An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation.
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic tapeworms of the genus ECHINOCOCCUS, such as Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis. Ingested Echinococcus ova burrow into the intestinal mucosa. The larval migration to the liver via the PORTAL VEIN leads to watery vesicles (HYDATID CYST).
Helminth infection of the lung caused by Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis.
A genus of very small TAPEWORMS, in the family Taeniidae. The adult form is found in various CARNIVORA but not humans. The larval form is seen in humans under certain epidemiologic circumstances.
A north temperate species of tapeworm (CESTODA) whose adult form infects FOXES and wild RODENTS. The larval form can infect humans producing HEPATIC HYDATID CYSTS.
A species of hydatid tapeworm (class CESTODA) in the family Taeniidae, whose adult form infects the DIGESTIVE TRACT of DOGS, other canines, and CATS. The larval form infects SHEEP; PIGS; HORSES; and may infect humans, where it migrates to various organs and forms permanent HYDATID CYSTS.
Agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals.
A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.
Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.
An autonomous region located in central Asia, within China.
Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.
A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.
Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is the name of a country located in Central Asia, known officially as the Kyrgyz Republic.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uzbekistan" is a country located in Central Asia and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Bulgaria" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It is actually the name of a country located in southeastern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Bulgaria.
Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice.
The country is bordered by RUSSIA on the north and CHINA on the west, south, and east. The capita is Ulaanbaatar.
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A subclass of segmented worms comprising the tapeworms.
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass CESTODA.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Peru" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Republic of Peru. If you have any questions about medical topics that I can help clarify, please let me know!
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.
Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Uruguay" is a country's name located in South America and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medical conditions, diseases, or healthcare in Uruguay, I would be happy to help with those!
Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.
Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
'Splenic diseases' refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or integrity of the spleen, leading to various symptoms and potential complications such as anemia, infection, or abdominal pain.
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.
Proteins found in any species of helminth.
One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Differential immunodiagnosis between cystic hydatid disease and other cross-reactive pathologies. (1/632)

We assessed an Echinococcus granulosus hydatid fluid antigen-ELISA (EgHF-ELISA) as a serologic prescreening test for E. granulosus infections, supplemented by more specific confirmatory tests, including arc-5 immunoprecipitation and antigen B subunit 8-kD immunoblotting. The diagnostic sensitivity of the EgHF-ELISA was 91%. With regard to the test specificity of the EgHF-ELISA (overall = 82%), we observed relatively frequent cross-reactions in tumor patients (6%) and in patients with other parasitic diseases. Cestode-related cross-reactivity can be resolved by the complementary use of E. multilocularis-specific antigens or Taenia solium cysticercosis-specific immunoblotting. Immunoblotting based upon the detection of antibody reactivity to the 8-kD antigen of EgHF, or if appropriately detectable, to the 29-kD and 34-kD bands exhibited a 91% diagnostic sensitivity and an overall specificity of 97% or 94%, respectively. Thus, immunoblotting provided a 99% discrimination between seropositive pre-operative cystic hydatid disease cases and cross-reactive non-cestode parasitic infections or malignancies.  (+info)

Effect of mebendazole and praziquantel on glucosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase in Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall harbored in mice. (2/632)

AIM: To study effects of antihydatid drugs on glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall. METHODS: Mice infected with the parasite for 8-10 months were treated i.g. with mebendazole (Meb) or praziquantel (Pra). The activities of GPI and GAPDH in the cysts were measured by the formation of NADH or NADPH. RESULTS: GPI activity in the cyst wall was 197 +/- 103 U, while that of GAPDH was 25 +/- 13 U. When infected mice were treated i.g. with Meb 25-50 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 7-14 d, no apparent effect on the GAPDH activity in the cyst was found. In mice treated i.g. with praziquantel (Pra) 500 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 14 d, the GAPDH activity in the cyst wall was inhibited by 26.5%. As to GPI activity only the group treated i.g. with Meb 25 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 14 d showed 33.2% inhibition of the enzyme in the collapsed cyst wall. CONCLUSION: GPI and GAPDH are not the major targets attacked by the antihydatid drug.  (+info)

Human echinococcosis in Bulgaria: a comparative epidemiological analysis. (3/632)

The present article describes the importance of human echinococcosis as a public health problem in Bulgaria, outlines the control measures carried out and evaluates comparatively the situation over three periods spanning 46 years (1950-1995). During the first period (1950-62), a total of 6469 new surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease were recorded in Bulgaria, with an annual incidence of 6.5 per 100,000 population, and the infestation rate in domestic animals and dogs was high. Echinococcosis was endemic throughout the country. The organization of a control campaign, initiated in 1960, led to a considerable improvement in the situation during the second period (1971-82). Morbidity among humans gradually decreased, with an average incidence of 2.0 per 100,000, and the proportion of infected animals also fell. The distribution of echinococcosis was characterized as sporadic or of low endemicity. During the third period (1983-95), owing to administrative irregularities and economic changes, funds for supporting the campaign were reduced and control structures were dismantled. As a result, the incidence rose to 3.3 per 100,000. Echinococcosis again became endemic, in some regions hyperendemic. The findings provide convincing evidence that cessation of control measures or reduction of campaign activity can lead to intensification in the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus and to a resurgence in echinococcosis to previous levels.  (+info)

Serum cytokine detection in the clinical follow up of patients with cystic echinococcosis. (4/632)

The relation of serum cytokine levels and outcome of chemotherapy was evaluated in 15 patients with cystic echinococcosis. Serum IL-4, IL-10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) concentrations were determined by ELISA before and after a 3-month course of albendazole treatment: at least one serum sample per patient from 13 patients (87%) contained measurable amounts of IL-4; samples from five patients (33%) measurable amounts of IL-10 and samples from only two patients (13%) measurable amounts of IFN-gamma. Clinical assessment at 1 year after the end of therapy showed that 11 of the 15 patients had responded clinically. Seven of these patients had lower IL-4 serum concentrations, two had unchanged and two undetectable amounts (pre- versus post-therapy, n = 11, P = 0.008). Conversely, of the patients who did not respond, three had higher and one patient unchanged serum IL-4 concentrations. Serum IL-10 10 levels also decreased in all patients who responded (3/5) and increased in all patients who did not (2/5). No association was found between cytokine concentrations and cyst characteristics or antibody levels. Overall these data suggest that serum IL-4 detection may be useful in the follow up of patients with cystic echinococcosis.  (+info)

Efficacies of albendazole sulfoxide and albendazole sulfone against In vitro-cultivated Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. (5/632)

The metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a parasitic disease affecting the liver, with occasional metastasis into other organs. Benzimidazole carbamate derivatives such as mebendazole and albendazole are currently used for chemotherapeutic treatment of AE. Albendazole is poorly resorbed and is metabolically converted to its main metabolite albendazole sulfoxide, which is believed to be the active component, and further to albendazole sulfone. Chemotherapy with albendazole has been shown to have a parasitostatic rather than a parasitocidal effect; it is not effective in all cases, and the recurrence rate is rather high once chemotherapy is stopped. Thus, development of new means of chemotherapy of AE is needed. This could include modifications of benzimidazoles and elucidiation of the respective biological pathways. In this study we performed in vitro drug treatment of E. multilocularis metacestodes with albendazole sulfoxide and albendazole sulfone. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of vesicle fluids showed that the drugs were taken up rapidly by the parasite. Transmission electron microscopic investigation of parasite tissues and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of vesicle fluids demonstrated that albendazole sulfoxide and albendazole sulfone had similar effects with respect to parasite ultrastructure and changes in metabolites in vesicle fluids. This study shows that the in vitro cultivation model presented here provides an ideal first-round test system for screening of antiparasite drugs.  (+info)

An extensive ultrasound and serologic study to investigate the prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in northern Libya. (6/632)

A prevalence study of abdominal cystic echinococcosis (CE) was undertaken in the northwest, north-central, and northeast regions of Libya. A total of 36 villages along the coast were included, in which 20,220 people were screened by portable ultrasound. Three hundred thirty-nine (1.7%) were diagnosed with CE. There was no significant difference between CE prevalence rates in the three regions of Libya (mean = 1.6%); however, intervillage rates were variable, ranging from 0% to 4.5%. The prevalence of CE increased significantly with age (P < 0.0001) and females were significantly more affected (2%) than males (1.3%) (P < 0.0001). Cases of CE were distributed among 3.2% of housewives, 2.6% of farmers, 2.3% of male civil servants, 1.3% of female students, and 1.1% of male students. Housewives (P < 0.0001) and students (P < 0.0001) were significantly more at risk for CE. A statistically significant proportion (62% [210 of 339]) of CE cases kept dogs (P < 0.0001). Of the ultrasound-positive CE cases 69% (233 of 339) were antibody seropositive by ELISA using Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid antigen B. Blood samples (n = 10,096) collected onto filter papers were taken randomly from ultrasound-negative people who entered the study, of which 11.2% were found to be seropositive. Seropositivity increased with age (P < 0.0001), with females exhibiting higher seroprevalence than males for all age groups (P < 0.0001). Seroprevalence was distributed occupationally among 17.3% of female students, 11.2% of male students, 8.3% of housewives, 7.3% of farmers, and 6.4% of male civil servants. Housewives and students were more likely to be seropositive (P < 0.0001). Forty-seven percent (526) of the seroreactors kept dogs. All liver hydatid cysts detected by ultrasound during community screening were classified according to morphology and size into six types. Type I (17.5% of all cases) were small univesicular cysts less than 50 mm in diameter with no laminations or daughter cysts. Type II (34%) were univesicular cysts with only laminations. Type IIIa (8.5%) were univesicular cysts with the appearance of laminations and daughter cysts. Type IIIb (13%) were univesicular with laminations and less prominent daughter cysts. Type IV (5.6%) presented as a solid mass. Type V were degenerated calcified or partially calcified cysts (13.2%). Type VI presented as multiple cysts (8% of all cases). The CE cases that exhibited Types II, IIIa, IIIb, IV or VI cysts showed the highest seropositivity (86%, 96%, 95%, 100%, and 96%, respectively), while Types I and V were the least seroreactive (38% and 22%, respectively). Cases of CE occurred in 311 families, with 93% having only one member as a CE case while 7% of the families had two or more cases. However, 25% of the ultrasound-negative persons belonging to families with an index CE case were seropositive for antibodies to Echinococcus. These results confirm the importance of human CE in Libya. They also confirm the usefulness of ultrasound combined with serology as a mass screening approach for CE in north African communities.  (+info)

Oxfendazole treatment of sheep with naturally acquired hydatid disease. (7/632)

A blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial assessed the efficacy and safety of oxfendazole for the treatment of ovine hydatid disease. Cyst fertility and parasite viability were measured following daily, weekly, and monthly treatment schedules with 30 mg of oxfendazole per kg of body weight. The 12-week trial was conducted in 215 adult sheep in the central Peruvian Andes and was masked for both treatment group and scheduling. In this trial oxfendazole significantly reduced protoscolex viability relative to controls in all treatment groups. In the daily, weekly, and monthly groups, 100, 97, and 78% of sheep, respectively, were either cured or improved following treatment, compared to 35% cured or improved animals in the control group. However, daily dosing at 30 mg of oxfendazole per kg proved highly toxic to sheep, resulting in a 24% death rate in the daily group as compared to a 4 to 6% mortality rate in all other groups. If found safe in humans, oxfendazole may prove to be a useful and inexpensive treatment for cestode infections in humans. This study suggests that a staggered dosing regimen of oxfendazole, and possibly other benzimidazoles, may be as efficacious as daily treatment regimens for hydatidosis while decreasing both the cost and adverse effects associated with daily dosing.  (+info)

Long-term evaluation of patients with hydatidosis treated with benzimidazole carbamates. (8/632)

Four hundred forty-eight patients with 929 Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts received 3- to 6-month continuous cycles of mebendazole or albendazole treatment and underwent prolonged follow-up by clinical visits and imaging studies (range, 1-14 years) to assess the long-term outcome of treatment. Degenerative changes and relapse were assessed by imaging techniques. At the end of therapy, 74.1% of the hydatid cysts showed degenerative changes. These were more frequent in albendazole-treated than in mebendazole-treated cysts (82.2% vs. 56.1%; P < .001). During long-term follow-up, 104 cysts (22%) had degenerative changes that progressed, whereas 163 cysts (approximately 25%) relapsed. The percentages of relapses in the two drug-treated groups were almost the same. Relapses occurred more frequently in type II cysts of the liver. Cysts recurred most often (78.5%; P < .001) within the first 2 years after treatment ended. Further chemotherapy cycles induced degenerative changes in >90% of relapsed cysts without inducing more frequent or more severe side effects than those observed during the initial cycles.  (+info)

Echinococcosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of tapeworms belonging to the genus Echinococcus. There are several species of Echinococcus that can cause disease in humans, but the most common ones are Echinococcus granulosus (causing cystic echinococcosis) and Echinococcus multilocularis (causing alveolar echinococcosis).

Humans typically become infected with echinococcosis by accidentally ingesting eggs of the tapeworm, which are shed in the feces of infected animals such as dogs, foxes, and wolves. The eggs hatch in the small intestine and release larvae that migrate to various organs in the body, where they form cysts or hydatids.

The symptoms of echinococcosis depend on the location and size of the cysts. Cystic echinococcosis often affects the liver and lungs, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, cough, and shortness of breath. Alveolar echinococcosis typically involves the liver and can cause chronic liver disease, abdominal pain, and jaundice.

Treatment of echinococcosis may involve surgery to remove the cysts, medication to kill the parasites, or both. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with dogs and other animals that may be infected with Echinococcus, practicing good hygiene, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

Echinococcosis, hepatic is a type of parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The infection typically occurs when a person accidentally ingests microscopic eggs of the tapeworm, which can be present in contaminated food, water, or soil.

Once inside the body, the eggs hatch and release larvae that can migrate to various organs, including the liver. In the liver, the larvae form hydatid cysts, which are fluid-filled sacs that can grow slowly over several years, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.

Hepatic echinococcosis is a serious condition that can lead to complications such as cyst rupture, infection, or organ damage if left untreated. Treatment options include surgery to remove the cysts, medication to kill the parasites, or a combination of both. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

Pulmonary echinococcosis is a rare infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis. The infection occurs when the eggs of the tapeworm, which are passed in the feces of an infected animal (usually a dog or fox), are ingested by another host (usually a human). Once inside the body, the eggs hatch and release larvae that can migrate to various organs, including the lungs. In the lungs, the larvae form hydatid cysts, which can grow slowly over several years and cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fever. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cysts, followed by medication to prevent recurrence.

'Echinococcus' is a genus of tapeworms that can cause serious infections known as echinococcosis in humans and other animals. The most common species that infect humans are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis.

Echinococcus granulosus typically causes cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, which affects the liver, lungs, or other organs. The tapeworm's eggs are passed in the feces of infected animals, such as dogs or sheep, and can be ingested by humans, leading to the development of cysts in various organs.

Echinococcus multilocularis typically causes alveolar echinococcosis, a more severe and invasive form of the disease that affects the liver and can spread to other organs. This species has a complex life cycle involving small mammals as intermediate hosts and canids (such as foxes or dogs) as definitive hosts.

Human infections with Echinococcus are rare but can lead to severe health complications if left untreated. Preventive measures include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with infected animals, and cooking meat thoroughly before consumption.

'Echinococcus multilocularis' is a species of tapeworm that causes alveolar echinococcosis, a serious and potentially fatal infection. This tapeworm is most commonly found in foxes and other wild canids, but it can also infect domestic dogs and cats. The life cycle of this parasite involves the ingestion of eggs shed in the feces of an infected animal by another animal, such as a rodent. Once inside the new host, the eggs hatch into larvae that migrate to various organs, particularly the liver, where they form hydatid cysts. These cysts can grow slowly over several years and may eventually cause serious complications if left untreated.

Humans can become accidentally infected with 'Echinococcus multilocularis' by ingesting contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with an infected animal. The infection can be asymptomatic for many years, but it can eventually lead to the formation of hydatid cysts in various organs, particularly the liver and lungs. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cysts, followed by anti-parasitic medication to eliminate any remaining parasites. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with foxes or other wild canids, practicing good hygiene, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

'Echinococcus granulosus' is a species of tapeworm that causes hydatid disease or echinococcosis in humans and other animals. The adult worms are small, typically less than 1 cm in length, and live in the intestines of their definitive hosts, which are usually dogs or other canids.

The life cycle of 'Echinococcus granulosus' involves the shedding of eggs in the feces of the definitive host, which are then ingested by an intermediate host, such as a sheep or a human. Once inside the intermediate host, the eggs hatch and release larvae that migrate to various organs, where they form hydatid cysts. These cysts can grow slowly over several years and may cause significant damage to the affected organ.

Humans can become accidentally infected with 'Echinococcus granulosus' by ingesting contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with infected dogs. The treatment of hydatid disease typically involves surgical removal of the cysts, followed by anti-parasitic medication to kill any remaining parasites. Prevention measures include proper hygiene and sanitation practices, as well as regular deworming of dogs and other definitive hosts.

Anticestodal agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by tapeworms (cestodes) and other related parasites. These agents work by either stunting the growth or killing the parasites, which allows the body to expel them naturally. Common anticestodal agents include niclosamide, praziquantel, and albendazole. It is important to note that proper diagnosis of the specific type of tapeworm infection is necessary for effective treatment, as different medications may be more or less effective against certain species.

Albendazole is an antiparasitic medication used to treat a variety of parasitic infections, including neurocysticercosis (a tapeworm infection that affects the brain), hydatid disease (a parasitic infection that can affect various organs), and other types of worm infestations such as pinworm, roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections.

Albendazole works by inhibiting the polymerization of beta-tubulin, a protein found in the microtubules of parasitic cells, which disrupts the parasite's ability to maintain its shape and move. This leads to the death of the parasite and elimination of the infection.

Albendazole is available in oral form and is typically taken two to three times a day with meals for several days or weeks, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects of albendazole include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. Rare but serious side effects may include liver damage, bone marrow suppression, and neurological problems.

It is important to note that albendazole should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have serious side effects and interactions with other medications. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of parasitic infections, so proper diagnosis is essential before starting treatment.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, known as an antigen. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. They include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes, among others. Helminth infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of worm and the location of the infection.

Antibodies to helminths are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these parasitic worms. These antibodies can be detected in the blood and serve as evidence of a current or past infection. They may also play a role in protecting against future infections with the same type of worm.

There are several different classes of antibodies, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Antibodies to helminths are typically of the IgE class, which are associated with allergic reactions and the defense against parasites. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that help to protect against the worm.

In addition to IgE, other classes of antibodies may also be produced in response to a helminth infection. For example, IgG antibodies may be produced later in the course of the infection and can provide long-term immunity to reinfection. IgA antibodies may also be produced and can help to prevent the attachment and entry of the worm into the body.

Overall, the production of antibodies to helminths is an important part of the immune response to these parasitic worms. However, in some cases, the presence of these antibodies may also be associated with allergic reactions or other immunological disorders.

Anthelmintics are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These medications work by either stunting the growth of the worms, paralyzing them, or killing them outright, allowing the body to expel the worms through normal bodily functions. Anthelmintics are commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, tapeworms, flukeworms, and hookworms. Examples of anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tibet" is not a medical term. It is a region in Asia that is currently under the political control of China, although it has a distinct cultural and historical heritage. Tibet is geographically located in the Tibetan Plateau, which is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of over 14,000 feet (4,267 meters) above sea level.

If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you!

Helminth antigens refer to the proteins or other molecules found on the surface or within helminth parasites that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. Helminths are large, multicellular parasitic worms that can infect various tissues and organs in humans and animals, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.

Helminth antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign invaders, leading to the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies. However, many helminths have evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress the host's immune response, allowing them to establish long-term infections.

Studying helminth antigens is important for understanding the immunology of helminth infections and developing new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some researchers have also explored the potential therapeutic use of helminth antigens or whole helminths as a way to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases or allergies. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches.

Mebendazole is a medication used to treat various types of worm infections, such as roundworm, whipworm, hookworm, and threadworm. It belongs to a class of drugs called anthelmintics, which work by preventing the worms from absorbing nutrients, leading to their eventual death and elimination from the body.

Mebendazole is available in various forms, including tablets, chewable tablets, and suspensions. It is usually taken as a single dose or for several days, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

It's important to note that mebendazole is not effective against all types of worm infections, so it should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, while taking mebendazole, it's recommended to maintain good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contaminated food or water, to prevent reinfection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Foxes" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. The common fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a species of small omnivorous mammals, and while there can be medical issues related to foxes or other animals in certain contexts, such as zoonotic diseases, "Foxes" itself does not have a medical connotation. If you have any specific medical query, I'd be happy to try and help with that.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Helminth DNA refers to the genetic material found in parasitic worms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms). These parasites can infect various organs and tissues of humans and animals, causing a range of diseases.

Helminths have complex life cycles involving multiple developmental stages and hosts. The study of their DNA has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and mechanisms of pathogenesis. It has also facilitated the development of molecular diagnostic tools for identifying and monitoring helminth infections.

Understanding the genetic makeup of these parasites is crucial for developing effective control strategies, including drug discovery, vaccine development, and disease management.

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi that naturally infect non-human animals and can sometimes infect and cause disease in humans through various transmission routes like direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or vectors like insects. Some well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, salmonellosis, and COVID-19 (which is believed to have originated from bats). Public health officials work to prevent and control zoonoses through various measures such as surveillance, education, vaccination, and management of animal populations.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.

It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uzbekistan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.

In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.

Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.

It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.

I apologize, but "Bulgaria" is not a medical term or condition. It is a country located in southeastern Europe, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and natural beauty. If you have any questions related to the field of medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Antinematodal agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by nematodes, which are also known as roundworms. These agents work by either killing the parasitic worms or preventing them from reproducing. Some examples of antinematodal agents include albendazole, ivermectin, and mebendazole. These medications are used to treat a variety of nematode infections, such as ascariasis, hookworm infection, and strongyloidiasis. It is important to note that the use of antinematodal agents should be under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mongolia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes, also known as flatworms. Cestodes are commonly known as tapeworms and have a long, flat, segmented body that can grow to considerable length in their adult form. They lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients through their body surface.

Cestodes have a complex life cycle involving one or two intermediate hosts, usually insects or crustaceans, and a definitive host, which is typically a mammal, including humans. The tapeworm's larval stage develops in the intermediate host, and when the definitive host consumes the infected intermediate host, the larvae mature into adults in the host's intestine.

Humans can become infected with tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked meat from infected animals or through accidental ingestion of contaminated water or food containing tapeworm eggs or larvae. Infection with tapeworms can cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies.

A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division between the sac and its surrounding tissue, that contains fluid, air, or semisolid material. Cysts can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, internal organs, and bones. They can be caused by various factors, such as infection, genetic predisposition, or blockage of a duct or gland. Some cysts may cause symptoms, such as pain or discomfort, while others may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment for cysts depends on the type and location of the cyst, as well as whether it is causing any problems. Some cysts may go away on their own, while others may need to be drained or removed through a surgical procedure.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

Cestode infections, also known as tapeworm infections, are caused by the ingestion of larval cestodes (tapeworms) present in undercooked meat or contaminated water. The most common types of cestode infections in humans include:

1. Taeniasis: This is an infection with the adult tapeworm of the genus Taenia, such as Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). Humans become infected by consuming undercooked beef or pork that contains viable tapeworm larvae. The larvae then mature into adult tapeworms in the human intestine, where they can live for several years, producing eggs that are passed in the feces.
2. Hydatid disease: This is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, which is commonly found in dogs and other carnivores. Humans become infected by accidentally ingesting eggs present in dog feces or contaminated food or water. The eggs hatch in the human intestine and release larvae that migrate to various organs, such as the liver or lungs, where they form hydatid cysts. These cysts can grow slowly over several years and cause symptoms depending on their location and size.
3. Diphyllobothriasis: This is an infection with the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum, which is found in freshwater fish. Humans become infected by consuming raw or undercooked fish that contain viable tapeworm larvae. The larvae mature into adult tapeworms in the human intestine and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vitamin B12 deficiency.

Preventing cestode infections involves practicing good hygiene, cooking meat thoroughly, avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked fish, and washing fruits and vegetables carefully before eating. In some cases, treatment with antiparasitic drugs may be necessary to eliminate the tapeworms from the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Peru" is not a medical term. It is a country located in South America, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and beautiful landscapes. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!

Emerging communicable diseases are infections whose incidence has increased in the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. These diseases can be caused by new microbial agents, or by previously known agents that have newly acquired the ability to cause disease in humans. They may also result from changes in human demographics, behavior, or travel patterns, or from technological or environmental changes. Examples of emerging communicable diseases include COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus infection, and West Nile fever.

Antiparasitic agents are a type of medication used to treat parasitic infections. These agents include a wide range of drugs that work to destroy, inhibit the growth of, or otherwise eliminate parasites from the body. Parasites are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive nutrients at the host's expense.

Antiparasitic agents can be divided into several categories based on the type of parasite they target. Some examples include:

* Antimalarial agents: These drugs are used to treat and prevent malaria, which is caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
* Antiprotozoal agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases such as giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, and sleeping sickness.
* Antihelminthic agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by helminths, which are parasitic worms that can infect various organs of the body, including the intestines, lungs, and skin. Examples include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes.

Antiparasitic agents work in different ways to target parasites. Some disrupt the parasite's metabolism or interfere with its ability to reproduce. Others damage the parasite's membrane or exoskeleton, leading to its death. The specific mechanism of action depends on the type of antiparasitic agent and the parasite it is targeting.

It is important to note that while antiparasitic agents can be effective in treating parasitic infections, they can also have side effects and potential risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any antiparasitic medication to ensure safe and appropriate use.

Praziquantel is an anthelmintic medication, which is used to treat and prevent trematode (fluke) infections, including schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or snail fever), clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, and fasciolopsiasis. It works by causing severe spasms in the muscle cells of the parasites, ultimately leading to their death. Praziquantel is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally in a single dose, although the dosage may vary depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

It's important to note that praziquantel is not effective against tapeworm infections, and other medications such as niclosamide or albendazole are used instead for those infections. Also, Praziquantel should be taken under medical supervision, as it may have some side effects, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache.

It's important to consult a healthcare professional before taking any medication.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uruguay" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

To provide some general information about Uruguay, it is bordered by Argentina to the west and Brazil to the north and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to the south and southeast. The capital and largest city of Uruguay is Montevideo. Uruguay is known for its rich cultural history, beautiful landscapes, and progressive social policies.

An abattoir is a facility where animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. It is also known as a slaughterhouse. The term "abattoir" comes from the French word "abattre," which means "to take down" or "slaughter." In an abattoir, animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and chickens are killed and then butchered into smaller pieces of meat that can be sold to consumers.

Abattoirs must follow strict regulations to ensure the humane treatment of animals and the safety of the meat products they produce. These regulations cover various aspects of the slaughtering and processing process, including animal handling, stunning, bleeding, evisceration, and inspection. The goal of these regulations is to minimize the risk of contamination and ensure that the meat is safe for human consumption.

It's important to note that while abattoirs play an essential role in providing a reliable source of protein for humans, they can also be controversial due to concerns about animal welfare and the environmental impact of large-scale animal agriculture.

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

Parasitic diseases are infections or illnesses caused by parasites, which are organisms that live and feed on host organisms, often causing harm. Parasites can be protozoans (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), or ectoparasites (ticks, mites, fleas). These diseases can affect various body systems and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of parasite and the location of infection. They are typically spread through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with an infected host or contaminated environment. Examples of parasitic diseases include malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, ascariasis, and leishmaniasis.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.

Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.

It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.

Domestic animals, also known as domestic animals or pets, are species that have been tamed and kept by humans for various purposes. These purposes can include companionship, work, protection, or food production. Some common examples of domestic animals include dogs, cats, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and chickens.

Domestic animals are distinguished from wild animals in that they are dependent on humans for their survival and are able to live in close proximity to people. They have often been selectively bred over generations to possess certain traits or characteristics that make them more suitable for their intended uses. For example, dogs may be bred for their size, strength, agility, or temperament, while cats may be bred for their coat patterns or behaviors.

It is important to note that the term "domestic animal" does not necessarily mean that an animal is tame or safe to handle. Some domestic animals, such as certain breeds of dogs, can be aggressive or dangerous if not properly trained and managed. It is always important to approach and handle any animal, domestic or wild, with caution and respect.

Hemagglutination tests are laboratory procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, typically in blood serum. These tests rely on the ability of certain substances, such as viruses or bacteria, to agglutinate (clump together) red blood cells.

In a hemagglutination test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of red blood cells that have been treated with a specific antigen. If the patient has antibodies against that antigen in their serum, they will bind to the antigens on the red blood cells and cause them to agglutinate. This clumping can be observed visually, indicating a positive test result.

Hemagglutination tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria that have hemagglutinating properties, such as influenza, parainfluenza, and HIV. They can also be used in blood typing and cross-matching before transfusions.

Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:

1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.

Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:

1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.

2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.

3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.

Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.

Parasitology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, their life cycles, the relationship between parasites and their hosts, the transmission of parasitic diseases, and the development of methods for their control and elimination. It involves understanding various types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can infect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitologists also study the evolution, genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of parasites to develop effective strategies for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Helminth proteins refer to the proteins that are produced and expressed by helminths, which are parasitic worms that cause diseases in humans and animals. These proteins can be found on the surface or inside the helminths and play various roles in their biology, such as in development, reproduction, and immune evasion. Some helminth proteins have been identified as potential targets for vaccines or drug development, as blocking their function may help to control or eliminate helminth infections. Examples of helminth proteins that have been studied include the antigen Bm86 from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, and the tetraspanin protein Sm22.6 from the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Glutaral" does not seem to be a recognized medical term or abbreviation in healthcare and biomedical sciences. It is possible that you may be looking for information on "glutaraldehyde," which is a disinfectant and sterilizing agent used in medical settings.

Glutaraldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula C5H8O2, and it's often used as a 2% solution. It's an effective agent against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it useful for sterilizing medical equipment. However, glutaraldehyde can cause respiratory issues and skin irritation in some individuals, so proper handling and use are essential to minimize exposure.

If you meant to ask about a different term or if this answer does not address your question, please provide more context or clarify your request, and I will be happy to help further.

There is no single medical definition for "Monkey Diseases." However, monkeys can carry and be infected with various diseases that are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans. Some examples include:

1. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV): A virus similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS in monkeys. It is not typically harmful to monkeys but can cause AIDS in humans if transmitted, which is rare.
2. Herpes B Virus: Also known as Macacine herpesvirus 1 or Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, it is a virus that commonly infects macaque monkeys. It can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with an infected monkey's saliva, eye fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid, causing a severe and potentially fatal illness called B encephalitis.
3. Tuberculosis (TB): Monkeys can contract and transmit tuberculosis to humans, although it is not common.
4. Simian Retrovirus (SRV): A virus that can infect both monkeys and great apes, causing immunodeficiency similar to HIV/AIDS in humans. It is not known to infect or cause disease in humans.
5. Various parasitic diseases: Monkeys can carry and transmit several parasites, including malaria-causing Plasmodium species, intestinal worms, and other parasites that can affect human health.

It's important to note that while monkeys can carry and transmit these diseases, the risk of transmission is generally low, and most cases occur in individuals who have close contact with monkeys, such as primatologists, zookeepers, or laboratory workers. Always follow safety guidelines when interacting with animals, including monkeys, to minimize the risk of disease transmission.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Similar to the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis, the diagnosis of polycystic echinococcosis uses ... Like cystic echinococcosis, imaging is the major method used for the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis while the same types ... Alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis are rarely diagnosed in humans and are not as widespread as cystic echinococcosis, but ... As with cystic echinococcosis, ultrasonography is the imaging technique of choice for alveolar echinococcosis and is usually ...
"Echinococcosis". Fact sheet N°377. WHO Media Centre. May 2015. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved 7 ... and echinococcosis The soil-transmitted helminths (A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, N. americanus, A. duodenale), schistosomes, ... and 1 million people with echinococcosis. Another source estimated a much higher figure of 3.5 billion infected with one or ... Echinococcosis (Echinococcus infection) Hymenolepiasis (Hymenolepis infection) Taeniasis/cysticercosis (Taenia infection) ...
Although alveolar echinococcosis is rarely diagnosed in humans and is not as widespread as cystic echinococcosis (caused by ... July 2008). "Alveolar echinococcosis: from a deadly disease to a well-controlled infection. Relative survival and economic ... Schantz PM (1988). "Echinococcosis (Hydatid Disease)". Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. New York, NY: Springer New ... Alveolar hydatid disease (AHD) is a form of echinococcosis, or a disease that originates from a parasitic flatworm. AHD is ...
Moro P, Schantz PM (March 2009). "Echinococcosis: a review". Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13 (2): 125-33. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.03. ... McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J, Bartley PB (October 2003). "Echinococcosis". Lancet. 362 (9392): 1295-304. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03 ... Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (2019-07-16). "CDC - Echinococcosis - Biology". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2019-12- ... June 2007). "Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis". Lancet Infect Dis. 7 (6): 385-94. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07) ...
Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (2019-07-16). "CDC - Echinococcosis - Biology". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2021-02- ... In addition, liver cysts can be seen with polycystic kidney disease and echinococcosis infection (hydatid disease). ...
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms. Taeniasis and cysticercosis are both parasitic diseases caused by tapeworms ... Singh, BB; Dhand, NK; Ghatak, S; Gill, JP (1 January 2014). "Economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in India: Need for ... Bhutani, N; Kajal, P (December 2018). "Hepatic echinococcosis: A review". Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012). 36: 99-105. ... "Cystic echinococcosis in animals and humans of Maharashtra State, India". Acta Parasitologica. 63 (2): 232-243. doi:10.1515/ap- ...
In humans, this causes a disease called echinococcosis. The three types of echinococcosis are cystic echinococcosis caused by E ... granulosus, alveolar echinococcosis caused by E. multilocularis, and polycystic echinococcosis caused by E. vogeli or E. ... Cystic echinococcosis is mostly found in South and Central America, Africa, the Middle East, China, Italy, Spain, Greece, ... WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern. Paris: Office Internationale ...
Dalimi, A; Motamedi, Gh; Hosseini, M; Mohammadian, B; Malaki, H; Ghamari, Z; Far, F.Ghaffari (2002). "Echinococcosis/ ...
March 2003). "European echinococcosis registry: human alveolar echinococcosis, Europe, 1982-2000". Emerging Infect. Dis. 9 (3 ... Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a highly lethal helminthic disease in humans, caused by the larval form of the parasitic ... January 2008). "Alveolar echinococcosis localized in the liver, lung and brain". Chin. Med. J. 121 (1): 90-2. doi:10.1097/ ... Human alveolar echinococcosis is characterized by a lengthy incubation period of 5 to 15 years in immunocompetent individuals. ...
Human polycystic echinococcosis is the rarest type of echinococcosis and is characterized by infiltrative, multi-compartment ... produce a disease called echinococcosis. Echinococcosis, also known has hydatidosis, is a result of ingesting the eggs of the ... Polycystic echinococcosis (PE) is an extremely lethal helminthic disease in humans, which is caused by the larval form of E. ... Polycystic echinococcosis has infected people in Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, and Suriname. E. vogeli ...
Untreated alveolar echinococcosis is fatal. Surgery and drugs can be used to treat echinococcosis. It can be prevented by ... "Echinococcosis". Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014. "Transmission of echinococcosis". ... The rate of echinococcosis is higher in rural areas, and there are more than one million people infected currently. It is ... In alveolar echinococcosis, a primary cyst develops, usually in the liver, in addition to weight loss, abdominal pain, malaise ...
"Polycystic echinococcosis of the orbit". Am J Ophthalmol. 140 (3): 561-3. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.048. PMID 16139021.{{cite ...
Echinococcosis of the liver, lung, and peritoneum (caused by the larval form of the dog tapeworm, or of the alveoli (caused by ... Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis may require lifelong treatment with albendazole, which only prevents the parasites from ... Horton J (April 2003). "Albendazole for the treatment of echinococcosis". Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 17 (2): 205-212 ... "Initial observation on albendazole in combination with cimetidine for the treatment of human cystic echinococcosis". Annals of ...
"CDC - Echinococcosis - Resources for Health Professionals". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-11. "Leptospirosis (Weil's Disease ...
Echinococcosis is an infectious disease infecting dogs and sheep. Heartworm disease is caused by Dirofilaria immitis, which ...
Coenurosis Coenurosis in humans Echinococcosis Trichinosis Cysticercus "Taeniasis/Cysticercosis". WHO. García HH, Gonzalez AE, ...
It formerly had echinococcosis, but this has been eradicated. The site was known locally as Coopers Animal Health, a trademark ...
This can result in echinococcosis, also called hydatid disease. Humans (usually children) become infected by direct contact ...
However, echinococcosis infection of humans by Ezo red foxes is considered a problem and there have been calls to act to reduce ... Echinococcosis is a tapeworm-type infection in Ezo red foxes. An infection cycle is maintained between Hokkaido's Ezo red fox ... Echinococcus worm eggs excreted with the faeces of foxes can be ingested by humans and cause echinococcosis. This can be ... Tsukada, Hideharu (2006). "Feeding of the Ezo Red Foxes and Their Risk of Echinococcosis". Feeding Wildlife Problem: Does Good ...
When Mandukhai's loyalists brought back Batumongke, he was suffering echinococcosis. Mandukhai had him treated and the boy ...
Li, Bin (2019). "Epidemiological survey of echinococcosis in Tibet Autonomous Region of China". Infect Dis Poverty. 8 (1): 29. ... of papers that used Epi Info for data entry include a study on nutrition and an epidemiological survey about echinococcosis. ...
Xiao-ying Chen; Yusupjan Setiwaldi; Yisilayin Osman (October 2016). "Epidemiological Studies on Echinococcosis in Kizilsu ...
Echinococcosis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, African trypanosomiasis, and many other parasitic diseases can cause seizures. Seizures ...
PAIR is considered an alternative treatment for cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) and is often indicated for patients who ... "Efficacy and Safety of PAIR for Cystic Echinococcosis: Experience on a Large Series of Patients from Bulgaria". American ... "Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans". Acta Tropica. 114 (1): 1-16 ... "Percutaneous Aspiration-Injection-Reaspiration Drainage Plus Albendazole or Mebendazole for Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis: A ...
... and echinococcosis; 2) filarioidea, i.e. tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, loiasis, and onchocerciasis; and 3) flukes, i.e. ...
"Evaluation of native 8kDa antigen based three immunoassays for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in sheep". Small Ruminant ...
After an extended illness of Echinococcosis, Nupok died in Anchorage in the spring of 1971. That same year, the University of ...
It is also used rarely in the treatment of cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease. Evidence for effectiveness for ...
2001). WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern. World Organisation ... It causes the clinical picture of alveolar echinococcosis, which is characterized by small-bubble destruction of internal ...
Echinococcus multilocularis can infect cats and then be transmitted to their owners to cause human alveolar echinococcosis. ...
... both Alveolar echinococcosis and Cystic echinococcosis, prevention and control. ... Alveolar echinococcosis can be prevented by avoiding contact with wild animals such as foxes, coyotes, and dogs and their fecal ... Cystic echinococcosis is controlled by preventing transmission of the parasite. Prevention measures include limiting the areas ...
Similar to the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis, the diagnosis of polycystic echinococcosis uses ... Like cystic echinococcosis, imaging is the major method used for the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis while the same types ... Alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis are rarely diagnosed in humans and are not as widespread as cystic echinococcosis, but ... As with cystic echinococcosis, ultrasonography is the imaging technique of choice for alveolar echinococcosis and is usually ...
Echinococcosis is an infection caused by either the Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm. The ... Echinococcosis is an infection caused by either the Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm. The ... Parasites - echinococcosis. www.cdc.gov/parasites/echinococcosis/index.html. Updated September 23, 2020. Accessed November 21, ... Most often, echinococcosis cysts do not cause symptoms and are found when an imaging test is done for another reason. ...
Echinococcosis is the general term for 3 diseases caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus tapeworms, the smallest tapeworms ... Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are the key forms of echinococcosis that are of significant medical ... Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs in four clinically well-described forms:. * Cystic echinococcosis, also ... Alveolar echinococcosis, also called alveolar hydatid echinococcosis is caused by infection with E. multilocularis. ...
The 2 main forms of echinococcosis in humans are alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by E. multilocularis, and cystic ... Echinococcosis. CDC Yellow Book 2024. Travel-Associated Infections & Diseases Author(s): Paul Cantey, Rebecca Chancey, Sharon ... CDC website: Echinococcosis. The following authors contributed to the previous version of this chapter: Barbara L. Herwaldt, ... Echinococcosis is caused by cestode parasites of the genus Echinococcus, including E. multilocularis, E. granulosus, and others ...
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is the larval cystic stage (called echinococcal cysts) of a small taeniid-type tapeworm ( ... encoded search term (Echinococcosis Hydatid Cyst) and Echinococcosis Hydatid Cyst What to Read Next on Medscape ... Echinococcosis Hydatid Cyst Medication. Updated: Dec 05, 2018 * Author: Enrico Brunetti, MD; Chief Editor: Pranatharthi Haran ... Treatment of echinococcosis for patients weighing more than 60 kg is albendazole administered PO with meals in a dose of 400 mg ...
Cookies help us deliver our services. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. ...
"Echinococcosis Risk among Domestic Definitive Hosts, Japan" 13, no. 2 (2007). Kamiya, Masao et al. "Echinococcosis Risk among ... Title : Echinococcosis Risk among Domestic Definitive Hosts, Japan Personal Author(s) : Kamiya, Masao;Lagapa, Jose Trinipil; ... 2007). Echinococcosis Risk among Domestic Definitive Hosts, Japan. 13(2). Kamiya, Masao et al. " ...
In order to explore the effect and mechanism of SA treatment against echinococcosis, we established animal echinococcosis model ... In all, we consider that the combinational treatment displayed better therapeutic effects against liver echinococcosis as well ... The current clinical therapeutic medicine against echinococcosis is albendazole, although it caused serious side effects in ... is thought to be a potential drug to treat echinococcosis. ... Echinococcosis is a worldwide anthropozoonosis which is highly ...
Imported Echinococcosis in Southern California published on Dec 1995 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. ... a high index of suspicion for echinococcosis is warranted in this population based solely on the presence of a cystic mass in ...
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis ( ... Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis ( ... Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. In: Thompson, R C A. Echinococcus and Echinococcosis, Part A. ... Download PDF Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Item availability may be restricted. ...
Risk factors associated with cystic echinococcosis in humans in selected pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of Uganda. March 1, ... Research (Published online: 26-02-2017) Risk factors associated with cystic echinococcosis in humans in selected pastoral and ...
JLC Public Lecture Series #3 by a former MEXT Scholarship Student from Malaysia "Echinococcosis: a disease transmitted from ... JLC Public Lecture Series #3 by a former MEXT Scholarship Student from Malaysia "Echinococcosis: a disease transmitted from ... "Echinococcosis: a disease transmitted from canids to human" (Sponsored by: Japanese Language Center for International Students ... gave a lecture regarding Echinococcosis: a disease transmitted from canids to humans. ...
Echinococcosis. Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a ... Cystic echinococcosis (CE), or hydatid disease, is the primary form of echinococcosis found in Syrian refugees. Most people ... However, when a cystic lesion is noted, echinococcosis diagnosis should be considered. Expert advice should be obtained prior ... tapeworm found in dogs (definitive host), sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs (intermediate hosts). Echinococcosis is classified as ...
... Causative agent Transmission Epidemiology Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment options Prevention Causative agent ...
Differentiating Echinococcosis from other Diseases. Epidemiology and Demographics. Risk Factors. Natural History, Complications ... Synonyms and keywords: hydatid disease; hydatid cyst; unilocular hydatid disease; cystic echinococcosis ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Echinococcosis&oldid=1637629" ...
Differentiating Echinococcosis from other Diseases. Epidemiology and Demographics. Risk Factors. Natural History, Complications ... Synonyms and keywords: hydatid disease; hydatid cyst; unilocular hydatid disease; cystic echinococcosis ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Echinococcosis&oldid=1637629" ...
Echinococcosis is a zoonosis, a disease of animals that affects humans.. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis is ... List of OIE Reference Laboratories for Echinococcosis in Europe. *List of countries with a self-declared Echinococcosis status ... Echinococcosis, or Hydatid disease, is an infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus, a tiny tapeworm just a few ... Over 1 million people are estimated being currently affected by echinococcosis, while the incidence in some endemic regions is ...
... a total of nine human cases of alveolar echinococcosis were recorded in area I, five cases were recorded in study area III, and ... and the distribution of human cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) within a highly endemic focus in southern Germany (13.7- ... Schmidberger J, Kratzer W, Stark K, Grüner B, Echinococcosis Working Group. Alveolar echinococcosis in Germany, 1992-2016: an ... Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare zoonotic disease, caused by the parasitic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis [1,2 ...
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type characterized by production of unilocular or ... Echinococcosis. Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type characterized by production of ... B. Alveolar echinococcosis (#2 M/C). *Also known as alveolar colloid of the liver, alveolar hydatid disease, alveolococcosis, ... Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type characterized by production of unilocular or ...
Tag: Echinococcosis. Posted on July 5, 2020. May 24, 2022. Microbiology Echinococcosis: Classification, Habitat and ... Echinococcosis Phylum - Platyhelminthes Class - Cestoda Genus - Echinococcus Species - E. granulosus Echinococcosis is a ... geographical distribution, Life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus, Clinical manifestation of Echinococcosis,Laboratory Diagnosis ...
Echinococcosis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Symptoms and Signs of Echinococcosis Although many infections are acquired during childhood, clinical signs of echinococcosis ... 1 Treatment reference Echinococcosis is infection with larvae of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis, ... 1 Treatment reference Echinococcosis is infection with larvae of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis, ...
The objective of the present study was to compare diagnostic methods in the work-up of suspected cystic echinococcosis of the ... Solitary cysts were found in 60.0% of patients with cystic echinococcosis, while in patients with at least one cystic lesion, ... Results: A diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis was made in 36.8% of patients. Broken down according to WHO criteria, patients ... WHO Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis, Comprehensive Infectious Diseases Center, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany ...
Cystic echinococcosis in northern Tanzania: a pilot study in Masaai livestock-keeping communities ... Cystic echinococcosis in northern Tanzania: a pilot study in Masaai livestock-keeping communities. ... Cystic echinococcosis in northern Tanzania: a pilot study in Maasai livestock-keeping communities ... Cystic echinococcosis in northern Tanzania: a pilot study in Masaai livestock-keeping communities. [Data Collection] ...
Cystic echinococcosis is also widely found throughout the region comprising Arab North Africa and the Middle East. In endemic ... Cystic echinococcosis has been recorded in 21 of Chinas 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (approximately 87 ... A number of options are available for treatment of cystic echinococcosis, including surgery, puncture aspiration injection ...
The Igg Elisa Echinococcosis Serologic Test reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples ... Igg Elisa Laboratories manufactures the igg elisa echinococcosis serologic test reagents distributed by Genprice. ...
Most likely cystic echinococcosis (WHO CE 4 Stadium).In CEUS enhancement of the wall of the cyst, non-enhancement in lumen of ...
... cystic and alveolar echinococcosis). The two main subtypes, cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, present differently and have ... Cystic echinococcosis in a Moroccan boy: a silent and neglected disease among refugee and migrant children. Álvaro Vázquez- ... Intracranial echinococcosis is relatively uncommon and usually occurs in the context of echinococcal lesions elsewhere in the ... The non-resolving lung cavity: a case of pulmonary cystic echinococcosis. Simon Mifsud et al., BMJ Case Reports, 2017 ...
The Vidarbha Journal of Internal Medicine (VJIM) is an open access peer-reviewed journal committed to publishing high-quality articles in the field of Allergy And Immunology, Cardiology (heart diseases), Endocrinology (Hormone Disorders), Hematology (Blood Disorders), Infectious Diseases, Gastroenterology (Diseases Of The Gut), Nephrology (Kidney Diseases), Oncology (Cancer), Pulmonology (Lung Disorders), And Rheumatology.
... Abstract submission deadline ... The two main types of the disease are cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Despite insight from ... Echinococcosis, one of the worlds most lethal parasitoses, remains a challenge for clinicians and public health systems in ...
  • Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by tapeworms of the Echinococcus type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Echinococcosis is an infection caused by either the Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Echinococcosis is the general term used to describe four disease forms caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus tapeworms, the smallest tapeworms in the Taeniidae family. (medscape.com)
  • Echinococcosis is caused by cestode parasites of the genus Echinococcus , including E. multilocularis , E. granulosus , and others. (cdc.gov)
  • Echinococcosis is a worldwide anthropozoonosis which is caused by Echinococcus granulosus [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Echinococcosis , or Hydatid disease, is an infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus , a tiny tapeworm just a few millimetres long. (woah.org)
  • We describe the spatial distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis in its main definitive host, the red fox, and the distribution of human cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) within a highly endemic focus in southern Germany (13.7-19.9/100,000 in 1992-2018). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type characterized by production of unilocular or multilocular cystic disease of lung and liver. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Echinococcosis Phylum - Platyhelminthes Class - Cestoda Genus - Echinococcus Species - E. granulosus Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with tiny tapeworms. (thesciencenotes.com)
  • Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis, hydatid disease) or Echinococcus multilocularis (alveolar disease). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Solitary echinococcus cysts were found in 97 (27%) patients, multiple hepatic echinococcosis found in 262 (73%) patients. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • We report a case of symptomatic massive liver echinococcosis due to Echinococcus granulosus, unexpectedly found in a 34 year old woman living in Apulia, Italy. (unicatt.it)
  • Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, is a zoonotic helminthic disease that can mimic malignancy. (lstmed.ac.uk)
  • Cystic echinococcosis is the infection by the larvae of cestode parasites belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple intracranial lesions can result from rupture of an initial single intracranial cyst (in cystic echinococcosis) or from dissemination of systemic disease of the lung, liver or heart (cystic and alveolar echinococcosis). (bmj.com)
  • The two main subtypes, cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, present differently and have distinct imaging features in the brain. (bmj.com)
  • Introduction Human being cystic and alveolar echinococcosis due to infection using the metacestodes from the tapeworms (sensu stricto) and was lately described in animals (Tibetan fox and plateau pikas varieties within both intermediate and definitive hosts. (biosemiotics2013.org)
  • A diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis was made in 36.8% of patients. (turkjgastroenterol.org)
  • Ovarian echinococcosis should always be kept in mind such as a differential diagnosis with ovarian cysts and malignancies. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • This study aims to analyze the characteristics of F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT) for cerebral alveolar echinococcosis (CAE).Twenty-five CAE patients underwent F-FDG PET/CT, and the diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and surgical pathology. (shengsci.com)
  • Diagnostic difficulties may occur in large cyst patients (with live parasites), as well as in patients with dead echinococcosis. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • ABSTRACT We performed a retrospective study to determine annual clinical incidence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in 14 Egyptian hospitals between January 1997 and December 1999. (who.int)
  • In 2020, an international effort of scientists, from 16 countries, led to a detailed consensus on terms to be used or rejected for the genetics, epidemiology, biology, immunology, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are the key forms of echinococcosis that are of significant medical and public health concerns for humans. (medscape.com)
  • The 2 main forms of echinococcosis in humans are alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by E. multilocularis , and cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by E. granulosus and other species. (cdc.gov)
  • In humans, ingested eggs can be mainly distributed to liver and lung, leading to cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). (hindawi.com)
  • Dr. Huy Honkien, a previous MEXT Scholarship student from Malaysia, currently a Professor within the Veterinary Department at Azabu University, gave a lecture regarding Echinococcosis: a disease transmitted from canids to humans. (tufs.ac.jp)
  • Echinococcosis is a zoonosis, a disease of animals that affects humans. (woah.org)
  • In people who are infected with E. granulosus and therefore have cystic echinococcosis, the disease develops as a slow-growing mass in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by infection with the larvae of E granulosus . (medscape.com)
  • Rarer forms, referred to as neotropical echinococcosis (NE), are caused by E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus . (cdc.gov)
  • In all, we consider that the combinational treatment displayed better therapeutic effects against liver echinococcosis as well as alleviated liver injury, which could be considered as an effective strategy to treat echinococcosis clinically. (hindawi.com)
  • Since their epidemiologic risk factors may be absent and clinical presentations varied, a high index of suspicion for echinococcosis is warranted in this population based solely on the presence of a cystic mass in liver, lung, or another organ site. (ajtmh.org)
  • The objective of the present study was to compare diagnostic methods in the work-up of suspected cystic echinococcosis of the liver. (turkjgastroenterol.org)
  • Intracranial echinococcosis is relatively uncommon and usually occurs in the context of echinococcal lesions elsewhere in the body, mostly liver and lung. (bmj.com)
  • Unexpected discovery of massive liver echinococcosis. (unicatt.it)
  • Less common forms include polycystic echinococcosis and unicystic echinococcosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • These slow-growing masses, often called cysts, are also found in people that are infected with alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the cysts found in those with alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis are similar to those found in those with cystic echinococcosis, the alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis cysts usually have multiple compartments and have infiltrative as opposed to expansive growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Albendazole and mebendazole are the only anthelmintics effective against cystic echinococcosis. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of echinococcosis for patients weighing more than 60 kg is albendazole administered PO with meals in a dose of 400 mg twice daily for 28 days. (medscape.com)
  • Programme for ultrasound diagnoses and treatment with albendazole of cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic carriers: 10 years of follow-up of cases. (medscape.com)
  • The current clinical therapeutic medicine against echinococcosis is albendazole, although it caused serious side effects in patients. (hindawi.com)
  • In order to explore the effect and mechanism of SA treatment against echinococcosis, we established animal echinococcosis model and treated rats with albendazole alone, alkaloids alone, and combined therapy. (hindawi.com)
  • Albendazole is the most common clinical drug to treat echinococcosis [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Clinically, its seeds decoction is combined with albendazole to treat echinococcosis [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the present study, we not only investigated the therapeutic effect of the combinational treatment of Sophora moorcroftiana alkaloids and albendazole against echinococcosis in an experimental rats model, but also explored the underlying molecular mechanism of this strategy by proteomics. (hindawi.com)
  • Available at https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/events/twelfth_stag/en/ (accessed 7 April 2020). (who.int)
  • From 1992 to 2018, a total of nine human cases of alveolar echinococcosis were recorded in area I, five cases were recorded in study area III, and no cases were recorded in area II. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hardware diagnostic results of 359 patients with complicated hepatic echinococcosis were analyzed. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • The results of commonly used hardware examination methods have shown that mixed analysis of these methods greatly increases specificity and sensitivity in preoperative diagnostics of complicated hepatic echinococcosis. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • According to various authors, information value of NLS method in case of hepatic echinococcosis depends on parasite development stage (live or dead), and is at least 90-97% on average. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • Radiographic diagnostic method is subsidiary and it may generally show indirect signs of complicated hepatic echinococcosis. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • Use of NLS (which in comparison to CT provides panoramic images and higher sensitivity superior in certain locations, accurate differential and regional diagnostics) was the next step in diagnostics improvement of complicated hepatic echinococcosis. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • The purpose of given research is to determinate the peculiarities of hepatic echinococcosis hardware diagnostics and its complications. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • Given research is based on clinical observations analysis of 359 patients suffering from complicated hepatic echinococcosis at Surgical pathologies department of Tadzhik State Medical University n.a. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • Complications in the form of hepatic echinococcosis suppuration and calcifications were registered in 279 (77.7%) patients. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • Cystic echinococcosis is controlled by preventing transmission of the parasite. (cdc.gov)
  • Parasite molecules and host responses in cystic echinococcosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • To investigate echinococcosis in co-endemic regions three polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays based on the amplification Favipiravir of a fragment within the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) mitochondrial gene were optimized for the detection of G1 and DNA derived from parasite tissue or canid fecal samples. (biosemiotics2013.org)
  • Although many infections are acquired during childhood, clinical signs of echinococcosis may not appear for years, except when cysts are in vital organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Igg Elisa Laboratories manufactures the igg elisa echinococcosis serologic test reagents distributed by Genprice. (ayurvedandindia.com)
  • The Igg Elisa Echinococcosis Serologic Test reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (ayurvedandindia.com)
  • Echinococcosis is a worldwide anthropozoonosis which is highly endemic over large animal husbandry areas in northwestern China. (hindawi.com)
  • Over 1 million people are estimated being currently affected by echinococcosis, while the incidence in some endemic regions is more than 200 times different with non-endemic countries. (woah.org)
  • The two main types of the disease are cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the 5th of March 2015 (Sat), the JLC Public Lecture Series #3 by a former MEXT Scholarship Student from Malaysia "Echinococcosis: a disease transmitted from canids to human" (Sponsored by: Japanese Language Center for International Students at TUFS) was held. (tufs.ac.jp)
  • Alveolar echinococcosis: from a deadly disease to a well-controlled infection. (ajtmh.org)
  • Solitary cysts were found in 60.0% of patients with cystic echinococcosis, while in patients with at least one cystic lesion, there were most often multiple cysts. (turkjgastroenterol.org)
  • Echinococcosis of the heart: clinical and echocardiographic features in 12 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Primary echinococcosis was registered in 293 (81.6%), relapsing echinococcosis in 37 (10.3%) and residual echinococcosis in 29 (8.1%) of the total number of observed patients. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • To evaluate the serological, radiological and epidemiological analysis of suspected cystic echinococcosis patients, and to assess the positivity rate in the region. (org.pk)
  • The retrospective study was conducted at Bursa Uludag University Hospital, Bursa, Turkey, and comprised data from January 2009 to December 2017 related to patients of either gender with suspected cystic echinococcosis who underwent indirect haemagglutination testing. (org.pk)
  • Alveolar echinococcosis can be prevented by avoiding contact with wild animals such as foxes, coyotes, and dogs and their fecal matter and by limiting the interactions between dogs and rodent populations. (cdc.gov)
  • Although indigenous human cases of AE and CE have been reported in the United States, most US cases of echinococcosis have been imported. (cdc.gov)
  • Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) (cystic transmission is intense in Egypt. (who.int)
  • Most often, echinococcosis cysts do not cause symptoms and are found when an imaging test is done for another reason. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. (uzh.ch)
  • Biological characteristics of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging of cerebral alveolar echinococcosis. (shengsci.com)
  • As can be seen from the above, the introduction of NLS with SEA into clinical practice significantly improves diagnostics of complicated echinococcosis (especially in its early forms) which allows often performance of radical and, at the same time, economical intervention. (nls-diagnostic.org)
  • For cystic echinococcosis, the 28-day course may be repeated after 14 days without treatment to a total of 3 treatment cycles. (medscape.com)
  • Justified concern or exaggerated fear: the risk of anaphylaxis in percutaneous treatment of cystic echinococcosis-a systematic literature review. (medscape.com)
  • New development stage of echinococcosis surgery is associated with development of new and more informative diagnostic tools: NLS-research in the first place, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) and helical computed tomography (HCT). (nls-diagnostic.org)