrations in the secretion from duodenal ulcer patients rose slightly (to 212 μmol/l), whereas a twofold decrease (to 440 μmol/l) in lysolecithin was observed in the secretion from patients with gastric ulcer. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • 0.01) secretions from patients with gastric ulcer. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • It is concluded that high concentrations of lysolecithin in the secretion of gastric ulcer patients results in the weakening of the gastric mucosal barrier by depleting its glyceroglucolipid component. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • To study the effectiveness of eradication therapy in patients with H. pylori-associated forms of stomach and duodenal ulcer disease. (vestnik-avicenna.tj)
  • The obtained data showed that complete scarring of «single» stomach ulcers reached 100.0%, and eradication in 80.0% of patients. (vestnik-avicenna.tj)
  • Reabilitatsiya bol'nykh posle ushivaniya perforativnoy gastroduodenal'noy yazvy [Rehabilitation of patients after suturing of perforated gastroduodenal ulcer]. (vestnik-avicenna.tj)
  • Patients and controls a possible cause of gastric ulcers seen in This was a case-control study of H. pylori patients with CLD [ 10,11 ]. (who.int)
  • It should also be noted that peptic ulcer disease is present more frequently in cirrhotic patients than noncirrhotic patients. (medscape.com)
  • Studies in human subjects and with animal models of ulcer disease have shown that sucralfate forms an ulcer-adherent complex with proteinaceous exudate at the ulcer site. (nih.gov)
  • Two double-blind randomized placebo-controlled U.S. multicenter trials have demonstrated that sucralfate (1 g bid) is effective as maintenance therapy following healing of duodenal ulcers. (nih.gov)
  • We presumed that the antral mucosa inside the duplication in our case had no hydrogen ion feedback inhibition of gastrin release from gastrin cells and increased release of gastrin from the mucosa inside the duplication led to the duodenal ulcer. (springeropen.com)
  • The pain caused by a stomach ulcer may last for just a few minutes or it may go on for hours. (healthline.com)
  • Nguyen TNM, Sha S, Chen LJ, Holleczek B, Brenner H, Schöttker B. Strongly increased risk of gastric and duodenal ulcers among new users of low-dose aspirin: results from two large cohorts with new-user design. (janusinfo.se)