Difficult or labored breathing.
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.
A disorder characterized by sudden attacks of respiratory distress in at rest patients with HEART FAILURE and PULMONARY EDEMA. It usually occurs at night after several hours of sleep in a reclining position. Patients awaken with a feeling of suffocation, coughing, a cold sweat, and TACHYCARDIA. When there is significant WHEEZING, it is called cardiac asthma.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.
The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the TIDAL VOLUME and the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is IC.
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.
Analogs or derivatives of scopolamine.
Inhalation of oxygen aimed at restoring toward normal any pathophysiologic alterations of gas exchange in the cardiopulmonary system, as by the use of a respirator, nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
'Bronchial diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the bronchial tubes, including inflammation, infection, obstruction or narrowing, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.
The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
Tumors in any part of the heart. They include primary cardiac tumors and metastatic tumors to the heart. Their interference with normal cardiac functions can cause a wide variety of symptoms including HEART FAILURE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; or EMBOLISM.
Tracheal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the trachea, which can be benign or malignant, and have the potential to obstruct the airway and impair respiratory function.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Tracheal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, and integrity of the trachea, including inflammation, infection, trauma, tumors, and congenital abnormalities, which can lead to symptoms such as cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, and stridor.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
The act of BREATHING in.
RESPIRATORY MUSCLE contraction during INHALATION. The work is accomplished in three phases: LUNG COMPLIANCE work, that required to expand the LUNGS against its elastic forces; tissue resistance work, that required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures; and AIRWAY RESISTANCE work, that required to overcome airway resistance during the movement of air into the lungs. Work of breathing does not refer to expiration, which is entirely a passive process caused by elastic recoil of the lung and chest cage. (Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, p406)
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and blown out over a sustained interval such as 15 or 20 seconds. Common abbreviations are MVV and MBC.
The amount of a gas taken up, by the pulmonary capillary blood from the alveolar gas, per minute per unit of average pressure of the gradient of the gas across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV.
Enlargement of air spaces distal to the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES where gas-exchange normally takes place. This is usually due to destruction of the alveolar wall. Pulmonary emphysema can be classified by the location and distribution of the lesions.
Care alleviating symptoms without curing the underlying disease. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It is the equivalent to each of the following sums: VITAL CAPACITY plus RESIDUAL VOLUME; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY plus FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; TIDAL VOLUME plus INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus functional residual capacity; or tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus residual volume.
Tests involving inhalation of allergens (nebulized or in dust form), nebulized pharmacologically active solutions (e.g., histamine, methacholine), or control solutions, followed by assessment of respiratory function. These tests are used in the diagnosis of asthma.
Endogenous or exogenous chemicals that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body. They consist of peptides and non-peptide compounds.
The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV.
An interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, occurring between 21-80 years of age. It is characterized by a dramatic onset of a "pneumonia-like" illness with cough, fever, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. Pathological features include prominent interstitial inflammation without collagen fibrosis, diffuse fibroblastic foci, and no microscopic honeycomb change. There is excessive proliferation of granulation tissue within small airways and alveolar ducts.
Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal narrowing or constriction of the lumen of the trachea, which can lead to respiratory distress and other related symptoms.
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.

Long-term recovery of diaphragm strength in neuralgic amyotrophy. (1/1741)

Diaphragm paralysis is a recognized complication of neuralgic amyotrophy that causes severe dyspnoea. Although recovery of strength in the arm muscles, when affected, is common, there are little data on recovery of diaphragm function. This study, therefore, re-assessed diaphragm strength in cases of bilateral diaphragm paralysis due to neuralgic amyotrophy that had previously been diagnosed at the authors institutions. Fourteen patients were recalled between 2 and 11 yrs after the original diagnosis. Respiratory muscle and diaphragm strength were measured by volitional manoeuvres as maximal inspiratory pressure and sniff transdiaphragmatic pressure. Cervical magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation was used to give a nonvolitional measure of diaphragm strength: twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure. Only two patients remained severely breathless. Ten of the 14 patients had evidence of some recovery of diaphragm strength, in seven cases to within 50% of the lower limit of normal. The rate of recovery was variable: one patient had some recovery after 2 yrs, and the rest took 3 yrs or more. In conclusion, in most patients with diaphragm paralysis due to neuralgic amyotrophy, some recovery of the diaphragm strength occurs, but the rate of recovery may be slow.  (+info)

Time course of respiratory decompensation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, double-blind study of peak flow changes prior to emergency department visits. (2/1741)

The aim of this study was to look at changes in peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) prior to emergency department visits for decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It was designed as a prospective, double-blind study at the Albuquerque Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Twelve patients with an irreversible component of airflow obstruction on pulmonary function tests were assessed. At entry, all subjects were instructed in the use of a mini-Wright peak flow meter with electronic data storage. They then entered a 6-month monitoring phase in which they recorded PEFR twice daily, before and after bronchodilators. The meter displays were disabled so that the patients and their physicians were blinded to all values. Medical care was provided in the customary manner. Patients were considered to have respiratory decompensation if they required treatment for airflow obstruction in the Emergency Department (ED) and no other causes of dyspnea could be identified. Simple linear regression was used to model changes in PEFR over time. The 12 subjects had 22 episodes of respiratory decompensation during 1741 patient-days of observation. Two episodes could not be analysed because of missing values. Ten episodes in seven subjects were characterized by a significant linear decline in at least one peak flow parameter prior to presentation. The mean rates of change for the four daily parameters varied from 0.22% to 0.27% predicted per day (or 1.19 to 1.44 1 min-1 day-1). The average decrement in these parameters ranged from 30.0 to 33.8 1 min-1 (or 18.6%-25.9% of their baseline values). No temporal trends were found for the 10 episodes occurring in the other five subjects. We concluded that respiratory decompensation is characterized by a gradual decline in PEFR in about half of cases. Future studies should be done to elucidate the mechanisms of respiratory distress in the other cases.  (+info)

Early occurrence of respiratory muscle deoxygenation assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy during leg exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. (3/1741)

The mechanisms of respiratory muscle deoxygenation during incremental leg exercise with expired gas analysis were investigated in 29 patients with chronic heart failure and 21 normal subjects. The deoxygenation and blood volume of the respiratory muscle and exercising leg muscle were assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). To evaluate the influence of the leg exercise on the blood volume of the respiratory muscle, 10 normal subjects also underwent a hyperventilation test with NIRS. The respiratory muscle deoxygenation point (RDP), at which oxygenated hemoglobin starts to decrease, was observed in both groups during exercise. The oxygen consumption (VO2) and the minute ventilation at the RDP in the patients was lower (p<0.01). At the same VO2, the respiratory rate was higher in patients (p<0.01). During exercise, the blood volume of the leg muscle increased, while that of the respiratory muscle decreased. During a hyperventilation test, the minute ventilation was higher than that of the RDP during exercise, the blood volume of the respiratory muscle did not decrease, and the RDP was not detectable. In conclusion, a limited ability to increase perfusion of respiratory muscles during exercise combined with the greater work of breathing results in early respiratory muscle deoxygenation in patients with chronic heart failure.  (+info)

A case of eosinophilic myocarditis complicated by Kimura's disease (eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma) and erythroderma. (4/1741)

This report describes a patient with eosinophilic myocarditis complicated by Kimura's disease (eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma) and erythroderma. A 50-year-old man presented with a complaint of precordial pain. However, the only abnormal finding on examinatioin was eosinophilia (1617 eosinophils/microl). Three years later, the patient developed chronic eczema, and was diagnosed with erythroderma posteczematosa. One year later, a tumor was detected in the right auricule, and a diagnosis of Kimura's disease was made, based on the biopsy findings. The patient developed progressive dyspnea 6 months later and was found to have cardiomegaly and a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (17%). A diagnosis of eosinophilic myocarditis was made based on the results of a right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. The eosinophilic myocarditis and erythrodrema were treated with steroids with improvement of both the eosinophilia and left ventricular function.  (+info)

Mechanisms of death in the CABG Patch trial: a randomized trial of implantable cardiac defibrillator prophylaxis in patients at high risk of death after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. (5/1741)

BACKGROUND: The CABG Patch trial compared prophylactic implantable cardiac-defibrillator (ICD) implantation with no antiarrhythmic therapy in coronary bypass surgery patients who had a left ventricular ejection fraction <0.36 and an abnormal signal-averaged ECG. There were 102 deaths among the 446 ICD group patients and 96 deaths among the 454 control group patients, a hazard ratio of 1.07 (P=0.63). The mechanisms of death were classified, and hypotheses were tested about the effects of ICD therapy on arrhythmic and nonarrhythmic cardiac deaths in the CABG Patch Trial and the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT). METHODS AND RESULTS: The 198 deaths in the trial were reviewed by an independent Events Committee and classified by the method of Hinkle and Thaler. Only 54 deaths (27%) occurred out of hospital; 145 deaths (73%) were witnessed. Seventy-nine (82%) of the 96 deaths in the control group and 76 (75%) of the 102 deaths in the ICD group were due to cardiac causes. Cumulative arrhythmic mortality at 42 months was 6.9% in the control group and 4.0% in the ICD group (P=0. 057). Cumulative nonarrhythmic cardiac mortality at 42 months was 12. 4% in the control group and 13.0% in the ICD group (P=0.275). Death due to pump failure was significantly associated with death >1 hour from the onset of symptoms, dyspnea within 7 days of death, and overt heart failure within 7 days of death. CONCLUSIONS: In the CABG Patch Trial, ICD therapy reduced arrhythmic death 45% without significant effect on nonarrhythmic deaths. Because 71% of the deaths were nonarrhythmic, total mortality was not significantly reduced.  (+info)

Quality of life four years after acute myocardial infarction: short form 36 scores compared with a normal population. (6/1741)

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of myocardial infarction on quality of life in four year survivors compared to data from "community norms", and to determine factors associated with a poor quality of life. DESIGN: Cohort study based on the Nottingham heart attack register. SETTING: Two district general hospitals serving a defined urban/rural population. SUBJECTS: All patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction during 1992 and alive at a median of four years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Short form 36 (SF 36) domain and overall scores. RESULTS: Of 900 patients with an acute myocardial infarction in 1992, there were 476 patients alive and capable of responding to a questionnaire in 1997. The response rate was 424 (89. 1%). Compared to age and sex adjusted normative data, patients aged under 65 years exhibited impairment in all eight domains, the largest differences being in physical functioning (mean difference 20 points), role physical (mean difference 23 points), and general health (mean difference 19 points). In patients over 65 years mean domain scores were similar to community norms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that impaired quality of life was closely associated with inability to return to work through ill health, a need for coronary revascularisation, the use of anxiolytics, hypnotics or inhalers, the need for two or more angina drugs, a frequency of chest pain one or more times per week, and a Rose dyspnoea score of >/= 2. CONCLUSIONS: The SF 36 provides valuable additional information for the practising clinician. Compared to community norms the greatest impact on quality of life is seen in patients of working age. Impaired quality of life was reported by patients unfit for work, those with angina and dyspnoea, patients with coexistent lung disease, and those with anxiety and sleep disturbances. Improving quality of life after myocardial infarction remains a challenge for physicians.  (+info)

Syphilitic aortic regurgitation. An appraisal of surgical treatment. (7/1741)

During the 10 years from 1964 to 1973, fifteen patients with severe syphilitic aortic regurgitation were treated surgically at the National Heart Hospital. In thirteen the valve was replaced and in two it was repaired. In addition four had replacement of an aneurysmal ascending aorta with a Dacron graft and seven some form of plastic repair to the coronary ostia. Three patients died within 1 month of surgery and a further six during the follow-up period which varied from 1 to 55 months (mean 25-5). The six survivors have been followed-up for an average of 33 months. Factors contributing to this high mortality were analysed and it was found that the mean duration of effort dyspnoea was 22 months in the survivors compared with 48 months in those who had died. Similarly the average duration of nocturnal dyspnoea was 4 months in the survivors compared with a mean of 8 months in those who had died. Only six out of the fifteen patients had angina; this was present in two of the survivors and in four of the fatalities. The pulse pressure, heart size, and haemodynamic findings were similar in the two groups. The prognostic value of an elevated erythocyte sedimentation rate was also examined. It was concluded that preoperative investigations should include aortography, coronary arteriography, an assessment of left ventricular function, and whenever possible myocardial biopsy. These data were interpreted as suggesting that patients should be referred for surgery at an earlier stage in the disease--certainly before the onset of cardiac failure and--and that if this more aggresive attitude was adopted, as it has been in non-syphilitic cases of aortic valve disease, the present high mortality in this group would be reduced.  (+info)

Multicentre randomised controlled trial of nursing intervention for breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. (8/1741)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of nursing intervention for breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. DESIGN: Patients diagnosed with lung cancer participated in a multicentre randomised controlled trial where they either attended a nursing clinic offering intervention for their breathlessness or received best supportive care. The intervention consisted of a range of strategies combining breathing control, activity pacing, relaxation techniques, and psychosocial support. Best supportive care involved receiving standard management and treatment available for breathlessness, and breathing assessments. Participants completed a range of self assessment questionnaires at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. SETTING: Nursing clinics within 6 hospital settings in the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: 119 patients diagnosed with small cell or non-small cell lung cancer or with mesothelioma who had completed first line treatment for their disease and reported breathlessness. OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual analogue scales measuring distress due to breathlessness, breathlessness at best and worst, WHO performance status scale, hospital anxiety and depression scale, and Rotterdam symptom checklist. RESULTS: The intervention group improved significantly at 8 weeks in 5 of the 11 items assessed: breathlessness at best, WHO performance status, levels of depression, and two Rotterdam symptom checklist measures (physical symptom distress and breathlessness) and showed slight improvement in 3 of the remaining 6 items. CONCLUSION: Most patients who completed the study had a poor prognosis, and breathlessness was typically a symptom of their deteriorating condition. Patients who attended nursing clinics and received the breathlessness intervention experienced improvements in breathlessness, performance status, and physical and emotional states relative to control patients.  (+info)

Dyspnea is defined as difficulty or discomfort in breathing, often described as shortness of breath. It can range from mild to severe, and may occur during rest, exercise, or at any time. Dyspnea can be caused by various medical conditions, including heart and lung diseases, anemia, and neuromuscular disorders. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing dyspnea, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by the persistent obstruction of airflow in and out of the lungs. This obstruction is usually caused by two primary conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to excessive mucus production and coughing. Emphysema is a condition where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are damaged, resulting in decreased gas exchange and shortness of breath.

The main symptoms of COPD include progressive shortness of breath, chronic cough, chest tightness, wheezing, and excessive mucus production. The disease is often associated with exposure to harmful particles or gases, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dusts and chemicals. While there is no cure for COPD, treatments can help alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments may include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, combination inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation, and, in severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.

Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.

RFTs include several types of tests, such as:

1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.

Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.

Exercise tolerance is a term used to describe the ability of an individual to perform physical activity or exercise without experiencing symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or undue fatigue. It is often used as a measure of cardiovascular fitness and can be assessed through various tests, such as a stress test or a six-minute walk test. Exercise intolerance may indicate the presence of underlying medical conditions, such as heart disease, lung disease, or deconditioning.

Paroxysmal dyspnea is a medical term used to describe sudden and recurring episodes of difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. It can occur in people with various underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, lung disease, or neuromuscular disorders. The severity and duration of the symptoms may vary from person to person, but they usually last for a few minutes to a few hours.

Paroxysmal dyspnea is different from chronic dyspnea, which is persistent and continuous shortness of breath that may worsen over time. Paroxysmal dyspnea can be a medical emergency, especially if it is accompanied by chest pain, palpitations, or other symptoms. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention if you experience sudden and severe shortness of breath.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.

There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.

Spirometry is a common type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that measures how well your lungs work. This is done by measuring how much air you can exhale from your lungs after taking a deep breath, and how quickly you can exhale it. The results are compared to normal values for your age, height, sex, and ethnicity.

Spirometry is used to diagnose and monitor certain lung conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory diseases that cause narrowing of the airways. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions. The test is non-invasive, safe, and easy to perform.

Vital capacity (VC) is a term used in pulmonary function tests to describe the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath. It is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. In other words, it's the total amount of air you can forcibly exhale after inhaling as deeply as possible. Vital capacity is an important measurement in assessing lung function and can be reduced in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory disorders.

Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory diseases characterized by airflow limitation that causes difficulty in completely emptying the alveoli (tiny air sacs) of the lungs during exhaling. This results in the trapping of stale air and prevents fresh air from entering the alveoli, leading to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and decreased exercise tolerance.

The most common obstructive lung diseases include:

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, often caused by smoking or exposure to harmful pollutants.
2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and an underlying inflammation. Symptoms can be triggered by various factors such as allergens, irritants, or physical activity.
3. Bronchiectasis: A condition in which the airways become abnormally widened, scarred, and thickened due to chronic inflammation or infection, leading to mucus buildup and impaired clearance.
4. Cystic Fibrosis: An inherited genetic disorder that affects the exocrine glands, resulting in thick and sticky mucus production in various organs, including the lungs. This can lead to chronic lung infections, inflammation, and airway obstruction.
5. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: A genetic condition characterized by low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein, which leads to uncontrolled protease enzyme activity that damages the lung tissue, causing emphysema-like symptoms.

Treatment for obstructive lung diseases typically involves bronchodilators (to relax and widen the airways), corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation), and lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or even lung transplantation may be considered.

An exercise test, also known as a stress test or an exercise stress test, is a medical procedure used to evaluate the heart's function and response to physical exertion. It typically involves walking on a treadmill or pedaling a stationary bike while being monitored for changes in heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and sometimes other variables such as oxygen consumption or gas exchange.

During the test, the patient's symptoms, such as chest pain or shortness of breath, are also closely monitored. The exercise test can help diagnose coronary artery disease, assess the severity of heart-related symptoms, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for heart conditions. It may also be used to determine a person's safe level of physical activity and fitness.

There are different types of exercise tests, including treadmill stress testing, stationary bike stress testing, nuclear stress testing, and stress echocardiography. The specific type of test used depends on the patient's medical history, symptoms, and overall health status.

Respiratory muscles are a group of muscles involved in the process of breathing. They include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles (located between the ribs), scalene muscles (located in the neck), and abdominal muscles. These muscles work together to allow the chest cavity to expand or contract, which draws air into or pushes it out of the lungs. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for breathing, contracting to increase the volume of the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs during inhalation. The intercostal muscles help to further expand the ribcage, while the abdominal muscles assist in exhaling by compressing the abdomen and pushing up on the diaphragm.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

A cough is a reflex action that helps to clear the airways of irritants, foreign particles, or excess mucus or phlegm. It is characterized by a sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the mouth and nose. A cough can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term), and it can be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fever. Coughing can be caused by various factors, including respiratory infections, allergies, asthma, environmental pollutants, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis. In some cases, a cough may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as heart failure or lung cancer.

Airway obstruction is a medical condition that occurs when the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a variety of factors, including swelling of the tissues in the airway, the presence of foreign objects or substances, or abnormal growths such as tumors.

When the airway becomes obstructed, it can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally. They may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. In severe cases, airway obstruction can lead to respiratory failure and other life-threatening complications.

There are several types of airway obstruction, including:

1. Upper airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the upper part of the airway, such as the nose, throat, or voice box.
2. Lower airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the lower part of the airway, such as the trachea or bronchi.
3. Partial airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is partially blocked, allowing some air to flow in and out of the lungs.
4. Complete airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is completely blocked, preventing any air from flowing into or out of the lungs.

Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, removing the obstruction may be as simple as clearing the airway of foreign objects or mucus. In other cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery may be necessary.

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the maximum volume of air that can be breathed in after a normal expiration. It is the sum of the tidal volume (the amount of air displaced between normal inspiration and expiration during quiet breathing) and the inspiratory reserve volume (the additional amount of air that can be inspired over and above the tidal volume). IC is an important parameter used in pulmonary function testing to assess lung volumes and capacities in patients with respiratory disorders.

Thoracic radiography is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves using X-rays to produce images of the chest, including the lungs, heart, bronchi, great vessels, and the bones of the spine and chest wall. It is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis and management of various respiratory, cardiovascular, and thoracic disorders such as pneumonia, lung cancer, heart failure, and rib fractures.

During the procedure, the patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a cassette containing a film or digital detector. The X-ray beam is directed at the chest, and the resulting image is captured on the film or detector. The images produced can help identify any abnormalities in the structure or function of the organs within the chest.

Thoracic radiography may be performed as a routine screening test for certain conditions, such as lung cancer, or it may be ordered when a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information to help guide clinical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

Breathing exercises are a series of deliberate breathing techniques that aim to improve respiratory function, reduce stress and anxiety, and promote relaxation. These exercises can involve various methods such as deep, slow, or rhythmic breathing, often combined with other practices like pursed-lips breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, or alternate nostril breathing. By focusing on the breath and controlling its pace and depth, individuals can experience numerous health benefits, including improved lung capacity, reduced heart rate, increased oxygenation of the blood, and a greater sense of calm and well-being. Breathing exercises are often used as a complementary therapy in various medical and holistic practices, such as yoga, meditation, and stress management programs.

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Bronchodilators are medications that relax and widen the airways (bronchioles) in the lungs, making it easier to breathe. They work by relaxing the smooth muscle around the airways, which allows them to dilate or open up. This results in improved airflow and reduced symptoms of bronchoconstriction, such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

Bronchodilators can be classified into two main types: short-acting and long-acting. Short-acting bronchodilators are used for quick relief of symptoms and last for 4 to 6 hours, while long-acting bronchodilators are used for maintenance therapy and provide symptom relief for 12 hours or more.

Examples of bronchodilator agents include:

* Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) such as albuterol, levalbuterol, and pirbuterol
* Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) such as salmeterol, formoterol, and indacaterol
* Anticholinergics such as ipratropium, tiotropium, and aclidinium
* Combination bronchodilators that contain both a LABA and an anticholinergic, such as umeclidinium/vilanterol and glycopyrrolate/formoterol.

Scopolamine derivatives are a class of compounds that are chemically related to scopolamine, a natural alkaloid found in certain plants such as nightshade. These derivatives share similar structural and pharmacological properties with scopolamine, which is a muscarinic antagonist. They block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, at muscarinic receptors in the nervous system.

Scopolamine derivatives are commonly used in medical settings as anticholinergics, which have various therapeutic applications. They can be used to treat conditions such as motion sickness, nausea and vomiting, Parkinson's disease, and certain types of nerve agent poisoning. Some examples of scopolamine derivatives include hyoscine, pirenzepine, and telenzepine.

It is important to note that scopolamine derivatives can have significant side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, and cognitive impairment. Therefore, they should be used with caution and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Oxygen inhalation therapy is a medical treatment that involves the administration of oxygen to a patient through a nasal tube or mask, with the purpose of increasing oxygen concentration in the body. This therapy is used to treat various medical conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, and other conditions that cause low levels of oxygen in the blood. The additional oxygen helps to improve tissue oxygenation, reduce work of breathing, and promote overall patient comfort and well-being. Oxygen therapy may be delivered continuously or intermittently, depending on the patient's needs and medical condition.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) in the interstitium, the tissue and space around the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. The interstitium is where the blood vessels that deliver oxygen to the lungs are located. ILDs can be caused by a variety of factors, including environmental exposures, medications, connective tissue diseases, and autoimmune disorders.

The scarring and inflammation in ILDs can make it difficult for the lungs to expand and contract normally, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue. The scarring can also make it harder for oxygen to move from the air sacs into the bloodstream.

There are many different types of ILDs, including:

* Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): a type of ILD that is caused by unknown factors and tends to progress rapidly
* Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: an ILD that is caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled substances, such as mold or bird droppings
* Connective tissue diseases: ILDs can be a complication of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma
* Sarcoidosis: an inflammatory disorder that can affect multiple organs, including the lungs
* Asbestosis: an ILD caused by exposure to asbestos fibers

Treatment for ILDs depends on the specific type of disease and its underlying cause. Some treatments may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and oxygen therapy. In some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.

Heart failure is a pathophysiological state in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body or do so only at the expense of elevated filling pressures. It can be caused by various cardiac disorders, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Heart failure is often classified based on the ejection fraction (EF), which is the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during each contraction. A reduced EF (less than 40%) is indicative of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), while a preserved EF (greater than or equal to 50%) is indicative of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). There is also a category of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) for those with an EF between 40-49%.

Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:

1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.

Lung volume measurements are clinical tests that determine the amount of air inhaled, exhaled, and present in the lungs at different times during the breathing cycle. These measurements include:

1. Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, usually around 500 mL in resting adults.
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration, approximately 3,000 mL in adults.
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The extra air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration, about 1,000-1,200 mL in adults.
4. Residual Volume (RV): The air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation, approximately 1,100-1,500 mL in adults.
5. Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total amount of air the lungs can hold at full inflation, calculated as TV + IRV + ERV + RV, around 6,000 mL in adults.
6. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration, equal to ERV + RV, about 2,100-2,700 mL in adults.
7. Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration, equal to TV + IRV, around 3,500 mL in adults.
8. Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration, calculated as IC + ERV, approximately 4,200-5,600 mL in adults.

These measurements help assess lung function and identify various respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Bronchial diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the bronchi, which are the large airways that lead into the lungs. These diseases can cause inflammation, narrowing, or obstruction of the bronchi, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing.

Some common bronchial diseases include:

1. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing.
2. Chronic Bronchitis: A long-term inflammation of the bronchi that leads to a persistent cough and excessive mucus production.
3. Bronchiectasis: A condition in which the bronchi become damaged and widened, leading to chronic infection and inflammation.
4. Bronchitis: An inflammation of the bronchi that can cause coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness.
5. Emphysema: A lung condition that causes shortness of breath due to damage to the air sacs in the lungs. While not strictly a bronchial disease, it is often associated with chronic bronchitis and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).

Treatment for bronchial diseases may include medications such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, or antibiotics, as well as lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and avoiding irritants. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or surgery may be necessary.

Hemoptysis is the medical term for coughing up blood that originates from the lungs or lower respiratory tract. It can range in severity from streaks of blood mixed with mucus to large amounts of pure blood. Hemoptysis may be a sign of various underlying conditions, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cancer, or blood disorders. Immediate medical attention is required when hemoptysis occurs, especially if it's in significant quantities, to determine the cause and provide appropriate treatment.

Respiratory mechanics refers to the biomechanical properties and processes that involve the movement of air through the respiratory system during breathing. It encompasses the mechanical behavior of the lungs, chest wall, and the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Respiratory mechanics includes several key components:

1. **Compliance**: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and recoil during breathing. High compliance means that the structures can easily expand and recoil, while low compliance indicates greater resistance to expansion and recoil.
2. **Resistance**: The opposition to airflow within the respiratory system, primarily due to the friction between the air and the airway walls. Airway resistance is influenced by factors such as airway diameter, length, and the viscosity of the air.
3. **Lung volumes and capacities**: These are the amounts of air present in the lungs during different phases of the breathing cycle. They include tidal volume (the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume), expiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume), and residual volume (the air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum exhalation).
4. **Work of breathing**: The energy required to overcome the resistance and elastic forces during breathing. This work is primarily performed by the respiratory muscles, which contract to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and expand the chest wall, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
5. **Pressure-volume relationships**: These describe how changes in lung volume are associated with changes in pressure within the respiratory system. Important pressure components include alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the alveoli), pleural pressure (the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall), and transpulmonary pressure (the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures).

Understanding respiratory mechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing various respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Heart neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the heart tissue. They can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors, such as myxomas and rhabdomyomas, are typically slower growing and less likely to spread, but they can still cause serious complications if they obstruct blood flow or damage heart valves. Malignant tumors, such as angiosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas, are fast-growing and have a higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. Symptoms of heart neoplasms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Tracheal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the trachea, which is the windpipe that carries air from the nose and throat to the lungs. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tracheal neoplasms are relatively rare and can be primary (originating in the trachea) or secondary (spreading from another part of the body, such as lung cancer). Primary tracheal cancers can be squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, or sarcomas. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, wheezing, or chest pain. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm and can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.

The underlying cause of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that result in hypersensitivity of the airways to certain triggers, such as allergens, irritants, viruses, exercise, and emotional stress. When these triggers are encountered, the airways constrict due to smooth muscle spasm, swell due to inflammation, and produce excess mucus, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma.

Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications that include bronchodilators to relax the airway muscles, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and leukotriene modifiers or mast cell stabilizers to prevent allergic reactions. Avoiding triggers and monitoring symptoms are also important components of asthma management.

There are several types of asthma, including allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and nocturnal asthma, each with its own set of triggers and treatment approaches. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma can help prevent exacerbations, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Tracheal diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the trachea, also known as the windpipe. The trachea is a tube-like structure made up of rings of cartilage and smooth muscle, which extends from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (airways leading to the lungs). Its primary function is to allow the passage of air to and from the lungs.

Tracheal diseases can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea, often caused by viral or bacterial infections.
2. Tracheal stenosis: Narrowing of the trachea due to scarring, inflammation, or compression from nearby structures such as tumors or goiters.
3. Tracheomalacia: Weakening and collapse of the tracheal walls, often seen in newborns and young children but can also occur in adults due to factors like chronic cough, aging, or connective tissue disorders.
4. Tracheoesophageal fistula: An abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus, which can lead to respiratory complications and difficulty swallowing.
5. Tracheal tumors: Benign or malignant growths that develop within the trachea, obstructing airflow and potentially leading to more severe respiratory issues.
6. Tracheobronchial injury: Damage to the trachea and bronchi, often caused by trauma such as blunt force or penetrating injuries.
7. Congenital tracheal abnormalities: Structural defects present at birth, including complete tracheal rings, which can cause narrowing or collapse of the airway.

Symptoms of tracheal diseases may include cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition and its severity but may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to alleviate symptoms and improve respiratory function.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Inhalation is the act or process of breathing in where air or other gases are drawn into the lungs. It's also known as inspiration. This process involves several muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles between the ribs, working together to expand the chest cavity and decrease the pressure within the thorax, which then causes air to flow into the lungs.

In a medical context, inhalation can also refer to the administration of medications or therapeutic gases through the respiratory tract, typically using an inhaler or nebulizer. This route of administration allows for direct delivery of the medication to the lungs, where it can be quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and exert its effects.

Work of breathing (WOB) is a term used in respiratory physiology to describe the amount of energy expended by the respiratory muscles to overcome the elastic and resistive forces in the lungs and chest wall during breathing. It is usually measured in joules per liter (J/L) or in breaths per minute (BPM).

WOB can be increased in various lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and interstitial lung disease, due to increased airway resistance or decreased lung compliance. Increased WOB can lead to respiratory muscle fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, and reduced quality of life.

WOB can be measured noninvasively using techniques such as esophageal pressure monitoring or transdiaphragmatic pressure measurement, or invasively through the use of indwelling catheters in the pleural space or within the airways. These measurements are often used in research settings to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments for respiratory disorders.

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the inside of the airways and lungs with a flexible or rigid tube called a bronchoscope. This procedure allows healthcare professionals to directly visualize the airways, take tissue samples for biopsy, and remove foreign objects or secretions. Bronchoscopy can be used to diagnose and manage various respiratory conditions such as lung infections, inflammation, cancer, and bleeding. It is usually performed under local or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and risks associated with the procedure.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a type of natriuretic peptide that is primarily produced in the heart, particularly in the ventricles. Although it was initially identified in the brain, hence its name, it is now known that the cardiac ventricles are the main source of BNP in the body.

BNP is released into the bloodstream in response to increased stretching or distension of the heart muscle cells due to conditions such as heart failure, hypertension, and myocardial infarction (heart attack). Once released, BNP binds to specific receptors in the kidneys, causing an increase in urine production and excretion of sodium, which helps reduce fluid volume and decrease the workload on the heart.

BNP also acts as a hormone that regulates various physiological functions, including blood pressure, cardiac remodeling, and inflammation. Measuring BNP levels in the blood is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring heart failure, as higher levels of BNP are associated with more severe heart dysfunction.

Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) is a measure of the maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily breathed in and out of the lungs in one minute. It is often used as a clinical assessment to evaluate respiratory function and lung capacity. The test involves breathing as deeply and quickly as possible for a period of time, usually 12-15 breaths, and the total volume of air exhaled during that time is measured. This value is then extrapolated to one minute to determine the MVV. It is typically expressed in liters per minute (L/min).

MVV provides information about a person's overall respiratory muscle strength and endurance, as well as their ability to ventilate their lungs effectively. Reduced MVV values may indicate restrictive or obstructive lung diseases, such as COPD or pulmonary fibrosis, or neuromuscular disorders that affect the respiratory muscles. However, MVV should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical data and tests to make a definitive diagnosis.

Pulmonary diffusing capacity, also known as pulmonary diffusion capacity, is a measure of the ability of the lungs to transfer gas from the alveoli to the bloodstream. It is often used to assess the severity of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary fibrosis.

The most common measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity is the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), which reflects the transfer of carbon monoxide from the alveoli to the red blood cells in the capillaries. The DLCO is measured during a spirometry test, which involves breathing in a small amount of carbon monoxide and then measuring how much of it is exhaled.

A reduced DLCO may indicate a problem with the lung's ability to transfer oxygen to the blood, which can be caused by a variety of factors including damage to the alveoli or capillaries, thickening of the alveolar membrane, or a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange.

It is important to note that other factors such as hemoglobin concentration, carboxyhemoglobin level, and lung volume can also affect the DLCO value, so these should be taken into account when interpreting the results of a diffusing capacity test.

Residual Volume (RV) is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a forced exhale, also known as the "expiratory reserve volume." It is the lowest lung volume that can be reached during a forced exhalation and cannot be completely emptied due to the presence of alveoli that are too small or too far from the airways. This volume is important for maintaining the structural integrity of the lungs and preventing their collapse. Any additional air that enters the lungs after this point will increase the total lung capacity. The normal residual volume for an average adult human is typically around 1 to 1.5 liters.

Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. This results in loss of elastic recoil, which leads to trappling of air within the lungs and difficulty exhaling. It is often caused by cigarette smoking or long-term exposure to harmful pollutants. The disease is part of a group of conditions known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which also includes chronic bronchitis.

Palliative care is a type of medical care that focuses on relieving the pain, symptoms, and stress of serious illnesses. The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient and their family. It is provided by a team of doctors, nurses, and other specialists who work together to address the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of the patient. Palliative care can be provided at any stage of an illness, alongside curative treatments, and is not dependent on prognosis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines palliative care as: "an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychological and spiritual."

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Albuterol is a medication that is used to treat bronchospasm, or narrowing of the airways in the lungs, in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a short-acting beta-2 agonist, which means it works by relaxing the muscles around the airways, making it easier to breathe. Albuterol is available in several forms, including an inhaler, nebulizer solution, and syrup, and it is typically used as needed to relieve symptoms of bronchospasm. It may also be used before exercise to prevent bronchospasm caused by physical activity.

The medical definition of Albuterol is: "A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist used to treat bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways, making it easier to breathe."

Pericardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, which is the potential space between the two layers of the pericardium - the fibrous and serous layers. The pericardium is a sac that surrounds the heart to provide protection and lubrication for the heart's movement during each heartbeat. Normally, there is only a small amount of fluid (5-15 mL) in this space to ensure smooth motion of the heart. However, when an excessive amount of fluid accumulates, it can cause increased pressure on the heart, leading to various complications such as decreased cardiac output and even cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Pericardial effusion may result from several causes, including infections (viral, bacterial, or fungal), inflammatory conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or cancer), trauma, heart surgery, kidney failure, or iatrogenic causes. The symptoms of pericardial effusion can vary depending on the rate and amount of fluid accumulation. Slowly developing effusions may not cause any symptoms, while rapid accumulations can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, palpitations, or even hypotension (low blood pressure). Diagnosis is usually confirmed through imaging techniques such as echocardiography, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the effusion, ranging from close monitoring to drainage procedures or medications to address the root cause.

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot, often formed in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis), breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking one or more pulmonary arteries. This blockage can lead to various symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate, and coughing up blood. In severe cases, it can cause life-threatening complications like low oxygen levels, hypotension, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated with anticoagulant medications or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve the clot.

Medical Definition of Respiration:

Respiration, in physiology, is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. It's also known as breathing. This process is essential for most forms of life because it provides the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration, where the cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and releases waste products, primarily carbon dioxide.

In humans and other mammals, respiration is a two-stage process:

1. Breathing (or external respiration): This involves the exchange of gases with the environment. Air enters the lungs through the mouth or nose, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, finally reaching the alveoli where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

2. Cellular respiration (or internal respiration): This is the process by which cells convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced during this process then diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream to be exhaled during breathing.

In summary, respiration is a vital physiological function that enables organisms to obtain the necessary oxygen for cellular metabolism while eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Medical science often defines and describes "walking" as a form of locomotion or mobility where an individual repeatedly lifts and sets down each foot to move forward, usually bearing weight on both legs. It is a complex motor activity that requires the integration and coordination of various systems in the human body, including the musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems.

Walking involves several components such as balance, coordination, strength, and endurance. The ability to walk independently is often used as a measure of functional mobility and overall health status. However, it's important to note that the specific definition of walking may vary depending on the context and the medical or scientific field in question.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the maximum volume of air that can be contained within the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It includes all of the following lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. TLC can be measured directly using gas dilution techniques or indirectly by adding residual volume to vital capacity. Factors that affect TLC include age, sex, height, and lung health status.

Bronchial provocation tests are a group of medical tests used to assess the airway responsiveness of the lungs by challenging them with increasing doses of a specific stimulus, such as methacholine or histamine, which can cause bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways) in susceptible individuals. These tests are often performed to diagnose and monitor asthma and other respiratory conditions that may be associated with heightened airway responsiveness.

The most common type of bronchial provocation test is the methacholine challenge test, which involves inhaling increasing concentrations of methacholine aerosol via a nebulizer. The dose response is measured by monitoring lung function (usually through spirometry) before and after each exposure. A positive test is indicated when there is a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or other measures of airflow, which suggests bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

Other types of bronchial provocation tests include histamine challenges, exercise challenges, and mannitol challenges. These tests have specific indications, contraindications, and protocols that should be followed to ensure accurate results and patient safety. Bronchial provocation tests are typically conducted in a controlled clinical setting under the supervision of trained healthcare professionals.

Natriuretic agents are substances that increase the secretion of sodium in the urine (natriuresis), which subsequently leads to a decrease in extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. These agents can be endogenous, such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which are produced by the heart in response to increased stretching of cardiac muscle cells due to volume or pressure overload. Excessive production of these endogenous natriuretic peptides can contribute to the pathophysiology of heart failure.

Exogenous natriuretic agents, such as loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide), thiazide diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics, are used in clinical practice to treat conditions associated with fluid overload, like heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney diseases. These medications act on different parts of the nephron to inhibit sodium reabsorption, thereby promoting natriuresis and diuresis.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a normal tidal exhalation. It is the difference between the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the residual volume (RV). In other words, ERV is the extra volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a normal breath out, when one tries to empty the lungs as much as possible. This volume is an important parameter in pulmonary function tests and helps assess lung health and disease. A decreased ERV may indicate restrictive lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis or neuromuscular disorders affecting respiratory muscles.

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is a type of lung disorder that is characterized by the presence of inflammation and scarring in the lungs. The term "cryptogenic" means that the cause of the condition is unknown or unclear.

Organizing pneumonia is a specific pattern of injury to the lungs that can be caused by various factors, including infections, medications, and autoimmune disorders. However, in cases of COP, there is no clear underlying cause that can be identified.

The main symptoms of COP include cough, shortness of breath, fever, and fatigue. The condition can also cause crackles or wheezing sounds when listening to the lungs with a stethoscope. Diagnosis of COP typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as chest X-rays or CT scans, and lung biopsy.

Treatment for COP usually involves the use of corticosteroids, which can help to reduce inflammation and improve symptoms. In some cases, other medications may also be used to manage the condition. The prognosis for people with COP is generally good, with most individuals responding well to treatment and experiencing improvement in their symptoms over time. However, recurrence of the condition is possible, and long-term monitoring may be necessary.

Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal narrowing of the trachea (windpipe), which can lead to difficulty breathing. This narrowing can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, scarring, or the growth of abnormal tissue in the airway. Symptoms may include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort, particularly during physical activity. Treatment options for tracheal stenosis depend on the severity and underlying cause of the condition and may include medications, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, or surgical interventions such as laser surgery, stent placement, or tracheal reconstruction.

Chest pain is a discomfort or pain that you feel in the chest area. The pain can be sharp, dull, burning, crushing, heaviness, or tightness. It may be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, dizziness, or pain that radiates to the arm, neck, jaw, or back.

Chest pain can have many possible causes, including heart-related conditions such as angina or a heart attack, lung conditions such as pneumonia or pleurisy, gastrointestinal problems such as acid reflux or gastritis, musculoskeletal issues such as costochondritis or muscle strain, and anxiety or panic attacks.

It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you experience chest pain that is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms, as it may be a sign of a serious medical condition. A healthcare professional can evaluate your symptoms, perform tests, and provide appropriate treatment.

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing ... Once dyspnea is properly identified, it is important to differentiate between acute and chronic dyspnea, typically through a ... Mukerji, bVaskar (1990). "Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea". In Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst ... Of these people seeing a PCP, 1-4% see their provider for dyspnea specifically. After identifying the cause of dyspnea, most ...
Shiber JR, Santana J (May 2006). "Dyspnea". The Medical Clinics of North America. 90 (3): 453-79. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2005.11. ...
Shiber JR, Santana J (May 2006). "Dyspnea". Med. Clin. North Am. 90 (3): 453-79. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2005.11.006. PMID 16473100 ... Many different conditions can lead to the feeling of dyspnea (shortness of breath). DiagnosisPro, an online medical expert ... "Differential Diagnosis For Dyspnea: Poisoning (Specific Agent)". Archived from the original on 2010-11-16. Retrieved 2012-08-23 ...
... dyspnea; cough; sputum; shortness of breath; headaches; malaise; and generalised aches. Cyanosis Mild fever retrosternal chest ...
... dyspnea) •Fast heart rate (tachycardia) •Poor feeding Preexisting diabetes mellitus of a pregnant mother is a risk factor that ...
Respiration: Depression, dyspnea, asthma. Dermatological: Itching, burning, urticaria. Obstetric: Pseudo-sinusoidal fetal heart ...
Symptoms are often unreliable, but include severe tearing chest pain; cough; dyspnea (shortness of breath); dysphagia ( ...
... dyspnoea; chest pain; palpitations and mild pyrexia. Rare: Uterine rupture, severe hypotension, coronary spasms with subsequent ...
... dyspnoea; skin reactions and other hypersensitivity reactions. Cautions should be taken for those with untreated glaucoma, ...
See pronunciation information at dyspnea. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea Orthopnea Trepopnea Bendopnea Dorland's Illustrated ... Platypnea or platypnoea is shortness of breath (dyspnea) that is relieved when lying down, and worsens when sitting or standing ...
The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma by Plum and Posner, ISBN 0-19-513898-8 Davis, Mellar (June 30, 2018). "Opioids, Dyspnea and ...
Mukerji, bVaskar (1990). "Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea". In Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst ... See pronunciation information at dyspnea. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea Platypnea Trepopnea Bendopnea Shortness of breath " ... Orthopnea or orthopnoea is shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep ... This is different from the dyspnea experienced by someone with lung parenchymal pathology (both restrictive and obstructive) ...
List of terms of lung size and activity Control of respiration Tachypnea Hyperventilation Dyspnea Whited L, Graham DD (2020). ...
See pronunciation information at dyspnea. List of terms of lung size and activity Respiratory rate Dyspnea Tachypnea Bradypnea ...
See pronunciation information at dyspnea. Medicine portal List of terms of lung size and activity Bradypnea Morgenthaler, TI; ...
Ashton R, Raman D. "Dyspnea". www.clevelandclinicmeded.com. Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. ...
See pronunciation information at dyspnea. Control of respiration Hypoventilation List of terms of lung size and activity ...
See pronunciation information at dyspnea. Medicine portal Apnea of prematurity Apnea-hypopnea index Expiratory apnea Freediving ... invoke a strong dyspnea and eventually involuntary breathing. Some have incorrectly attributed the effect of hyperventilation ...
Symptoms include wheezing, dyspnea, and cough. The use of anti-immunoglobulin E antibodies is reserved for severe cases of ...
It involves coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea. Dr Brooks received the highest honor in occupational and environmental medicine, ...
"Exercise induced dyspnea in the young. Larynx as the bottleneck of the airways". Respiratory Medicine. 103 (12): 1911-1918. doi ...
Affected persons usually present with dyspnea. On radiological studies, thickening of the pleura can be visualized extending ... Affected persons are usually young adults that present with progressive dyspnea. On radiological studies, diffuse lesions are ...
Togawa, Kiyoshi; Konno, Akiyoshi; Miyazaki, Soichiro; Yamakawa, Koji; Okawa, Masako (1988). "Obstructive Sleep Dyspnea: ...
Dr A K Md Ahsan Ali (7 December 2015). "Dyspnoea or breathlessness". The Independent. (CS1 uses Bengali-language script (bn), ...
Emilia suffered from recurrent coughs and dyspnea; at 11 she began having hemorrhages from the upper gastrointestinal tract, ...
Gardner, SC; Majercik, SD; VanBoerum, D; Macfarlane, JR (2013). "Man, 57, with dyspnea after chiropractic manipulation". ...
This results in rhinorrhea, itchiness, dyspnea, and anaphylaxis. Depending on the individual, the allergen, and the mode of ...
This results in rhinorrhea, itchiness, dyspnea, and anaphylaxis. Depending on the individual, allergen, and mode of ...
A 60-Year-Old Woman with Increasing Dyspnea". The New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (23): 2269-79. doi:10.1056/ ...
Occasionally, seizure-like dyspnea may occur on exertion. For the most part, fever does not occur. Detection of nodules by ...
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing ... Once dyspnea is properly identified, it is important to differentiate between acute and chronic dyspnea, typically through a ... Mukerji, bVaskar (1990). "Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea". In Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst ... Of these people seeing a PCP, 1-4% see their provider for dyspnea specifically. After identifying the cause of dyspnea, most ...
Dyspnoea can be due to obstruction to the flow of air into and out of the lungs (as in bronchitis and asthma), various diseases ... Source for information on dyspnoea: A Dictionary of Nursing dictionary. ... dyspnoea (disp-nee-ă) n. laboured or difficult breathing. ... "dyspnoea ." A Dictionary of Nursing. . Encyclopedia.com. 17 Nov ... dyspnoea (disp-nee-ă) n. laboured or difficult breathing. Dyspnoea can be due to obstruction to the flow of air into and out of ...
A 75-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes and hypertension presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles ... Skill Checkup: A 75-Year-Old Woman With Type 2 Diabetes Has Worsening Dyspnea and Significant Edema in Both Ankles - Medscape ... A 75-year-old White woman in the United States presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles. Her ... Skill Checkup: A 75-Year-Old Woman With Type 2 Diabetes Has Worsening Dyspnea and Significant Edema in Both Ankles ...
Editors Note: This letter was sent to the authors of "Chronic Dyspnea: Diagnosis and Evaluation," who declined to reply. ... I read with special interest the article on chronic dyspnea by Drs. Budhwar and Syed. When I became ill with cough, fatigue, ...
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a sign of heart failure that makes people have trouble breathing while lying down. Learn about ... Causes of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and orthopnea have similar causes. One of the causes of ... Discussing Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea with your Doctor. Because episodes of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea strongly suggest ... How is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea treated? ". " A cardiac patient looks somewhat skeptically at his tray of low-sodium food, ...
Dyspnea (disp-NEE-uh) is difficult or labored breathing.. More to Know. Many things can trigger an episode of dyspnea, ... Dyspnea is a common condition and most episodes of breathing difficulty are brief. If breathing difficulty is severe, persists ...
Dyspnea. Management of dyspnea includes treatment of the physical and emotional needs of the patient. ... The NCCN guidelines for treatment of dyspnea in cancer patients are based on estimates of the patients life expectancy. [5] ... If the patient is opioid naïve, morphine; if dyspnea is not relieved by morphine and is associated with anxiety, add ... The only treatment for dyspnea recommended in the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) guidelines is parenteral or oral immediate- ...
We present the case of a child with asthma who continued to have marked exercise induced dyspnea despite appropriate treatment ... Use of post-exercise laryngoscopy to evaluate exercise induced dyspnea Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010 Oct;45(10):1037-9. doi: 10.1002/ ... We present the case of a child with asthma who continued to have marked exercise induced dyspnea despite appropriate treatment ... Exercise induced laryngomalacia (EIL) is a rare cause of exercise induced dyspnea which is diagnosed by post exercise flexible ...
Lung vascular disease contributes to dyspnea and the exercise limitation of patients with sickle cell disease. A sequential ... Factors associated with dyspnea in adult patients with sickle cell disease Chest. 2005 Nov;128(5):3336-44. doi: 10.1378/chest. ... Conclusion: Lung vascular disease contributes to dyspnea and the exercise limitation of patients with sickle cell disease. A ... Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to determine the cardiorespiratory factors associated with dyspnea in patients ...
dyspnoea : Deutsch - Englisch Übersetzungen und Synonyme (BEOLINGUS Online-Dictionary, TU Chemnitz) ... dyspnoea : German - English translations and synonyms (BEOLINGUS Online dictionary, TU Chemnitz) ... expiratory / inspiratory dyspnoea expiratorische / inspiratorische Dyspnoe haemodynamic dyspnoea; circulatory dyspnoea h ... laboured breathing; difficult respiration; shortness of breath; breathlessness; short-windedness; dyspnoea Kurzatmigkeit {f}; ...
"Case 1: A long history of cough and dyspnea" Paediatrics and Child Health Vol. 15 Iss. 1 (2010) Available at: http://works. ...
Learn more about dyspnea, an uncomfortable feeling when breathing that may be caused by many things including heart disease, ... Who treats dyspnea/shortness of breath?. Dyspnea patients benefit from the Dyspnea Centers clinical team and the wide range of ... What is dyspnea/shortness of breath? #iw_comp1495171520091{}. People who experience dyspnea feel short of breath. Dyspnea can ... Learn more about risks for dyspnea/shortness of breath.. What are the causes of dyspnea/shortness of breath?. Dyspnea can be ...
Critics of laboratory dyspnoea studies have stated that laboratory-induced dyspnoea is not the same as clinical dyspnoea. This ... Quantification of dyspnoea using descriptors: development and initial testing of the Dyspnoea-12. Thorax 2010; 65: 21-26. ... Is the experience of laboratory dyspnea different from wild-type dyspnea in COPD patients? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 ... Assessment of dyspnea in asthma: validation of The Dyspnea-12. J Asthma 2011; 48: 602-608. ...
Investigating the effective strategies for the management of dyspnoea in elderly patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart ... Quantitative and Qualitative Research on Management Strategies for Dyspnoea in Elderly Patients with Coronary Heart Disease ...
Start your 7 day free trial. Trusted and used in more than 2,300 hospitals, large clinics, and medical schools to improve clinical decision-making.. Start Trial Subscriber Sign In ...
1. pneumonia-pneumonia: this is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma which presents with cough, fever chills pleuritic chest pains and sputum production. it can be categorized as community acquired pneumonia (cap) including community acquired pneumonia in the immunocompromised host; and hospital acquired pneumonia (hap).etiology pneumonia may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. bacteria include: streptococcus, pneumoniae, staphylococcus, heaemophilus influenza, mycoplasma, - ProProfs Discuss
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Diaphragmatic dysfunction and dyspnoea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. T Similowski, V Attali, G Bensimon, F Salachas, S ... Diaphragmatic dysfunction and dyspnoea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. T Similowski, V Attali, G Bensimon, F Salachas, S ... Diaphragmatic dysfunction and dyspnoea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. T Similowski, V Attali, G Bensimon, F Salachas, S ... as significant predictors of dyspnoea. It is concluded that dyspnoea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients should prompt ...
In our study, we observed that low ALC and dyspnea are easily accessible markers of poor outcomes in an unbiased approach. In ... Dyspnea, predisposition to contact with rodents, shortened prothrombin time, and low absolute lymphocyte (ALC) count when ... All 3 patients who had dyspnea came to the hospital because of this primary symptom. Symptom duration was 2 (25th‒75th ... However, because of the prespecified α corrected for multiple testing, we identified only dyspnea and a low ALC as major ...
A 75-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes and hypertension presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles ... Skill Checkup: A 75-Year-Old Woman With Type 2 Diabetes Has Worsening Dyspnea and Significant Edema in Both Ankles - Medscape ... A 75-year-old White woman in the United States presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles. Her ... Skill Checkup: A 75-Year-Old Woman With Type 2 Diabetes Has Worsening Dyspnea and Significant Edema in Both Ankles ...
A 67-year-old woman presents with fatigue, cough, and dyspnea. She reports intermittent low-grade fever and an unexplained 15- ...
... placebo controlled crossover trial of sustained release morphine for the management of refractory dyspnoea BMJ 2003; 327 :523 ... placebo controlled crossover trial of sustained release morphine for the management of refractory dyspnoea. BMJ 2003; 327 doi: ... placebo controlled crossover trial of sustained release morphine for the management of refractory dyspnoea ... placebo controlled crossover trial of sustained release morphine for the management of refractory dyspnoea ...
Inflammatory Polyarthritis and Sudden Dyspnea in Central Illinois Author: Samit M. Shah, University of Illinois College of ... Four days later he returned with sudden onset dyspnea at rest and productive cough of one day duration. Exam revealed ... Inflammatory Polyarthritis and Sudden Dyspnea in Central Illinois. Author: Samit M. Shah, University of Illinois College of ... Inflammatory Polyarthritis and Sudden Dyspnea in Central Illinois. ...
Study two: Dyspnoea-12 validation. The final version is called Dyspnoea-12 (Appendix 1). The Dyspnoea-12 asks patients to ... Verbal descriptors of dyspnea in patients with COPD at different intensity levels of dyspnea. Chest 2007;132:141-7. ... The average Dyspnoea-12 score and Borg-intensity and Borg-distress scores were computed for each category of MRC dyspnoea grade ... The dyspnea-anxiety-dyspnea cycle-COPD patients stories of breathlessness: "Its scary/when you cant breathe". Qual Health ...
... - Medscape - Dec 02, 2020. ...
An 81-year-old woman with heart failure presents with dyspnea, nearly incessant cough, and body aches. How would you manage ... An 81-year-old woman in Europe presents with dyspnea, nearly incessant cough, and body aches. Symptom onset was 9 days ago; at ... Skill Checkup: An 81-Year-Old Woman With Dyspnea, Nearly Incessant Cough, and Body Aches - Medscape - Nov 07, 2022. ... Skill Checkup: An 81-Year-Old Woman With Dyspnea, Nearly Incessant Cough, and Body Aches. ...
Postural relief of dyspnoea in severe chronic airflow limitation: relationship to respiratory muscle strength. ... Postural relief of dyspnoea in severe chronic airflow limitation: relationship to respiratory muscle strength. ... optimum posture for the patients to generate maximum inspiratory pressures and to obtain greatest subjective relief of dyspnoea ...
Detection Of Mild Dyspnea From Pairs Of Speech Recordings 0 views * Share * Embed. Static Responsive ... Shortness of breath, or dyspnea is a condition of the cardio-pulmonary system which may be caused by, for example, a heart or ... Shortness of breath, or dyspnea is a condition of the cardio-pulmonary system which may be caused by, for example, a heart or ... In this paper, we explore techniques of detecting mild dyspnea directly from conversational speec ...
Modified MRC dyspnoea scale. Download [Publication] National guidance for doctors assessing workers exposed to respirable ... Modified MRC dyspnoea scale. This scale helps general practitioners assess workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica ... Modified MRC dyspnoea scale (Word) as Word - 15.1 KB - 1 page ... crystalline silica dust - Appendix D - Modified MRC dyspnoea ...
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a serious medical symptom that can develop into worsening conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a subjective symptom self-reported by people, dyspnea is difficult to characterize since its severity cannot be measured. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a common symptom of several heart conditions such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, in addition to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sleep apnea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dyspnea affects about 25% of people in the ambulatory care setting and is a common symptom of many underlying conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dyspnea is a subjective symptom, meaning it can only be expressed by the person experiencing it, and it is imperative in diagnosis to distinguish it from other breathing problems. (wikipedia.org)
  • The authors conclude that dyspnea is a common symptom in advanced illness and most often is not correctable in these patients. (aafp.org)
  • Dyspnea is considered a symptom of when someone is short of breath, suggests David Kamrava, MD, of West Hills Hospital & Medical Center. (westhillshospital.com)
  • Dyspnea : A challenging symptom in the primary care setting]. (nih.gov)
  • Heart and lungs : cardinal symptom dyspnea]. (nih.gov)
  • 1 Dyspnea is the predominant symptom and, for patients with advanced COPD, conventional optimized treatments often fail to provide relief. (cmaj.ca)
  • Dyspnoea is a prominent symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (ersjournals.com)
  • Improving the quality of life (QoL) in dyspnea requires aggressive symptom management, which in turn entails a detailed understanding of its symptomatology. (jpalliativecare.com)
  • Activity-related dyspnoea is often the most distressing symptom experienced by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and can persist despite comprehensive medical management. (ersjournals.com)
  • The most common symptom experienced by patients with COPD is perceived respiratory discomfort (dyspnoea) during physical activity. (ersjournals.com)
  • Physicians need to recognize the cause of dyspnea and know how to treat it, ensuring that patients can cope effectively with this distressing symptom. (who.int)
  • With three sections spanning the mechanisms of dyspnea, measurement and assessment strategies, and management techniques, this book provides the vital information needed to understand this complex symptom and will be invaluable to pulmonologists and all healthcare professionals who care for patients with this distressing and disabling problem. (who.int)
  • Biopsychological factors beyond disease pathology exacerbate the perception of dyspnea, increase symptom severity and reduce quality of life. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Dyspnea, commonly known as shortness of breath, is a distressing symptom that can be associated with a wide range of underlying medical conditions. (nclexnursing.com)
  • The 6 P's of dyspnea provide a comprehensive approach to understanding the underlying causes of this distressing symptom. (nclexnursing.com)
  • While we are quick to assume it is a symptom originating from the lungs, shortness of breath (dyspnea) can also indicate complications within the heart. (danielbenhurimd.com)
  • The perception of dyspnea is theorized to be a complicated connection between peripheral receptors, neural pathways, and the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The physical aspects of the condition affect the perception of dyspnea, but psychologic, emotional, social, and environmental factors also have an influence. (aafp.org)
  • Unlike those for other types of noxious stimuli, there are no specialized dyspnea receptors (although MRI studies have identified a few specific areas in the midbrain that may mediate perception of dyspnea). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Future neuroimaging research can provide objective markers to fully understand the role of biopsychological factors in the perception of dyspnea in the hope of uncovering target areas for pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapy. (ox.ac.uk)
  • PND can be explained by mechanisms similar to those of orthopnea and typical dyspnea. (wikipedia.org)
  • This explains in part why dyspnea worsens in the supine position and why orthopnea is a finding common to so many different clinical conditions. (ceimpex.eu)
  • Orthopnea is a type of dyspnea that only occurs when a person is lying down. (ceimpex.eu)
  • Zeiger, Roni F.. "Orthopnea or Nocturnal Dyspnea. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Medicine Central , im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Diagnosaurus/114601/all/Orthopnea_or_nocturnal_dyspnea. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Value of orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and medications in prospective population studies of incident heart failure. (nih.gov)
  • In this study, public-use copies of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) data sets were used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), with and without the use of medications used in CHS HF criteria (diuretics plus digoxin or vasodilators), in the diagnosis of prevalent HF and in the assembly of a relatively HF-free population. (nih.gov)
  • A 66-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 12-month history of progressive dyspnea and nonproductive cough. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: A Truck Driver With Progressive Dyspnea and Cough - Medscape - Jul 14, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • In cross-sectional analyses, the prevalence of dyspnea, wheeze, rhinosinusitis, and GERD remained relatively stable, whereas cough and sore throat declined, especially between 1 and 2 years post-9/11. (nih.gov)
  • Receptors in the chest wall and central airways, as well receptors in the respiratory center of the central nervous system, produce an increased requirement for ventilation which is not matched by respiratory output, resulting in the conscious recognition of dyspnea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Respiratory muscles and vagal afferent neural pathways relay information from the chest wall/airways to the central nervous system, facilitating the presentation of dyspnea. (wikipedia.org)
  • People presenting with dyspnea usually show signs of rapid and shallow breathing, use of their respiratory accessory muscles, and may have underlying conditions causing the dyspnea, such as cardiac or pulmonary diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thirty four cats had cardiac disease, 19 respiratory, 17 neoplastic, 7 infectious and 7 traumatic causes of dyspnoea. (vin.com)
  • Our understanding of the nature and source of dyspnoea is incomplete, but current aetiological concepts emphasise the importance of increased central neural drive to breathe in the setting of a reduced ability of the respiratory system to appropriately respond. (ersjournals.com)
  • Dyspnea is the highly threatening experience of breathlessness experienced by patients with diverse pathologies, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular diseases, cancer and panic disorder. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Dyspnea is a multidimensional sensation that encompasses an array of unpleasant respiratory sensations that vary according to underlying cause and patient characteristics. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Among patients who developed severe disease, the medium time to dyspnea ranged from 5 to 8 days, the median time to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ranged from 8 to 12 days, and the median time to ICU admission ranged from 10 to 12 days. (cdc.gov)
  • The use of opioids for treatment of dyspnea in patients undergoing palliative care has not been well studied. (aafp.org)
  • With appropriate titration and monitoring, opioids can be used in the treatment of dyspnea in patients with advanced diseases. (aafp.org)
  • Awareness of biopsychological factors beyond pathology is essential for diagnosis and treatment of dyspnea. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Understanding these underlying factors is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of dyspnea. (nclexnursing.com)
  • Neurophysiological model / Mahler -- Neuroimaging / Evans -- Gender/aging / Guenette -- Pregnancy/obesity / Jensen -- Dyspnea in COPD / O'Donnell -- Dyspnea in asthma and restrictive lung disease / Laveneziana -- Domains of dyspnea measurement / Parshall -- Longitudinal changes in dyspnea / Oga -- The measurement of dyspnea in clinical trials / Hareendran -- Anxiety, depression, and panic / von Leupoldt -- Chronic dyspnea / Gifford -- Bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids / O'Donnell -- Oxygen / Goldstein -- Pulmonary rehabilitation / Lareau -- Other treatments / Mahler -- Palliative care / Abernethy. (who.int)
  • With the high prevalence of chronic pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, COPD, and interstitial lung disease, it is important to understand the mechanisms, measurement, and management of dyspnea, which is the patien*t's primary complaint. (who.int)
  • Asthma often causes dyspnoea while pregnancy regularly causes shortness of breath. (asthmapregnancytoolkit.org.au)
  • Most patients with advanced cancer are not opioid naive and have other conditions that might cause dyspnea. (aafp.org)
  • Severity can be determined by assessing the activity level required to cause dyspnea (eg, dyspnea at rest is more severe than dyspnea only when climbing stairs). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many diseases that cause dyspnea can be treated - if possible, such treatment is naturally the best thing to do. (shortofbreath.org)
  • Most patients are asymptomatic until after PMF develops when progressive dyspnea is manifested. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Progressive Dyspnea - Medscape - Sep 01, 2004. (medscape.com)
  • Since paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea occurs mainly because of heart or lung problems, common risk factors include those that affect the function of the heart and lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conditions mentioned include: dyspnoea, tuberculosis of lungs, light schizophrenia (Devotion). (ed.ac.uk)
  • Pulmonary causes of dyspnea are primarily linked to disorders affecting the lungs themselves. (nclexnursing.com)
  • Pleural causes of dyspnea are related to disorders affecting the pleural space, which separates the lungs from the chest wall. (nclexnursing.com)
  • Conditions such as congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction can cause inadequate pumping of blood, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs and subsequent dyspnea. (nclexnursing.com)
  • Peripheral causes of dyspnea involve factors outside the lungs and heart. (nclexnursing.com)
  • The timing and onset of your dyspnea provides important insight as to whether it is related to the lungs or heart. (danielbenhurimd.com)
  • Conclusion: This study concludes that a supervised pulmonary rehabilitation program of 4 weeks duration have improved functional capacity of lungs and dyspnea. (journalcra.com)
  • In view of COVID-19-specific sequelae such as late thrombosis, pneumatoceles, pneumothorax, cardiac events, secondary infections, and rare recurrence of COVID-19, evaluating and treating post-COVID acute dyspnoea poses a challenge to clinicians. (lww.com)
  • To evaluate dyspnea that is cardiac-related, you may need to undergo an echocardiogram , EKG, stress test or non-invasive pulmonary function tests. (danielbenhurimd.com)
  • In those cases where dyspnea is caused or made worse by anxiety, calming drugs called anxiolytics may be helpful. (shortofbreath.org)
  • Dyspnea is a term used to describe shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including exercise, anxiety, or underlying health conditions. (1-gsm.com)
  • Psychogenic causes of dyspnea are related to anxiety or panic disorder, where psychological stress or emotional distress triggers the sensation of breathlessness. (nclexnursing.com)
  • Dyspnea can come in many forms, but it is commonly known as shortness of breath or having difficulty breathing. (wikipedia.org)
  • This case highlights this underdiagnosed etiology of dyspnea, disease presentation and exposure variability, and methods of diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • However, a Cochrane review of the literature found statistically strong evidence that opioids are effective in treating dyspnea in patients with cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (aafp.org)
  • In COPD patients with dyspnea, opioid treatment reduced the incidence of breathlessness and improved exercise tolerance. (aafp.org)
  • A recent national practice guideline recommends the use of opioids for the treatment of refractory dyspnea in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (cmaj.ca)
  • We conducted two qualitative studies to explore the experiences of patients and family caregivers with opioids for refractory COPD-related dyspnea and the perspectives and attitudes of physicians toward opioids in this context. (cmaj.ca)
  • 6 The Canadian Thoracic Society recently released a clinical practice guideline 7 that recommends the use of opioids for refractory dyspnea in patients with advanced COPD. (cmaj.ca)
  • 6 To increase the understanding of these issues, we built on earlier survey work 8 and a preliminary qualitative inquiry 9 by conducting two studies: one to explore the experiences of patients and their family caregivers when opioids are prescribed to treat refractory dyspnea, and one to explore physicians' perspectives and attitudes toward opioid use for dyspnea in advanced COPD. (cmaj.ca)
  • We tested the MDP in COPD outpatients based on the hypothesis that the importance of the affective dimension of dyspnoea would vary according to clinical characteristics. (ersjournals.com)
  • Dyspnoea is a prominent clinical feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the presence of dyspnoea has an intrinsic prognostic value [ 1 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • The relationship between dyspnoea and exercise tolerance and activities of daily living makes it a dominant driver of COPD-related quality of life impairment [ 2 , 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • This review summarises the abnormal physiological responses to exercise in COPD, as these form the basis for modern constructs of the neurobiology of exertional dyspnoea. (ersjournals.com)
  • Dyspnoea assessment is an integral component of the general clinical evaluation of the COPD patient and is usually achieved by careful history. (ersjournals.com)
  • CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) and HEART FAILURE are the two most common causes of dyspnea. (beltina.org)
  • Recent multidimensional dyspnoea questionnaires like the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP) individualise the sensory and affective dimensions of dyspnoea. (ersjournals.com)
  • Neuroimaging has started to uncover the neural mechanisms involved in the processing of sensory and affective components of dyspnea. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Being increasingly reported after having a SARS-CoV-2 infection, pneumatocele formation, due to post-COVID lung scarring and late vascular thrombotic events, is a peculiar sequela and can present as acute dyspnoea. (lww.com)
  • Pulmonary edema due to viral cardiomyopathy or myocardial ischemia is common after COVID-19 and may cause acute dyspnoea. (lww.com)
  • A 56-year-old African-American woman with a 20-year history of pulmonary sarcoidosis presents to the emergency department with a 6-month history of progressive and worsening dyspnea. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: A 56-Year-Old Woman With Worsening Dyspnea and Sarcoidosis - Medscape - Oct 31, 2019. (medscape.com)
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is common in patients with advanced cancer, occurring in up to 70 percent of these patients, with approximately one fourth of them having moderate to severe dyspnea. (aafp.org)
  • Low absolute lymphocyte count and dyspnea were parameters associated with a severe course of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients reported that opioids provided a sense of calm and relief from severe dyspnea. (cmaj.ca)
  • Many patients experience severe and unpredictable "dyspnea crises" that, when superimposed on relentless background dyspnea, often trigger additional fear, panic, feelings of helplessness and further erosion of quality of life among patients and their family caregivers. (cmaj.ca)
  • The MDP identified a more marked affective dimension of dyspnoea with more severe mMRC, CAT, 12-item Short-Form Health Survey mental component, airflow obstruction and HADS. (ersjournals.com)
  • Patients clustered into an "elderly, ex-smoker, severe disease, no rehabilitation" group exhibited the most marked affective dimension of dyspnoea. (ersjournals.com)
  • She also reports exertional dyspnea and chest tightness of several weeks duration. (acc.org)
  • often assumed by someone with dyspnea and chest pain. (ceimpex.eu)
  • Take note of any symptoms you may be having in addition to dyspnea, such as chest pain or dizziness. (danielbenhurimd.com)
  • It is now clear that dyspnoea during physical activity occurs across the spectrum of disease severity, even in those with mild airway obstruction. (ersjournals.com)
  • We supplemented this approach with quantitative measures to further describe participants and maximize comprehensiveness, 10 an approach consistent with current calls for mixed-methods approaches to evaluate dyspnea in advanced disease 11 - 13 and the benefit of palliative care interventions. (cmaj.ca)
  • Contains new chapters on dyspnea based on gender, with the aged, in pregnancy and obesity, and in palliative care settings providing guidance for these challenging special populations. (who.int)
  • An affective/emotional dimension of dyspnoea can be identified in routine clinical practice. (ersjournals.com)
  • Nevertheless, in clinical practice, dyspnoea is generally evaluated by means of one-dimensional tools ( e.g. visual analogue scale or Borg scale) or its impact on exercise capacity ("operational" tools such as the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale or the baseline and transition dyspnoea indices). (ersjournals.com)
  • This study is a secondary analysis to seek the clinical prevalence of dyspnea on a subset of patients with lung cancer. (jpalliativecare.com)
  • However, it is generally accepted that such clinical assessments can substantially underestimate the actual degree of activity-related dyspnoea as patients gradually adapt to the presence of unpleasant symptoms by increasingly avoiding activities that provoke them in the first place. (ersjournals.com)
  • A constellation of clinical symptoms and signs such as paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, distention of the veins in the neck and lung crackles can also be found in patients with heart failure. (ceimpex.eu)
  • Doctors assess clinical dyspnea according to the degree to which it interferes with normal activities. (beltina.org)
  • In congestive heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction will also increase pulmonary congestion, so further congestion caused by the redistribution of blood volume upon laying down will worsen any dyspnea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Accumulated serous fluid in alveolar spaces is the primary cause of dyspnea in patient with congestive heart failure. (ceimpex.eu)
  • According to the 2012 American Thoracic Society statement, breathlessness (or dyspnoea) is "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity" [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • In addition to medical treatments for dyspnea, you may also find relief from breathlessness using available tools. (williamstriallawyers.com)
  • In recent years, dyspnoea has been recognised to be multidimensional, like pain [ 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Dyspnea is a subjective, multidimensional experience of breathing discomfort, commonly seen in patients with advanced cancer. (jpalliativecare.com)
  • NIH To support a patient lying in prone, place a pillow under the head and … More Reviews ›› Visit Site DYSPNEA … Trepopnea is dyspnea that occurs in one lateral decubitus position as opposed to the other. (ceimpex.eu)
  • Dyspnea occurs when the body does not receive enough oxygen. (beltina.org)
  • In addition to the dyspnea (or sometimes, instead of overt shortness of breath) a pe… How Are We Able To See Galaxies In Our Sky But Not Nearby Planets? (ceimpex.eu)
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright … Orthopneic Positions That Cause Shortness of Breath. (ceimpex.eu)
  • Dyspnea is defined as shortness of breath on exertion. (ceimpex.eu)
  • Dyspnea - Difficulty BREATHING or shortness of breath. (beltina.org)
  • Trouble catching your breath, or dyspnea, is often a frightening experience. (danielbenhurimd.com)
  • Frequent bouts of not being able to "catch your breath" should be followed up with a thorough evaluation to determine the underlying cause of your dyspnea so that you can start proper treatment and avoid more serious consequences. (danielbenhurimd.com)
  • Dyspnea can be described as labored breathing or shortness of breath. (danielbenhurimd.com)
  • Dysfunctional muscles, as seen in obesity or neuromuscular disorders, can also contribute to dyspnea. (nclexnursing.com)
  • LeGrand and colleagues reviewed the literature on the use of opioids in patients with dyspnea. (aafp.org)
  • In patients with advanced cancer, the underlying cause of dyspnea can be traced to symptoms directly or indirectly related to the tumor, to cancer treatments, or to noncancer chronic diseases. (aafp.org)
  • In the majority of patients with advanced cancer, correcting the underlying cause of dyspnea is not possible. (aafp.org)
  • The authors reviewed multiple studies finding that various opioids had a significant effect on dyspnea symptoms in patients with advanced cancer. (aafp.org)
  • Lung mechanics and resting dyspnea were recorded in 22 hospitalized patients during recovery from exacerbation. (nih.gov)
  • Discrepancies between the positive experiences of patients and family caregivers with opioids and the reluctance of physicians to prescribe opioids for refractory dyspnea constitute an important gap in care. (cmaj.ca)
  • Opioids have long been used to relieve dyspnea in patients with malignant disease. (cmaj.ca)
  • This approach does not take stock of the complexity of dyspnoea, and may tend to neglect its emotional dimension, as the healthcare provider's understanding of what dyspnoea actually means for the patients is most probably very far from reality [ 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • About 71.43% of the patients with advanced lung cancer experienced dyspnea. (jpalliativecare.com)
  • Narcotic drugs like morphine can be very helpful in some circumstances to reduce dyspnea, for example in very ill cancer patients. (shortofbreath.org)
  • Yoga and other alternative breathing techniques have been reported to aid some patients with dyspnea. (shortofbreath.org)
  • The immense burden faced by patients, families and the healthcare system makes improving management of chronic dyspnea a priority. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A thorough assessment, prompt intervention, and interdisciplinary collaboration are crucial in managing dyspnea effectively and improving patients' quality of life. (nclexnursing.com)
  • Presents comprehensive coverage of dyspnea in chronic pulmonary diseases. (who.int)
  • Ihuman Test _ Ariela Hernandez 64 years 5' 3' 200 pounds Ariela Hernandez Chief complaint: Acute onset dyspnea and near syncope Mrs. Hernandez is a 64 year old obese female with HTN, c ... urrent smoker for the past 40 years, diabetes, right knee replacement surgery 6 weeks ago, complaints of acute onset dyspnea and near syncope started approximately 3 hours ago. (browsegrades.net)
  • Conditions mentioned include: tiredness, dyspnoea, bilateral pulmonary tuberculosis. (ed.ac.uk)
  • n. קוצר נשימה (בכל מצב מלבד מאונך) * * * (ךנואמ דבלמ בצמ לכב) המישנ רצוק Any artificial restriction that limits these adaptations of the posture can worsen dyspnea and lead to decompensation. (ceimpex.eu)
  • Unfortunately, there are only two clinics in the US that specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of difficult dyspnea cases - see this link. (shortofbreath.org)
  • Offers the insight of international experts and key opinion leaders who provide trusted, authoritative information Includes key guidelines on the multi-dimensional measurement, assessment, and management of dyspnea to ensure best practice. (who.int)
  • Uncomfortable awareness of breathing, a sensation of air hunger, or feeling breathless are common definitions for dyspnea. (aafp.org)
  • Dyspnea is unpleasant or uncomfortable breathing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although dyspnea is a relatively common problem, the pathophysiology of the uncomfortable sensation of breathing is poorly understood. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Too many … Dyspnea refers to the sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing. (ceimpex.eu)
  • When breathing becomes uncomfortable or distressing, this is referred to as dyspnoea. (asthmapregnancytoolkit.org.au)
  • Most physicians were reluctant to prescribe opioids for refractory dyspnea, describing a lack of related knowledge and experience, and fears related to the potential adverse effects and legal censure. (cmaj.ca)
  • Physicians should note how much dyspnea has changed from the patient's usual state. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are other physicians competent in dyspnea treatment that may be able to help, but there is no special certification or national register to help you find the right one. (shortofbreath.org)
  • In this case, an opioid is used to control the symptoms of dyspnea. (aafp.org)
  • at each visit, the dyspnea was attributed to progression of her underlying pulmonary sarcoidosis, and she was prescribed corticosteroids. (medscape.com)
  • Differential diagnosis of dyspnea]. (nih.gov)
  • Evaluation of dyspnea. (nih.gov)
  • Cause and evaluation of chronic dyspnea in a pulmonary disease clinic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many tests can be done in order to evaluate the cause of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. (wikipedia.org)