Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.
Blockage of an artery due to passage of a clot (THROMBUS) from a systemic vein to a systemic artery without its passing through the lung which acts as a filter to remove blood clots from entering the arterial circulation. Paradoxical embolism occurs when there is a defect that allows a clot to cross directly from the right to the left side of the heart as in the cases of ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS or open FORAMEN OVALE. Once in the arterial circulation, a clot can travel to the brain, block an artery, and cause a STROKE.
Blocking of a blood vessel in the SKULL by an EMBOLUS which can be a blood clot (THROMBUS) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with HEART DISEASES. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with VASCULAR DISEASES.
Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.
Blocking of maternal circulation by AMNIOTIC FLUID that is forced into uterine VEINS by strong UTERINE CONTRACTION near the end of pregnancy. It is characterized by the sudden onset of severe respiratory distress and HYPOTENSION that can lead to maternal DEATH.
Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.
Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material which has been transported from a distant vessel by the bloodstream. Removal of a clot at its original site is called THROMBECTOMY.
The ratio of alveolar ventilation to simultaneous alveolar capillary blood flow in any part of the lung. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Agents that prevent clotting.
Mechanical devices inserted in the inferior vena cava that prevent the migration of blood clots from deep venous thrombosis of the leg.
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.
A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Computed tomography where there is continuous X-ray exposure to the patient while being transported in a spiral or helical pattern through the beam of irradiation. This provides improved three-dimensional contrast and spatial resolution compared to conventional computed tomography, where data is obtained and computed from individual sequential exposures.
A condition in which the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the right ventricular wall.
The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the ATRIAL SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. Classification of atrial septal defects is based on location of the communication and types of incomplete fusion of atrial septa with the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS in the fetal heart. They include ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects.
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.
Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium.
A collective term for pathological conditions which are caused by the formation of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in a blood vessel, or by blocking of a blood vessel with an EMBOLUS, undissolved materials in the blood stream.
A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.
Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN.
Use of infusions of FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts.
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
The vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein.
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in cardiovascular and cerebral circulation.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.
Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material from a blood vessel at the point of its formation. Removal of a clot arising from a distant site is called EMBOLECTOMY.
The venous trunk which receives blood from the lower extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs.
Heparin fractions with a molecular weight usually between 4000 and 6000 kD. These low-molecular-weight fractions are effective antithrombotic agents. Their administration reduces the risk of hemorrhage, they have a longer half-life, and their platelet interactions are reduced in comparison to unfractionated heparin. They also provide an effective prophylaxis against postoperative major pulmonary embolism.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein.
Postmortem examination of the body.
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.
NECROSIS of lung tissue that is cause by the lack of OXYGEN or blood supply. The most common cause of pulmonary infarction is a blood clot in the lung.
Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE). EC 3.4.-.
The creation and display of functional images showing where the blood flow reaches by following the distribution of tracers injected into the blood stream.
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
A benign neoplasm derived from connective tissue, consisting chiefly of polyhedral and stellate cells that are loosely embedded in a soft mucoid matrix, thereby resembling primitive mesenchymal tissue. It occurs frequently intramuscularly where it may be mistaken for a sarcoma. It appears also in the jaws and the skin. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). It is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisms, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992). The list of treatment modalities includes stroke.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death.
Low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. It is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. Therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Tumors in any part of the heart. They include primary cardiac tumors and metastatic tumors to the heart. Their interference with normal cardiac functions can cause a wide variety of symptoms including HEART FAILURE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; or EMBOLISM.
An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)
System established by the World Health Organization and the International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis for monitoring and reporting blood coagulation tests. Under this system, results are standardized using the International Sensitivity Index for the particular test reagent/instrument combination used.
Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
A localized bulging or dilatation in the muscle wall of a heart (MYOCARDIUM), usually in the LEFT VENTRICLE. Blood-filled aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst. Fibrous aneurysms interfere with the heart function through the loss of contractility. True aneurysm is bound by the vessel wall or cardiac wall. False aneurysms are HEMATOMA caused by myocardial rupture.
Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders.
Hypertrophy and dilation of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart that is caused by PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. This condition is often associated with pulmonary parenchymal or vascular diseases, such as CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE and PULMONARY EMBOLISM.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.
The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.
Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.
A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen, pyramidal trees with whorled branches and thin, scaly bark. Each of the linear, spirally arranged leaves is jointed near the stem on a separate woody base.
A plant family of the order Rhamnales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida, best known for the VITIS genus, the source of grapes.
The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.
Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
Ethyl ester of iodinated fatty acid of poppyseed oil. It contains 37% organically bound iodine and has been used as a diagnostic aid (radiopaque medium) and as an antineoplastic agent when part of the iodine is 131-I. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The vessels carrying blood away from the capillary beds.
Simple rapid heartbeats caused by rapid discharge of impulses from the SINOATRIAL NODE, usually between 100 and 180 beats/min in adults. It is characterized by a gradual onset and termination. Sinus tachycardia is common in infants, young children, and adults during strenuous physical activities.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the LUNGS.
A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts PLASMINOGEN to FIBRINOLYSIN. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases.
The thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a heart.
Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are invasive or surgical in nature, and require the expertise of a specially trained radiologist. In general, they are more invasive than diagnostic imaging but less invasive than major surgery. They often involve catheterization, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography. Some examples include percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy, balloon angioplasty, and arterial embolization.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Procedures to repair or stabilize vertebral fractures, especially compression fractures accomplished by injecting BONE CEMENTS into the fractured VERTEBRAE.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A CATHETER-delivered implant used for closing abnormal holes in the cardiovascular system, especially HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS; or passageways intentionally made during cardiovascular surgical procedures.
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure.
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.
The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.
A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.
Material used for wrapping or binding any part of the body.
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs.
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS of an upper extremity vein (e.g., AXILLARY VEIN; SUBCLAVIAN VEIN; and JUGULAR VEINS). It is associated with mechanical factors (Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Primary) secondary to other anatomic factors (Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Secondary). Symptoms may include sudden onset of pain, warmth, redness, blueness, and swelling in the arm.
Recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

The endovascular management of blue finger syndrome. (1/776)

OBJECTIVES: To review our experience of the endovascular management of upper limb embolisation secondary to an ipsilateral proximal arterial lesion. DESIGN: A retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over 3 years, 17 patients presented with blue fingers secondary to an ipsilateral proximal vascular lesion. These have been managed using transluminal angioplasty (14) and arterial stenting (five), combined with embolectomy (two) and anticoagulation (three)/anti-platelet therapy (14). RESULTS: All the patients were treated successfully. There have been no further symptomatic embolic episodes originating from any of the treated lesions, and no surgical amputations. Complications were associated with the use of brachial arteriotomy for vascular access. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular techniques are safe and effective in the management of upper limb embolic phenomena associated with an ipsilateral proximal focal vascular lesion.  (+info)

Thromboatheromatous complications of umbilical arterial catheterization in the newborn period. Clinicopathological study. (2/776)

Severe catheter-related thromboatheromatous lesions were found at necropsy in 33 of 56 infants who had umbilical arterial catheters passed during life. In infants dying within 8 days of insertion of the catheter, varying degrees of thrombosis of the aorta and its major branches were seen. With increasing thrombosis and aging of the thrombus, fatty deposits were seen first within the thrombus, and then in the intima and media. In addition there was evidence of proliferation of medial smooth muscle cells and of disruption of the medial architecture below the thrombus, characterized by the presence of abundant mucopolysaccharide. In infants who survived longer, varying degrees of organization of the thrombus could be traced, leading eventually to raised fibrous plaques with lipid and occasionally calcification. The lesions in the older infants were similar in many respects to experimental thromboatheromatous lesions produced in rabbits, and to some lesions of artheroma occurring spontaneously in humans. A wide variety of embolic phenomena were found, with features suggesting asynchrony of embolic episodes. The presence of thrombotic lesions could not be related to birthweight, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, age at catheterization, duration of catheterization, underlying disease process, age at death or the presence of hypothermia, acidosis, or anomalies in coagulation tests. There is a need for less hazardous methods of monitoring arterial oxygen tension.  (+info)

Mechanisms of retarded apical filling in acute ischemic left ventricular failure. (3/776)

BACKGROUND: We examined the hypothesis that retardation of apical filling as measured by color M-mode Doppler echocardiography in the diseased left ventricle (LV) reflects a decrease in the intraventricular mitral-to-apical pressure gradient. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 9 open-chest anesthetized dogs, micromanometers were placed near the mitral tip and in the apical region. From the color M-mode Doppler images, the time delay (TD) between peak velocity at the mitral tip and the apical region was determined as an index of LV flow propagation. Acute ischemic LV failure was induced by coronary microembolization. Induction of ischemia caused a marked increase in LV end-diastolic pressure and a decrease in LV ejection fraction. The time constant of LV isovolumic apical pressure decay (tau) increased from 31+/-8 to 49+/-16 ms (P<0.001). The peak early diastolic mitral-to-apical pressure gradient (DeltaPLVmitral-apex) decreased from 1.9+/-0.9 to 0.7+/-0.5 mm Hg (P<0.01), and TD increased from 5+/-3 to 57+/-26 ms (P<0.001). The slowing of flow propagation was limited to the apical portion of the LV cavity. The TD correlated with DeltaPLVmitral-apex (r=-0.94, P<0.01) and with tau (r=0.92, P<0.01). Before ischemia, the mitral-to-apical flow propagation velocity far exceeded the velocity of the individual blood cells, whereas during ischemia, flow propagation velocity approximated the blood velocity. CONCLUSIONS: Retardation of apical filling in acute ischemic failure was attributed to a decrease in the mitral-to-apical driving pressure, reflecting slowing of LV relaxation. The slowing of flow propagation appeared to represent a shift in apical filling from a pattern of column motion to a pattern dominated by convection.  (+info)

Should initial clamping for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair be proximal or distal to minimise embolisation? (4/776)

OBJECTIVES: to determine whether clamping proximally or distally on the infrarenal aorta during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair increases the overall embolic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a sheath was placed in the mid-infrarenal aorta of 16 dogs. In eight animals a cross-clamp was placed at the aortic trifurcation, and in another eight animals it was placed in the immediate subrenal position. Under fluoroscopy blood flow within the infrarenal aorta was evaluated by contrast and particle injections. Grey-scale analysis was used to calculate contrast density. Particle distribution was followed fluoroscopically and confirmed pathologically. RESULTS: fifty-seven+/-24% of injected contrast remained within the aorta with distal clamping while 97+/-7% did so with proximal clamping (p<0.01). With distal aortic clamping 6.2+/-1. 3 out of 10 injected particles remained within the aorta after 15 seconds and only 0.8+/-0.8 remained after 5 min. With proximal aortic clamping, all 10 of the particles remained within the aortic lumen for the full 5 minutes (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: initial distal clamping minimises distal embolisation, but may result in renal and/or visceral embolisation. Initial proximal clamping prevents proximal embolisation and does not promote distal embolisation. We recommend initial proximal clamping in aortic aneurysm surgery to minimise the overall risk of embolisation.  (+info)

Atrial fibrillation in general practice: how useful is echocardiography in selection of suitable patients for anticoagulation? (5/776)

All patients identified from records in two practices in West Lothian (n = 103) as having atrial fibrillation (AF) were offered a clinical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiography. Sixty-five patients attended the examinations. Of these, 26 (40%) were found to be in sinus rhythm. Many of those in AF were already on warfarin. Only eight who were found to have AF, who were not already on warfarin and who had no contraindications to it, had additional risk factors that suggested they be treated with warfarin. In no case did echocardiography alter management decisions.  (+info)

Acetylsalicylic acid reduces vegetation bacterial density, hematogenous bacterial dissemination, and frequency of embolic events in experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis through antiplatelet and antibacterial effects. (6/776)

BACKGROUND: Platelets are integral to cardiac vegetations that evolve in infectious endocarditis. It has been postulated that the antiplatelet aggregation effect of aspirin (ASA) might diminish vegetation evolution and embolic rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rabbits with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis were given either no ASA (controls) or ASA at 4, 8, or 12 mg. kg-1. d-1 IV for 3 days beginning 1 day after infection. Vegetation weights and serial echocardiographic vegetation size, vegetation and kidney bacterial densities, and extent of renal embolization were evaluated. In addition, the effect of ASA on early S aureus adherence to sterile vegetations was assessed. In vitro, bacterial adherence to platelets, fibrin matrices, or fibrin-platelet matrices was quantified with either platelets exposed to ASA or S aureus preexposed to salicylic acid (SAL). ASA at 8 mg. kg-1. d-1 (but not at 4 or 12 mg. kg-1. d-1) was associated with substantial decreases in vegetation weight (P<0.05), echocardiographic vegetation growth (P<0.001), vegetation (P<0.05) and renal bacterial densities and renal embolic lesions (P<0.05) versus controls. Diminished aggregation resulted when platelets were preexposed to ASA or when S aureus was preexposed to SAL (P<0.05). S aureus adherence to sterile vegetations (P<0.05) or to platelets in suspension (P<0.05), fibrin matrices (P<0.05), or fibrin-platelet matrices (P<0.05) was significantly reduced when bacteria were preexposed to SAL. CONCLUSIONS: ASA reduces several principal indicators of severity and metastatic events in experimental S aureus endocarditis. These benefits involve ASA effects on both the platelet and the microbe.  (+info)

Prevention of distal embolization during saphenous vein graft lesion angioplasty. Experience with a new temporary occlusion and aspiration system. (7/776)

BACKGROUND: Repeat coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is associated with a high morbidity and mortality, rendering percutaneous treatment of saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions an attractive alternative. However, percutaneous interventions of degenerated SVGs carries high risk of distal embolization. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study reports our initial experience with the PercuSurge GuardWire, a new device developed to prevent embolization during treatment of degenerated SVG. This device consists of a 190-cm-long, hollow 0.014-in guidewire with a central lumen connected to a distal occlusion balloon. A dedicated inflation device (the MicroSeal Adapter) was used to inflate the distal balloon and maintain complete lumen occlusion during balloon dilatation and stent implantation. A monorail aspiration catheter, connected to a vacuum syringe, was used to evacuate atherosclerotic and thrombotic debris. Angioplasty with stent implantation was performed in 15 degenerated SVGs (18 lesions). Procedural success was achieved in all patients with normal postprocedure flow (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 3). No distal embolization was observed. There were no major in-hospital adverse clinical events, including Q-wave or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, emergency CABG, or death. All patients were asymptomatic at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary series supports the feasible use of the PercuSurge GuardWire for retrieval of plaque debris and prevention of embolization in degenerated SVGs. The good tolerance of temporary occlusions without angiographic or clinical evidence of distal embolization represents encouraging early findings.  (+info)

Retrieval and analysis of particulate debris after saphenous vein graft intervention. (8/776)

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the composition and quantity of particulate debris resulting from vein graft intervention. BACKGROUND: Distal embolization and "no reflow" are frequent and important complications resulting from angioplasty of diseased saphenous vein grafts. Little is known about the composition and quantity of embolic particulate debris associated with vein graft intervention, and no intervention has been shown to protect against its clinical consequences. METHODS: A catheter system, designed to contain, retrieve and protect against distal embolization of this material, was evaluated during 27 percutaneous interventional saphenous vein graft procedures. Clinical, angiographic and pathologic analyses were performed. RESULTS: The duration of distal graft occlusion required to allow intervention and subsequent debris removal was 150 +/- 54 s, decreasing as experience was gained. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trial (TIMI) flow grade increased from 2.6 +/- 0.8 to 3.0 +/- 0.0. Creatine kinase (CK) rose above normal in three patients (11.1%) exceeding 3x normal in one (3.7%) resulting in the diagnosis of non-Q-myocardial infarction. Particulate material was identified following 21 of 23 procedures suitable for analysis. Particle size was 204 +/- 57 microm in the major axis and 83 +/- 22 microm in the minor axis. Particles consisted predominantly of soft acellular atheromatous material, such as that typically found under a fibrous cap. Semiquantitative analysis suggested that the quantity of particulate material was less following stenting than following balloon dilation. CONCLUSIONS: Particulate matter is commonly present following routine angioplasty and stenting of saphenous vein grafts. Containment, retrieval and analysis of this particulate debris are all feasible. Comparison to prior clinical experience is limited by small sample size. However, to the extent that these particles may contribute to distal embolization, no-reflow and infarction, such a system may contribute to the reduction of complications following vein graft intervention.  (+info)

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot, often formed in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis), breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking one or more pulmonary arteries. This blockage can lead to various symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate, and coughing up blood. In severe cases, it can cause life-threatening complications like low oxygen levels, hypotension, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated with anticoagulant medications or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve the clot.

Fat embolism is a medical condition that occurs when fat globules enter the bloodstream and block small blood vessels (arterioles and capillaries) in various tissues and organs. This can lead to inflammation, tissue damage, and potentially life-threatening complications.

Fat embolism typically occurs as a result of trauma, such as long bone fractures or orthopedic surgeries, where fat cells from the marrow of the broken bone enter the bloodstream. It can also occur in other conditions that cause fat to be released into the circulation, such as pancreatitis, decompression sickness, and certain medical procedures like liposuction.

Symptoms of fat embolism may include respiratory distress, fever, confusion, petechial rash (small purple or red spots on the skin), and a decrease in oxygen levels. In severe cases, it can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and even death. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

An embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a substance, such as a blood clot or an air bubble, blocks a blood vessel. This can happen in any part of the body, but it is particularly dangerous when it affects the brain (causing a stroke) or the lungs (causing a pulmonary embolism). Embolisms can cause serious harm by preventing oxygen and nutrients from reaching the tissues and organs that need them. They are often the result of underlying medical conditions, such as heart disease or deep vein thrombosis, and may require immediate medical attention to prevent further complications.

Paradoxical embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other material (embolus) from a vein passes through an abnormal connection between the right and left sides of the heart and lodges in an artery in the systemic circulation. This is considered "paradoxical" because the embolus originates from the venous system but bypasses the lungs and travels directly to the arterial system.

Under normal circumstances, blood flows from the body's veins into the right atrium of the heart, then through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, where it is pumped through the pulmonary artery into the lungs for oxygenation. The now oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, and is then pumped out to the body's arteries.

However, in certain conditions such as a patent foramen ovale (PFO) or an atrial septal defect (ASD), there can be an abnormal communication between the right and left atria. This allows for the possibility of a paradoxical embolism to occur when a clot or other material from the venous system passes through this connection into the arterial system, bypassing filtration and oxygenation in the lungs.

Paradoxical embolism can lead to serious consequences, such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or tissue damage in various organs, depending on where the embolus lodges. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the paradoxical embolism and may include anticoagulation therapy, surgical closure of the abnormal connection, or other interventions as necessary.

An intracranial embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other foreign material (embolus) forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the blood vessels within the brain. This embolus then blocks the flow of blood in the cerebral arteries, leading to potential damage or death of brain tissue. Common sources of intracranial emboli include heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, or following a heart attack; or from large-vessel atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries. Symptoms can vary depending on the location and size of the obstruction, but may include sudden weakness or numbness, confusion, difficulty speaking, vision loss, severe headache, or even loss of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and treat intracranial embolism, often involving anticoagulation therapy, endovascular procedures, or surgery.

1. Intracranial Embolism: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other particle (embolus) formed elsewhere in the body, travels through the bloodstream and lodges itself in the intracranial blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood to a part of the brain. This can lead to various neurological symptoms such as weakness, numbness, speech difficulties, or even loss of consciousness, depending on the severity and location of the blockage.

2. Intracranial Thrombosis: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms within the intracranial blood vessels. The clot can partially or completely obstruct the flow of blood, leading to various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, or neurological deficits, depending on the severity and location of the thrombosis. Intracranial thrombosis can occur due to various factors including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and other medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clot formation.

An amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but serious condition that can occur during pregnancy, labor, or shortly after delivery. It occurs when amniotic fluid, fetal cells, hair, or other debris enter the mother's bloodstream and block the flow of blood to the lungs or other parts of the body. This can cause a range of symptoms including sudden shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, chills, and in severe cases, cardiac arrest or seizures. AFE is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

The exact causes of amniotic fluid embolism are not well understood, but it is thought to occur when there is a disruption in the placental barrier that allows amniotic fluid and fetal debris to enter the mother's bloodstream. Risk factors for AFE include advanced maternal age, cesarean delivery, placenta previa, and other pregnancy complications.

Treatment for AFE typically involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, medications to support blood pressure and heart function, and in some cases, surgery to remove the blockage from the blood vessels. Despite treatment, AFE can be a life-threatening condition with significant morbidity and mortality rates.

Cholesterol embolism is a medical condition that occurs when cholesteral crystals or plaque debris from an atherosclerotic lesion in the aorta or its major branches dislodge and travel to smaller vessels, where they obstruct blood flow. This can lead to tissue damage or infarction in various organs, depending on the location of the embolism.

Cholesterol emboli are typically small, crystalline, and composed of cholesterol, calcium, and other debris from atherosclerotic plaques. They can cause inflammation and damage to the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, leading to further narrowing or occlusion of the vessel lumen.

Symptoms of cholesterol embolism depend on the location and extent of the obstruction. Common sites for embolization include the kidneys, brain, eyes, skin, and extremities. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include sudden pain, weakness, or numbness in the affected area; skin discoloration or ulcerations; vision changes; kidney dysfunction; and stroke-like symptoms.

Cholesterol embolism is often a complication of invasive procedures such as angiography, coronary artery bypass grafting, or aortic surgery. It can also occur spontaneously in patients with advanced atherosclerosis or those who have recently undergone anticoagulation therapy.

Diagnosis of cholesterol embolism is often challenging due to its nonspecific symptoms and variable presentation. Imaging studies, such as angiography or CT scans, may be used to visualize the location and extent of the obstruction. Blood tests and biopsy of affected tissues can also provide diagnostic clues.

Treatment of cholesterol embolism is primarily supportive and aimed at managing symptoms and preventing further complications. Antiplatelet therapy, statins, and anti-inflammatory agents may be used to reduce the risk of recurrent embolization and improve outcomes. In severe cases, surgical intervention or endovascular procedures may be necessary to remove the obstruction or restore blood flow.

Venous thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins, often in the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT), but it can also occur in other parts of the body such as the arms, pelvis, or lungs (pulmonary embolism).

The formation of a venous thrombus can be caused by various factors, including injury to the blood vessel wall, changes in blood flow, and alterations in the composition of the blood. These factors can lead to the activation of clotting factors and platelets, which can result in the formation of a clot that blocks the vein.

Symptoms of venous thrombosis may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected area. In some cases, the clot can dislodge and travel to other parts of the body, causing potentially life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Risk factors for venous thrombosis include advanced age, obesity, smoking, pregnancy, use of hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, cancer, recent surgery or trauma, prolonged immobility, and a history of previous venous thromboembolism. Treatment typically involves the use of anticoagulant medications to prevent further clotting and dissolve existing clots.

An embolectomy is a surgical procedure to remove an embolus, which is a blockage in a blood vessel caused by a clot or air bubble that has traveled from another part of the body. During an embolectomy, the surgeon makes an incision in the affected blood vessel and removes the embolus using specialized surgical instruments. This procedure is often performed as an emergency treatment to restore blood flow and prevent tissue damage in the affected area of the body.

The Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) ratio is a measure used in respiratory physiology to describe the relationship between the amount of air that enters the alveoli (ventilation) and the amount of blood that reaches the alveoli to pick up oxygen (perfusion).

In a healthy lung, these two processes are well-matched, meaning that well-ventilated areas of the lung also have good blood flow. This results in a V/Q ratio close to 1.0.

However, certain lung conditions such as emphysema or pulmonary embolism can cause ventilation and perfusion to become mismatched, leading to a V/Q ratio that is either higher (ventilation exceeds perfusion) or lower (perfusion exceeds ventilation) than normal. This mismatch can result in impaired gas exchange and lead to hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood).

The V/Q ratio is often used in clinical settings to assess lung function and diagnose respiratory disorders.

Anticoagulants are a class of medications that work to prevent the formation of blood clots in the body. They do this by inhibiting the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a clot. Anticoagulants can be given orally, intravenously, or subcutaneously, depending on the specific drug and the individual patient's needs.

There are several different types of anticoagulants, including:

1. Heparin: This is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that is often used in hospitalized patients who require immediate anticoagulation. It works by activating an enzyme called antithrombin III, which inhibits the formation of clots.
2. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH): LMWH is a form of heparin that has been broken down into smaller molecules. It has a longer half-life than standard heparin and can be given once or twice daily by subcutaneous injection.
3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): These are newer oral anticoagulants that work by directly inhibiting specific clotting factors in the coagulation cascade. Examples include apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.
4. Vitamin K antagonists: These are older oral anticoagulants that work by inhibiting the action of vitamin K, which is necessary for the formation of clotting factors. Warfarin is an example of a vitamin K antagonist.

Anticoagulants are used to prevent and treat a variety of conditions, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), atrial fibrillation, and prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. It is important to note that anticoagulants can increase the risk of bleeding, so they must be used with caution and regular monitoring of blood clotting times may be required.

Vena cava filters are medical devices that are implanted into the inferior vena cava, which is the largest vein in the body that returns blood from the lower half of the body to the heart. These filters are designed to trap blood clots that form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT) and prevent them from traveling to the lungs (pulmonary embolism or PE), which can be a life-threatening condition.

The filter is typically implanted using a catheter-based procedure, and it has legs or arms that extend out to trap the blood clots as they flow through the vein. Over time, the trapped clots may dissolve on their own or become organized and incorporated into the wall of the vein.

Vena cava filters are typically used in patients who are at high risk for PE but cannot take anticoagulation medication or have failed anticoagulation therapy. However, there is some controversy surrounding the use of these devices due to concerns about their long-term safety and effectiveness.

Thrombophlebitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and clotting of blood in a vein, usually in the legs. The term thrombophlebitis comes from two words: "thrombo" which means blood clot, and "phlebitis" which refers to inflammation of the vein.

The condition can occur in superficial or deep veins. Superficial thrombophlebitis affects the veins just below the skin's surface, while deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT) occurs in the deeper veins. DVT is a more serious condition as it can lead to complications such as pulmonary embolism if the blood clot breaks off and travels to the lungs.

Symptoms of thrombophlebitis may include redness, warmth, pain, swelling, or discomfort in the affected area. In some cases, there may be visible surface veins that are hard, tender, or ropy to touch. If left untreated, thrombophlebitis can lead to chronic venous insufficiency and other long-term complications. Treatment typically involves medications such as anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, or thrombolytics, along with compression stockings and other supportive measures.

Thromboembolism is a medical condition that refers to the obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus (blood clot) that has formed elsewhere in the body and then been transported by the bloodstream to a narrower vessel, where it becomes lodged. This process can occur in various parts of the body, leading to different types of thromboembolisms:

1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A thrombus forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs or pelvis, and then breaks off and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.
2. Pulmonary Embolism (PE): A thrombus formed elsewhere, often in the deep veins of the legs, dislodges and travels to the lungs, blocking one or more pulmonary arteries. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and potentially life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.
3. Cerebral Embolism: A thrombus formed in another part of the body, such as the heart or carotid artery, dislodges and travels to the brain, causing a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
4. Arterial Thromboembolism: A thrombus forms in an artery and breaks off, traveling to another part of the body and blocking blood flow to an organ or tissue, leading to potential damage or loss of function. Examples include mesenteric ischemia (intestinal damage due to blocked blood flow) and retinal artery occlusion (vision loss due to blocked blood flow in the eye).

Prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing thromboembolism and reducing the risk of severe complications.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a type of echocardiogram, which is a medical test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart. In TEE, a special probe containing a transducer is passed down the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) to obtain views of the heart from behind. This allows for more detailed images of the heart structures and function compared to a standard echocardiogram, which uses a probe placed on the chest. TEE is often used in patients with poor image quality from a standard echocardiogram or when more detailed images are needed to diagnose or monitor certain heart conditions. It is typically performed by a trained cardiologist or sonographer under the direction of a cardiologist.

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a medical condition where the foramen ovale, an opening between the left and right atria of the heart in a fetus, does not close completely after birth. This results in a small flap-like opening that allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium. While this condition is typically harmless in itself, it can potentially allow blood clots to pass from the right side of the heart to the left, which could then travel to the brain and cause a stroke. Patent Foramen Ovale is usually an incidental finding during tests for other conditions.

Angiography is a medical procedure in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the internal structure of blood vessels, arteries, or veins. This is done by injecting a radiopaque contrast agent (dye) into the blood vessel using a thin, flexible catheter. The dye makes the blood vessels visible on an x-ray image, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions such as blockages, narrowing, or malformations of the blood vessels.

There are several types of angiography, including:

* Cardiac angiography (also called coronary angiography) - used to examine the blood vessels of the heart
* Cerebral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels of the brain
* Peripheral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels in the limbs or other parts of the body.

Angiography is typically performed by a radiologist, cardiologist, or vascular surgeon in a hospital setting. It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Spiral Computed Tomography (CT), also known as Helical CT, is a type of computed tomography scan in which the X-ray tube and detector rotate around the patient in a spiral path, capturing data as the table moves the patient through the scanner. This continuous spiral motion allows for faster and more detailed volumetric imaging of internal organs and structures, reducing the need for multiple slices and providing improved image reconstruction. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and trauma injuries.

Right ventricular dysfunction is a condition characterized by the impaired ability of the right ventricle (one of the two pumping chambers in the heart) to fill with blood during the diastolic phase or eject blood during the systolic phase. This results in reduced cardiac output from the right ventricle, which can lead to various complications such as fluid accumulation in the body, particularly in the abdomen and lower extremities, and ultimately congestive heart failure if left untreated.

Right ventricular dysfunction can be caused by various factors, including damage to the heart muscle due to a heart attack, high blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension), chronic lung diseases, congenital heart defects, viral infections, and certain medications. Symptoms of right ventricular dysfunction may include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen, and a decreased tolerance for physical activity.

Diagnosis of right ventricular dysfunction typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests such as echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or CT scan, and other diagnostic procedures such as electrocardiogram (ECG) or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include medications to reduce fluid buildup, improve heart function, and manage symptoms, as well as lifestyle modifications such as reducing salt intake and increasing physical activity levels. In severe cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery or implantable devices like pacemakers or ventricular assist devices may be necessary.

The pulmonary artery is a large blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. It divides into two main branches, the right and left pulmonary arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels called arterioles, and then into a vast network of capillaries in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The thin walls of these capillaries allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse out, making the blood oxygen-rich before it is pumped back to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins. This process is crucial for maintaining proper oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs.

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a medical condition that includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs, while PE occurs when a clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking a pulmonary artery or one of its branches. This condition can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

The medical definition of Venous Thromboembolism is:

"The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs, which can then dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches (pulmonary embolism). VTE is a complex disorder resulting from an interplay of genetic and environmental factors that affect the balance between thrombosis and fibrinolysis."

Some common risk factors for VTE include immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer, hormonal therapy, pregnancy, advanced age, and inherited or acquired thrombophilia. Symptoms of DVT may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected limb, while symptoms of PE can range from shortness of breath and chest pain to coughing up blood or even sudden death. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and laboratory tests (such as D-dimer). Treatment usually includes anticoagulation therapy to prevent further clot formation and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Warfarin is a anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the vitamin K-dependent activation of several coagulation factors (factors II, VII, IX, and X). This results in prolonged clotting times and reduced thrombus formation. It is commonly used to prevent and treat blood clots in conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Warfarin is also known by its brand names Coumadin and Jantoven.

It's important to note that warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that the difference between an effective dose and a toxic one is small. Therefore, it requires careful monitoring of the patient's coagulation status through regular blood tests (INR) to ensure that the dosage is appropriate and to minimize the risk of bleeding complications.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a type of congenital heart defect that involves the septum, which is the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart (atria). An ASD is a hole or abnormal opening in the atrial septum, allowing oxygen-rich blood to leak into the oxygen-poor blood chambers in the heart. This leads to an overload of blood in the right side of the heart, which can cause enlargement of the heart and increased work for the right ventricle.

ASDs can vary in size, and small defects may not cause any symptoms or require treatment. Larger defects, however, can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart rhythm abnormalities. Over time, if left untreated, ASDs can lead to complications like pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and stroke.

Treatment for ASD typically involves surgical closure of the defect or catheter-based procedures using devices to close the hole. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the size and location of the defect, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any coexisting conditions.

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a clot forms in an artery, it can cut off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues served by that artery, leading to damage or tissue death. If a thrombus forms in the heart, it can cause a heart attack. If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can lodge in a smaller vessel, causing blockage and potentially leading to damage in the organ that the vessel supplies. This is known as an embolism.

Thrombosis can occur due to various factors such as injury to the blood vessel wall, abnormalities in blood flow, or changes in the composition of the blood. Certain medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of thrombosis. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve or prevent further growth of the clot, as well as addressing any underlying causes.

Phlebography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize and assess the veins, particularly in the legs. It involves the injection of a contrast agent into the veins, followed by X-ray imaging to capture the flow of the contrast material through the veins. This allows doctors to identify any abnormalities such as blood clots, blockages, or malformations in the venous system.

There are different types of phlebography, including ascending phlebography (where the contrast agent is injected into a foot vein and travels up the leg) and descending phlebography (where the contrast agent is injected into a vein in the groin or neck and travels down the leg).

Phlebography is an invasive procedure that requires careful preparation and monitoring, and it is typically performed by radiologists or vascular specialists. It has largely been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques such as ultrasound and CT angiography in many clinical settings.

Embolism: An embolism is the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, a foreign body that travels through the bloodstream from another part of the body. Common sources of emboli include blood clots (thrombi), fat globules, air bubbles, or pieces of tumors. When an embolus lodges in a blood vessel, it can partially or completely block blood flow, leading to tissue damage or death if not promptly treated.

Thrombosis: Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus, a blood clot that develops within a blood vessel and remains attached to its interior surface. Thrombi can form in response to various factors, such as injury to the blood vessel wall, hypercoagulability (increased tendency for blood clotting), or stasis (reduced blood flow). A thrombus can partially or completely obstruct blood flow, leading to tissue damage or dysfunction. If a piece of the thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it becomes an embolus, which can cause an embolism in another part of the body.

Heparin is defined as a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (a type of polysaccharide) that is widely present in many tissues, but is most commonly derived from the mucosal tissues of mammalian lungs or intestinal mucosa. It is an anticoagulant that acts as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in the blood coagulation cascade, primarily by activating antithrombin III which then neutralizes thrombin and other clotting factors.

Heparin is used medically to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and certain types of heart attacks. It can also be used during hemodialysis, cardiac bypass surgery, and other medical procedures to prevent the formation of blood clots.

It's important to note that while heparin is a powerful anticoagulant, it does not have any fibrinolytic activity, meaning it cannot dissolve existing blood clots. Instead, it prevents new clots from forming and stops existing clots from growing larger.

Fibrinolytic agents are medications that dissolve or break down blood clots by activating plasminogen, which is converted into plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that degrades fibrin, the structural protein in blood clots. Fibrinolytic agents are used medically to treat conditions such as acute ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction (heart attack) by restoring blood flow in occluded vessels. Examples of fibrinolytic agents include alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase. It is important to note that these medications carry a risk of bleeding complications and should be administered with caution.

Thrombolytic therapy, also known as thrombolysis, is a medical treatment that uses medications called thrombolytics or fibrinolytics to dissolve or break down blood clots (thrombi) in blood vessels. These clots can obstruct the flow of blood to vital organs such as the heart, lungs, or brain, leading to serious conditions like myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, or ischemic stroke.

The goal of thrombolytic therapy is to restore blood flow as quickly and efficiently as possible to prevent further damage to the affected organ and potentially save lives. Commonly used thrombolytic drugs include alteplase (tPA), reteplase, and tenecteplase. It's essential to administer these medications as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms for optimal treatment outcomes. However, there are risks associated with thrombolytic therapy, such as an increased chance of bleeding complications, which must be carefully weighed against its benefits in each individual case.

Heart disease is a broad term for a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. It's often used to refer to conditions that include:

1. Coronary artery disease (CAD): This is the most common type of heart disease. It occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become hardened and narrowed due to the buildup of cholesterol and other substances, which can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or a heart attack.

2. Heart failure: This condition occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by various conditions, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and cardiomyopathy.

3. Arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms, which can be too fast, too slow, or irregular. They can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and fainting.

4. Valvular heart disease: This involves damage to one or more of the heart's four valves, which control blood flow through the heart. Damage can be caused by various conditions, including infection, rheumatic fever, and aging.

5. Cardiomyopathy: This is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood efficiently. It can be caused by various factors, including genetics, viral infections, and drug abuse.

6. Pericardial disease: This involves inflammation or other problems with the sac surrounding the heart (pericardium). It can cause chest pain and other symptoms.

7. Congenital heart defects: These are heart conditions that are present at birth, such as a hole in the heart or abnormal blood vessels. They can range from mild to severe and may require medical intervention.

8. Heart infections: The heart can become infected by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to various symptoms and complications.

It's important to note that many factors can contribute to the development of heart disease, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of developing heart disease.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Intraoperative complications refer to any unforeseen problems or events that occur during the course of a surgical procedure, once it has begun and before it is completed. These complications can range from minor issues, such as bleeding or an adverse reaction to anesthesia, to major complications that can significantly impact the patient's health and prognosis.

Examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding (hemorrhage) - This can occur due to various reasons such as injury to blood vessels or organs during surgery.
2. Infection - Surgical site infections can develop if the surgical area becomes contaminated during the procedure.
3. Anesthesia-related complications - These include adverse reactions to anesthesia, difficulty maintaining the patient's airway, or cardiovascular instability.
4. Organ injury - Accidental damage to surrounding organs can occur during surgery, leading to potential long-term consequences.
5. Equipment failure - Malfunctioning surgical equipment can lead to complications and compromise the safety of the procedure.
6. Allergic reactions - Patients may have allergies to certain medications or materials used during surgery, causing an adverse reaction.
7. Prolonged operative time - Complications may arise if a surgical procedure takes longer than expected, leading to increased risk of infection and other issues.

Intraoperative complications require prompt identification and management by the surgical team to minimize their impact on the patient's health and recovery.

The femoral vein is the large vein that runs through the thigh and carries oxygen-depleted blood from the lower limbs back to the heart. It is located in the femoral triangle, along with the femoral artery and nerve. The femoral vein begins at the knee as the popliteal vein, which then joins with the deep vein of the thigh to form the femoral vein. As it moves up the leg, it is joined by several other veins, including the great saphenous vein, before it becomes the external iliac vein at the inguinal ligament in the groin.

Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin is a radiopharmaceutical preparation used in diagnostic imaging. It consists of radioactive technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) chemically bonded to human serum albumin, which has been aggregated to increase its size and alter its clearance from the body.

The resulting compound is injected into the patient's bloodstream, where it accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system (RES), including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The radioactive emission of technetium-99m can then be detected by a gamma camera, producing images that reflect the distribution and function of the RES.

This imaging technique is used to diagnose and monitor various conditions, such as liver disease, inflammation, or tumors. It provides valuable information about the patient's health status and helps guide medical decision-making.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

Xylem is a term used in the field of botany and plant anatomy, but I understand you're asking for a medical definition. In human anatomy, there isn't a direct structure equivalent to xylem. However, I can provide the general definition of xylem from its botanical context:

Xylem is one of the two types of vascular tissues in plants (the other being phloem). It is responsible for transporting water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to various parts of the plant, including stems, leaves, and flowers. Xylem consists of several types of cells, including vessels, tracheids, xylem fibers, and xylem parenchyma. The transportation in xylem occurs due to the cohesion-tension mechanism, where water is pulled up through the plant via transpiration pull.

A thrombectomy is a medical procedure that involves the removal of a blood clot (thrombus) from a blood vessel. This is typically performed to restore blood flow in cases where the clot is causing significant blockage, which can lead to serious complications such as tissue damage or organ dysfunction.

During a thrombectomy, a surgeon makes an incision and accesses the affected blood vessel, often with the help of imaging guidance. Specialized tools are then used to extract the clot, after which the blood vessel is usually repaired. Thrombectomies can be performed on various blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the brain, heart, lungs, and limbs.

This procedure may be recommended for patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or certain types of stroke, depending on the specific circumstances and the patient's overall health. It is generally considered when anticoagulation therapy or clot-dissolving medications are not sufficient or appropriate to treat the blood clot.

The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the largest vein in the human body that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities, pelvis, and abdomen to the right atrium of the heart. It is formed by the union of the left and right common iliac veins at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. The inferior vena cava is a retroperitoneal structure, meaning it lies behind the peritoneum, the lining that covers the abdominal cavity. It ascends through the posterior abdominal wall and passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity.

The inferior vena cava is composed of three parts:

1. The infrarenal portion, which lies below the renal veins
2. The renal portion, which receives blood from the renal veins
3. The suprahepatic portion, which lies above the liver and receives blood from the hepatic veins before draining into the right atrium of the heart.

The inferior vena cava plays a crucial role in maintaining venous return to the heart and contributing to cardiovascular function.

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is a type of heparin used as an anticoagulant, which refers to a group of medications that prevent the formation of blood clots. Heparin is a naturally occurring substance in the body, and low-molecular-weight heparins are obtained through the depolymerization of standard heparin.

LMWH has a lower molecular weight than standard heparin, which results in several pharmacological differences. LMWHs have a more predictable dose response, longer half-life, and higher bioavailability when administered subcutaneously compared to standard heparin. They also exhibit greater anti-factor Xa activity relative to their antithrombin (anti-IIa) activity, which contributes to their anticoagulant effects.

LMWHs are used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and other thromboembolic disorders. Common LMWHs include enoxaparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin, and nadroparin.

It is essential to monitor the patient's kidney function when using LMWH since they are primarily cleared by the kidneys. In patients with renal impairment, dose adjustments or alternative anticoagulants may be necessary to reduce the risk of bleeding complications.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Cerebral infarction, also known as a "stroke" or "brain attack," is the sudden death of brain cells caused by the interruption of their blood supply. It is most commonly caused by a blockage in one of the blood vessels supplying the brain (an ischemic stroke), but can also result from a hemorrhage in or around the brain (a hemorrhagic stroke).

Ischemic strokes occur when a blood clot or other particle blocks a cerebral artery, cutting off blood flow to a part of the brain. The lack of oxygen and nutrients causes nearby brain cells to die. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding within or around the brain. This bleeding can put pressure on surrounding brain tissues, leading to cell death.

Symptoms of cerebral infarction depend on the location and extent of the affected brain tissue but may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; and severe headache with no known cause. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment to minimize potential long-term damage or disability.

The popliteal vein is the continuation of the tibial and fibular (or anterior and posterior tibial) veins, forming in the lower leg's back portion or popliteal fossa. It carries blood from the leg towards the heart. The popliteal vein is located deep within the body and is accompanied by the popliteal artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the lower leg. This venous structure is a crucial part of the venous system in the lower extremities and is often assessed during physical examinations for signs of venous insufficiency or deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination or obduction, is a medical procedure in which a qualified professional (usually a pathologist) examines a deceased person's body to determine the cause and manner of death. This process may involve various investigative techniques, such as incisions to study internal organs, tissue sampling, microscopic examination, toxicology testing, and other laboratory analyses. The primary purpose of an autopsy is to gather objective evidence about the medical conditions and factors contributing to the individual's demise, which can be essential for legal, insurance, or public health purposes. Additionally, autopsies can provide valuable insights into disease processes and aid in advancing medical knowledge.

Hemoptysis is the medical term for coughing up blood that originates from the lungs or lower respiratory tract. It can range in severity from streaks of blood mixed with mucus to large amounts of pure blood. Hemoptysis may be a sign of various underlying conditions, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cancer, or blood disorders. Immediate medical attention is required when hemoptysis occurs, especially if it's in significant quantities, to determine the cause and provide appropriate treatment.

Atrial fibrillation (A-tre-al fi-bru-la'shun) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. In this condition, the electrical signals that coordinate heartbeats don't function properly, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting effectively. As a result, blood may not be pumped efficiently into the ventricles, which can lead to blood clots, stroke, and other complications. Atrial fibrillation is a common type of arrhythmia and can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness. It can be caused by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, age, and genetics. Treatment options include medications, electrical cardioversion, and surgical procedures to restore normal heart rhythm.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.

In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.

The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.

While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.

The heart atria are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and deliver it to the lower chambers, or ventricles. There are two atria in the heart: the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle, which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated; and the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle, which then sends it out to the rest of the body. The atria contract before the ventricles during each heartbeat, helping to fill the ventricles with blood and prepare them for contraction.

Pulmonary infarction is the medical term for the death of lung tissue (lung tissue necrosis) due to blocked blood flow. This blockage usually occurs when a clot or a piece of a clot from another part of the body, most commonly from the heart, travels to the lungs and blocks a small pulmonary artery. The lack of oxygen supply to the lung tissue results in inflammation and eventual infarction (tissue death).

The symptoms of pulmonary infarction can vary but often include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, sometimes with blood-streaked sputum, rapid heart rate, and fever. The diagnosis is typically made based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, imaging tests such as a chest X-ray or CT scan, and occasionally, blood tests to detect D-dimer, a protein fragment that's produced when a blood clot dissolves. Treatment usually involves anticoagulant therapy (blood thinners) to prevent further clots from forming and, in some cases, thrombolytic therapy (clot-busting drugs) to break up existing clots. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove the clot or infarcted lung tissue.

Streptokinase is a thrombolytic or clot-busting enzyme produced by certain strains of streptococcus bacteria. It functions by converting plasminogen to plasmin, which then degrades fibrin, a protein that forms the structural framework of blood clots. This activity helps in dissolving blood clots and restoring blood flow in areas obstructed by them. In a medical context, streptokinase is often used as a medication to treat conditions associated with abnormal blood clotting, such as heart attacks, pulmonary embolisms, and deep vein thromboses. However, its use carries the risk of bleeding complications due to excessive fibrinolysis or clot dissolution.

Perfusion imaging is a medical imaging technique used to evaluate the blood flow or perfusion in various organs and tissues of the body. It is often utilized in conjunction with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans.

During a perfusion imaging procedure, a contrast agent is introduced into the patient's bloodstream, and a series of images are captured to track the flow and distribution of the contrast agent over time. This information helps medical professionals assess tissue viability, identify areas of reduced or blocked blood flow, and detect various pathological conditions such as stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism, and tumors.

In summary, perfusion imaging is a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluating the circulatory function of different organs and tissues in the body.

A stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. This can result in the death of brain tissue and cause permanent damage or temporary impairment to cognitive functions, speech, memory, movement, and other body functions controlled by the affected area of the brain.

Strokes can be caused by either a blockage in an artery that supplies blood to the brain (ischemic stroke) or the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). A transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts only a few minutes and does not cause permanent damage.

Symptoms of a stroke may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; severe headache with no known cause; and confusion or disorientation. Immediate medical attention is crucial for stroke patients to receive appropriate treatment and prevent long-term complications.

The iliac veins are a pair of large veins in the human body that carry deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic area back to the heart. They are formed by the union of the common iliac veins, which receive blood from the lower abdomen and legs, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.

The combined iliac vein is called the inferior vena cava, which continues upward to the right atrium of the heart. The iliac veins are located deep within the pelvis, lateral to the corresponding iliac arteries, and are accompanied by the iliac lymphatic vessels.

The left common iliac vein is longer than the right because it must cross the left common iliac artery to join the right common iliac vein. The external and internal iliac veins are the two branches of the common iliac vein, with the external iliac vein carrying blood from the lower limbs and the internal iliac vein carrying blood from the pelvic organs.

It is essential to maintain proper blood flow in the iliac veins to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a condition that can lead to serious complications such as pulmonary embolism.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Risk assessment in the medical context refers to the process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing risks to patients, healthcare workers, or the community related to healthcare delivery. It involves determining the likelihood and potential impact of adverse events or hazards, such as infectious diseases, medication errors, or medical devices failures, and implementing measures to mitigate or manage those risks. The goal of risk assessment is to promote safe and high-quality care by identifying areas for improvement and taking action to minimize harm.

A myxoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops in the heart, specifically in the heart's chambers or valves. It is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults and typically affects the left atrium. Myxomas are composed of gelatinous, mucoid material and may have a stalk-like attachment to the endocardium (the inner lining of the heart).

Myxomas can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, coughing, and fever. These symptoms are due to obstruction of blood flow within the heart or embolization (detachment and travel) of tumor fragments to other parts of the body. Surgical removal is usually required to treat myxomas, as they can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

Hyperbaric oxygenation is a medical treatment in which a patient breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber, typically at greater than one atmosphere absolute (ATA). This process results in increased levels of oxygen being dissolved in the blood and delivered to body tissues, thereby promoting healing, reducing inflammation, and combating infection. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat various medical conditions, including carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression sickness, gangrene, and wounds that are slow to heal due to diabetes or radiation injury.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Decompression sickness (DCS), also known as "the bends," is a medical condition that results from dissolved gases coming out of solution in the body's tissues and forming bubbles during decompression. This typically occurs when a person who has been exposed to increased pressure at depth, such as scuba divers or compressed air workers, ascends too quickly.

The elevated pressure at depth causes nitrogen to dissolve into the blood and tissues of the body. As the diver ascends and the pressure decreases, the dissolved gases form bubbles, which can cause symptoms ranging from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death. The risk of DCS is influenced by several factors, including depth, duration of exposure, rate of ascent, and individual susceptibility.

Prevention of DCS involves following established dive tables or using a personal decompression computer to calculate safe ascent rates and decompression stops. Additionally, proper hydration, fitness, and avoiding alcohol and tobacco before diving can reduce the risk of DCS. Treatment typically involves administering oxygen and recompression therapy in a hyperbaric chamber.

Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) medication that is used as an anticoagulant to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by binding to and inhibiting the activity of factor Xa, a clotting factor in the blood. This helps to reduce the risk of clot formation and can help to prevent conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Enoxaparin is typically given by injection under the skin (subcutaneously) and is available under the brand names Lovenox and Clexane, among others. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare professional when using enoxaparin, as it can increase the risk of bleeding.

Heart neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the heart tissue. They can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors, such as myxomas and rhabdomyomas, are typically slower growing and less likely to spread, but they can still cause serious complications if they obstruct blood flow or damage heart valves. Malignant tumors, such as angiosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas, are fast-growing and have a higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. Symptoms of heart neoplasms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Phenindione is an anticoagulant medication, which is primarily used in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and certain types of strokes. It works by inhibiting the formation of blood clots in the body.

Phenindione is a derivative of indandione, and it functions by blocking the activity of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, thereby prolonging the clotting time of the blood. It is available in oral form as tablets or capsules.

It's important to note that phenindione has largely been replaced by other anticoagulants such as warfarin due to its narrow therapeutic index, higher risk of adverse effects, and interactions with other medications. Therefore, it is not commonly used in clinical practice today.

The International Normalized Ratio (INR) is a standardized measurement of the prothrombin time (PT), which is the time it takes for blood to clot. The INR is used to monitor and regulate the effects of anticoagulant medications, such as warfarin, that affect the blood's ability to clot.

The INR is calculated by dividing the patient's PT by a control value (the PT of normal, healthy blood), raised to the power of a sensitivity factor called the International Sensitivity Index (ISI). The ISI is specific to the thromboplastin reagent used in the PT assay.

The INR provides a consistent and comparable way to monitor anticoagulation therapy across different laboratories, regardless of the thromboplastin reagent used. This helps ensure that patients receive appropriate doses of anticoagulant medications and reduces the risk of bleeding or clotting complications.

In general, an INR range of 2.0 to 3.0 is recommended for most people taking anticoagulants for conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism. However, the target INR range may vary depending on individual patient factors and medical indications.

Xenon radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of the element xenon that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. These isotopes can be produced through various nuclear reactions and have a wide range of applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment. Examples of commonly used xenon radioisotopes include xenon-127, xenon-131m, xenon-133, and xenon-135.

It's important to note that the use of radioisotopes in medical settings must be carefully regulated and monitored to ensure safety and minimize potential risks to patients and healthcare workers.

Thrombophilia is a medical condition characterized by an increased tendency to form blood clots (thrombi) due to various genetic or acquired abnormalities in the coagulation system. These abnormalities can lead to a hypercoagulable state, which can cause thrombosis in both veins and arteries. Commonly identified thrombophilias include factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin G20210A mutation, antithrombin deficiency, protein C deficiency, and protein S deficiency.

Acquired thrombophilias can be caused by various factors such as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), malignancies, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, and certain medical conditions like inflammatory bowel disease or nephrotic syndrome.

It is essential to diagnose thrombophilia accurately, as it may influence the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) events and guide decisions regarding prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk situations.

Cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and threaded up to the heart. The catheter can be used to perform various diagnostic tests, such as measuring the pressure inside the heart chambers and assessing the function of the heart valves.

Cardiac catheterization can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions, such as narrowed or blocked arteries. In these cases, a balloon or stent may be inserted through the catheter to open up the blood vessel and improve blood flow. This procedure is known as angioplasty or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Cardiac catheterization is typically performed in a hospital cardiac catheterization laboratory by a team of healthcare professionals, including cardiologists, radiologists, and nurses. The procedure may be done under local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia, depending on the individual patient's needs and preferences.

Overall, cardiac catheterization is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of various heart conditions, and it can help improve symptoms, reduce complications, and prolong life for many patients.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

A heart aneurysm, also known as a ventricular aneurysm, is a localized bulging or ballooning of the heart muscle in the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart. This condition typically occurs following a myocardial infarction (heart attack), where blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue death and weakness in the heart wall. As a result, the weakened area may stretch and form a sac-like bulge or aneurysm.

Heart aneurysms can vary in size and may cause complications such as blood clots, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), or heart failure. In some cases, they may be asymptomatic and discovered during routine imaging tests. The diagnosis of a heart aneurysm is typically made through echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or cardiac CT scans. Treatment options depend on the size, location, and symptoms of the aneurysm and may include medications, surgical repair, or implantation of a device to support heart function.

Antifibrinolytic agents are a class of medications that inhibit the breakdown of blood clots. They work by blocking the action of enzymes called plasminogen activators, which convert plasminogen to plasmin, the main enzyme responsible for breaking down fibrin, a protein that forms the framework of a blood clot.

By preventing the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, antifibrinolytic agents help to stabilize existing blood clots and prevent their premature dissolution. These medications are often used in clinical settings where excessive bleeding is a concern, such as during or after surgery, childbirth, or trauma.

Examples of antifibrinolytic agents include tranexamic acid, aminocaproic acid, and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. While these medications can be effective in reducing bleeding, they also carry the risk of thromboembolic events, such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, due to their pro-coagulant effects. Therefore, they should be used with caution and only under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Pulmonary heart disease, also known as cor pulmonale, is a type of heart disease that occurs as a complication of chronic lung diseases or hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the body). The condition is characterized by enlargement and thickening of the right ventricle of the heart, which results from increased pressure in the pulmonary artery due to damaged or narrowed blood vessels in the lungs. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and abdomen, and irregular heart rhythms. The condition can be managed with medications, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes, but if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as heart failure.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

In medical terms, shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow or when the circulatory system is not functioning properly to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and organs. This results in a state of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and cellular dysfunction, which can lead to multiple organ failure and death if left untreated.

Shock can be caused by various factors such as severe blood loss, infection, trauma, heart failure, allergic reactions, and severe burns. The symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, rapid pulse, cool and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, weakness, and a bluish color to the lips and nails. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment of shock.

Radionuclide imaging, also known as nuclear medicine, is a medical imaging technique that uses small amounts of radioactive material, called radionuclides or radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose and treat various diseases and conditions. The radionuclides are introduced into the body through injection, inhalation, or ingestion and accumulate in specific organs or tissues. A special camera then detects the gamma rays emitted by these radionuclides and converts them into images that provide information about the structure and function of the organ or tissue being studied.

Radionuclide imaging can be used to evaluate a wide range of medical conditions, including heart disease, cancer, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and bone diseases. The technique is non-invasive and generally safe, with minimal exposure to radiation. However, it should only be performed by qualified healthcare professionals in accordance with established guidelines and regulations.

"Device Removal" in a medical context generally refers to the surgical or nonsurgical removal of a medical device that has been previously implanted in a patient's body. The purpose of removing the device may vary, depending on the individual case. Some common reasons for device removal include infection, malfunction, rejection, or when the device is no longer needed.

Examples of medical devices that may require removal include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), artificial joints, orthopedic hardware, breast implants, cochlear implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The procedure for device removal will depend on the type of device, its location in the body, and the reason for its removal.

It is important to note that device removal carries certain risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding tissues, or complications related to anesthesia. Therefore, the decision to remove a medical device should be made carefully, considering both the potential benefits and risks of the procedure.

Infarction is the term used in medicine to describe the death of tissue (also known as an "area of necrosis") due to the lack of blood supply. This can occur when a blood vessel that supplies oxygen and nutrients to a particular area of the body becomes blocked or obstructed, leading to the deprivation of oxygen and nutrients necessary for the survival of cells in that region.

The blockage in the blood vessel is usually caused by a clot (thrombus) or an embolus, which is a small particle that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a smaller vessel. The severity and extent of infarction depend on several factors, including the size and location of the affected blood vessel, the duration of the obstruction, and the presence of collateral circulation (alternative blood vessels that can compensate for the blocked one).

Common examples of infarctions include myocardial infarction (heart attack), cerebral infarction (stroke), and pulmonary infarction (lung tissue death due to obstruction in the lung's blood vessels). Infarctions can lead to various symptoms, depending on the affected organ or tissue, and may require medical intervention to manage complications and prevent further damage.

"Picea" is not a medical term. It is the genus name for a group of evergreen coniferous trees commonly known as spruces, which are part of the pine family (Pinaceae). These trees are native to the northern hemisphere and are widely distributed in North America, Europe, and Asia.

While spruce trees have some medicinal uses, such as extracts from the needles being used in traditional medicine for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, "Picea" itself is not a medical term or concept.

"Vitaceae" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in botany. It refers to the grape family, which includes around 800 species of plants. Some of these plants are used in traditional medicine and may have some health benefits, but "Vitaceae" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Insufflation is a medical term that refers to the act of introducing a gas or vapor into a body cavity or passage, typically through a tube or surgical instrument. This procedure is often used in medical and surgical settings for various purposes, such as:

* To administer anesthesia during surgery (e.g., introducing nitrous oxide or other gases into the lungs)
* To introduce medication or other substances into the body (e.g., insufflating steroids into a joint)
* To perform diagnostic procedures (e.g., insufflating air or a contrast agent into the gastrointestinal tract to visualize it with X-rays)
* To clean out a body cavity (e.g., irrigating and insufflating the bladder during urological procedures).

It's important to note that insufflation should be performed under controlled conditions, as there are potential risks associated with introducing gases or vapors into the body, such as barotrauma (damage caused by changes in pressure) and infection.

Cardiovascular complications in pregnancy refer to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, which can arise during pregnancy, childbirth, or after delivery. These complications can be pre-existing or new-onset and can range from mild to severe, potentially threatening the life of both the mother and the fetus. Some examples of cardiovascular complications in pregnancy include:

1. Hypertension disorders: This includes chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before pregnancy), gestational hypertension (high blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy), and preeclampsia/eclampsia (a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and potential organ damage).

2. Cardiomyopathy: A condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened, leading to an enlarged heart and reduced pumping efficiency. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a specific type that occurs during pregnancy or in the months following delivery.

3. Arrhythmias: Irregularities in the heart's rhythm, such as tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) or bradycardia (slow heartbeat), can occur during pregnancy and may require medical intervention.

4. Valvular heart disease: Pre-existing valve disorders, like mitral stenosis or aortic insufficiency, can worsen during pregnancy due to increased blood volume and cardiac output. Additionally, new valve issues might develop during pregnancy.

5. Venous thromboembolism (VTE): Pregnancy increases the risk of developing blood clots in the veins, particularly deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

6. Ischemic heart disease: Although rare, coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome can occur during pregnancy, especially in women with risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, or smoking history.

7. Heart failure: Severe cardiac dysfunction leading to fluid accumulation, shortness of breath, and reduced exercise tolerance may develop due to any of the above conditions or other underlying heart diseases.

Early recognition, monitoring, and appropriate management of these cardiovascular complications in pregnancy are crucial for maternal and fetal well-being.

Cerebrovascular disorders are a group of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain. These disorders can be caused by narrowing, blockage, or rupture of the blood vessels, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. The most common types of cerebrovascular disorders include:

1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked or bursts, causing a lack of oxygen and nutrients to reach brain cells. This can lead to permanent damage or death of brain tissue.
2. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, often by a blood clot. Symptoms may last only a few minutes to a few hours and typically resolve on their own. However, a TIA is a serious warning sign that a full-blown stroke may occur in the future.
3. Aneurysm: An aneurysm is a weakened or bulging area in the wall of a blood vessel. If left untreated, an aneurysm can rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.
4. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): An AVM is a tangled mass of abnormal blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. This can lead to bleeding in the brain or stroke.
5. Carotid stenosis: Carotid stenosis occurs when the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup. This can increase the risk of stroke.
6. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This condition occurs when the vertebral and basilar arteries, which supply blood to the back of the brain, become narrowed or blocked. This can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, and difficulty swallowing.

Cerebrovascular disorders are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Risk factors for these conditions include age, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, and family history. Treatment may involve medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of further complications.

In medical terms, the leg refers to the lower portion of the human body that extends from the knee down to the foot. It includes the thigh (femur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), foot, and ankle. The leg is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight and enabling movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.

The leg contains several important structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and joints. These structures work together to provide stability, support, and mobility to the lower extremity. Common medical conditions that can affect the leg include fractures, sprains, strains, infections, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart chambers and heart valves, called the endocardium. This inflammation typically results from a bacterial or, less commonly, fungal infection that travels through the bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.

There are two main types of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops quickly and can be severe, causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart murmurs. It may lead to serious complications like heart failure, embolism (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and damage to heart valves.

2. Subacute Endocarditis: Develops more slowly, often causing milder symptoms that can be mistaken for a cold or flu. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, joint pain, and heart murmurs. Subacute endocarditis is more likely to affect people with previously damaged heart valves or congenital heart conditions.

Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the cause of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene and prompt treatment of infections, especially in individuals at a higher risk for endocarditis, such as those with congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, or previous history of endocarditis.

Foreign-body migration is a medical condition that occurs when a foreign object, such as a surgical implant, tissue graft, or trauma-induced fragment, moves from its original position within the body to a different location. This displacement can cause various complications and symptoms depending on the type of foreign body, the location it migrated to, and the individual's specific physiological response.

Foreign-body migration may result from insufficient fixation or anchoring of the object during implantation, inadequate wound healing, infection, or an inflammatory reaction. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, or infection at the new location, as well as potential damage to surrounding tissues and organs. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to locate the foreign body, followed by a surgical procedure to remove it and address any resulting complications.

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the blood vessels or arteries within the body. It is a type of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that focuses specifically on the circulatory system.

MRA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various conditions related to the blood vessels, such as aneurysms, stenosis (narrowing of the vessel), or the presence of plaques or tumors. It can also be used to plan for surgeries or other treatments related to the vascular system. The procedure does not use radiation and is generally considered safe, although people with certain implants like pacemakers may not be able to have an MRA due to safety concerns.

Thoracic radiography is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves using X-rays to produce images of the chest, including the lungs, heart, bronchi, great vessels, and the bones of the spine and chest wall. It is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis and management of various respiratory, cardiovascular, and thoracic disorders such as pneumonia, lung cancer, heart failure, and rib fractures.

During the procedure, the patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a cassette containing a film or digital detector. The X-ray beam is directed at the chest, and the resulting image is captured on the film or detector. The images produced can help identify any abnormalities in the structure or function of the organs within the chest.

Thoracic radiography may be performed as a routine screening test for certain conditions, such as lung cancer, or it may be ordered when a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information to help guide clinical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

Ethiodized oil is a type of poppy seed oil that has been chemically treated with iodine. It is a highly dense form of iodine, which is used as a radiocontrast medium for imaging studies, such as X-rays and CT scans. The iodine in the ethiodized oil absorbs the X-rays and makes certain structures in the body more visible on the images. It is typically used to help diagnose conditions related to the gastrointestinal tract, such as ulcers or tumors.

It's important to note that the use of ethiodized oil as a radiocontrast medium has declined in recent years due to the development of newer, safer contrast agents. Additionally, there are potential risks associated with its use, including allergic reactions and kidney damage, so it is typically used only when other options are not available or have been determined to be inappropriate.

Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. They have a lower pressure than arteries and contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Veins have a thin, flexible wall with a larger lumen compared to arteries, allowing them to accommodate more blood volume. The color of veins is often blue or green due to the absorption characteristics of light and the reduced oxygen content in the blood they carry.

Sinus tachycardia is a type of rapid heart rate, characterized by an abnormally fast sinus rhythm, with a rate greater than 100 beats per minute in adults. The sinoatrial node (SA node), which is the natural pacemaker of the heart, generates these impulses regularly and at an increased rate.

Sinus tachycardia is usually a physiological response to various stimuli or conditions, such as physical exertion, strong emotions, fever, anxiety, pain, or certain medications. It can also be caused by hormonal imbalances, anemia, hyperthyroidism, or other medical disorders.

In most cases, sinus tachycardia is not harmful and resolves once the underlying cause is addressed. However, if it occurs persistently or is associated with symptoms like palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or chest discomfort, further evaluation by a healthcare professional is recommended to rule out any underlying heart conditions or other medical issues.

Pulmonary circulation refers to the process of blood flow through the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. This is a vital part of the overall circulatory system, which delivers nutrients and oxygen to the body's cells while removing waste products like carbon dioxide.

In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation returns to the right atrium of the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava. The blood then moves into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and gets pumped into the pulmonary artery when the right ventricle contracts.

The pulmonary artery divides into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further branch into a vast network of tiny capillaries in the lungs. Here, oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood, binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide leaves the blood and is exhaled through the nose or mouth.

The now oxygenated blood collects in venules, which merge to form pulmonary veins. These veins transport the oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium of the heart, where it enters the systemic circulation once again. This continuous cycle enables the body's cells to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients for proper functioning while disposing of waste products.

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) is a thrombolytic enzyme, which means it dissolves blood clots. It is naturally produced by the endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels. tPA activates plasminogen, a zymogen, to convert it into plasmin, a protease that breaks down fibrin, the structural protein in blood clots. This enzyme is used medically as a thrombolytic drug under various brand names, such as Activase and Alteplase, to treat conditions like acute ischemic stroke, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis by dissolving the clots and restoring blood flow.

The atrial septum is the wall of tissue that divides the right and left atria, which are the upper chambers of the heart. This septum ensures that oxygen-rich blood in the left atrium is kept separate from oxygen-poor blood in the right atrium. Defects or abnormalities in the atrial septum, such as a hole or a gap, can result in various heart conditions, including septal defects and congenital heart diseases.

Interventional radiography is a subspecialty of radiology that uses imaging guidance (such as X-ray fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT, or MRI) to perform minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. These procedures typically involve the insertion of needles, catheters, or other small instruments through the skin or a natural body opening, allowing for targeted treatment with reduced risk, trauma, and recovery time compared to traditional open surgeries.

Examples of interventional radiography procedures include:

1. Angiography: Imaging of blood vessels to diagnose and treat conditions like blockages, narrowing, or aneurysms.
2. Biopsy: The removal of tissue samples for diagnostic purposes.
3. Drainage: The removal of fluid accumulations (e.g., abscesses, cysts) or the placement of catheters to drain fluids continuously.
4. Embolization: The blocking of blood vessels to control bleeding, tumor growth, or reduce the size of an aneurysm.
5. Stenting and angioplasty: The widening of narrowed or blocked vessels using stents (small mesh tubes) or balloon catheters.
6. Radiofrequency ablation: The use of heat to destroy tumors or abnormal tissues.
7. Cryoablation: The use of extreme cold to destroy tumors or abnormal tissues.

Interventional radiologists are medical doctors who have completed specialized training in both diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures, allowing them to provide comprehensive care for patients requiring image-guided treatments.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Vertebroplasty is a medical procedure used to treat spinal fractures, particularly those resulting from osteoporosis or cancer. The procedure involves injecting a type of bone cement called polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) into the damaged vertebra. This helps to stabilize the bone, reduce pain, and improve function.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the skin, and a hollow needle is guided using fluoroscopy (a type of X-ray guidance) into the fractured vertebra. Once in place, the PMMA cement is injected into the bone, where it hardens quickly, providing stability to the fractured vertebra.

It's important to note that while vertebroplasty can be an effective treatment for some patients with spinal fractures, it's not always necessary or appropriate. The decision to undergo this procedure should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider and based on a thorough evaluation of the patient's individual needs and circumstances.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Dalteparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) medication that is used as an anticoagulant to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by binding to an enzyme called antithrombin III and enhancing its ability to inhibit clotting factors in the blood.

Dalteparin is available under the brand name Fragmin and is administered subcutaneously (under the skin) once or twice a day, depending on the indication and dosage prescribed by a healthcare professional. Common side effects of dalteparin include bleeding, bruising, pain at the injection site, and elevated liver enzymes.

As with all medications, it is important to use dalteparin only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

A septal occluder device is a type of medical implant used to close defects or holes in the heart, specifically within the septum, which is the wall that separates the two sides of the heart. The device typically consists of two disc-shaped components connected by a waist, resembling a button or an umbrella.

The procedure for implanting a septal occluder device involves inserting it through a catheter, which is introduced into a vein in the leg and guided to the heart. Once in position, the discs of the device expand and are pressed against the septum on both sides of the hole, effectively closing it. Over time, tissue grows over the device, permanently sealing the defect.

Septal occluder devices are commonly used to treat atrial septal defects (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO), which are two types of congenital heart defects that can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart palpitations. The use of these devices has revolutionized the treatment of these conditions, allowing for less invasive procedures and faster recovery times compared to traditional surgical methods.

A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those you'd get if you were having a stroke. A TIA doesn't cause permanent damage and is often caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of your brain, which may last as little as five minutes.

Like an ischemic stroke, a TIA occurs when a clot or debris blocks blood flow to part of your nervous system. However, unlike a stroke, a TIA doesn't leave lasting damage because the blockage is temporary.

Symptoms of a TIA can include sudden onset of weakness, numbness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, typically on one side of your body. You could also experience slurred or garbled speech, or difficulty understanding others. Other symptoms can include blindness in one or both eyes, dizziness, or a severe headache with no known cause.

Even though TIAs usually last only a few minutes, they are a serious condition and should not be ignored. If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing a TIA, seek immediate medical attention. TIAs can be a warning sign that a full-blown stroke is imminent.

In medical terms, suction refers to the process of creating and maintaining a partial vacuum in order to remove fluids or gases from a body cavity or wound. This is typically accomplished using specialized medical equipment such as a suction machine, which uses a pump to create the vacuum, and a variety of different suction tips or catheters that can be inserted into the area being treated.

Suction is used in a wide range of medical procedures and treatments, including wound care, surgical procedures, respiratory therapy, and diagnostic tests. It can help to remove excess fluids such as blood or pus from a wound, clear secretions from the airways during mechanical ventilation, or provide a means of visualizing internal structures during endoscopic procedures.

It is important to use proper technique when performing suctioning, as excessive or improperly applied suction can cause tissue damage or bleeding. Medical professionals are trained in the safe and effective use of suction equipment and techniques to minimize risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Chest pain is a discomfort or pain that you feel in the chest area. The pain can be sharp, dull, burning, crushing, heaviness, or tightness. It may be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, dizziness, or pain that radiates to the arm, neck, jaw, or back.

Chest pain can have many possible causes, including heart-related conditions such as angina or a heart attack, lung conditions such as pneumonia or pleurisy, gastrointestinal problems such as acid reflux or gastritis, musculoskeletal issues such as costochondritis or muscle strain, and anxiety or panic attacks.

It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you experience chest pain that is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms, as it may be a sign of a serious medical condition. A healthcare professional can evaluate your symptoms, perform tests, and provide appropriate treatment.

Botany is the scientific study of plants, encompassing various disciplines such as plant structure, function, evolution, diversity, distribution, ecology, and application. It involves examining different aspects like plant anatomy, physiology, genetics, molecular biology, systematics, and ethnobotany. The field of botany has contributed significantly to our understanding of the natural world, agriculture, medicine, and environmental conservation.

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in blood clotting and bone metabolism. It is essential for the production of several proteins involved in blood clotting, including factor II (prothrombin), factor VII, factor IX, and factor X. Additionally, Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of osteocalcin, a protein that contributes to bone health by regulating the deposition of calcium in bones.

There are two main forms of Vitamin K: Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), which is found primarily in green leafy vegetables and some vegetable oils, and Vitamin K2 (menaquinones), which is produced by bacteria in the intestines and is also found in some fermented foods.

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders such as hemorrhage and excessive bruising. While Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults, it can occur in newborns who have not yet developed sufficient levels of the vitamin. Therefore, newborns are often given a Vitamin K injection shortly after birth to prevent bleeding problems.

Aortic diseases refer to conditions that affect the aorta, which is the largest and main artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Aortic diseases can weaken or damage the aorta, leading to various complications. Here are some common aortic diseases with their medical definitions:

1. Aortic aneurysm: A localized dilation or bulging of the aortic wall, which can occur in any part of the aorta but is most commonly found in the abdominal aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm) or the thoracic aorta (thoracic aortic aneurysm). Aneurysms can increase the risk of rupture, leading to life-threatening bleeding.
2. Aortic dissection: A separation of the layers of the aortic wall due to a tear in the inner lining, allowing blood to flow between the layers and potentially cause the aorta to rupture. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
3. Aortic stenosis: A narrowing of the aortic valve opening, which restricts blood flow from the heart to the aorta. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and other symptoms. Severe aortic stenosis may require surgical or transcatheter intervention to replace or repair the aortic valve.
4. Aortic regurgitation: Also known as aortic insufficiency, this condition occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak back into the heart. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations. Treatment may include medication or surgical repair or replacement of the aortic valve.
5. Aortitis: Inflammation of the aorta, which can be caused by various conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, or vasculitides. Aortitis can lead to aneurysms, dissections, or stenosis and may require medical treatment with immunosuppressive drugs or surgical intervention.
6. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue, including the aorta. People with Marfan syndrome are at risk of developing aortic aneurysms and dissections, and may require close monitoring and prophylactic surgery to prevent complications.

Pulmonary hypertension is a medical condition characterized by increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which are the blood vessels that carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. This results in higher than normal pressures in the pulmonary circulation and can lead to various symptoms and complications.

Pulmonary hypertension is typically defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) greater than or equal to 25 mmHg at rest, as measured by right heart catheterization. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies pulmonary hypertension into five groups based on the underlying cause:

1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): This group includes idiopathic PAH, heritable PAH, drug-induced PAH, and associated PAH due to conditions such as connective tissue diseases, HIV infection, portal hypertension, congenital heart disease, and schistosomiasis.
2. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease: This group includes conditions that cause elevated left atrial pressure, such as left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction, valvular heart disease, and congenital cardiovascular shunts.
3. Pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia: This group includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, sleep-disordered breathing, alveolar hypoventilation disorders, and high altitude exposure.
4. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): This group includes persistent obstruction of the pulmonary arteries due to organized thrombi or emboli.
5. Pulmonary hypertension with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms: This group includes hematologic disorders, systemic disorders, metabolic disorders, and other conditions that can cause pulmonary hypertension but do not fit into the previous groups.

Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, lightheadedness, and syncope (fainting). Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and invasive testing such as right heart catheterization. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

A bandage is a medical dressing or covering applied to a wound, injury, or sore with the intention of promoting healing or preventing infection. Bandages can be made of a variety of materials such as gauze, cotton, elastic, or adhesive tape and come in different sizes and shapes to accommodate various body parts. They can also have additional features like fasteners, non-slip surfaces, or transparent windows for monitoring the condition of the wound.

Bandages serve several purposes, including:

1. Absorbing drainage or exudate from the wound
2. Protecting the wound from external contaminants and bacteria
3. Securing other medical devices such as catheters or splints in place
4. Reducing swelling or promoting immobilization of the affected area
5. Providing compression to control bleeding or prevent fluid accumulation
6. Relieving pain by reducing pressure on sensitive nerves or structures.

Proper application and care of bandages are essential for effective wound healing and prevention of complications such as infection or delayed recovery.

Blood gas analysis is a medical test that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the pH level, which indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. This test is often used to evaluate lung function, respiratory disorders, and acid-base balance in the body. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory illnesses. The analysis is typically performed on a sample of arterial blood, although venous blood may also be used in some cases.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a medical procedure that temporarily takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during major heart surgery. It allows the surgeon to operate on a still, bloodless heart.

During CPB, the patient's blood is circulated outside the body with the help of a heart-lung machine. The machine pumps the blood through a oxygenator, where it is oxygenated and then returned to the body. This bypasses the heart and lungs, hence the name "cardiopulmonary bypass."

CPB involves several components, including a pump, oxygenator, heat exchanger, and tubing. The patient's blood is drained from the heart through cannulas (tubes) and passed through the oxygenator, where it is oxygenated and carbon dioxide is removed. The oxygenated blood is then warmed to body temperature in a heat exchanger before being pumped back into the body.

While on CPB, the patient's heart is stopped with the help of cardioplegia solution, which is infused directly into the coronary arteries. This helps to protect the heart muscle during surgery. The surgeon can then operate on a still and bloodless heart, allowing for more precise surgical repair.

After the surgery is complete, the patient is gradually weaned off CPB, and the heart is restarted with the help of electrical stimulation or medication. The patient's condition is closely monitored during this time to ensure that their heart and lungs are functioning properly.

While CPB has revolutionized heart surgery and allowed for more complex procedures to be performed, it is not without risks. These include bleeding, infection, stroke, kidney damage, and inflammation. However, with advances in technology and technique, the risks associated with CPB have been significantly reduced over time.

Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is a medical condition that refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins located in the arm or shoulder. This condition can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, surgery, cancer, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clotting.

The deep veins are larger vessels that run through the body's muscles and are surrounded by fascia, a connective tissue. UEDVT can cause partial or complete blockage of blood flow in the affected vein, leading to swelling, pain, redness, warmth, and decreased function in the arm or hand. In some cases, the clot can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism (PE).

Diagnosis of UEDVT typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment may include anticoagulant medications to prevent the clot from growing or breaking off, thrombolytic therapy to dissolve the clot, or surgical intervention in severe cases. Compression stockings or other devices may also be used to help improve blood flow and reduce swelling.

Impedance plethysmography is a non-invasive method used to measure changes in blood volume or flow in a particular area of the body. It works by passing a small electrical current through the tissue and measuring the opposition (impedance) to that current, which varies with the amount of blood present in the area.

In impedance cardiography, this technique is used to estimate cardiac output, stroke volume, and other hemodynamic parameters. The changes in impedance are measured across the chest wall, which correlate with the ventricular ejection of blood during each heartbeat. This allows for the calculation of various cardiovascular variables, such as the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute (cardiac output) and the resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation (systemic vascular resistance).

Impedance plethysmography is a safe and reliable method for assessing cardiovascular function, and it has been widely used in clinical settings to evaluate patients with various cardiovascular disorders, including heart failure, hypertension, and peripheral arterial disease.

In medical terms, 'air' is defined as the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. It primarily consists of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and small amounts of other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of neon, helium, and methane.

Air is essential for human life, as it provides the oxygen that our bodies need to produce energy through respiration. We inhale air into our lungs, where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism, is exhaled out of the body through the lungs and back into the atmosphere.

In addition to its role in respiration, air also plays a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate and weather patterns, as well as serving as a medium for sound waves and other forms of energy transfer.

... gas embolism), amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid embolism), or foreign material. An embolism can cause partial or total blockage ... An embolism in which the embolus is a piece of thrombus is called a thromboembolism. An embolism is usually a pathological ... However, pulmonary embolism is generally classified as a form of venous embolism, because the embolus forms in veins, e.g. deep ... Embolism can be classified based on where it enters the circulation, either in arteries or in veins. Arterial embolism are ...
Embolism to the legs causes a mottled appearance and purple discoloration of the toes, small infarcts and areas of gangrene due ... Cholesterol embolism is treated by removing the cause and giving supportive therapy; statin drugs have been found to improve ... Cholesterol embolism occurs when cholesterol is released, usually from an atherosclerotic plaque, and travels as an embolus in ... Patient.info - Cholesterol Embolism Summary MedlinePlus - atheroembolic renal disease (CS1 German-language sources (de), ...
Fat embolism - embolism of bone fracture or fat droplets. Air embolism (also known as a gas embolism) - embolism of air bubbles ... Septic embolism - embolism of pus containing bacteria. Cancer embolism In contrast, amniotic fluid embolism almost exclusively ... embolism of thrombus or blood clot. Cholesterol embolism - embolism of cholesterol, often from atherosclerotic plaque inside a ... pulmonary embolism is generally classified as a form of venous embolism, because the embolus forms in veins. Arterial embolism ...
An air embolism, also known as a gas embolism, is a blood vessel blockage caused by one or more bubbles of air or other gas in ... Gas embolism in a systemic artery, termed arterial gas embolism (AGE), is a more serious matter than in a vein, because a gas ... with the intention of killing Peeta Mellark quickly via air embolism. Air embolisms generally occur in the xylem of vascular ... and percutaneous intervention to the lungs also increases the risk of air embolism. Gas embolism is a diving disorder ...
... it is common practice for the embolism to be said by the entire congregation instead.[citation needed] The embolism is not used ... An embolism similar in form to the Tridentine can be found in some Anglo-Catholic liturgies of the Scottish Episcopal Church: ... The embolism in Christian liturgy (from Greek ἐμβολισμός, an interpolation) is a short prayer said or sung after the Lord's ... In the Roman Rite of Mass, the embolism is followed by the doxology or, in the Tridentine Mass (which does not have that ...
An embolism can cause ischemia-damage to an organ from lack of oxygen. A paradoxical embolism is a specific type of embolism in ... Although there are many routes an embolism may take to enter the arterial circulation, the term paradoxical embolism most ... An embolism may be made from any one of numerous materials that may find itself in a blood vessel, including a piece of a ... There are many routes in which an embolism can traverse from the right (venous) side of the heart to the left (arterial) side ...
A septic embolism is a type of embolism that is infected with bacteria, resulting in the formation of pus. These may become ... Like other emboli, a septic embolism may be fatal. One of the common microbes that can lead to widespread dissemination of ... However, septic emboli usually lodge in the heart valves, where there are no lymph nodes.[citation needed] Arterial embolism ... A septic embolism can be difficult to identify, as it is often attributed to other disorders or infections of the body. As a ...
Embolism may refer to: Embolism, when an object (the embolus) migrates from one part of the body (through circulation) and ... Embolism in calendars: Intercalation (timekeeping) Embolism (liturgy), a liturgical prayer This disambiguation page lists ... articles associated with the title Embolism. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...
Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism Media related to Pulmonary embolism at Wikimedia Commons "Pulmonary Embolism". ... The pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) helps assess people in whom pulmonary embolism is suspected, but unlikely. ... Pulmonary embolism at Curlie Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism online calculator Archived 2016-11-21 at the Wayback Machine ... There are roughly 10 million cases of pulmonary embolisms per year. In the United States, pulmonary embolisms are the primary ...
Fat embolism is presence of fat particles in the micro-circulation of the body. Meanwhile, fat embolism syndrome is the ... Fat embolism syndrome occurs when fat enters the blood stream (fat embolism) and results in symptoms. Symptoms generally begin ... The rates of fat embolism in long bone fractures vary from 1% to 30%. The mortality rate of fat-embolism syndrome is ... Symptoms of fat embolism syndrome (FES) can start from 12 hours to 3 days after diagnosis of the underlying clinical disease. ...
... is very uncommon and the rate at which it occurs is 1 instance per 20,000 births. Though rare, it ... An amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a very uncommon childbirth (obstetric) emergency in which amniotic fluid enters the blood ... Amniotic fluid embolism is suspected when a woman giving birth experiences very sudden insufficient oxygen to body tissues, low ... "Amniotic Fluid Embolism". Vinay Kumar; Abul K. Abbas; Nelson Fausto; Jon C. Aster (2014-08-27). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic ...
The Wells score is a clinical prediction rule used to classify patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism (PE) into risk ... "Excluding Pulmonary Embolism at the Bedside without Diagnostic Imaging: Management of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary ... "Use of a Clinical Model for Safe Management of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism". Annals of Internal Medicine. 129 ( ... "Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility ...
Clear - pulmonary embolism (clear to frothy); COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (clear to gray); viral respiratory ... Rust colored - usually caused by pneumococcal bacteria (in pneumonia), pulmonary embolism, lung cancer or pulmonary ... pulmonary embolism. Red, jelly-like sputum - an indicator of possible pneumonia caused by Klebsiella. Green or greenish colored ...
Air embolism. If the returning fluid is purulent, one repeats the puncture after a week. If more than three successive puncture ... Thomson, K.F.M (29 June 2007). "Air embolism following antral lavage". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 69 (12): 829-832. ...
Pulmonary embolism is blood clots occurring in the lungs. Restricted blood flow in the pulmonary circulation results in alveoli ... "Pulmonary Embolism". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 8 August 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-19. Petersson, Johan; Glenny, Robb W. (2014-10- ...
An embolism that lodges in the lungs is a pulmonary embolism (PE). A pulmonary embolism is a very serious condition that can be ... In pulmonary embolism, this applies in situations where heart function is compromised due to lack of blood flow through the ... If a thrombus breaks off (embolizes) and flows to the lungs to lodge there, it becomes a pulmonary embolism (PE), a blood clot ... The abbreviation DVT/PE refers to a VTE where a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has moved to the lungs (PE or pulmonary embolism). ...
Fat embolism syndrome, in which fat droplets are deposited in the pulmonary capillary bed. Shunting refers to blood that ... Adeyinka A, Pierre L (September 2022). "Fat Embolism". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. ...
An amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare childbirth (obstetric) emergency in which amniotic fluid, enters the blood stream of ... Stafford, Irene; Sheffield, Jeanne (2007). "Amniotic Fluid Embolism". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 34 (3 ... PMID 17921014.[subscription required] Stein, Paul (2016). Pulmonary embolism. Chichester, West Sussex, UK Hoboken, NJ: John ...
The first published case report of a blood clot and pulmonary embolism in a woman using Enavid (Enovid 10 mg in the U.S.) at a ... Jordan WM, Anand JK (November 18, 1961). "Pulmonary embolism". Lancet. 278 (7212): 1146-1147. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(61)91061-3 ... and pulmonary embolism (PE)). While lower doses of estrogen in COC pills may have a lower risk of stroke and myocardial ... history of thromboembolism or pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular accident, and a familial tendency to form blood clots (such ...
ISBN 978-0-08-092150-1. Stein PD (5 April 2016). Pulmonary Embolism. Wiley. pp. 187-. ISBN 978-1-119-03909-9. Pfeifer S, Butts ... This includes women with: History of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) not receiving anticoagulants Acute ... and pulmonary embolism (PE). Estrogens are known to increase the risk of VTE due to their effects on liver synthesis of ...
... fat embolism (particularly after bony injury), amniotic fluid embolism (with complications of labour and delivery), air ... "Pulmonary Embolism". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-22. Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Stoll, Barbara J.; Wright, Linda L.; Carlo, ... Examples are:[citation needed] Pulmonary embolism, a blood clot that forms in a vein, breaks free, travels through the heart ... pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis, acute asthma, lung cancer, and severe acute respiratory syndromes, such as COVID-19. ...
Hogan, Daniel F.; Brainard, Benjamin M. (2015). "Cardiogenic embolism in the cat". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 17: S202- ... Lyaker, M. R. (January 2013). "Arterial embolism". International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science. 3 (1): 77-87. ... AtkinsIn, Clarke (2007). "Systemic Arterial Embolism in Cats". World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress ...
... pulmonary embolism; arterial thromboembolic disease; and are or may become pregnant" or "with known or suspected breast cancer ...
DCS and arterial gas embolism are treated very similarly because they are both the result of gas bubbles in the body. The U.S. ... DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness. Since bubbles can form in or migrate to ... Symptoms of DCS and arterial gas embolism can be virtually indistinguishable. The most reliable way to tell the difference is ... 1930s: Albert R Behnke separated the symptoms of Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE) from those of DCS. 1935: Behnke et al. ...
... pulmonary embolism (0.06%); perforation (0.06%). Similar rates of serious adverse events were reported in the multicenter, ...
Pulmonary embolism refers to an embolus that lodges in the pulmonary circulation. This may arise from a deep venous thrombosis ... "Saddle pulmonary embolism". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2017-10-08. Pillalamarri NR, Patnaik SS, Piskin S, Gueldner P, Finol EA ( ... or thromboembolic disease such as pulmonary embolism or emboli seen in sickle cell anaemia.: 720-721 Most recently, ...
ISBN 978-0-387-98842-9. Walker, J. R. III; Murphy-Lavoie, Heather M. (20 December 2019). "Diving Gas Embolism". www.ncbi.nlm. ... Lungs: There is a risk of pneumothorax, arterial gas embolism, and mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema during ascent, which ... Neuman TS (2003). "Arterial gas embolism and pulmonary barotrauma". In Brubakk AO, Neuman TS (eds.). Bennett and Elliott's ... Decompression illness is a term that includes decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism caused by lung overexpansion ...
Howard, Luke (May 2019). "Acute pulmonary embolism". Clinical Medicine. 19 (3): 243-247. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-247. ... pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia. The gamma ray field can be characterized by the exposure rate (in units of, for instance, ...
The most common conditions associated with thrombophilia are deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), which are ... Bourjeily G, Paidas M, Khalil H, Rosene-Montella K, Rodger M (February 2010). "Pulmonary embolism in pregnancy". Lancet. 375 ( ... Agnelli G, Becattini C (July 2010). "Acute pulmonary embolism". N. Engl. J. Med. 363 (3): 266-74. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0907731. ...
Amniotic fluid embolism, a condition in which amniotic fluid or other fetal debris enters the maternal circulation, is an ... Amniotic fluid embolism can result in cardiovascular collapse and has a poor maternal prognosis. However, amniotic fluid ... Kaur K, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Singhal S, Singh T, Hooda S (April 2016). "Amniotic fluid embolism". Journal of Anaesthesiology ... Drukker L, Sela HY, Ioscovich A, Samueloff A, Grisaru-Granovsky S (2017). "Amniotic Fluid Embolism: A Rare Complication of ...
A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a part of the DVT clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, which can be life-threatening ... Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism. CDC Yellow Book 2024. Travel by Air, Land & Sea ...
... gas embolism), amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid embolism), or foreign material. An embolism can cause partial or total blockage ... An embolism in which the embolus is a piece of thrombus is called a thromboembolism. An embolism is usually a pathological ... However, pulmonary embolism is generally classified as a form of venous embolism, because the embolus forms in veins, e.g. deep ... Embolism can be classified based on where it enters the circulation, either in arteries or in veins. Arterial embolism are ...
... is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a blood clot, fat, air or clumped tumor cells. ... Pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a blood clot, fat, air or clumped tumor cells ... Could EKGs Help Doctors Use AI to Detect Pulmonary Embolisms?. Dec. 21, 2021 Pulmonary embolisms are dangerous, lung-clogging ... Note: The above text is excerpted from the Wikipedia article "Pulmonary embolism", which has been released under the GNU Free ...
Arterial embolism refers to a clot (embolus) that has come from another part of the body and causes a sudden interruption of ... Arterial embolism refers to a clot (embolus) that has come from another part of the body and causes a sudden interruption of ... An arterial embolism may be caused by one or more clots. The clots can get stuck in an artery and block blood flow. The ... Arterial embolism refers to a clot (embolus) that has come from another part of the body and causes a sudden interruption of ...
... a subset of gas embolism, is an entity with the potential for severe morbidity and mortality. Venous air embolism is a ... Venous air embolism (VAE), a subset of gas embolism, is an entity with the potential for severe morbidity and mortality. It is ... encoded search term (Venous Air Embolism) and Venous Air Embolism What to Read Next on Medscape ... Air embolism during insertion of central venous catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001 Nov. 12(11):1291-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
These embolisms affect an estimated 1 in 1,000 people in the U.S. every year. In this article, we describe what a pulmonary ... embolism feels like and how it is diagnosed. Learn about risk factors, outlooks and more. ... A pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery, which supplies blood to the lungs. ... The period of highest risk is in this hours after the embolism first occurs. The outlook is also worse if the embolism was ...
How to use pulmonary embolism in a sentence. ... The meaning of PULMONARY EMBOLISM is obstruction of a pulmonary ... whether physical activity during flight is protective against pulmonary embolism remains to be demonstrated.-. Frederic ... "Pulmonary embolism." Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pulmonary ...
Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare obstetric emergency in which it is postulated that amniotic fluid, fetal cells, hair, ... encoded search term (Amniotic Fluid Embolism) and Amniotic Fluid Embolism What to Read Next on Medscape ... Amniotic Fluid Embolism Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Mar 15, 2023 * Author: Lisa E Moore, MD, MS, FACOG, RDMS; Chief Editor ... Nonfatal amniotic fluid embolism. Three possible cases and a new clinical definition. Arch Fam Med. 1993 Sep;2(9):989-94. [ ...
Current and accurate information about pulmonary embolism. Learn how doctors evaluate and treat this condition. ... Pulmonary Embolism. A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot moves through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood ... How is a pulmonary embolism treated?. Treatment for a pulmonary embolism typically includes keeping blood clots from getting ... Diagnosing a pulmonary embolism can be difficult because half of patients with a clot in the lungs have no symptoms. Others may ...
If youve had a pulmonary embolism (PE), your recovery period may vary based on many factors. Learn about the treatments and ... An air embolism occurs when one or more air bubbles enter a vein or artery and block it. Heres how air embolisms are caused ... www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pulmonary-embolism/learn-about-pulmonary-embolism. ... A pulmonary embolism (PE) is when a blood clot becomes stuck in the blood vessels of your lung. These clots typically begin in ...
Three patients were operated on owing to a foreign body embolism, two owing to a septic embolism, three owing to emboli that ... paradoxal embolism), bacterial endocarditis, and malignant tumors are some rare causes of arterial embolism. ... Rare Forms of Peripheral Arterial Embolism: Review of 11 Cases Markovic Miroslav, MD, MSc; Davidovic Lazar, MD, PhD; Mikic ... The purpose of this study was to present 11 patients operated on owing to rare forms of peripheral arterial embolism at the ...
Centor discusses the risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients after subsegmental pulmonary embolism. First, listen ... Centor discusses the risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients after subsegmental pulmonary embolism. ...
... Am Heart J. 1968 Dec;76(6):784-94. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703( ...
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is form of embolism and thromboembolism in which a blockage of the pulmonary artery (or one of its ... 2011). "The pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule does not safely exclude pulmonary embolism.". J Thromb Haemost 9 ( ... Pulmonary embolism. Lancet 2004;363:1295-305. PMID 15094276. *↑ Sardi A, Gluskin J, Guttentag A, Kotler MN, Braitman LE, ... "Assessment of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria rule for evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism in the emergency ...
After a run, a man discovers he has a large blot clot in his lungs.
Thrombosis and Embolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium: Acute Management [2015]. *Reducing the Risk of Thrombosis and ... Amniotic fluid embolism as a cause of maternal mortality in China between 1996 and 2013: a population-based retrospective study ... Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE) in China: Are maternal mortality and morbidity preventable? [2014] ... Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Checklist for initial management of amniotic fluid embolism [2021] ...
... central pulmonary embolism. Description: Parts of a layered thrombus project from the right pulmonary artery. Additional ... Pulmonary embolism. Diagnosis: central pulmonary embolism.. Description: Parts of a layered thrombus project from the right ...
Unfortunately, I know people who are no longer in this world because of a Pulmonary Embolism. They sneak up on us. The ... There are reports that upward to 180,000 people in the United States die every year from Pulmonary Embolisms. This is more ... a CT scan and ultra sound imaging I was diagnosed with a massive blood clot in my left lung also known as a pulmonary Embolism ...
Home Handbooks Dialysis Handbook Dialysis unit protocols Emergencies on dialysis Air embolism ...
The Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria rule in a community hospital ED: a retrospective study of its potential utility. Am J ... This months article demonstrates the validity of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria (PERC; Table 11) and should reassure ... Clinical prediction rules for pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(5):957-970. ... Is there a clinical prediction rule that can reliably exclude the presence of a pulmonary embolism (PE), and thus avoid the use ...
DVT and Pulmonary Embolism Program. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when blood clots form in the deep veins in the lower leg ... Get immediate medical help if you have these symptoms because the clot could travel to the lungs or heart (called an embolism). ... care specialists collaborate to make an early diagnosis and deliver effective treatment for DVT and pulmonary embolism. ... and pulmonary embolisms. Call to learn more. ... DVT and Pulmonary Embolism Services. *IVC filter placement and ...
Prevalence and localization of pulmonary embolism in unexplained acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and meta- ... Clinical question: How frequent is pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with unexplained acute chronic obstructive pulmonary ...
Pulmonary embolism is diagnosed by your doctor based on signs and symptoms: electrocardiogram, the presence of D-dimer, ... Pulmonary Embolism [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 5]. Available from: https://www.livehealthily.com/embolism Return to content ... Pulmonary Embolism [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 5]. Available from: https://www.livehealthily.com/embolism Healthily. ...
Get Pulmonary Embolism symptoms, causes and risk factors, diagnosis and treatment from the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery ... Home , Patient Care , Conditions and Treatment , Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Embolism: What it is, Symptoms ... Pulmonary Embolism - What it is Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot occurs in the lung which results in a blockage of ... Pulmonary Embolism - Symptoms The symptom associated with pumonary embolism varies and is dependent on the location and size of ...
When clots break, it travels in the blood causing venous thrombo- embolism. ... Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a complication that results from a block in the main artery supplying the ... ... When a blood clot breaks loose and travels in the blood, it is called a venous thrombo- embolism (VTE). ... Newer Contraceptive Pills Has Blood Clot Risk; Could Lead to Venous Thrombo-Embolism Personalised Printable Document (PDF). ...
The JOBST® Anti-Embolism Elastic Stocking uses gradient compression that applies the greatest amount of pressure at the ankle ... The JOBST® Anti-Embolism Elastic Stocking uses gradient compression that applies the greatest amount of pressure at the ankle ... The use of JOBST® Anti-Embolism Elastic Stocking is an accepted prophylaxis for minimizing the risk of thromboembolism in ... The use of JOBST® Anti-Embolism Elastic Stocking is an accepted prophylaxis for minimizing the risk of thromboembolism in ...
... for preventing stroke and systemic embolism in adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation ... Embolism and thrombosis Dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation. ... Evidence-based recommendations on dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa) for preventing stroke and systemic embolism in adults with non ...
UK 15-year-old dies from pulmonary embolism after being put on birth control pill. Charlotte Lockwood died at age 15 after her ... Riddell," she stated, "the prescription would have been refused because of the deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in ... 15 when she died in 2014 from severe hypoxic ischemic brain injury caused by cardiac arrest resulting from a pulmonary embolism ...
Directions to Hospitals Treating Fat embolism syndrome What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?. Prognosis of fat embolism syndrome ... Fat embolism syndrome is a clinical diagnosis. Lab tests and images in the chest or head may be helpful. Treatments focus on ... Fat embolism syndrome is a severe condition. The onset is sudden. If you experience blunt trauma, cardiopulmonary bypass, acute ... Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare clinical condition when embolic fat macroglobules pass into the small vessels of the lung ...
  • I firmly believe had Charlotte and I been properly advised about the risk of the combined contraception pill by Dr. Riddell," she stated, "the prescription would have been refused because of the deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in our family history. (lifesitenews.com)
  • See also European Society of Cardiology 2019 Guidelines on Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Embolism and American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism . (msdmanuals.com)
  • The lodged clot, called a pulmonary embolism, may compromise blood flow to the lungs and result in shortness of breath, light-headedness, coughing, chest pain, and even loss of consciousness or death. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To reach a diagnosis, the doctor will look at the patient's history and consider whether an embolism is likely. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) an unpredictable event, and it is a clinical diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Benson MD. Current concepts of immunology and diagnosis in amniotic fluid embolism. (medscape.com)
  • Rath WH, Hoferr S, Sinicina I. Amniotic fluid embolism: an interdisciplinary challenge: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Carle interventional radiologists, pulmonologists and intensive care specialists collaborate to make an early diagnosis and deliver effective treatment for DVT and pulmonary embolism. (carle.org)
  • Fat embolism syndrome is a clinical diagnosis. (wikidoc.org)
  • Capnography in the early diagnosis of carbon dioxide embolism. (capnography.com)
  • Ventilation/perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (V/P SPECT) is the recommended method for proper diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE), according to the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) guidelines. (lu.se)
  • Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is most commonly accomplished with CT angiography, although ventilation perfusion scanning is sometimes required. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The variability of presentation for pulmonary embolism sets the patient and clinician up for potentially missing the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • These patients also should have an alternative diagnosis confirmed, or pulmonary embolism should be excluded, before discontinuing the workup. (medscape.com)
  • The role of risk factors in delayed diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the usual clinical signs of acute limb ischemia, in the rare forms of arterial embolism, the presence of certain uncommon clinical symptoms was also observed. (medscape.com)
  • How frequent is pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with unexplained acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation? (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Prevalence and localization of pulmonary embolism in unexplained acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis [published online ahead of print Aug. 11, 2016]. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • What are best practices for evaluating patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE)? (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Introduction, Clinical presentation, Classification. (slideshare.net)
  • Kucher N. The ULTIMA Trial: A prospective, randomized, controlled study of ultrasound accelerated thrombolysis for the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. (tctmd.com)
  • Derivation and validation of a novel prediction model to identify low-risk patients with acute pulmonary embolism. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • 2. Lehnert P, Lange T, Møller CH, Olsen PS, Carlsen J . Acute Pulmonary Embolism in a National Danish Cohort: Increasing Incidence and Decreasing Mortality. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Acute pulmonary embolism. (medscape.com)
  • Sleep-disordered breathing in deep vein thrombosis and acute pulmonary embolism. (medscape.com)
  • Your doctor can confirm the presence of a pulmonary embolism with CT angiography, or a ventilation perfusion (V/Q) lung scan. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Is there a clinical prediction rule that can reliably exclude the presence of a pulmonary embolism (PE), and thus avoid the use of computed tomography (CT) in patients believed to be at very low risk? (aafp.org)
  • An embolism is the lodging of an embolus, a blockage-causing piece of material, inside a blood vessel. (wikipedia.org)
  • The embolus may be a blood clot (thrombus), a fat globule (fat embolism), a bubble of air or other gas (gas embolism), amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid embolism), or foreign material. (wikipedia.org)
  • An embolism in which the embolus is a piece of thrombus is called a thromboembolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, pulmonary embolism is generally classified as a form of venous embolism, because the embolus forms in veins, e.g. deep vein thrombosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arterial embolism refers to a clot (embolus) that has come from another part of the body and causes a sudden interruption of blood flow to an organ or body part. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In a pulmonary embolism, the embolus, forms in one part of the body, it circulates throughout the blood supply, and then it blocks the blood flowing through a vessel in another part of the body, namely the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A pulmonary embolism occurs when an embolus, usually a blood clot, blocks the blood flowing through an artery that feeds the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Rarely, a pulmonary embolism can result from an embolus that is formed from fat droplets, amniotic fluid , or some other particle that enters the bloodstream. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A transient but rapid rise in PETCO2, has been suggested as a useful early sign of venous C02 embolism.1 However, when CO2 embolus increases in size and thereby producing a mechanical obstruction, end-tidal CO2 decreases as can be seen from the following animation. (capnography.com)
  • id":7206066716853,"title":"JOBST® Anti-Embolism Knee High 18 mmHg","handle":"jobst-anti-embolism-knee-high-18","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn cooperation with leading vascular specialists, JOBST® engineers developed the JOBST® Gradient Compression Seamless Anti-Embolism Elastic Stocking, specifically designed to combat thromboembolism. (compressionstockings.com)
  • Diagnosing a pulmonary embolism can be difficult because half of patients with a clot in the lungs have no symptoms. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • The severity of symptoms depends on the size of the embolism, number of emboli, and a person's baseline heart and lung function. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Approximately half of patients who have a pulmonary embolism have no symptoms. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Get immediate medical help if you have these symptoms because the clot could travel to the lungs or heart (called an embolism). (carle.org)
  • What are the symptoms of Fat embolism syndrome? (wikidoc.org)
  • It can also be classified according to its severity, which is determined on the basis of the presence or absence of hemodynamic instability, the presence or absence of respiratory symptoms, and the anatomic location of the embolism in the pulmonary vasculature. (medscape.com)
  • Studies of patients who died unexpectedly from pulmonary embolism have revealed that the patients complained of nagging symptoms, often for weeks, before dying. (medscape.com)
  • We've compiled a list of symptoms, causes, and treatment for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolisms with information from. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An embolism can cause partial or total blockage of blood flow in the affected vessel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a blood clot, fat, air or clumped tumor cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery, which supplies the blood to the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is form of embolism and thromboembolism in which a blockage of the pulmonary artery (or one of its branches), usually when a deep vein thrombosis (blood clot from a vein), becomes dislodged from its site of formation and embolizes to the arterial blood supply of one of the lungs. (citizendium.org)
  • Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot occurs in the lung which results in a blockage of the blood supply to lungs. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blockage develops in lung blood vessels, most often because of a blood clot. (rxwiki.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to present 11 patients operated on owing to rare forms of peripheral arterial embolism at the Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases of the Serbian Clinical Center over a period of 20 years. (medscape.com)
  • Three patients were operated on owing to a foreign body embolism, two owing to a septic embolism, three owing to emboli that originated from malignant tissues, two owing to an embolization from cardiac myxoma, and one owing to an embolism from a myxomatous atrial septal defect. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, three cardiosurgical procedures were done: aortic valve replacement in the patient with a septic embolism and tumor excision in patients with atrial myxoma. (medscape.com)
  • Further follow-up revealed a poor prognosis in patients with malignant arterial embolism. (medscape.com)
  • In this episode of Annals On Call, Dr. Centor discusses the risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients after subsegmental pulmonary embolism. (acponline.org)
  • D-dimer may be under-used in patients at low risk of pulmonary embolism. (citizendium.org)
  • At SGH we have a pulmonary embolism response team which consist of different specialist who come together to manage patients who may be seriously ill. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • Lab tests: Fat globules free or in macrophages can be detected in urine, blood or sputum in patients with fat embolism. (wikidoc.org)
  • This image in patients with fat embolism syndrome may show snow storm appearance, increased pulmonary markings and dilatation of the right side of the heart within 24-48 h of onset of clinical findings. (wikidoc.org)
  • Diffuse white-matter petechial hemorrhages may be shown in patients with fat embolism. (wikidoc.org)
  • The use of JOBST® Anti-Embolism Elastic Stocking is an accepted prophylaxis for minimizing the risk of thromboembolism in hospitalized patients requiring bed rest or prolonged periods of immobilization. (compressionstockings.com)
  • Many people die of pulmonary embolism every year," added Cushman, who directs the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program at University of Vermont Medical Center, where patients with PE receive care. (uvm.edu)
  • Apart from IDA, other hematologic abnormalities seen in patients with CD are thrombocytosis, splenic hypofunction, leukopenia, IgA deficiency, enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL), and rarely venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). (hindawi.com)
  • A study conducted by University Hospital Zurich involving 338 patients from a Milan university hospital has revealed the occurrence of pulmonary embolism among many COVID-19 patients. (usz.ch)
  • A closer examination revealed that pulmonary embolism were by far the most common form of blood clot and were found to exist in one third of the patients examined with imaging tests. (usz.ch)
  • In view of the many blood clots diagnosed in the Milan study within 24 hours and given the small sample of persons examined, a considerably larger number of people must therefore be expected to sustain severe pulmonary embolism as a result of COVID-19 as most COVID-19 patients remain in home quarantine during their illness. (usz.ch)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common complication in patients with cancer. (myesr.org)
  • All of the patients had been diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism, and about 25 percent also had deep venous thrombosis, in which a blood clot forms in one or more deep veins, often in the legs. (rxwiki.com)
  • SAN FRANCISCO, CA-A novel method of delivering drug therapy via ultrasound assistance appears effective in reversing right ventricular enlargement and dysfunction in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism, according to results from a small study presented March 9, 2013, at the American College of Cardiology/i2 Scientific Session. (tctmd.com)
  • Introduction: Pulmonary embolism is one of the complications of COVID-19, with reported incidence ranging from 3 to 33 % in non-ICU patients to as high as 40% among ICU patients. (who.int)
  • This study aimed to assess the incidence of pulmonary embolism and associated factors among confirmed Covid-19 Patients in Ethi- opia. (who.int)
  • Methods: A nested case control study was conducted among 131 patients with COVID-19 (40 COVID-19 patients with Pulmonary embolism and 91 COVID-19 patients with no PE) who were on follow up from May, 2021 to May, 2022. (who.int)
  • They are the mainstay of treatment for pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Risk factors for pulmonary embolism is similar to deep vein thrombosis. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • The Therafirm Anti-Embolism 18 mmHg Closed Toe Knee High Compression Stockings are designed to prevent leg swelling, improve circulation, and help with leg discomfort and deep venous thrombosis (DVT), commonly known as blood clots. (compressionstockings.com)
  • Colloquially known as blood clots, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are forms of venous thromboembolism (VTE). (medscape.com)
  • Kline JA, Runyon MS. Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis. (medscape.com)
  • Venous air embolism (VAE), a subset of gas embolism, is an entity with the potential for severe morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • In 1993, Benson suggested a broader clinical definition of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE). (medscape.com)
  • Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare clinical condition when embolic fat macroglobules pass into the small vessels of the lung and other sites, leading to multisystem dysfunction. (wikidoc.org)
  • Background Diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) can be a difficult process for junior doctors, because it relies on clinical probability scoring and knowledge of how to apply and interpret D-dimer, VQ and CT scanning. (bmj.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common clinical disorder which is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since the clinical presentations of COVID-19 and Pulmonary embolism overlap, it is difficult to differentiate between these cases. (who.int)
  • The symptom associated with pumonary embolism varies and is dependent on the location and size of the clot. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • Side effects of NuvaRing may increase risk of blood clots, pumonary embolism, DVT, death. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a part of the DVT clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, which can be life-threatening. (cdc.gov)
  • A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot moves through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel in the lungs. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • However, Nicole suffered a life-threatening reaction, called an Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE) which occurs when amniotic fluid enters the mother's bloodstream, triggering a serious reaction which can lead to massive bleeding and heart and lung collapse. (mamamia.com.au)
  • If you have a pulmonary embolism, you need medical treatment right away to prevent a blood clot from blocking blood flow to the lungs and heart. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening or cause permanent damage to the lungs. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Treatment for a pulmonary embolism typically includes keeping blood clots from getting bigger, preventing clots from traveling to the lungs and preventing new clots from forming. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • In this sudden and dangerous event, an embolism, or blood clot , gets stuck in one of the blood vessels in your lungs and blocks blood flow within that organ. (upmc.com)
  • Benson MD. Nonfatal amniotic fluid embolism. (medscape.com)
  • For an excellent overview of the topic read Amniotic Fluid Embolism by Steven Clark. (medscape.com)
  • Amniotic fluid embolism: antepartum, intrapartum and demographic factors. (medscape.com)
  • Amniotic fluid embolism: analysis of the national registry. (medscape.com)
  • Funk M, Damron A, Bandi V, Aagaard K, Szigeti R, Clark S. Pulmonary vascular obstruction by squamous cells is not involved in amniotic fluid embolism. (medscape.com)
  • Proposed diagnostic criteria for the case definition of amniotic fluid embolism in research studies. (medscape.com)
  • Immunologic studies in presumed amniotic fluid embolism. (medscape.com)
  • Serum tryptase analysis in a woman with amniotic fluid embolism. (medscape.com)
  • Kobayashi H. Amniotic Fluid Embolism: Anaphylactic Reactions With Idiosyncratic Adverse Response. (medscape.com)
  • Ancillary studies in amniotic fluid embolism: a case report and review of the literature. (medscape.com)
  • Amniotic-fluid embolism and medical induction of labour: a retrospective, population-based cohort study. (medscape.com)
  • Incidence and risk factors for amniotic-fluid embolism. (medscape.com)
  • Amniotic fluid embolism: despite progress, challenges remain. (medscape.com)
  • Available at https://www.amoss.com.au/?q=content/amniotic-fluid-embolism-afe . (medscape.com)
  • Fitzpatrick KE, Tuffnell D, Kurinczuk JJ, Knight M. Incidence, risk factors, management and outcomes of amniotic-fluid embolism: a population-based cohort and nested case-control study. (medscape.com)
  • Nicole's amniotic fluid embolism led to a post-mortem C-section. (mamamia.com.au)
  • Arterial embolism as a complication of VAE can occur through direct passage of air into the arterial system via anomalous structures such as an atrial or ventricular septal defect, a patent foramen ovale, or pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. (medscape.com)
  • Anyone who takes a lengthy plane ride or is sedentary for long periods of time due to illness or injury is at risk for a serious complication: a pulmonary embolism. (upmc.com)
  • Dec. 21, 2021 Pulmonary embolisms are dangerous, lung-clogging blot clots. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A pulmonary embolism (PE) is when a blood clot becomes stuck in the blood vessels of your lung. (healthline.com)
  • After a CT scan and ultra sound imaging I was diagnosed with a massive blood clot in my left lung also known as a pulmonary Embolism. (sonorannews.com)
  • Untreated, a pulmonary embolism (also known as a "PE") can permanently damage your lung or other organs and may even lead to death. (upmc.com)
  • citation needed] Arterial embolism can cause occlusion in any part of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the occlusion of pulmonary arteries by thrombi that originate elsewhere, typically in the large veins of the legs or pelvis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Compression of the legs is possible, using anti-embolism compression stockings or pneumatic compression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • [10] Introduction of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography may have led to overdiagnosis of pulmonary embolism]. (citizendium.org)
  • Due to the life-threatening nature of chronic pulmonary embolism (CPE) and how easily it can be misdiagnosed on computed tomography, the authors of this study investigated a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm for detecting hypoperfusion in CPE from computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). (myesr.org)
  • Cite this: Rare Forms of Peripheral Arterial Embolism: Review of 11 Cases - Medscape - Jun 01, 2005. (medscape.com)
  • for instance a pulmonary embolism is classified as an arterial embolism as well, in the sense that the clot follows the pulmonary artery carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • A blood clot that breaks free and travels through a blood vessel is called an embolism . (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Pulmonary embolism is diagnosed via a computed tomography pulmonary angiogram which involves the injection of a dye into the blood vessel before the scan is taken. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • In severe pulmonary embolism where it is necessary to clear the blood clot quickly to re-establish blood flow for oxygenation of blood, thrombolytic therapy such as a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which is a clot dissolving enzyme may be used. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • When a blood clot breaks loose and travels in the blood, it is called a venous thrombo- embolism (VTE). (medindia.net)
  • He claims that his wife's physician would have never prescribed the Nuvaring had the true risks of blood clots and pulmonary embolism been properly communicated by the manufacturers. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Severe pulmonary embolism, i.e. pulmonary vessels blocked by blood clots, can quickly lead to death due to heart failure if left untreated. (usz.ch)
  • RxWiki News) New oral blood thinner rivaroxaban (Xarelto) has been shown to be safer for treating a pulmonary embolism as compared to enoxaparin (Lovenox) injections, and was found to be just as effective. (rxwiki.com)
  • Fat embolism syndrome is a severe condition. (wikidoc.org)
  • Charlotte Lockwood was 15 when she died in 2014 from severe hypoxic ischemic brain injury caused by cardiac arrest resulting from a pulmonary embolism she suffered after being prescribed a combined contraceptive pill. (lifesitenews.com)
  • Recent problems with the warnings and instructions provided on a medical device used to remove tissue during surgery, which could cause an air embolism if the tubing is hooked up backwards, has been categories as a Class I recall due to the serious risk of severe adverse health consequences or death. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • A number of measures can reduce the risk of a pulmonary embolism. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Is there a simplified risk prediction model to identify those with low risk pulmonary embolism (PE) who can be treated as outpatients? (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Risk factors for pulmonary embolism are conditions that impair venous return, conditions that cause endothelial injury or dysfunction, and underlying hypercoagulable states. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Risk factors for pulmonary embolism are. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This review was able to highlight the risk factors and management of pulmonary embolism . (bvsalud.org)
  • Brain MRI scan: This test may help diagnose fat embolism in brain. (wikidoc.org)
  • Your physician will use a variety of tests to diagnose a pulmonary embolism. (upmc.com)
  • Arterial embolism requires prompt treatment at a hospital. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Thrombolytic treatment of pulmonary embolism. (bmj.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism treatment is with anticoagulants and, sometimes, clot dissolution with systemic or catheter-directed thrombolysis or by removal of the clot via catheter suction thrombectomy or surgical resection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • thromboembolectomy in seven cases, and artery resection and saphenous graft interposition in one patient with septic embolism. (medscape.com)
  • The Chang sign refers to the dilatation and abrupt change in caliber of the main pulmonary artery due to pulmonary embolism 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • There was 1 death in the heparin-alone group unrelated to pulmonary embolism and no deaths in the accelerated ultrasound group. (tctmd.com)
  • Prognosis of fat embolism syndrome varies from person to person. (wikidoc.org)
  • Functional and Exercise Limitations After a First Episode of Pulmonary Embolism: Results of the ELOPE Prospective Cohort Study. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sudden death due to pulmonary embolism as presenting symptom of renal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence-based recommendations on dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa) for preventing stroke and systemic embolism in adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. (nice.org.uk)