Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
ENDOCARDIUM infection that is usually caused by STREPTOCOCCUS. Subacute infective endocarditis evolves over weeks and months with modest toxicity and rare metastatic infection.
A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of BLOOD from the HEART VENTRICLES to the HEART ATRIA or from the PULMONARY ARTERIES or AORTA to the ventricles.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
A large heterogeneous group of mostly alpha-hemolytic streptococci. They colonize the respiratory tract at birth and generally have a low degree of pathogenicity. This group of species includes STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS; STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS; STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SOBRINUS; and the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. The latter are often beta-hemolytic and commonly produce invasive pyogenic infections including brain and abdominal abscesses.
A gram-positive organism found in dental plaque, in blood, on heart valves in subacute endocarditis, and infrequently in saliva and throat specimens. L-forms are associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
Infections resulting from the implantation of prosthetic devices. The infections may be acquired from intraoperative contamination (early) or hematogenously acquired from other sites (late).
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.
An acute infectious disease caused by COXIELLA BURNETII. It is characterized by a sudden onset of FEVER; HEADACHE; malaise; and weakness. In humans, it is commonly contracted by inhalation of infected dusts derived from infected domestic animals (ANIMALS, DOMESTIC).
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly found in the alimentary tract of cows, sheep, and other ruminants. It occasionally is encountered in cases of human endocarditis. This species is nonhemolytic.
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.
The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart.
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family CARDIOBACTERIACEAE. It is found in the nasal flora of humans and causes ENDOCARDITIS.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.
A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.
Infections by the genus BARTONELLA. Bartonella bacilliformis can cause acute febrile anemia, designated Oroya fever, and a benign skin eruption, called verruga peruana. BARTONELLA QUINTANA causes TRENCH FEVER, while BARTONELLA HENSELAE is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY) and is also one of the causes of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE in immunocompetent patients.
Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.
A species of gram-negative bacteria in which man is the primary host and the human body louse, Pediculus humanus, the principal vector. It is the etiological agent of TRENCH FEVER.
Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.
Formation of a non-infectious THROMBUS, referred to as vegetation, on previously undamaged ENDOCARDIUM. It usually occurs as a complication of connective-tissue diseases and cancers because of the associated hypercoagulable state (see THROMBOPHILIA).
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety.
Aneurysm due to growth of microorganisms in the arterial wall, or infection arising within preexisting arteriosclerotic aneurysms.
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. It occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the Andes region of South America. This genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. The genus Rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus Bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16S rRNA sequence data and DNA hybridization data.
A species of gram-negative bacteria that grows preferentially in the vacuoles of the host cell. It is the etiological agent of Q FEVER.
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.
Prosthesis, usually heart valve, composed of biological material and whose durability depends upon the stability of the material after pretreatment, rather than regeneration by host cell ingrowth. Durability is achieved 1, mechanically by the interposition of a cloth, usually polytetrafluoroethylene, between the host and the graft, and 2, chemically by stabilization of the tissue by intermolecular linking, usually with glutaraldehyde, after removal of antigenic components, or the use of reconstituted and restructured biopolymers.
A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
An intermittent fever characterized by intervals of chills, fever, and splenomegaly each of which may last as long as 40 hours. It is caused by BARTONELLA QUINTANA and transmitted by the human louse.
A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Some species are pathogenic for man.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commensal in the respiratory tract.
A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader.
A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle.
Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.
Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining penicillin G with PROCAINE.
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.
A chronic systemic infection by a gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whippelii, mainly affecting the SMALL INTESTINE but also the JOINTS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The disease is characterized by fat deposits in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA and LYMPH NODES, malabsorption, DIARRHEA with fatty stools, MALNUTRITION, and ARTHRITIS.
A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.
A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.
A family of gram-positive non-sporing bacteria including many parasitic, pathogenic, and saprophytic forms.
Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.
Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of METHICILLIN, a semi-synthetic penicillin derivative.
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is the most frequently seen isolate of that group, has a proclivity for abscess formation, and is most often isolated from the blood, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract.
One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.
A species of gram-negative bacteria that is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY). This organism can also be a cause of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE in immunocompetent patients.
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that is widely distributed in TICKS and various mammals throughout the world. Infection with this genus is particularly prevalent in CATTLE; SHEEP; and GOATS.
A device designed to stimulate, by electric impulses, contraction of the heart muscles. It may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external).
Infections with bacteria of the genus ERYSIPELOTHRIX.
Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.
Surgery performed on the heart.
Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.
A genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family Cellulomonadaceae.
Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.
A family of gram-positive, lactic acid-producing bacteria in the order Lactobacillales. It includes both high-pressure-loving species (piezophiles) found in the deep ocean, and Antarctic species.
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is commonly found in the oropharynx flora and has a proclivity for abscess formation, most characteristically in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and LIVER.
Method of measuring the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy. It is used to monitor the therapy in BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; OSTEOMYELITIS and other serious bacterial infections. As commonly performed, the test is a variation of the broth dilution test. This test needs to be distinguished from testing of the naturally occurring BLOOD BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY.
A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of METHICILLIN. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS.
Infections with bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria that is numerous in the mouth and throat. It is a common cause of endocarditis and is also implicated in dental plaque formation.
Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
A voluntary organization concerned with the prevention and treatment of heart and vascular diseases.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS similar to STAPHYLOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS, but containing different esterases. The subspecies Staphylococcus hominis novobiosepticus is highly virulent and novobiocin resistant.
A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that has a tendency to form long filaments. Its organisms are widely distributed in nature and are found in MAMMALS; BIRDS; and FISHES. Erysipelothrix may appear gram-negative because they decolorize easily.
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Abnormal protrusion or billowing of one or both of the leaflets of MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into left atrium leading to MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS; or CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA.
Family of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria, in the order Bacillales. Genera include Gemella, Macrococcus, Salinicoccus, and STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is commonly found in the oropharnyx flora and has a proclivity for abscess formation in the upper body and respiratory tract.
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.
A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.
'Osteomyelitis' is a medical condition defined as an inflammation or infection of the bone or marrow, often caused by bacteria or fungi, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the affected area, and may require antibiotics or surgical intervention for treatment.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
The removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Enzymes that cause coagulation in plasma by forming a complex with human PROTHROMBIN. Coagulases are produced by certain STAPHYLOCOCCUS and YERSINIA PESTIS. Staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: Staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and Staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen.
'Splenic diseases' refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or integrity of the spleen, leading to various symptoms and potential complications such as anemia, infection, or abdominal pain.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

Echocardiographic diagnosis of large fungal verruca attached to mitral valve. (1/544)

In a patient with endocarditis due to Candida tropicalis echocardiograms from mitral valve vegetations were found to mimic the typical pattern of a left atrial myxoma. A mass was shown occupying the mitral orifice posterior to the anterior mitral leaflet; densities also appeared in the left atrium. Though these echocardiographic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a left atrial myxoma, there were other distinctive differential diagnostic features. Other diagnostic possibilities must, therefore, be considered in the interpretation of echocardiograms which suggest left atrial tumour.  (+info)

Long-term survival and valve-related complications in young women with cardiac valve replacements. (2/544)

BACKGROUND: The type of cardiac valve replacement associated with the lowest health risks for young women who may undergo pregnancies is unknown. We investigated which valve type was associated with greatest patient and valve survival and the effect of pregnancy on valve loss. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this retrospective study, all women 12 to 35 years old who underwent valve replacements between 1972 and 1992 at Greenlane Hospital were identified, and follow-up was available in 93%. The 232 women were followed up for 1499 patient-years. Ten-year survival of women with mechanical (n=178), bioprosthetic (n=73), and homograft (n=72) valves was 70% (95% CI, 59% to 83%), 84% (95% CI, 72% to 99%), and 96% (95% CI, 91% to 100%), P=0.002. After adjustment for confounding variables, the relative risk (RR) of death with mechanical compared with bioprosthetic valves was 2.17 (95% CI, 0.78 to 5.88). Thromboembolic events occurred in 45% of women with mechanical valves within 5 years, compared with 13% with bioprosthetic valves, P=0.0001. Valve loss at 10 years was higher in bioprosthetic valves [82% (95% CI, 62% to 92%)] than in mechanical [29% (95% CI, 17% to 39%)] or homograft [28% (95% CI, 12% to 41%)] valves, P=0.0001. Pregnancy was not associated with increased bioprosthetic (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1. 35), homograft (RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.37 to 1.13), or mechanical (RR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.08) valve loss. CONCLUSIONS: Although 10-year valve survival was greater with mechanical than bioprosthetic valves, mechanical valves may be associated with reduced patient survival in young women. Thromboembolic complications, often with long-term sequelae, were common with mechanical valves. Pregnancy did not increase structural deterioration or reduce survival of bioprosthetic valves.  (+info)

Preventive health care, 1999 update: 2. Echocardiography for the detection of a cardiac source of embolus in patients with stroke. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. (3/544)

OBJECTIVE: To develop guidelines for the use of echocardiography in the investigation of patients with stroke. OPTIONS: (1) Routine transthoracic echocardiography (TTE); (2) routine transesophageal echocardiography (TEE); (3) routine TTE followed by TEE if the TTE findings are noncontributory; (4) selective TTE or TEE in patients with cardiac disease who would not otherwise receive anticoagulant therapy. OUTCOMES: This article reviews the available evidence on the yield of TTE and TEE in detecting cardiac sources of cerebral emboli in patients with stroke, the effectiveness of treatment for cardiac sources of emboli and the effectiveness of screening echocardiography for secondary stroke prevention. EVIDENCE: MEDLINE was searched for relevant articles published from January 1966 to April 1998; also reviewed were additional articles identified from the bibliographies and citations obtained from experts. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Echocardiography can detect intracardiac masses (thrombus, vegetation or tumour) in about 4% (with TTE) to 11% (with TEE) of stroke patients. The yield is lower among patients without clinical evidence of cardiac disease by history, physical examination, electrocardiography or chest radiography (less than 2%) than among patients with clinical evidence of cardiac disease (less than 19%). The risks of echocardiography to patients are small. TTE has virtually no risks, and TEE is associated with cardiac, pulmonary and bleeding complications in 0.18%. Patients with an identified intracardiac thrombus are at increased risk for embolic events (absolute risk uncertain, range 0%-38%), and this appears to be reduced with anticoagulant therapy (absolute risk reduction uncertain). Anticoagulant therapy carries a risk of major hemorrhage of 1% to 3% per year. The overall effectiveness of echocardiography in the prevention of recurrent stroke is unknown. VALUES: The strength of evidence was evaluated using the methods of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. RECOMMENDATIONS: There is fair evidence to recommend echocardiography in patients with stroke and clinical evidence of cardiac disease by history, physical examination, electrocardiography or chest radiography (grade B recommendation). There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against TEE in patients with normal results of TTE (grade C recommendation). There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine echocardiography in patients (including young patients) without clinical cardiac disease (grade C recommendation). Routine echocardiography is not recommended for patients with clinical cardiac disease who have independent indications for or contraindications to anticoagulant therapy (grade D recommendation). There is fair evidence to recommend anticoagulant therapy in patients with stroke and intracardiac thrombus (grade B recommendation). There is insufficient (no) evidence to recommend for or against any specific therapy for patent foramen ovale (grade C recommendation). VALIDATION: The findings of this analysis were reviewed through an iterative process by the members of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.  (+info)

Efficacies of high-dose fluconazole plus amphotericin B and high-dose fluconazole plus 5-fluorocytosine versus amphotericin B, fluconazole, and 5-fluorocytosine monotherapies in treatment of experimental endocarditis, endophthalmitis, and pyelonephritis due to Candida albicans. (4/544)

We compared the efficacies of fluconazole (Flu), amphotericin B (AmB), and 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) monotherapies with the combination of Flu plus 5FC and Flu plus AmB in a rabbit model of Candida albicans endocarditis, endophthalmitis, and pyelonephritis. The dose of Flu used was that which resulted in an area under the concentration-time curve in rabbits equivalent to that seen in humans who receive Flu at 1,600 mg/day, the highest dose not associated with central nervous system toxicity in humans. Quantitative cultures of heart valve vegetations, the choroid-retina, vitreous humor, and kidney were conducted after 1, 5, 14, and 21 days of therapy. All untreated controls died within 6 days of infection; animals treated with 5FC monotherapy all died within 18 days. In contrast, 93% of animals in the other treatment groups appeared well and survived until they were sacrificed. At day 5, the relative decreases in CFU per gram in the vitreous humor were greater in groups that received Flu alone and in combination with 5FC or AmB than in groups receiving AmB or 5FC monotherapies (P < 0. 005) but were similar thereafter. In the choroid-retina, 5FC was the least-active drug. However, there were no differences in choroidal fungal densities between the other treatment groups. On days 5 and 14 of therapy, fungal densities in kidneys of AmB recipients were lower than those resulting from the other therapies (P < 0.001 and P < or = 0.038, respectively) and AmB-plus-Flu therapy was antagonistic; however, all therapies for fungal pyelonephritis were similar by treatment day 21. While fungal counts in cardiac valves of Flu recipients were similar to those of controls on day 5 of therapy and did not change from days 1 to 21, AmB therapy significantly decreased valvular CFUs versus Flu at days 5, 14, and 21 (P < 0.005 at each time point). 5FC plus Flu demonstrated enhanced killing in cardiac vegetations compared with Flu or 5FC as monotherapies (P < 0. 03). Similarly, the combination of AmB and Flu was more active than Flu in reducing the fungal density in cardiac vegetations (P < 0.03). However, as in the kidney, AmB plus Flu demonstrated antagonism versus AmB monotherapy in the treatment of C. albicans endocarditis (P < 0.05, P = 0.036, and P < 0.008 on days 5, 14, and 21, respectively).  (+info)

Adhesion molecules (E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)) in sera from patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia with or without endocarditis. (5/544)

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate if patients with endocarditis display a more extensive endothelial activation than those with bacteraemia but without endocarditis. Sixty-five patients with blood culture-verified Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia were included and serum samples collected on admission were analysed by enzyme immunoassays. Elevated serum concentrations of adhesion molecules were found in most of the patients with S. aureus bacteraemia. Patients with endocarditis (n = 15) showed significantly higher serum E-selectin (median 156 ng/ml) and VCAM-1 (median 1745 ng/ml) concentrations compared with those with S. aureus bacteraemia but without endocarditis (80 ng/ml and 1172 ng/ml, respectively; P = 0.01 and P = 0.003). No significant difference was found between the groups concerning ICAM-1 (median 451 ng/ml versus 522 ng/ml). In addition, serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations were significantly correlated (P < 0.002) to serum levels of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.  (+info)

Repeated pregnancies in BALB/c mice infected with Coxiella burnetii cause disseminated infection, resulting in stillbirth and endocarditis. (6/544)

Q fever is a widespread zoonosis caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Although this highly virulent organism is most concentrated in mammals during parturition, there are few reports on the manifestations of perinatal Q fever in the human and animal host. The affinity of C. burnetii to pregnancy and its abortifacient potential were investigated in a murine animal model. Intraperitoneal infection of female BALB/c mice with C. burnetii, followed by repeated pregnancies over a 2-year period, resulted in persistent infection associated with abortion and perinatal death, with a statistically significant decrease in viable offspring. In addition, endocarditis occurred in 2 of the adult animals, and C. burnetii antigen and DNA were detected in their heart valves. Taken together, these results demonstrate the abortifacient potential of C. burnetii and the increased risk of persistent infection and endocarditis in pregnant mice, probably related to a decline in cellular immunity during pregnancy.  (+info)

Antibody responses in patients with staphylococcal septicemia against two Staphylococcus aureus fibrinogen binding proteins: clumping factor and an extracellular fibrinogen binding protein. (7/544)

We analyzed the serum antibody responses against two Staphylococcus aureus fibrinogen binding proteins, the cell-bound clumping factor (Clf) and an extracellular fibrinogen binding protein (Efb). The material consisted of 105 consecutive serum samples from 41 patients suffering from S. aureus septicemia and 72 serum samples from healthy individuals. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. Healthy individuals showed variable levels of antibodies against the studied antigens, and cutoff levels (upper 95th percentile) against these antigens were determined. No correlation was seen between serum antibody levels against Clf and Efb. In acute-phase samples 27% of patients showed positive antibody levels against Clf and 10% showed positive levels against Efb, while in convalescent-phase samples 63% (26 of 41) showed a positive serology against Clf and 49% (20 of 41) showed a positive serology against Efb. Antibody levels against Efb were significantly lower in the acute-phase sera than in sera from healthy individuals (P = 0. 002). An antibody response against Clf was most frequent in patients suffering from osteitis plus septic arthritis and from endocarditis (80% positive). The antibody response against Efb appeared to develop later in the course of disease. A possible biological effect of measured antibodies was demonstrated with the help of an inhibition ELISA, in which both high-titer and low-titer sera inhibited the binding of bacteria to fibrinogen. In conclusion, we have demonstrated in vivo production of S. aureus fibrinogen binding proteins during deep S. aureus infections and a possible diagnostic and prophylactic role of the corresponding serum antibodies in such infections.  (+info)

Neonatal candidial endocarditis--a rare manifestation of systemic candidiasis. (8/544)

Infective candidial endocarditis in four premature neonates is reported. These occurred as a complication of systemic candidiasis. Vegetations were present on the right side of the heart in two cases and both sides in the other two. Diagnosis requires a high degree of clinical suspicion. Mortality rate is high despite appropriate therapy.  (+info)

Bacterial endocarditis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the inner layer of the heart, known as the endocardium. This infection typically occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach themselves to damaged or abnormal heart valves or other parts of the endocardium. The bacteria can then multiply and cause the formation of vegetations, which are clusters of infected tissue that can further damage the heart valves and lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, or even death if left untreated.

Bacterial endocarditis is a relatively uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention. Risk factors for developing bacterial endocarditis include pre-existing heart conditions such as congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, previous history of endocarditis, or other conditions that damage the heart valves. Intravenous drug use is also a significant risk factor for this condition.

Symptoms of bacterial endocarditis may include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a new or changing heart murmur. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood cultures, and imaging tests such as echocardiography. Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart chambers and heart valves, called the endocardium. This inflammation typically results from a bacterial or, less commonly, fungal infection that travels through the bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.

There are two main types of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops quickly and can be severe, causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart murmurs. It may lead to serious complications like heart failure, embolism (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and damage to heart valves.

2. Subacute Endocarditis: Develops more slowly, often causing milder symptoms that can be mistaken for a cold or flu. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, joint pain, and heart murmurs. Subacute endocarditis is more likely to affect people with previously damaged heart valves or congenital heart conditions.

Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the cause of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene and prompt treatment of infections, especially in individuals at a higher risk for endocarditis, such as those with congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, or previous history of endocarditis.

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) is a type of infective endocarditis that typically has a more indolent course compared to acute bacterial endocarditis. It is caused by organisms that are less virulent and have a higher affinity for damaged heart valves or endocardium.

The most common causative organisms of SBE include Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus bovis, and enterococci. The infection often develops over a period of weeks to months, with nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, fever, weight loss, and night sweats.

SBE can lead to serious complications, including heart failure, valvular damage, embolic events, and even death if left untreated. Treatment typically involves prolonged courses of intravenous antibiotics, with surgical intervention reserved for cases with severe valvular damage or uncontrolled infection.

Preventive measures include appropriate management of underlying heart conditions, prophylactic antibiotic therapy in high-risk individuals undergoing dental or invasive procedures, and good oral hygiene.

A heart valve prosthesis is a medical device that is implanted in the heart to replace a damaged or malfunctioning heart valve. The prosthetic valve can be made of biological tissue (such as from a pig or cow) or artificial materials (such as carbon or polyester). Its function is to allow for the proper directional flow of blood through the heart, opening and closing with each heartbeat to prevent backflow of blood.

There are several types of heart valve prostheses, including:

1. Mechanical valves: These are made entirely of artificial materials and have a longer lifespan than biological valves. However, they require the patient to take blood-thinning medication for the rest of their life to prevent blood clots from forming on the valve.
2. Bioprosthetic valves: These are made of biological tissue and typically last 10-15 years before needing replacement. They do not require the patient to take blood-thinning medication, but there is a higher risk of reoperation due to degeneration of the tissue over time.
3. Homografts or allografts: These are human heart valves that have been donated and preserved for transplantation. They have similar longevity to bioprosthetic valves and do not require blood-thinning medication.
4. Autografts: In this case, the patient's own pulmonary valve is removed and used to replace the damaged aortic valve. This procedure is called the Ross procedure and has excellent long-term results, but it requires advanced surgical skills and is not widely available.

The choice of heart valve prosthesis depends on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, lifestyle, and personal preferences.

Heart valve diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function of one or more of the heart's four valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic). These valves are responsible for controlling the direction and flow of blood through the heart. Heart valve diseases can cause the valves to become narrowed (stenosis), leaky (regurgitation or insufficiency), or improperly closed (prolapse), leading to disrupted blood flow within the heart and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and irregular heart rhythms. The causes of heart valve diseases can include congenital defects, age-related degenerative changes, infections, rheumatic heart disease, and high blood pressure. Treatment options may include medications, surgical repair or replacement of the affected valve(s), or transcatheter procedures.

Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).

Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

Heart valves are specialized structures in the heart that ensure unidirectional flow of blood through its chambers during the cardiac cycle. There are four heart valves: the tricuspid valve and the mitral (bicuspid) valve, located between the atria and ventricles, and the pulmonic (pulmonary) valve and aortic valve, located between the ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the heart.

The heart valves are composed of thin flaps of tissue called leaflets or cusps, which are supported by a fibrous ring. The aortic and pulmonic valves have three cusps each, while the tricuspid and mitral valves have three and two cusps, respectively.

The heart valves open and close in response to pressure differences across them, allowing blood to flow forward into the ventricles during diastole (filling phase) and preventing backflow of blood into the atria during systole (contraction phase). A properly functioning heart valve ensures efficient pumping of blood by the heart and maintains normal blood circulation throughout the body.

Staphylococcal infections are a type of infection caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which are commonly found on the skin and nose of healthy people. However, if they enter the body through a cut, scratch, or other wound, they can cause an infection.

There are several types of Staphylococcus bacteria, but the most common one that causes infections is Staphylococcus aureus. These infections can range from minor skin infections such as pimples, boils, and impetigo to serious conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and toxic shock syndrome.

Symptoms of staphylococcal infections depend on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more severe infections. It is important to note that some strains of Staphylococcus aureus have developed resistance to certain antibiotics, making them more difficult to treat.

The aortic valve is the valve located between the left ventricle (the lower left chamber of the heart) and the aorta (the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body). It is made up of three thin flaps or leaflets that open and close to regulate blood flow. During a heartbeat, the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta, and then closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricle when it relaxes. Any abnormality or damage to this valve can lead to various cardiovascular conditions such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or infective endocarditis.

Viridans Streptococci are a group of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are part of the normal flora in the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. They are called "viridans" because they tend to decolorize slowly and appear greenish in Gram stains. This group includes several species, such as Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus mutans.

Viridans Streptococci are often associated with dental caries and periodontal disease. However, they can also cause invasive infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical conditions. These infections may include bacteremia, endocarditis, abscesses, and meningitis.

It is important to note that the identification of Viridans Streptococci can be challenging due to their similarities in biochemical characteristics. Therefore, molecular methods such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing are often used for accurate species-level identification.

Streptococcus sanguis is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to the Streptococcaceae family. It's part of the viridans group streptococci (VGS) and is commonly found in the oral cavity of humans, residing on the surface of teeth and mucous membranes.

S. sanguis is generally considered a commensal organism; however, it can contribute to dental plaque formation and cause endocarditis, particularly in people with pre-existing heart conditions. It's important to note that there are several subspecies of S. sanguis, including S. sanguis I, II, III, and IV, which may have different characteristics and clinical implications.

Medical Definition: Streptococcus sanguis is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to the viridans group streptococci (VGS). It is commonly found in the oral cavity and can cause endocarditis in susceptible individuals.

Prosthesis-related infections, also known as prosthetic joint infections (PJIs), are infections that occur around or within a prosthetic device, such as an artificial joint. These infections can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms and can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly and effectively.

Prosthesis-related infections can occur soon after the implantation of the prosthetic device (early infection) or months or even years later (late infection). Early infections are often caused by bacteria that enter the surgical site during the procedure, while late infections may be caused by hematogenous seeding (i.e., when bacteria from another source spread through the bloodstream and settle in the prosthetic device) or by contamination during a subsequent medical procedure.

Symptoms of prosthesis-related infections can include pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and drainage around the affected area. In some cases, patients may also experience fever, chills, or fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures, joint fluid analysis, and tissue biopsy), and imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI).

Treatment of prosthesis-related infections usually involves a combination of antibiotics and surgical intervention. The specific treatment approach will depend on the type and severity of the infection, as well as the patient's overall health status. In some cases, it may be necessary to remove or replace the affected prosthetic device.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Gram-positive bacterial infections refer to illnesses or diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which are a group of bacteria that turn purple when stained using the Gram stain method. This staining technique is used in microbiology to differentiate between two main types of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining process. Some common examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis.

Gram-positive bacterial infections can range from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. The symptoms of these infections depend on the type of bacteria involved and the location of the infection in the body. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, such as penicillin, vancomycin, or clindamycin. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive bacteria is a growing concern and can complicate treatment in some cases.

Enterococcus faecalis is a species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are part of the normal gut microbiota in humans and animals. It is a type of enterococci that can cause a variety of infections, including urinary tract infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis, particularly in hospitalized patients or those with compromised immune systems.

E. faecalis is known for its ability to survive in a wide range of environments and resist various antibiotics, making it difficult to treat infections caused by this organism. It can also form biofilms, which further increase its resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. Accurate identification and appropriate treatment of E. faecalis infections are essential to prevent complications and ensure positive patient outcomes.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It is characterized by acute or chronic flu-like symptoms, pneumonia, and hepatitis. The bacteria are primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols from infected animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Q fever can also be transmitted through consumption of unpasteurized milk or direct contact with infected animals. It is often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in animals but can cause severe disease in humans.

The acute form of Q fever typically presents with sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and cough. Some patients may also develop pneumonia or hepatitis. The chronic form of the disease is less common but more serious, often affecting people with compromised immune systems. Chronic Q fever can lead to endocarditis, an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Diagnosis of Q fever typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, serological testing, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Treatment usually involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or fluoroquinolones for several weeks to months, depending on the severity and duration of the illness. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, wearing protective clothing and masks when handling animal products, and pasteurizing milk before consumption.

Streptococcus bovis is a type of bacteria that is part of the Streptococcus genus. It is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic coccus (spherical) bacterium that is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, including cattle, and can also be found in the human gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the colon.

There are several subspecies of Streptococcus bovis, including S. bovis biotype I (also known as Streptococcus gallolyticus), S. bovis biotype II/2, and S. bovis biotype II/1. Some strains of these bacteria have been associated with human diseases, such as endocarditis, bacteremia, and abscesses in various organs. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that S. bovis biotype I may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

It's important to note that Streptococcus bovis is not a common cause of infection in healthy individuals, but it can cause serious infections in people with underlying medical conditions, such as valvular heart disease or a weakened immune system.

The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is a two-leaflet valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart. Its function is to ensure unidirectional flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle. The mitral valve consists of two leaflets (anterior and posterior), the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the left atrial and ventricular myocardium. Dysfunction of the mitral valve can lead to various heart conditions such as mitral regurgitation or mitral stenosis.

Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.

Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.

It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive, round (coccal) bacterium that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, which means it can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Staphylococcus aureus is known to cause a wide range of infections, from mild skin infections such as pimples, impetigo, and furuncles (boils) to more severe and potentially life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. It can also cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.

The bacterium is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, including methicillin, which has led to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that are difficult to treat. Proper hand hygiene and infection control practices are critical in preventing the spread of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA.

The tricuspid valve is the heart valve that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle in the human heart. It is called "tricuspid" because it has three leaflets or cusps, which are also referred to as flaps or segments. These cusps are named anterior, posterior, and septal. The tricuspid valve's function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium during systole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood through the heart.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by an infection. It is typically characterized by inflammation, redness, warmth, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Abscesses can form in various parts of the body, including the skin, teeth, lungs, brain, and abdominal organs. They are usually treated with antibiotics to eliminate the infection and may require drainage if they are large or located in a critical area. If left untreated, an abscess can lead to serious complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

'Cardiobacterium' is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are part of the normal flora found in the respiratory and upper gastrointestinal tracts of humans. One species within this genus, Cardiobacterium hominis, is known to cause infective endocarditis, which is an infection of the inner layer of the heart. This bacterium is often found in the mouth and can enter the bloodstream through dental procedures or other sources of trauma to the mouth or gums. Infection with Cardiobacterium hominis typically occurs in people with underlying heart conditions and can be difficult to diagnose due to its slow growth and fastidious nature. Treatment usually involves long-term antibiotic therapy.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a type of echocardiogram, which is a medical test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart. In TEE, a special probe containing a transducer is passed down the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) to obtain views of the heart from behind. This allows for more detailed images of the heart structures and function compared to a standard echocardiogram, which uses a probe placed on the chest. TEE is often used in patients with poor image quality from a standard echocardiogram or when more detailed images are needed to diagnose or monitor certain heart conditions. It is typically performed by a trained cardiologist or sonographer under the direction of a cardiologist.

Gentamicin is an antibiotic that belongs to the class of aminoglycosides. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, including:

* Gram-negative bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis
* Certain Gram-positive bacterial infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Gentamicin works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which inhibits protein synthesis and ultimately leads to bacterial cell death. It is typically given via injection (intramuscularly or intravenously) and is often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat serious infections.

Like all aminoglycosides, gentamicin can cause kidney damage and hearing loss, especially when used for long periods of time or at high doses. Therefore, monitoring of drug levels and renal function is recommended during treatment.

Bartonella infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the Bartonella genus. These gram-negative bacteria can infect humans and animals, causing various symptoms depending on the specific Bartonella species involved. Some common Bartonella infections include:

1. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae): This is the most common Bartonella infection, usually transmitted through contact with a cat's scratch or saliva. The primary symptom is a tender, swollen lymph node near the site of the scratch. Other symptoms may include fever, fatigue, and headache.
2. Trench fever (Bartonella quintana): This infection was first identified during World War I among soldiers living in trenches, hence its name. It is primarily transmitted through the feces of body lice. Symptoms include fever, severe headaches, muscle pain, and a rash.
3. Carrion's disease (Bartonella bacilliformis): This infection is endemic to South America, particularly in the Andean regions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. It is transmitted through the bite of sandflies. The acute phase of the disease, known as Oroya fever, is characterized by high fever, severe anemia, and potentially life-threatening complications. The chronic phase, known as verruga peruana, presents with skin lesions resembling warts or boils.

Diagnosis of Bartonella infections typically involves blood tests to detect antibodies against the bacteria or direct detection of the bacterial DNA using PCR techniques. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or rifampin, depending on the specific infection and severity of symptoms.

Vancomycin is an antibiotic that belongs to the glycopeptide class. It is primarily used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Vancomycin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It is usually administered intravenously in a hospital setting due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The medical definition of 'Vancomycin' can be summarized as:

"A glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to other antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is administered intravenously due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity."

Bartonella quintana is a gram-negative, aerobic bacillus that is the causative agent of trench fever, a disease first described during World War I. The bacterium is primarily transmitted to humans through the feces of body lice, and it can also cause endocarditis and other systemic infections.

The name "quintana" refers to the characteristic fever pattern of the disease, which features recurring episodes every fifth day. Other symptoms of trench fever include headache, muscle pain, and a rash. The disease is typically treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or azithromycin.

Bartonella quintana is also known to cause cat scratch disease in immunocompromised individuals. It can be transmitted through the scratches or bites of cats infected with the bacterium. The symptoms of cat scratch disease include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue.

Overall, Bartonella quintana is a significant public health concern, particularly in populations with poor hygiene and crowded living conditions, such as homeless individuals and refugees.

Heart valve prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial heart valve is inserted to replace a damaged or malfunctioning native heart valve. This can be necessary for patients with valvular heart disease, including stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking), who do not respond to medical management and are at risk of heart failure or other complications.

There are two main types of artificial heart valves used in prosthesis implantation: mechanical valves and biological valves. Mechanical valves are made of synthetic materials, such as carbon and metal, and can last a long time but require lifelong anticoagulation therapy to prevent blood clots from forming. Biological valves, on the other hand, are made from animal or human tissue and typically do not require anticoagulation therapy but may have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced in the future.

The decision to undergo heart valve prosthesis implantation is based on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, type and severity of valvular disease, and personal preferences. The procedure can be performed through traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques, such as robotic-assisted surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Recovery time varies depending on the approach used and individual patient factors.

Daptomycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat serious skin infections and bloodstream infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other gram-positive bacteria. It works by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, leading to bacterial death. Daptomycin is administered intravenously and its use should be reserved for serious infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics due to the risk of developing resistance.

Non-infective endocarditis, also known as non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) or marantic endocarditis, is a medical condition characterized by the formation of sterile, fibrinous vegetations on heart valves or endocardium. Unlike infective endocarditis, it is not caused by microorganisms but rather by various non-infectious conditions that lead to hypercoagulability and subsequent thrombus formation.

The pathogenesis of non-infective endocarditis involves the deposition of platelets and fibrin on damaged heart valves or endocardium, which can be caused by various underlying diseases such as malignancies (particularly adenocarcinomas), autoimmune disorders (like systemic lupus erythematosus), or severe trauma. The sterile vegetations may cause valvular dysfunction, embolism, and other complications.

Non-infective endocarditis is often asymptomatic but can present with nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, fever, or heart failure. Diagnosis typically involves echocardiography to visualize the vegetations and laboratory tests to identify underlying conditions. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause and preventing complications, which may include anticoagulation therapy and surgical intervention in some cases.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that is primarily used in the treatment of serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). It works by inhibiting the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls.

Teicoplanin has a long half-life, which allows for once- or twice-daily dosing, and it is available in both intravenous and intramuscular formulations. Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as local reactions at the injection site. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are potential rare but serious adverse effects associated with teicoplanin use.

It is important to note that teicoplanin, like other glycopeptide antibiotics, should be used judiciously due to the risk of promoting antibiotic resistance and the potential for serious side effects.

An infected aneurysm, also known as a mycotic aneurysm, is a localized dilation or bulging of the wall of a blood vessel that has been invaded and damaged by infectious organisms. This type of aneurysm can occur in any blood vessel, but they are most commonly found in the aorta and cerebral arteries.

Infected aneurysms are usually caused by bacterial or fungal infections that spread through the bloodstream from another part of the body, such as endocarditis (infection of the heart valves), pneumonia, or skin infections. The infection weakens the vessel wall, causing it to bulge and potentially rupture, which can lead to serious complications such as hemorrhage, stroke, or even death.

Symptoms of infected aneurysm may include fever, chills, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and localized pain or tenderness in the area of the aneurysm. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as CT angiography, MRI, or ultrasound, along with blood cultures to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics to eliminate the infection and surgical intervention to repair or remove the aneurysm.

Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. It is a medical condition that occurs when bacteria from another source, such as an infection in another part of the body, enter the bloodstream. Bacteremia can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and rapid heart rate, and it can lead to serious complications such as sepsis if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

Bacteremia is often a result of an infection elsewhere in the body that allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream. This can happen through various routes, such as during medical procedures, intravenous (IV) drug use, or from infected wounds or devices that come into contact with the bloodstream. In some cases, bacteremia may also occur without any obvious source of infection.

It is important to note that not all bacteria in the bloodstream cause harm, and some people may have bacteria in their blood without showing any symptoms. However, if bacteria in the bloodstream multiply and cause an immune response, it can lead to bacteremia and potentially serious complications.

"Bartonella" is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that are facultative intracellular pathogens, meaning they can live and multiply inside host cells. They are the cause of several emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. Some species of Bartonella are associated with clinical syndromes such as cat scratch disease, trench fever, and Carrion's disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites or feces of insect vectors (such as fleas, lice, and sandflies) or through contact with infected animals. Once inside the host, Bartonella can evade the immune system and cause chronic infection, which can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations, including fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, and neurological symptoms.

The medical definition of 'Bartonella' is: A genus of fastidious, gram-negative bacteria that are facultative intracellular pathogens. Bartonella species are the cause of several emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites or feces of insect vectors (such as fleas, lice, and sandflies) or through contact with infected animals. Bartonella species can evade the immune system and cause chronic infection, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations, including fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, and neurological symptoms.

Coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that causes Q fever, a zoonotic disease with various clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic seroconversion to acute and chronic forms. The bacterium is highly infectious and can be transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated aerosols or direct contact with infected animals or their products. C. burnetii has a unique ability to survive and replicate within host cells, particularly within phagocytic vacuoles, by inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion and altering the intracellular environment to promote its survival.

The bacterium exhibits a biphasic developmental cycle, consisting of small cell variants (SCVs) and large cell variants (LCVs). SCVs are metabolically inactive and highly resistant to environmental stressors, including heat, desiccation, and disinfectants. LCVs, on the other hand, are metabolically active and undergo replication within host cells. C. burnetii can form persistent infections, which may contribute to chronic Q fever and its associated complications, such as endocarditis and vascular infection.

Q fever is a worldwide distributed disease, with a higher incidence in rural areas where livestock farming is prevalent. The primary reservoirs for C. burnetii are domestic animals, including cattle, sheep, and goats, although wild animals and arthropods can also serve as potential hosts. Effective antibiotic treatment options for Q fever include doxycycline and fluoroquinolones, while vaccination with the phase I whole-cell vaccine is available in some countries to prevent infection in high-risk populations.

Aortic valve insufficiency, also known as aortic regurgitation or aortic incompetence, is a cardiac condition in which the aortic valve does not close properly during the contraction phase of the heart cycle. This allows blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta, instead of being pumped out to the rest of the body. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to maintain adequate cardiac output, which can lead to left ventricular enlargement and heart failure over time if left untreated.

The aortic valve is a trileaflet valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. During systole (the contraction phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta and then distributed to the rest of the body. During diastole (the relaxation phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

Aortic valve insufficiency can be caused by various conditions, including congenital heart defects, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, Marfan syndrome, and trauma. Symptoms of aortic valve insufficiency may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, and edema (swelling). Diagnosis is typically made through physical examination, echocardiography, and other imaging studies. Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and may include medication, surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve, or a combination of both.

An embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a substance, such as a blood clot or an air bubble, blocks a blood vessel. This can happen in any part of the body, but it is particularly dangerous when it affects the brain (causing a stroke) or the lungs (causing a pulmonary embolism). Embolisms can cause serious harm by preventing oxygen and nutrients from reaching the tissues and organs that need them. They are often the result of underlying medical conditions, such as heart disease or deep vein thrombosis, and may require immediate medical attention to prevent further complications.

A bioprosthesis is a type of medical implant that is made from biological materials, such as heart valves or tendons taken from animals (xenografts) or humans (allografts). These materials are processed and sterilized to be used in surgical procedures to replace damaged or diseased tissues in the body.

Bioprosthetic implants are often used in cardiac surgery, such as heart valve replacement, because they are less likely to cause an immune response than synthetic materials. However, they may have a limited lifespan due to calcification and degeneration of the biological tissue over time. Therefore, bioprosthetic implants may need to be replaced after several years.

Bioprostheses can also be used in other types of surgical procedures, such as ligament or tendon repair, where natural tissue is needed to restore function and mobility. These prostheses are designed to mimic the properties of native tissues and provide a more physiological solution than synthetic materials.

Nafcillin is a type of antibiotic known as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other types of penicillins. Nafcillin is active against many gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Nafcillin works by binding to and inhibiting the activity of certain proteins (called penicillin-binding proteins) that are necessary for the bacterial cell wall to synthesize properly. This leads to the death of the bacteria and the resolution of the infection.

Nafcillin is available in injectable form and is typically given intravenously (IV) in a hospital setting. It may also be given as an injection into a muscle (IM). The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the type and severity of the infection being treated, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.

It is important to note that nafcillin, like all antibiotics, should be used only to treat bacterial infections and not viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance, which makes it more difficult to treat infections in the future.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Trench fever is a historical medical condition that primarily affected soldiers during World War I. It is caused by Bartonella quintana, a type of bacterium that is transmitted through the feces of body lice. The name "trench fever" comes from the fact that it was common among soldiers living in trenches, where poor hygiene and crowded conditions facilitated the spread of the disease.

Symptoms of trench fever include sudden onset of fever, severe headache, muscle pain, and a rash. The fever typically lasts for about five days and then recurs every four to six days, which is why it was also known as "five-day fever" or "recrudescence fever." Other symptoms can include fatigue, anemia, and swelling of the spleen and liver.

Trench fever is treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline or azithromycin. Prevention measures include good personal hygiene, such as regular bathing and changing clothes, as well as environmental controls to reduce louse populations, such as delousing stations and insecticides.

While trench fever is no longer a major public health concern, it remains an important historical medical condition that highlights the importance of hygiene and infection control in military settings.

Cloxacillin is a type of antibiotic known as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other types of penicillins. Cloxacillin works by interfering with the ability of the bacterial cell wall to grow and multiply, ultimately leading to the death of the bacterium.

Cloxacillin is often used to treat skin infections, pneumonia, and other respiratory tract infections. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and powder for injection. As with all antibiotics, it is important to take cloxacillin exactly as directed by a healthcare provider, and to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before all of the medication has been taken.

Like other penicillins, cloxacillin can cause allergic reactions in some people. It may also interact with other medications, so it is important to inform a healthcare provider of all other medications being taken before starting cloxacillin.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to the use of antibiotics to prevent infection from occurring in the first place, rather than treating an existing infection. This practice is commonly used before certain medical procedures or surgeries that have a high risk of infection, such as joint replacements, heart valve surgery, or organ transplants. The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis is to reduce the risk of infection by introducing antibiotics into the body before bacteria have a chance to multiply and cause an infection.

The choice of antibiotic for prophylaxis depends on several factors, including the type of procedure being performed, the patient's medical history and allergies, and the most common types of bacteria that can cause infection in that particular situation. The antibiotic is typically given within one hour before the start of the procedure, and may be continued for up to 24 hours afterward, depending on the specific guidelines for that procedure.

It's important to note that antibiotic prophylaxis should only be used when it is truly necessary, as overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the decision to use antibiotic prophylaxis should be made carefully and in consultation with a healthcare provider.

Corynebacterium infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, which are gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms that commonly inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. While many species of Corynebacterium are harmless commensals, some can cause a range of infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions.

The most common Corynebacterium species that causes infection is C. diphtheriae, which is responsible for diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening respiratory illness characterized by the formation of a thick, grayish membrane in the throat and upper airways. Other Corynebacterium species, such as C. jeikeium, C. urealyticum, and C. striatum, can cause various types of healthcare-associated infections, including bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and skin and soft tissue infections.

Corynebacterium infections are typically treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin, erythromycin, or vancomycin, depending on the species of bacteria involved and the patient's medical history. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue. Preventive measures, such as vaccination against C. diphtheriae and good hygiene practices, can help reduce the risk of Corynebacterium infections.

Penicillins are a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium fungus. They are widely used to treat various bacterial infections due to their bactericidal activity, which means they kill bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of their cell walls. The first penicillin, benzylpenicillin (also known as penicillin G), was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Since then, numerous semi-synthetic penicillins have been developed to expand the spectrum of activity and stability against bacterial enzymes that can inactivate these drugs.

Penicillins are classified into several groups based on their chemical structure and spectrum of activity:

1. Natural Penicillins (e.g., benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin): These have a narrow spectrum of activity, mainly targeting Gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci and staphylococci. However, they are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some bacteria.
2. Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins (e.g., methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin): These penicillins resist degradation by certain bacterial beta-lactamases and are primarily used to treat infections caused by staphylococci, including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).
3. Aminopenicillins (e.g., ampicillin, amoxicillin): These penicillins have an extended spectrum of activity compared to natural penicillins, including some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. However, they are still susceptible to degradation by many beta-lactamases.
4. Antipseudomonal Penicillins (e.g., carbenicillin, ticarcillin): These penicillins have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria with increased resistance to other antibiotics. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanate or tazobactam to protect them from degradation.
5. Extended-spectrum Penicillins (e.g., piperacillin): These penicillins have a broad spectrum of activity, including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to protect them from degradation.

Penicillins are generally well-tolerated antibiotics; however, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, ranging from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Cross-reactivity between different penicillin classes and other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins) is possible but varies depending on the specific drugs involved.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Many species of Staphylococcus can cause infections in humans, but the most notable is Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for a wide range of illnesses, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, endocarditis, and sepsis.

Staphylococcus species are non-motile, non-spore forming, and typically occur in grape-like clusters when viewed under a microscope. They can be coagulase-positive or coagulase-negative, with S. aureus being the most well-known coagulase-positive species. Coagulase is an enzyme that causes the clotting of plasma, and its presence is often used to differentiate S. aureus from other Staphylococcus species.

These bacteria are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, including penicillin, due to the production of beta-lactamases. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a particularly problematic strain that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics and can cause severe, difficult-to-treat infections.

Proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and environmental cleaning are crucial measures for preventing the spread of Staphylococcus in healthcare settings and the community.

Kingella is a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillary bacteria that are part of the normal flora in the human mouth, upper respiratory tract, and intestines. There are three species of medical importance: K. kingae, K. denitrificans, and K. negevensis.

K. kingae is an emerging cause of invasive diseases, particularly in children under 5 years old. It can cause septicemia, bacteremia, pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, and osteomyelitis. K. denitrificans and K. negevensis are less commonly associated with human infections, but they have been isolated from cases of bacteremia, meningitis, and respiratory tract infections.

The diagnosis of Kingella infections typically involves the isolation and identification of the organism from clinical specimens such as blood, synovial fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics that are active against gram-negative bacteria, such as ceftriaxone or azithromycin.

Streptococcus mitis is a species of gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococci that are part of the viridans group streptococci (VGS). It is a normal commensal of the human oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. However, it can occasionally cause invasive infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical conditions. S. mitis is also known to be a significant contributor to dental caries. It is often misidentified as Streptococcus sanguinis due to their similar phenotypic characteristics. Accurate identification of this organism is important because of its potential to cause invasive disease and its resistance to some antibiotics.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a type of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacterium that is commonly found on the human skin and mucous membranes. It is a part of the normal flora and usually does not cause infection in healthy individuals. However, it can cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems or when it enters the body through medical devices such as catheters or artificial joints. Infections caused by S. epidermidis are often difficult to treat due to its ability to form biofilms.

Medical Definition: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that commonly inhabits the skin and mucous membranes. It is a leading cause of nosocomial infections associated with indwelling medical devices and is known for its ability to form biofilms. S. epidermidis infections can cause a range of clinical manifestations, including bacteremia, endocarditis, urinary tract infections, and device-related infections.

The pulmonary valve, also known as the pulmonic valve, is a semilunar valve located at the exit of the right ventricle of the heart and the beginning of the pulmonary artery. It has three cusps or leaflets that prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during ventricular diastole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood towards the lungs for oxygenation.

Ampicillin is a penicillin-type antibiotic used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. It works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form cell walls, which are essential for their survival. This causes the bacterial cells to become unstable and eventually die.

The medical definition of Ampicillin is:

"A semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic, derived from the Penicillium mold. It is used to treat a variety of infections caused by susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ampicillin is effective against both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. It is commonly used to treat respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, and endocarditis."

It's important to note that Ampicillin is not effective against infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or other bacteria that have developed resistance to penicillins. Additionally, overuse of antibiotics like Ampicillin can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance, which is a significant public health concern.

Netilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is used to treat various types of bacterial infections. According to the medical definition, Netilmicin is a sterile, pyrogen-free, pale yellow to light brown, clear solution, available for intramuscular and intravenous administration. It is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from sisomicin that is used against severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The mechanism of action for Netilmicin involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and causing bacterial cell death. Similar to other aminoglycosides, Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted unchanged by glomerular filtration in the kidneys.

It's important to note that Netilmicin can cause nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) and ototoxicity (hearing loss or balance problems), so it should be used with caution, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment or hearing issues. Regular monitoring of renal function and auditory function is recommended during treatment with Netilmicin.

Mitral valve insufficiency, also known as mitral regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the mitral valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the atrium during contraction of the ventricle. This leads to an increased volume load on the left heart chamber and can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. The condition can be caused by various factors including valve damage due to degenerative changes, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, or trauma. Treatment options include medication, mitral valve repair, or replacement surgery depending on the severity and underlying cause of the insufficiency.

Penicillin G Procaine is a formulation of penicillin G, an antibiotic derived from the Penicillium fungus, combined with procaine, a local anesthetic. This combination is often used for its extended-release properties and is administered intramuscularly. It is primarily used to treat moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of streptococci and staphylococci.

The procaine component helps to reduce the pain at the injection site, while penicillin G provides the antibacterial action. The extended-release formulation allows for less frequent dosing compared to immediate-release penicillin G. However, its use has become less common due to the development of other antibiotics and routes of administration.

Discitis is a medical condition that refers to an inflammation of the intervertebral disc space, which is the area between two adjacent vertebrae in the spine. The condition is usually caused by an infection, most commonly bacterial, that spreads to the disc space from nearby tissues or the bloodstream.

The symptoms of discitis may include lower back pain, fever, and difficulty walking or standing upright. In some cases, the condition may also cause nerve root compression, leading to radiating pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs. Diagnosis of discitis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI scans, or CT scans, as well as blood tests and sometimes a biopsy to confirm the presence of an infection.

Treatment for discitis usually involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection, as well as pain management and physical therapy to help manage symptoms and maintain mobility. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or stabilize the spine.

Whipple disease is a rare, systemic disorder caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. The condition primarily affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, leading to malabsorption and various digestive symptoms. The bacteria are ingested and then invade the small intestine's lining, where they disrupt nutrient absorption and cause widespread inflammation.

The classic symptoms of Whipple disease include diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, and arthralgia or joint pain. Other possible manifestations may involve the cardiovascular system, central nervous system (CNS), lungs, kidneys, eyes, skin, and endocrine system.

The diagnosis of Whipple disease typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, radiologic findings, and laboratory tests. The gold standard for diagnosing Whipple disease is the detection of Tropheryma whipplei in biopsy samples taken from the small intestine. This can be done through various methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, or electron microscopy.

Untreated Whipple disease can lead to severe complications and even be fatal. However, with appropriate antibiotic therapy, the prognosis is generally good. Long-term antibiotic treatment is typically required to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria and prevent relapses.

Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Ceftriaxone has a broad spectrum of activity and is effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including some that are resistant to other antibiotics.

Ceftriaxone is available in injectable form and is commonly used to treat serious infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. It is also used to prevent infections after surgery or trauma. The drug is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and rash. In rare cases, it may cause serious side effects such as anaphylaxis, kidney damage, and seizures.

It's important to note that Ceftriaxone should be used only under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and that it is not recommended for use in individuals with a history of allergic reactions to cephalosporins or penicillins. Additionally, as with all antibiotics, it should be taken as directed and for the full duration of the prescribed course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before the treatment is finished.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Actinomycetales are a group of gram-positive bacteria that can cause various types of infections in humans. The term "Actinomycetales infections" is used to describe a range of diseases caused by these organisms, which are characterized by the formation of characteristic granules or "actinomycetes" composed of bacterial cells and inflammatory tissue.

Some common examples of Actinomycetales infections include:

1. Actinomycosis: A chronic infection that typically affects the face, neck, and mouth, but can also occur in other parts of the body such as the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by various species of Actinomyces, which are normal inhabitants of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract.
2. Nocardiosis: A rare but serious infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or skin. It is caused by the bacterium Nocardia, which is found in soil and water.
3. Mycetoma: A chronic infection that affects the skin and underlying tissues, causing the formation of nodules and sinuses that discharge pus containing grains composed of fungal or bacterial elements. It is caused by various species of Actinomyces, Nocardia, and other related bacteria.
4. Streptomyces infections: While Streptomyces species are best known for their role in producing antibiotics, they can also cause infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections can affect various organs, including the lungs, skin, and soft tissues.

Treatment of Actinomycetales infections typically involves the use of antibiotics, often for prolonged periods of time. The specific antibiotic regimen will depend on the type of infection and the susceptibility of the causative organism to various antimicrobial agents. Surgical intervention may also be necessary in some cases to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue.

Penicillin G is a type of antibiotic that belongs to the class of medications called penicillins. It is a natural antibiotic derived from the Penicillium fungus and is commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Penicillin G is active against many gram-positive bacteria, as well as some gram-negative bacteria.

Penicillin G is available in various forms, including an injectable solution and a powder for reconstitution into a solution. It works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form a cell wall, which ultimately leads to bacterial death. Penicillin G is often used to treat serious infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics, such as endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), pneumonia, and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).

It's important to note that Penicillin G is not commonly used for topical or oral treatment due to its poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and instability in acidic environments. Additionally, as with all antibiotics, Penicillin G should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional to ensure appropriate use and to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Streptococcaceae is a family of coccoid gram-positive bacteria, many of which are part of the normal human microbiota. They are facultatively anaerobic and generally non-spore forming. Some species are pathogenic and can cause various infections in humans, such as strep throat, pneumonia, and meningitis. Members of this family are characterized by their ability to form chains during cell division and may be beta-hemolytic, alpha-hemolytic, or non-hemolytic on blood agar plates. The genera in Streptococcaceae include Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, and Vagococcus, among others.

"Device Removal" in a medical context generally refers to the surgical or nonsurgical removal of a medical device that has been previously implanted in a patient's body. The purpose of removing the device may vary, depending on the individual case. Some common reasons for device removal include infection, malfunction, rejection, or when the device is no longer needed.

Examples of medical devices that may require removal include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), artificial joints, orthopedic hardware, breast implants, cochlear implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The procedure for device removal will depend on the type of device, its location in the body, and the reason for its removal.

It is important to note that device removal carries certain risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding tissues, or complications related to anesthesia. Therefore, the decision to remove a medical device should be made carefully, considering both the potential benefits and risks of the procedure.

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is defined as a chronic heart condition caused by damage to the heart valves due to untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal throat infection (strep throat). The immune system's response to this infection can mistakenly attack and damage the heart tissue, leading to inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. This damage can result in narrowing, leakage, or abnormal functioning of the heart valves, which can further lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, or infective endocarditis.

RHD is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early and managed effectively. It primarily affects children and young adults in developing countries where access to healthcare and antibiotics for strep throat infections may be limited. Long-term management of RHD typically involves medications, regular monitoring, and sometimes surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

"Methicillin resistance" is a term used in medicine to describe the resistance of certain bacteria to the antibiotic methicillin and other related antibiotics, such as oxacillin and nafcillin. This type of resistance is most commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) bacteria.

Bacteria that are methicillin-resistant have acquired the ability to produce an additional penicillin-binding protein, known as PBP2a or PBP2'', which has a low affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics, including methicillin. This results in the bacteria being able to continue growing and dividing despite the presence of these antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria more difficult to treat.

Methicillin resistance is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with treating infections caused by these bacteria. In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant bacteria, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance, infection control measures, and the development of new antibiotics to treat these infections.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes (such as the mouth and vagina), and internal organs (like the esophagus, lungs, or blood).

The symptoms of candidiasis depend on the location of the infection:

1. Oral thrush: White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or roof of the mouth. These patches may be painful and can bleed slightly when scraped.
2. Vaginal yeast infection: Itching, burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and vulva; thick, white, odorless discharge from the vagina.
3. Esophageal candidiasis: Difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, or feeling like food is "stuck" in the throat.
4. Invasive candidiasis: Fever, chills, and other signs of infection; multiple organ involvement may lead to various symptoms depending on the affected organs.

Risk factors for developing candidiasis include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing tight-fitting clothing that traps moisture. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, nystatin, or clotrimazole, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Streptococcus anginosus, also known as Streptococcus milleri, is a species of Gram-positive cocci bacteria that belongs to the viridans group of streptococci. These bacteria are part of the normal flora in the mouth, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. However, they can cause opportunistic infections when they enter normally sterile areas of the body, such as the bloodstream, brain, or abdomen.

S. anginosus infections are often associated with abscesses, endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia. They are known for their ability to cause invasive and aggressive infections that can be difficult to treat due to their resistance to antibiotics. S. anginosus infections can occur in people of all ages but are more common in those with weakened immune systems, such as patients with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or diabetes.

The name "anginosus" comes from the Latin word for "painful," which reflects the fact that these bacteria can cause painful infections. The alternative name "milleri" was given to honor the British bacteriologist Alfred Milton Miller, who first described the species in 1902.

Methicillin is defined as a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the penicillin class. It was initially developed to address the problem of beta-lactamase enzyme production in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which made them resistant to earlier penicillins. However, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) have since emerged and become a significant global health concern. Methicillin is no longer used clinically due to its high nephrotoxicity, but the term "methicillin-resistant" remains relevant in describing resistant bacteria.

'Bartonella henselae' is a gram-negative bacterium that is the primary cause of cat scratch disease (CSD) in humans. The bacteria are transmitted through the scratch or bite of an infected cat, or more rarely, through contact with cat saliva on a wound or mucous membrane.

Infected individuals may experience mild to severe symptoms, including fever, headache, fatigue, and lymph node swelling near the site of infection. In some cases, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body, causing more serious complications such as endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), encephalopathy (brain damage), or neurological symptoms.

Diagnosis of Bartonella henselae infection typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, serological testing, and sometimes molecular methods such as PCR. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics, with doxycycline being the first-line therapy for adults and macrolides for children. In severe cases, intravenous antibiotics may be necessary.

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with cats' claws and saliva, particularly if you have a weakened immune system, and practicing good hygiene after handling cats or their litter boxes.

Gram-negative bacterial infections refer to illnesses or diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria, which are a group of bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye during the Gram staining procedure used in microbiology. This characteristic is due to the structure of their cell walls, which contain a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteins, and phospholipids.

The LPS component of the outer membrane is responsible for the endotoxic properties of Gram-negative bacteria, which can lead to severe inflammatory responses in the host. Common Gram-negative bacterial pathogens include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Proteus mirabilis, among others.

Gram-negative bacterial infections can cause a wide range of clinical syndromes, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, meningitis, and soft tissue infections. The severity of these infections can vary from mild to life-threatening, depending on the patient's immune status, the site of infection, and the virulence of the bacterial strain.

Effective antibiotic therapy is crucial for treating Gram-negative bacterial infections, but the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains has become a significant global health concern. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial stewardship are essential to ensure optimal patient outcomes and prevent further spread of resistance.

'Coxiella' is a genus of intracellular bacteria that includes the species C. burnetii, which is the causative agent of Q fever in humans and animals. These bacteria are known for their ability to survive and replicate within host cells by avoiding lysosomal degradation and manipulating the host cell's signaling pathways. C. burnetii infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild flu-like illness to severe pneumonia or hepatitis. It is typically transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or their environments, such as inhalation of contaminated dust or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products.

An artificial pacemaker is a medical device that uses electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It is typically used when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node, is not functioning properly and the heart rate is too slow or irregular. The pacemaker consists of a small generator that contains a battery and electronic circuits, which are connected to one or more electrodes that are placed in the heart.

The generator sends electrical signals through the electrodes to stimulate the heart muscle and cause it to contract, thereby maintaining a regular heart rhythm. Artificial pacemakers can be programmed to deliver electrical impulses at a specific rate or in response to the body's needs. They are typically implanted in the chest during a surgical procedure and can last for many years before needing to be replaced.

Artificial pacemakers are an effective treatment for various types of bradycardia, which is a heart rhythm disorder characterized by a slow heart rate. Pacemakers can significantly improve symptoms associated with bradycardia, such as fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, and fainting spells.

Erysipelothrix infections are caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, which can infect both humans and animals. This type of infection is most commonly seen in people who handle animals or animal products, such as farmers, veterinarians, and fish processing workers.

The two main types of Erysipelothrix infections are erysipeloid and septicemia. Erysipeloid is a localized skin infection that typically affects the hands and fingers, causing symptoms such as redness, swelling, pain, and warmth. Septicemia, on the other hand, is a more serious systemic infection that can affect multiple organs and cause symptoms such as fever, chills, muscle pain, and weakness.

Erysipelothrix infections are typically treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin. In severe cases of septicemia, hospitalization may be necessary to receive intravenous antibiotics and other supportive care. Prevention measures include wearing gloves and protective clothing when handling animals or animal products, practicing good hygiene, and seeking prompt medical attention if symptoms develop.

Penicillin resistance is the ability of certain bacteria to withstand the antibacterial effects of penicillin, a type of antibiotic. This occurs when these bacteria have developed mechanisms that prevent penicillin from binding to and inhibiting the function of their cell wall biosynthesis proteins, particularly the enzyme transpeptidase.

One common mechanism of penicillin resistance is the production of beta-lactamases, enzymes that can hydrolyze and inactivate the beta-lactam ring structure present in penicillin and other related antibiotics. Another mechanism involves alterations in the bacterial cell wall that prevent penicillin from binding to its target proteins.

Penicillin resistance is a significant concern in clinical settings, as it can limit treatment options for bacterial infections and may necessitate the use of more potent or toxic antibiotics. It is important to note that misuse or overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including those resistant to penicillin.

Cardiac surgical procedures are operations that are performed on the heart or great vessels (the aorta and vena cava) by cardiothoracic surgeons. These surgeries are often complex and require a high level of skill and expertise. Some common reasons for cardiac surgical procedures include:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This is a surgery to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with coronary artery disease. During the procedure, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a detour around the blocked or narrowed portion of the coronary artery.
2. Valve repair or replacement: The heart has four valves that control blood flow through and out of the heart. If one or more of these valves become damaged or diseased, they may need to be repaired or replaced. This can be done using artificial valves or valves from animal or human donors.
3. Aneurysm repair: An aneurysm is a weakened area in the wall of an artery that can bulge out and potentially rupture. If an aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it may require surgical repair to prevent rupture.
4. Heart transplantation: In some cases, heart failure may be so severe that a heart transplant is necessary. This involves removing the diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart.
5. Arrhythmia surgery: Certain types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) may require surgical treatment. One such procedure is called the Maze procedure, which involves creating a pattern of scar tissue in the heart to disrupt the abnormal electrical signals that cause the arrhythmia.
6. Congenital heart defect repair: Some people are born with structural problems in their hearts that require surgical correction. These may include holes between the chambers of the heart or abnormal blood vessels.

Cardiac surgical procedures carry risks, including bleeding, infection, stroke, and death. However, for many patients, these surgeries can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity.

Acetamides are organic compounds that contain an acetamide functional group, which is a combination of an acetyl group (-COCH3) and an amide functional group (-CONH2). The general structure of an acetamide is R-CO-NH-CH3, where R represents the rest of the molecule.

Acetamides are found in various medications, including some pain relievers, muscle relaxants, and anticonvulsants. They can also be found in certain industrial chemicals and are used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds.

It is important to note that exposure to high levels of acetamides can be harmful and may cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Chronic exposure has been linked to more serious health effects, including liver and kidney damage. Therefore, handling and use of acetamides should be done with appropriate safety precautions.

"Tropheryma" is a genus of bacteria that includes the species "Tropheryma whipplei," which is the causative agent of Whipple's disease, a rare systemic infection that primarily affects the small intestine. The bacteria are gram-positive, rod-shaped, and have a unique ability to survive and replicate within human host cells, contributing to their pathogenicity. Infection typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, and symptoms can include diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and various other systemic manifestations.

Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They bind to the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit, preventing the formation of the initiation complex and thus inhibiting the start of protein synthesis.

The most well-known drug in this class is linezolid (Zyvox), which is used to treat serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).

Oxazolidinones are typically reserved for use in patients with serious infections who have failed other antibiotic treatments, due to concerns about the development of resistance and potential side effects such as myelosuppression and peripheral neuropathy.

Carnobacteriaceae is a family of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in various environments such as soil, water, and decaying vegetation. Some species within this family can also be found in food products, particularly in refrigerated or processed meats and fish. Members of Carnobacteriaceae are non-spore forming, non-motile rods or cocci that may form pairs or short chains. They are generally considered to be psychrotrophic, meaning they can grow at low temperatures, which contributes to their ability to proliferate in refrigerated foods. Some species of Carnobacteriaceae have been associated with food spoilage and others have been shown to produce bacteriocins, which are protein molecules that inhibit the growth of other bacteria. However, some species within this family have also been investigated for their potential probiotic properties and ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in foods.

Streptococcus intermedius is a type of Gram-positive coccus bacterium that is part of the Streptococcus anginosus group, also known as the Streptococcus milleri group. These bacteria are normal inhabitants of the mouth, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract in humans. However, they can cause opportunistic infections in various parts of the body, such as the brain, lungs, liver, and heart valves, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.

S. intermedius infections can range from mild to severe and include abscesses, endocarditis, meningitis, and sepsis. Proper identification of this bacterium is essential for appropriate antibiotic therapy and management of associated infections.

A Serum Bactericidal Test (SBT) is a laboratory test used to determine the ability of a patient's serum to kill specific bacteria. The test measures the concentration of complement and antibodies in the serum that can contribute to bacterial killing. In this test, a standardized quantity of bacteria is mixed with serial dilutions of the patient's serum and incubated for a set period. After incubation, the mixture is plated on agar media, and the number of surviving bacteria is counted after a suitable incubation period. The bactericidal titer is defined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum that kills 99.9% of the initial inoculum.

The SBT is often used to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic therapy, assess immune function, and diagnose infections caused by bacteria with reduced susceptibility to complement-mediated killing. The test can also be used to monitor the response to immunotherapy or vaccination and to identify patients at risk for recurrent infections due to impaired serum bactericidal activity.

It is important to note that the SBT has some limitations, including its variability between laboratories, the need for specialized equipment and expertise, and the potential for false-positive or false-negative results. Therefore, the test should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory data.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin and other related antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin. This bacterium can cause a range of infections, from skin infections to more severe and potentially life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections.

MRSA is often associated with healthcare settings, where it can spread through contaminated surfaces, equipment, and direct contact with an infected person or carrier. However, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has also emerged as a significant public health concern, causing infections outside of healthcare facilities, such as in schools, gyms, and other community settings.

It's important to note that while MRSA is resistant to certain antibiotics, there are still some treatment options available for MRSA infections, including vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and others. However, the emergence of MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to these antibiotics has become a growing concern, highlighting the importance of infection control measures and the development of new antimicrobial agents.

Neisseriaceae infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the family Neisseriaceae, which includes several genera of gram-negative diplococci. The most common pathogens in this family are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.

* N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection that can affect the genital tract, rectum, and throat. It can also cause conjunctivitis in newborns who contract the bacteria during childbirth.
* N. meningitidis is responsible for meningococcal disease, which can present as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) or septicemia (bloodstream infection). Meningococcal disease can be severe and potentially life-threatening, with symptoms including high fever, headache, stiff neck, and a rash.

Other Neisseriaceae species that can cause human infections, though less commonly, include Moraxella catarrhalis (a cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly in children), Kingella kingae (associated with bone and joint infections in young children), and various other Neisseria species (which can cause skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and other invasive diseases).

Streptococcus oralis is a type of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic coccus (round-shaped bacterium) that belongs to the viridans group of streptococci. It is commonly found in the human oral cavity, particularly on the surface of the teeth and gums.

S. oralis is generally considered to be a commensal organism, meaning that it can exist harmlessly in the mouth without causing any negative effects. However, under certain circumstances, such as when the immune system is weakened or when there is damage to the oral tissues, S. oralis can cause infections. These infections may include dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease, and endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart).

Like other streptococci, S. oralis is able to form biofilms, which are complex communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces and can be difficult to remove. This ability to form biofilms may contribute to its ability to cause infections.

It's important to note that while S. oralis is a normal part of the oral microbiome, good oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing regularly can help prevent an overgrowth of this bacterium and reduce the risk of infection.

Bacterial adhesion is the initial and crucial step in the process of bacterial colonization, where bacteria attach themselves to a surface or tissue. This process involves specific interactions between bacterial adhesins (proteins, fimbriae, or pili) and host receptors (glycoproteins, glycolipids, or extracellular matrix components). The attachment can be either reversible or irreversible, depending on the strength of interaction. Bacterial adhesion is a significant factor in initiating biofilm formation, which can lead to various infectious diseases and medical device-associated infections.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. It is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (systemic inflammation) that can lead to blood clotting issues, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure.

Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout your body. Infections that lead to sepsis most often start in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract.

Sepsis is a medical emergency. If you suspect sepsis, seek immediate medical attention. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are crucial to improve outcomes. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and may require oxygen, medication to raise blood pressure, and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be required to clear the infection.

Blood is the fluid that circulates in the body of living organisms, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. The main function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It also transports nutrients, hormones, and other substances to the cells and removes waste products from them. Additionally, blood plays a crucial role in the body's immune system by helping to fight infection and disease.

Microbial drug resistance is a significant medical issue that refers to the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand or survive exposure to drugs or medications designed to kill them or limit their growth. This phenomenon has become a major global health concern, particularly in the context of bacterial infections, where it is also known as antibiotic resistance.

Drug resistance arises due to genetic changes in microorganisms that enable them to modify or bypass the effects of antimicrobial agents. These genetic alterations can be caused by mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. The resistant microbes then replicate and multiply, forming populations that are increasingly difficult to eradicate with conventional treatments.

The consequences of drug-resistant infections include increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs, and the potential for widespread outbreaks. Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance include the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, poor infection control practices, and inadequate surveillance systems.

To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote prudent antibiotic use, strengthen infection prevention and control measures, develop new antimicrobial agents, and invest in research to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance.

The American Heart Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that aims to reduce disability and death from cardiovascular diseases and stroke, including heart disease and stroke. The AHA was founded in 1924 and is one of the oldest and largest voluntary organizations dedicated to fighting cardiovascular disease.

The AHA provides a range of services, including:

* Funding research into the causes, prevention, and treatment of heart disease and stroke
* Providing educational resources for healthcare professionals, patients, and the general public
* Advocating for policies that promote heart health and prevent heart disease and stroke
* Developing guidelines and standards for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases

The AHA is funded through donations from individuals, corporations, and foundations. It operates with a volunteer board of directors and a professional staff. The organization has more than 3,400 volunteers and 70 local offices across the United States.

Enterococcus is a genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. They are part of the normal gut microbiota but can also cause a variety of infections, particularly in hospital settings. Enterococci are known for their ability to survive in harsh environments and can be resistant to many antibiotics, making them difficult to treat. Some species, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, are more commonly associated with human infections.

In medical terms, an "Enterococcus infection" refers to an infection caused by any species of the Enterococcus genus. These infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the urinary tract, bloodstream, and abdominal cavity. They can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and pain, depending on the location of the infection. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against Enterococcus species, although resistance to multiple antibiotics is a growing concern.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

"Staphylococcus hominis" is a species of grampositive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that belongs to the genus Staphylococcus. It is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans, particularly in the nostrils and groin area. While it is generally considered to be a commensal organism, meaning that it can exist harmlessly on the body without causing disease, S. hominis has been associated with some types of infections, such as bloodstream infections (bacteremia) and device-related infections (such as catheter-associated infections). However, these infections are relatively rare compared to those caused by other Staphylococcus species like S. aureus.

It's worth noting that while S. hominis is a normal part of the human microbiome, it can sometimes cause infections if it enters the body through a break in the skin or if it colonizes medical devices such as catheters. In these cases, it may be necessary to treat the infection with antibiotics. However, because S. hominis is resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, identifying the specific species of bacteria causing an infection can help guide appropriate treatment decisions.

Erysipelothrix is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and on the skin and mucous membranes of animals such as fish, birds, and swine. The bacteria are named after the disease they cause, erysipelas, which is a type of skin infection characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and fever.

Erysipelothrix species are small, non-sporeforming rods that can be difficult to visualize using standard Gram staining techniques. They are catalase-negative and oxidase-negative, and they can grow on a variety of media at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 45°C.

There are two species of Erysipelothrix that are clinically significant: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Erysipelothrix insidiosa. E. rhusiopathiae is the more common cause of human infections, which typically occur after exposure to contaminated animals or animal products. The bacteria can enter the body through cuts, abrasions, or other breaks in the skin, and can cause a variety of clinical manifestations, including cellulitis, septicemia, endocarditis, and arthritis.

Erysipelothrix infections are treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin. Prevention measures include wearing protective clothing and gloves when handling animals or animal products, practicing good hygiene, and seeking prompt medical attention if a wound becomes infected.

Anti-infective agents are a class of medications that are used to treat infections caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These agents work by either killing the microorganism or inhibiting its growth, thereby helping to control the infection and alleviate symptoms.

There are several types of anti-infective agents, including:

1. Antibiotics: These are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria (bactericidal) or inhibiting their growth (bacteriostatic).
2. Antivirals: These are medications that are used to treat viral infections. They work by interfering with the replication of the virus, preventing it from spreading and causing further damage.
3. Antifungals: These are medications that are used to treat fungal infections. They work by disrupting the cell membrane of the fungus, killing it or inhibiting its growth.
4. Antiparasitics: These are medications that are used to treat parasitic infections. They work by either killing the parasite or inhibiting its growth and reproduction.

It is important to note that anti-infective agents are not effective against all types of infections, and it is essential to use them appropriately to avoid the development of drug-resistant strains of microorganisms.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a heart condition where the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart, doesn't function properly. In MVP, one or both of the mitral valve flaps (known as leaflets) bulge or billow into the left atrium during the contraction of the left ventricle. This prolapse can cause a leakage of blood back into the atrium, known as mitral regurgitation. In many cases, MVP is asymptomatic and doesn't require treatment, but in some instances, it may lead to complications such as infective endocarditis or arrhythmias. The exact causes of MVP are not fully understood, but it can be associated with certain genetic factors, connective tissue disorders, and mitral valve abnormalities present at birth.

Staphylococcaceae is a family of Gram-positive bacteria that includes several medically important genera such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. These bacteria are typically spherical in shape and arrange themselves in grape-like clusters, which is why they are referred to as "cocci."

Staphylococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some species, such as Staphylococcus aureus, can cause a range of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a particularly concerning subtype that is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause severe and potentially life-threatening infections.

In contrast, Streptococcus species are typically beta-hemolytic and can be arranged in chains or pairs. They are found in the respiratory tract, skin, and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some Streptococcus species can cause a variety of diseases, such as strep throat, pneumonia, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

Proper identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing are crucial for the appropriate treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcaceae.

Streptococcus constellatus is a type of Gram-positive coccus bacteria that belongs to the Streptococcus anginosus group, also known as the "streptococci of uncertain taxonomic position" or S. milleri group. These bacteria are part of the normal flora in the human mouth, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. However, they can cause opportunistic infections when they enter other parts of the body, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

S. constellatus has been associated with a variety of infections, including abscesses, endocarditis, meningitis, septicemia, and dental and respiratory tract infections. It is important to note that the clinical significance of S. constellatus can vary, as it may sometimes be found as a commensal organism or as part of a polymicrobial infection. Proper identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are crucial for appropriate treatment.

Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. It belongs to the class of aminoglycosides and works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to bacterial death.

Streptomycin is primarily used to treat a variety of infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including tuberculosis, brucellosis, plague, tularemia, and certain types of bacterial endocarditis. It is also used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

Like other aminoglycosides, streptomycin has a narrow therapeutic index and can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) with prolonged use or high doses. Therefore, its use is typically limited to cases where other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.

It's important to note that the use of streptomycin requires careful monitoring of drug levels and kidney function, as well as regular audiometric testing to detect any potential hearing loss.

Aortitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The inflammation can cause damage to the aortic wall, leading to weakening, bulging (aneurysm), or tearing (dissection) of the aorta. Aortitis can be caused by various conditions, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications. It is essential to diagnose and treat aortitis promptly to prevent serious complications.

Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some species of Corynebacterium can cause disease in humans, including C. diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, and C. jeikeium, which can cause various types of infections in immunocompromised individuals. Other species are part of the normal flora and are not typically pathogenic. The bacteria are characterized by their irregular, club-shaped appearance and their ability to form characteristic arrangements called palisades. They are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Osteomyelitis is a medical condition characterized by an infection that involves the bone or the bone marrow. It can occur as a result of a variety of factors, including bacterial or fungal infections that spread to the bone from another part of the body, or direct infection of the bone through trauma or surgery.

The symptoms of osteomyelitis may include pain and tenderness in the affected area, fever, chills, fatigue, and difficulty moving the affected limb. In some cases, there may also be redness, swelling, and drainage from the infected area. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, as well as blood tests and cultures to identify the underlying cause of the infection.

Treatment for osteomyelitis usually involves a combination of antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, as well as pain management and possibly surgical debridement to remove infected tissue. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and manage the condition.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

A reoperation is a surgical procedure that is performed again on a patient who has already undergone a previous operation for the same or related condition. Reoperations may be required due to various reasons, such as inadequate initial treatment, disease recurrence, infection, or complications from the first surgery. The nature and complexity of a reoperation can vary widely depending on the specific circumstances, but it often carries higher risks and potential complications compared to the original operation.

Virginiamycin is not a medical condition or disease, but rather an antibiotic used in veterinary medicine to promote growth and prevent or treat certain bacterial infections in animals, particularly in livestock such as cattle, swine, and poultry. It is a mixture of two components, virginiamycin M1 and virginiamycin S1, which have antibacterial properties against gram-positive bacteria.

Virginiamycin belongs to the streptogramin class of antibiotics and works by binding to the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and ultimately killing the bacteria. It is not approved for use in humans, except under certain circumstances as part of an investigational new drug (IND) protocol or in specific medical devices.

It's important to note that the use of antibiotics in livestock can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can have negative impacts on human health. Therefore, responsible and judicious use of antibiotics is essential to minimize this risk.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Debridement is a medical procedure that involves the removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing process or prevent further infection. This can be done through various methods such as surgical debridement (removal of tissue using scalpel or scissors), mechanical debridement (use of wound irrigation or high-pressure water jet), autolytic debridement (using the body's own enzymes to break down and reabsorb dead tissue), and enzymatic debridement (application of topical enzymes to dissolve necrotic tissue). The goal of debridement is to promote healthy tissue growth, reduce the risk of infection, and improve overall wound healing.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

Coagulase is a type of enzyme produced by some bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. This enzyme helps the bacteria to clot blood plasma by converting an inactive precursor (prothrombin) into thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin to form a clot. The ability of S. aureus to produce coagulase is often used as a diagnostic criterion for this bacterium, and it also plays a role in the virulence of the organism by helping it to evade the host's immune system.

Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:

1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

... thus causing infective endocarditis. Another form of sterile endocarditis is termed Libman-Sacks endocarditis; this form occurs ... Scholia has a topic profile for Endocarditis. Endocarditis at Curlie (Articles with short description, Short description is ... Like NBTE, Libman-Sacks endocarditis involves small vegetations, while infective endocarditis is composed of large vegetations ... Hospital Clinic Infective Endocarditis, Investigators (May 2017). "The Changing Epidemiology of Infective Endocarditis in the ...
Fungal endocarditis (FE) is often fatal and one of the most serious forms of infective endocarditis. The types of fungi most ... Acute infective endocarditis refers to the presence of signs and symptoms of infective endocarditis that are present for days ... Infective endocarditis occurs more often in men than in women. There is an increased incidence of infective endocarditis in ... Endocarditis with Tricosporon asahii has also been reported in a case report. Risk factors for infective endocarditis are based ...
"Endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica mit Bluteosinophilie. Ein eigenartiges Krankheitsbild" [Endocarditis parietal ... Loeffler endocarditis is a form of heart disease characterized by a stiffened, poorly-functioning heart caused by infiltration ... Loeffler endocarditis is now regarded as a manifestation of eosinophilic myocarditis, a disorder that involves the infiltration ... The third stage is a fibrotic stage, i.e. Loeffler endocarditis, wherein scarring replaces damaged heart muscle tissue to cause ...
"Noninfective Endocarditis: Endocarditis: Merck Manual Professional". Retrieved 2008-12-22. "Marantic endocarditis". Online ... Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is a form of endocarditis in which small sterile vegetations are deposited on the ... Formerly known as marantic endocarditis, which comes from the Greek marantikos, meaning "wasting away". The term "marantic ... Referred to as Libman-Sacks endocarditis trauma (e.g., catheters) The disease affects the valves with following predilection: ...
... is a form of non-bacterial endocarditis that is seen in association with systemic lupus erythematosus ... Libman-Sacks endocarditis is often associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Libman-Sacks endocarditis has been ... Libman-Sacks endocarditis may result in arterial emboli, valvular insufficiency, and heart failure. Infective endocarditis ... Libman-Sacks endocarditis is diagnosed with echocardiography. Other potential etiologies (e.g. infective endocarditis) should ...
... , abbreviated SBE, is a type of endocarditis (more specifically, infective endocarditis). ... "Endocarditis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 18 July 2021. Pathology of Infectious Endocarditis at eMedicine ... Loewe reported at the time seven cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis in 1944. Endocarditis Jefferson, James W. (2012-12-06 ... "Infective Endocarditis. Information; prevention of endocarditis , Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2015-08-28. Keogan, Mary; ...
Endocarditis refers to inflammation of the endocardium of the heart. Staphylococcus schleiferi was isolated as the cause of ... endocarditis, and intravascular device-related bacteremia. Although both companion animals and humans can acquire disease from ... endocarditis; and intravascular device-related bacteremia in case reports and case series reports: Staphylococcus schleiferi ... causing a multitude of nosocomial infections such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, UTIs, and wound infections ...
Corynebacterium endocarditis usually infects the left side of the heart in males, though C. amycolatum has shown a predilection ... "Endocarditis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 19 July 2021. Koneman, Elmer (2006). Koneman's Color Atlas and ... Valve replacement was also required in some cases of infectious endocarditis. Due to its recent pathogenic status, however, few ... C. amycolatum has been shown to cause pneumonia, peritonitis, empyema, infectious endocarditis, and fatal sepsis, most of which ...
Mubarik, A.; Iqbal, A. M. (2022). "Loeffler Endocarditis". StatPearls. StatPearls. PMID 30521271. "Loffler Syndrome Clinical ... is known as Loeffler endocarditis and can be caused by idiopathic eosinophilia or eosinophilia in response to parasitic ... The child was then diagnosed with Löffler's endocarditis, and immediately began immunosuppressive therapy to decline the ...
... so that a resulting infective endocarditis does not occur. The endocarditis is clearly a result in a build-up of the pathogen ... It has been found to rarely cause endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves. It also been found in the eye. It may cause ... Mortality for infective endocarditis is around 20%. Prior to antibiotics survival was not likely. The Gram-negative rod-shaped ... However it has been shown to be able to cause endocarditis. It most likely follows a similar path with other infective ...
Even if a patient does have infective endocarditis, roughly 1 in 10 patients have splinter hemorrhages. Skin lesion List of ... In certain conditions (in particular, infective endocarditis), clots can migrate from the affected heart valve and find their ... Splinter hemorrhages are not specific to any particular condition, and can be associated with subacute infective endocarditis, ... ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. Hoen, Bruno (April 11, 2013). "Infective Endocarditis". New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (15): 1425 ...
If endocarditis is suspected, a total of six bottles may be collected. After the blood is collected, the bottles are incubated ... Cahill, TJ; Prendergast, BD (2016). "Infective endocarditis". The Lancet. 387 (10021): 882-893. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00067 ... such as bacterial endocarditis or infections associated with intravenous lines, may result in a constant bacteremia. Fungemia ... Blood culture can identify an underlying microbial cause in cases of endocarditis and fever of unknown origin. The pathogens ...
Endocarditis". Cardiovascular Eponymic Signs: Diagnostic Skills Applied During the Physical Examination. Switzerland: Springer ...
Litten's sign: (Roth's spots) in bacterial endocarditis. Yale, Steven H.; Tekiner, Halil; Mazza, Joseph J.; Yale, Eileen S.; ... Yale, Ryan C. (2021). "3. Endocarditis". Cardiovascular Eponymic Signs: Diagnostic Skills Applied During the Physical ...
Valenstein, P; Bardy, GH; Cox, CC; Zwadyk, P (1983). "Pseudomonas alcaligenes endocarditis". American Journal of Clinical ...
"Endocarditis: Risk factors". MayoClinic.com. Retrieved 2007-10-23. Taylor, D. O., Stehlik, J., Edwards, L. B., Aurora, P., ... HLHS patients run a high risk of endocarditis, and must be monitored by a cardiologist for the rest of their lives to check on ...
... of cases of infective endocarditis involving native valves and are the most common Gram-negative cause of endocarditis among ... International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study, Investigators (2013). "HACEK infective endocarditis: ... They have been a frequent cause of culture-negative endocarditis. Culture-negative refers to an inability to produce a colony ... The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis, which ...
H. haemolyticus is generally nonpathogenic, however there have been two cases of H.haemolyticus causing endocarditis. There is ... MILLER, C. PHILIP (1923-12-01). "SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS DUE TO A HEMOLYTIC HEMOPHILIC BACILLUS". Archives of Internal ... De Santo, Dominic A.; White, Mosetta (2016-12-14). "Hemophilus Hemolyticus Endocarditis". The American Journal of Pathology. 9 ...
Bacterial endocarditis from L. garvieae is extremely rare and may actually be underreported due to its morphologic and ... In Canada, patients have been found with bacterial endocarditis. It is speculated that the infection followed the consumption ... A patient with L. garvieae septicaemia in absence of infective endocarditis was successfully treated with a combination of ... These include 25 cases of endocarditis and other infections like those related to peritoneal dialysis catheters, discitis, ...
Infective Endocarditis (IE) is the infection of heart valves. Previous beliefs were held that IE can be induced from dental ... Patients need to be informed regarding their cardiac condition and infective endocarditis, and how this may affect dental ... Currently, there are official guidelines for dental antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of infective endocarditis and of ... Educate patient about the importance and relevance of good oral hygiene and infective endocarditis Significance of adequate ...
Eliakim, R.; Silkoff, P.; Lugassy, G.; Michel, J. (October 1983). "Corynebacterium xerosis endocarditis". Archives of Internal ...
One case of fatal bacterial endocarditis was also found in the literature. This is possibly the only confirmed case of C. ... Cutrona, AF; Watanakunacorn (Nov 1995). "Clostridium innocuum endocarditis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 21 (5): 1306-1307. ... innocuum endocarditis involving the pulmonary and tricuspid valves resulting in multiple emboli and death. In a study that ...
It can cause endocarditis. Colonies of Brackiella oedipodis are greyish-white coloured. "LPSN LPSN". Retrieved 2013-07-30. ... nov., gram-negative, oxidase-positive rods that cause endocarditis of cotton-topped tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)". Int J Syst ...
"Endocarditis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2019-08-30. "Heart valve surgery - Mayo Clinic". mayoclinic.org. ... endocarditis and artificial heart valves. Diabetes mellitus, also known simply as diabetes, is a disorder of the regulation of ...
It can cause endocarditis. While N. mucosa is a rather rare cause of endocarditis, cases of N. mucosa endocarditis have been ... Logar, M.; Lejko Zupanc, T.; Rojko, T. (2013-05-01). "P48 Infective Endocarditis Caused by Neisseria Mucosa". International ... Abstracts from the 12 International Symposium on Modern Concepts in Endocarditis and Cardiovascular Infections. 41: S21. doi: ... "Endocarditis due to Neisseria mucosa: Case report and review of 21 cases". Journal of Infection. 68 (6): 601-604. doi:10.1016/j ...
It belongs to the HACEK group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that tend to cause endocarditis. Kingella kingae is its type ... Sharara, Sima L.; Tayyar, Ralph; Kanafani, Zeina A.; Kanj, Souha S. (2 June 2016). "HACEK endocarditis: a review". Expert ...
Endocarditis and intravascular infections. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles ... Intracranial mycotic aneurysms (ICMAs) complicate about 2% to 3% of infective endocarditis (IE) cases, although as many as 15% ... in 1885 to describe a mushroom-shaped aneurysm in a patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis. This may create considerable ...
... of infective endocarditis affecting native valves. It is important when considering endocarditis to keep these organisms in ... Those with mitral prolapse are at increased risk of infective endocarditis, a bacterial infection of the heart tissue, as a ... Individuals with MVP are at higher risk of bacterial infection of the heart, called infective endocarditis. This risk is ... The risk of infective endocarditis is considered high in patients with prosthetic heart valves, moderate in those with mitral ...
Antibacterial prophylaxis for endocarditis following certain procedures in penicillin-hypersensitive individuals at high risk ... ISBN 978-1-55581-086-3. Geraci JE, Wilson WR (1981). "Vancomycin therapy for infective endocarditis". Reviews of Infectious ... Romney M, Cheung S, Montessori V (July 2001). "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis and presumed osteomyelitis". The ... endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Blood levels may ...
... it may cause endocarditis. Despite the rare infections caused by L. rhamnosus, the species is included in the list of bacterial ... "Lactobacillus rhamnosus endocarditis complicating colonoscopy". The Journal of Infection. 42 (4): 283-5. doi:10.1053/jinf. ...
... thus causing infective endocarditis. Another form of sterile endocarditis is termed Libman-Sacks endocarditis; this form occurs ... Scholia has a topic profile for Endocarditis. Endocarditis at Curlie (Articles with short description, Short description is ... Like NBTE, Libman-Sacks endocarditis involves small vegetations, while infective endocarditis is composed of large vegetations ... Hospital Clinic Infective Endocarditis, Investigators (May 2017). "The Changing Epidemiology of Infective Endocarditis in the ...
Endocarditis occurs when this tissue becomes swollen or inflamed, most often due to infection at the heart valves. ... Endocarditis occurs when this tissue becomes swollen or inflamed, most often due to infection at the heart valves. ... endocarditis - children; Candida - endocarditis - children; Bacterial endocarditis - children; Infective endocarditis - ... Endocarditis can involve the heart muscle, heart valves, or lining of the heart. Children with endocarditis may have an ...
Loeffler endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis are restrictive cardiomyopathies, defined as diseases of the heart muscle ... encoded search term (Loeffler Endocarditis) and Loeffler Endocarditis What to Read Next on Medscape ... Loffler endocarditis: a rare cause of acute cardiac failure. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Oct 10. 7:109. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [ ... Gao M, Zhang W, Zhao W, Qin L, Pei F, Zheng Y. Loeffler endocarditis as a rare cause of heart failure with preserved ejection ...
Medical definition of endocarditis, a bacterial or fungal infection of the valves of the heart or lining of the heart tissue. ... Endocarditis: an inflammation of one or more of the heart valves and lining tissues of the heart. Having existing congenital ... Long-term intravenous antibiotic therapy, up to 4 to 6 weeks, is the treatment for bacterial endocarditis. In severe cases, ... The most common cause of endocarditis is bacterial infection, but fungi can also cause the condition. Symptoms are nonspecific ...
... Hanane Benbarkat. ,1Karima Addetia. ,1Amir H Salehi. ,2Donald Sheppard. ,1and Thao Huynh1 ...
Sixty-two cases of endocarditis occurring in children between January 1977 and February 1992 were reviewed and compared with ... Fungal endocarditis (six cases) had a 67% mortality rate. Overall the mortality rate was 11%. Endocarditis remained undiagnosed ... Pediatric infective endocarditis in the modern era J Pediatr. 1993 Jun;122(6):847-53. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(09)90006-3. ... A total of 19 children with normal anatomy had endocarditis; 6 had community-acquired infection and 13 had hospital-acquired ...
Endocarditis is a serious heart infection that can put your life in danger. Learn how to prevent and treat it. ... What is Endocarditis? Medically Reviewed by James Beckerman, MD, FACC on August 17, 2022 ... If you develop endocarditis, you may get sudden symptoms, or you may develop them over time. The way you feel will depend on ... Endocarditis can cause a new or additional heart murmur, or unusual sound in your heartbeat, or changes to an existing one. ...
In an earlier study, we demonstrated the presence of antibodies in E. faecalis endocarditis patient sera to recombinant forms ... These biologically important surface pili, which are antigenic in humans during endocarditis and encoded by a ubiquitous E. ... Increasing multidrug resistance in Enterococcus faecalis, a nosocomial opportunist and common cause of bacterial endocarditis, ... Importantly, a nonpiliated, allelic replacement mutant was significantly attenuated in an endocarditis model. ...
Infective endocarditis (IE) is defined as an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, which may include one or more ... Pathology of infective endocarditis. Brusch JL, ed. Infective Endocarditis: Management in the Era of Intravascular Devices. New ... Endocarditis in patients with a permanent pacemaker: a 1-year epidemiological survey on infective endocarditis due to valvular ... Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. Antimicrobial prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in adults and children ...
... nurses and a full support staff at Tufts Medical Center in Boston treat Endocarditis. ... Endocarditis is an inflammation of the lining of the heart.. Programs + Services , Doctors + Care Team , Research + Clinical ...
MARTINEZ ODRIOZOLA, P. et al. Enterococcal infective endocarditis: description of 12 cases. An. Med. Interna (Madrid) [online ... The causative organism of endocarditis was E. faecalis in 10 patients and E. faecium in 2. Two E. faecalis were resistant to ... We found 12 cases that were 6 % of total endocarditis, and 7% of enterococcal bacteremia. Eight cases were male, and 4 were ... We have performed a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with infective endocarditis due to Enterococcus in our hospital ...
Psychology definition for Bacterial Endocarditis in normal everyday language, edited by psychologists, professors and leading ...
Endocarditis in Children with Heart Defects. * Endocarditis Prophylaxis. Recently significant changes to the prophylaxis ... Reference: Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis Expert Group. Prevention of endocarditis. 2008 update from Therapeutic guidelines ... Cardiac Conditions for which endocarditis prophylaxix with dental procedures is reasonable. Prosthetic cardiac valve or ... antibiotic prophylaxis is now only recommended for children with the highest risk of adverse outcome of infective endocarditis ...
Endocarditis Articles Case Reports Symptoms Treatment, Argentina. ...
Endocarditis , Heather Pemberton, MD. February 18, 2020 , 12:00 pm -1:00 pm CST ...
Capnocytophaga canimorsus tricuspid valve endocarditis. *Mark. Lindén, Sienna ; Gilje, Patrik LU ; Tham, Johan LU ; Lindstedt, ... Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Infective endocarditis, Tricuspid valve. in IDCases. volume. 24. article number. e01083. publisher. ... Capnocytophaga canimorsus is an uncommon cause of infective endocarditis (IE) and mainly affects persons with compromised ... Capnocytophaga canimorsus is an uncommon cause of infective endocarditis (IE) and mainly affects persons with compromised ...
Bacterial endocarditis can however still occur in liver transplant recipients with normal cardiac valves. Gram negative ... High index of suspicion for bacterial endocarditis is essential when investigating transplant recipients for fever of uncertain ... Gram-negative bacteria causing infective endocarditis: Rare cardiac complication after liver transplantation ... Gram-negative bacteria causing infective endocarditis: Rare cardiac complication after liver transplantation. World J Hepatol ...
Download our wall chart summary of the New Zealand Guideline for Prevention of Infective Endocarditis Associated with Dental ... in ResourcesPrevention of infective endocarditis - Guideline. *in ResourcesProposed Rheumatic Fever Primary Prevention Plan - ... Download our wall chart summary of the New Zealand Guideline for Prevention of Infective Endocarditis Associated with Dental ...
Fungal endocarditis (FE) is a rare infection in pediatrics. Its incidence is increasing because more neonates are in intensive ... Microbiology of infective endocarditis and clinical correlates: gram-negative and other organisms. In: Infective Endocarditis. ... Candida endocarditis: contemporary cases from the International Collaboration of Infectious Endocarditis Merged Database (ICE- ... Pediatric endocarditis. In: Infective Endocarditis. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. 229-35. ...
Endocarditis is inflammation of the heart valves and other endothelial tissues of the heart. What is Pericarditis? Definition: ... Difference Between Pericarditis and Endocarditis Pericarditis is inflammation of the membranes surrounding the heart muscle. ... Table comparing Pericarditis and Endocarditis. Summary of Pericarditis and Endocarditis. *Pericarditis and endocarditis are ... Non-infective endocarditis may not have any symptoms and is not normally as bad or dangerous as infective endocarditis. ...
Two well-studied ,i,E. faecalis,/i, adhesins, aggregation substance (AS) and endocarditis- and biofilm-associated pili (Ebp), ... Two well-studied E. faecalis adhesins, aggregation substance (AS) and endocarditis- and biofilm-associated pili (Ebp), both ... Here, we examined two well-characterized adhesins in Enterococcus faecalis, aggregation substance and endocarditis- and biofilm ... Planktonic Interference and Biofilm Alliance between Aggregation Substance and Endocarditis- and Biofilm-Associated Pili in ...
The Christ Hospital Heart & Vascular Institute has everything it takes to treat infective endocarditis right here in Greater ... Treating infective endocarditis requires swift action and a specialized expertise. ... What is infective endocarditis?. Endocarditis is an inflammation of the lining of your heart valves and surface of its valves ( ... Infective endocarditis can be caused by bacteria introduced to the body via intravenous drug use. The Endocarditis team at The ...
Coxsackie endocarditis. *ICD-9-CM 074.22 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis on a reimbursement ... Endocarditis (chronic) (indeterminate) (interstitial) (marantic) (nonbacterial thrombotic) (residual) (sclerotic) (sclerous) ( ...
Infective endocarditis is a multisystem disease. Tricuspid valve endocarditis is frequently seen in patients with intravenous ( ... Tricuspid Endocarditis: A Case Report and Comprehensive Literature Review.. Elkattawy S, Alyacoub R, El-Feki I, Fichadiya H, ...
ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: the Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the ... Büchi, A.E., Hoffmann, M., Zbinden, S. et al. Infective Endocarditis: How Do We Currently Interpret the Duke Minor Criterion " ... Infective Endocarditis: How Do We Currently Interpret the Duke Minor Criterion "Predisposing Heart Condition" in Native Valves? ... Infective Endocarditis: How Do We Currently Interpret the Duke Minor Criterion "Predisposing Heart Condition" in Native Valves ...
Rise in admissions for infective endocarditis tied to injection drugs paralleled rise in hydromorphone rx ... The researchers found that during the study period, there was an increase in the risk for admissions for infective endocarditis ... 30, 2019 (HealthDay News) - The risk for infective endocarditis related to injection drug use increased from 2006 to 2015, ... "Although our data show a compelling temporal association between hydromorphone use and infective endocarditis, further research ...
Noninfective Endocarditis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer ... infective endocarditis Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis is an infection of the lining of the heart (endocardium) ... Infective endocarditis occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and travel... read more ). However, endocarditis also can ... Noninfective endocarditis, like infective endocarditis, may cause heart valves to leak or not open normally. Arteries may ...
Serial measurements of CRP concentrations in patients with infective endocarditis may be useful to monitor treatment and also ... C reactive protein (CRP) was measured serially in 29 patients with infective endocarditis. Twenty one patients were initially ...
  • The most common cause of endocarditis is bacterial infection, but fungi can also cause the condition. (rxlist.com)
  • Long-term intravenous antibiotic therapy, up to 4 to 6 weeks, is the treatment for bacterial endocarditis. (rxlist.com)
  • Increasing multidrug resistance in Enterococcus faecalis, a nosocomial opportunist and common cause of bacterial endocarditis, emphasizes the need for alternative therapeutic approaches such as immunotherapy or immunoprophylaxis. (jci.org)
  • Bacterial endocarditis can however still occur in liver transplant recipients with normal cardiac valves. (wjgnet.com)
  • High index of suspicion for bacterial endocarditis is essential when investigating transplant recipients for fever of uncertain origin. (wjgnet.com)
  • Having infections such as TB or other bacterial infections are risk factors for later development of endocarditis. (differencebetween.net)
  • Endocarditis is caused by diseases like lupus or by infections (usually bacterial) like TB or Staphylococcus . (differencebetween.net)
  • Here, we examined two well-characterized adhesins in Enterococcus faecalis , aggregation substance and endocarditis- and biofilm-associated pili, and found that they exhibit distinct functional contributions depending on the growth stage of the bacterial community. (nih.gov)
  • Infective endocarditis is inflammation caused by an infection, which is usually bacterial, but sometimes caused by fungi. (thechristhospital.com)
  • Patients with MVP and documented absence of mitral regurgitation or valvular thickening likely do not need antibiotic prophylaxis against subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE). (umsystem.edu)
  • Other skin manifestations of bacterial endocarditis such as janeway lesions, osler nodes or petechiae. (rwjbh.org)
  • Do you have a heart problem (specifically congenital heart murmurs, heart valve problems, congenital heart disease, or bacterial endocarditis)? (cdc.gov)
  • Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is defined as the presence of sterile thrombi on the heart valves, correspond to non-infected platelet and fibrin aggregates associated with hypercoagulable states such as malignant neoplasms, which is also called Marantic Endocarditis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also unlike NBTE, Libman-Sacks endocarditis does not seem to have a preferred location of deposition and may form on the undersurfaces of the valves or even on the endocardium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocarditis is an inflammatory condition that affects the endocardium (inner lining including the valves) of the heart. (differencebetween.net)
  • The definition of endocarditis is an inflammatory condition of the endocardium including the valves. (differencebetween.net)
  • Endocarditis is an inflammation of the lining of your heart valves and surface of its valves (endocardium). (thechristhospital.com)
  • It turns out that most cases of endocarditis are due to a microbial infection of the endocardium , usually involving the endocardium lining the cardiac valves . (osmosis.org)
  • Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining ( endocardium Endocardium The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. (lecturio.com)
  • Endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart's endocardium (the inner lining of the heart). (adventhealth.com)
  • Endocarditis is inflammation in the endocardium--the inner lining of your heart and heart valves. (pregistry.com)
  • Noninfective endocarditis refers to formation of sterile platelet and fibrin thrombi on cardiac valves and adjacent endocardium in response to trauma, circulating immune complexes, vasculitis, or a hypercoagulable state. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis is infection of the endocardium, usually with bacteria (commonly, streptococci or staphylococci) or fungi. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The term can also include noninfective endocarditis, in which sterile platelet and fibrin thrombi form on cardiac valves and adjacent endocardium. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For non-infective endocarditis , the first step is usually damage to the endocardium . (osmosis.org)
  • Fungi cause 0-12% (average 1.1%) of infectious endocarditis cases in children worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • The disease may be the first step in development of infectious endocarditis. (rwjbh.org)
  • [ 6 ] Pathologic criteria for definite infectious endocarditis include microorganisms on cultures or histology in a vegetation or histologic confirmation of active disease in a vegetation or intracardiac abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Candida endocarditis: contemporary cases from the International Collaboration of Infectious Endocarditis Merged Database (ICE-mD). (medscape.com)
  • Kuhn C, Disque C, Muhl H, Orszag P, Stiesch M, Haverich A. Evaluation of commercial universal rRNA gene PCR plus sequencing tests for identification of bacteria and fungi associated with infectious endocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • Infective endocarditis is a severe and potentially lethal cardiac disease. (springer.com)
  • Quantifying infective endocarditis risk in patients with predisposing cardiac conditions. (smw.ch)
  • In pediatric patients, one fourth of fungal endocarditis cases have systemic candidal infection with cardiac involvement. (medscape.com)
  • George S, Varghese J, Chandrasekhar S, Perumalla R, Reddy MS, Jayanthi V, Rela M. Gram-negative bacteria causing infective endocarditis: Rare cardiac complication after liver transplantation. (wjgnet.com)
  • Endocarditis can be treated using IV antibiotics, but sometimes surgical intervention is needed if valve deposits are seriously compromising cardiac function. (differencebetween.net)
  • Invasive monitoring and low cardiac output were consistent features in those patients who had endocarditis soon after open heart surgery whereas dental treatment was a common feature in non-operated cases and after closed cardiac operations. (bmj.com)
  • Infective endocarditis is associated with not only cardiac complications but also neurologic, renal, musculoskeletal, and systemic complications related to the infection, such as embolization, metastatic infection, and mycotic aneurysm. (medscape.com)
  • Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner surface of the heart, usually the valves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocarditis occurs when this tissue becomes swollen or inflamed, most often due to infection at the heart valves. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Getting treatment for endocarditis right away improves the chances of clearing the infection and preventing complications. (medlineplus.gov)
  • But if you have heart problems, bacteria in your bloodstream can attach to damaged tissue and cause an infection called endocarditis. (webmd.com)
  • 6 had community-acquired infection and 13 had hospital-acquired endocarditis (11 of these 13 children had central venous catheters in place, including 7 premature infants). (nih.gov)
  • Fungal endocarditis (FE) is a rare infection in pediatrics. (medscape.com)
  • Fungal endocarditis may complicate intracardiac surgery as well as complicate intrathoracic or systemic fungal infection in those at highest risk. (medscape.com)
  • Where endocarditis is caused by infection, it may also result in septic shock and eventually, death. (differencebetween.net)
  • Treating infective endocarditis requires antibiotics to rid the heart or implanted devices of the infection. (thechristhospital.com)
  • However, endocarditis also can occur without infection. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Late cases of endocarditis after open heart surgery had various microbiological features that were not typical of infection after dental problems. (bmj.com)
  • Infective endocarditis after open heart surgery differs from that in the other subgroups in terms of microbiology, source of infection, and outcome and its early diagnosis depends on a thorough investigation of minimal symptoms and signs. (bmj.com)
  • Infective endocarditis (IE) is caused by infection or inflammation Inflammation Inflammation is a complex set of responses to infection and injury involving leukocytes as the principal cellular mediators in the body's defense against pathogenic organisms. (lecturio.com)
  • Endocarditis is an infection of this inner lining. (rwjbh.org)
  • This type of endocarditis is characterized by an infection caused by bacteria or fungi that enter the bloodstream and settle in the heart lining, a heart valve or a blood vessel. (rwjbh.org)
  • Endocarditis may develop slowly or rapidly depending on what germs are causing the infection, your immunity, and whether you have any underlying heart problems. (rwjbh.org)
  • Endocarditis usually occurs from an infection of bacteria, fungi, or viruses that spreads from your blood stream to your heart. (pregistry.com)
  • However, as many as one-third of women who develop endocarditis die from heart failure or an embolism related to the infection. (pregistry.com)
  • The treatment of endocarditis usually involves antibiotics to treat the causative infection, but surgery may be required in some cases, though this is generally not recommended during the first two trimesters of pregnancy except in extreme emergencies. (pregistry.com)
  • They may be clinically undetectable or become a nidus for infection (leading to infective endocarditis), produce emboli, or cause valvular dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most common cases of endocarditis are due to a microbial infection, and this is called infective endocarditis but in some cases, endocarditis can also be non-infective. (osmosis.org)
  • From November 2018 through April 2022, 157 consecutive patients were diagnosed with infective endocarditis. (springer.com)
  • We have performed a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with infective endocarditis due to Enterococcus in our hospital for a period of 12 years (1994-2005). (isciii.es)
  • In 10 cases endocarditis affected a native valve, and only in 2 cases a prosthetic valve. (isciii.es)
  • In the total cohort, the factors associated with the occurrence of embolism at multivariate analysis were prosthetic valve localization (odds ratio, 1.84), right-sided endocarditis (odds ratio, 3.93), Staphylococcus aureus etiology (odds ratio, 2.23) and vegetation size ≥ 13 mm (odds ratio, 1.86). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methods Between November 2007 and November 2016, a selected group of 79 patients (29.6% of all surgical endocarditis cases) with native valve endocarditis (NVE, 53.2%) or prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE, 46.8%) valve endocarditis underwent surgical therapy with extensive annular debridement and patch reconstruction. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • One case of a patient with prosthetic valve endocarditis was complicated by intracerebral hemorrhage caused by mycotic aneurysm rupture. (medscape.com)
  • Regardless, the diagnosis of endocarditis is based on clinical features, investigations such as an echocardiogram, and blood cultures demonstrating the presence of endocarditis-causing microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The diagnosis of infective endocarditis relies on the Duke criteria, which were originally described in 1994 and modified in 2000. (wikipedia.org)
  • Echocardiography is the cornerstone of imaging modality in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternative imaging modalities as computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) with 2-[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) are playing an increasing role in the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis. (wikipedia.org)
  • With regard to the occurrence of distant embolisation, there are three important aspects: it may establish the diagnosis of endocarditis, impact clinical decision-making and affect the clinical and inflammatory course of the disease. (springer.com)
  • A diagnosis of endocarditis is usually based on several factors instead of a single positive test result or symptom. (rwjbh.org)
  • Using the modified Duke Criteria (see Workup), the diagnosis of endocarditis is based on pathologic or clinical findings. (medscape.com)
  • Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (medscape.com)
  • Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute Streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. (medscape.com)
  • As opposed to infective endocarditis, the vegetations in NBTE are small, sterile, and tend to aggregate along the edges of the valve or the cusps. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some cases, endocarditis requires surgery to completely clear it, or to replace a damaged heart valve. (webmd.com)
  • Tricuspid valve endocarditis is frequently seen in patients with intravenous (IV) drug users. (iasp-pain.org)
  • When should patients with mitral valve prolapse get endocarditis prophylaxis? (umsystem.edu)
  • A 2D transthoracic echocardiography showed obliteration of the right ventricular apex which is typical view for Lo¨ffler endocarditis with normal left ventricular ejection fraction of 56% (Panel A, arrow indicates "apical thrombus in the right ventricle"), and peak aortic valve velocity was 4.1 ms .Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy showed infiltration with fibrin-containing thrombus and eosinophils (Panel B,scale bar: 100 lm), and Lo¨ffler endocarditis was diagnosed. (deepdyve.com)
  • In patients with Lo¨ffler endocarditis, valves most commonly involved are atrioventricular valves with regurgitation and less commonly aortic valve. (deepdyve.com)
  • This is a quite unusual case of Lo¨ffler endocarditis and aortic valve stenosis improved by immunosuppressive treatment. (deepdyve.com)
  • Investigations revealed an isolated tricuspid valve endocarditis from Group B Streptococcus . (bmj.com)
  • Now, the first step that happens in endocarditis is that the endothelial lining of the valve gets damaged. (osmosis.org)
  • An unusual case of transcatheter aortic valve implantation related actinomycosis endocarditis. (escardio.org)
  • Staphylococcus aureus native aortic valve endocarditis complicated with a perivalvular abscess successfully treated with a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) during antimicrobial therapy. (escardio.org)
  • Surgical outcomes and optimal approach to treatment of aortic valve endocarditis with aortic root abscess. (rush.edu)
  • Kimmel SD, Walley AY, Linas BP, Kalesan B, Awtry E, Dobrilovic N, White L, LaRochelle M. Effect of Publicly Reported Aortic Valve Surgery Outcomes on Valve Surgery in Injection Drug- and Non-Injection Drug-Associated Endocarditis. (rush.edu)
  • A second case of a patient with right-sided valve endocarditis associated with a central catheter was complicated by an abdominal aortic mycotic aneurysm. (medscape.com)
  • Successful Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve Endocarditis Caused by Brucella: A Case Report. (bvsalud.org)
  • We present a patient with brucellosis endocarditis , predominantly involving the mitral valve , presenting with vegetations and prolapse of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve with moderate to severe regurgitation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is more frequently associated with complications. (medscape.com)
  • Endocarditis can involve the heart muscle, heart valves, or lining of the heart. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Having existing congenital defects or damage to the heart valves increases the risk of developing endocarditis . (rxlist.com)
  • Your odds are higher of getting endocarditis if you have damaged or artificial heart valves, or if you were born with a heart defect. (webmd.com)
  • Endocarditis is inflammation of the heart valves and other endothelial tissues of the heart. (differencebetween.net)
  • Complications from infective endocarditis can include heart failure, damage to the heart valves, blood clots, stroke, damage to other organs including the kidneys, brain, and lungs. (thechristhospital.com)
  • Noninfective endocarditis is formation of blood clots on heart valves and the lining of the heart. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Noninfective endocarditis develops when fibrous blood clots without microorganisms (sterile vegetations) form on damaged heart valves. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Noninfective endocarditis, like infective endocarditis, may cause heart valves to leak or not open normally. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Endocarditis generally occurs when bacteria, fungi or other germs from the environment or another part of your body, such as your mouth, spread through your bloodstream and attach to heart valves. (rwjbh.org)
  • If not treated quickly, endocarditis can damage or destroy your heart valves and lead to life-threatening complications. (rwjbh.org)
  • This type of endocarditis is characterized by various kinds of illnesses affecting the heart valves, most often the left side of the heart. (rwjbh.org)
  • Once endocarditis occurs, quick treatment is necessary to prevent damage to the heart valves and more serious complications such heart failure , and even death. (rwjbh.org)
  • Your risk for endocarditis increases if you have pre-existing heart damage, artificial heart valves, or a heart defect. (pregistry.com)
  • If left untreated, endocarditis can permanently damage the tissue of your heart and heart valves. (pregistry.com)
  • Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening. (rush.edu)
  • Por el Dr. Iván Mendoza, Sociedad Venezolana de Cardiología Realizada el 25 de agosto de 2020, con el apoyo de la OPS en Venezuela. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fecha: 01 de septiembre de 2020, Sociedad Venezolana de Cardiología, con el apoyo de la OPS en Venezuela. (bvsalud.org)
  • Capnocytophaga canimorsus is an uncommon cause of infective endocarditis (IE) and mainly affects persons with compromised immune-systems who have been in contact with dogs. (lu.se)
  • S. bovis, a well-known cause of infective endocarditis, remains the common name used to designate group D nonenterococcal streptococci. (duke.edu)
  • The diagnostic and prognostic features of 44 episodes of infective endocarditis in 42 children with congenital heart disease were reviewed. (bmj.com)
  • We retrospectively analyzed 1456 episodes of infective endocarditis from the multicenter study SEI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There were 499 episodes of infective endocarditis (34%) that were complicated by ≥ 1 embolic event. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). (smw.ch)
  • Habib G. Management of infective endocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • Infective endocarditis in children with congenital heart disease: comparison of selected features in patients with surgical correction or palliation and those without. (bmj.com)
  • Objectives Treatment of destructive endocarditis with abscess formation is a surgical challenge and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Conclusion Surgical treatment of destructive endocarditis with abscess formation using patch repair techniques offers acceptable early and long-term results. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Splenic Abscess Associated with Endocarditis" by S. L. Robinson, Jonathan M. Saxe et al. (wright.edu)
  • Refractory or recurrent sepsis in patients with endocarditis may be from splenic abscess. (wright.edu)
  • Splenic abscess often accompanies endocarditis. (wright.edu)
  • In left-sided endocarditis, a simple scoring system, which combines etiology and vegetation size with time on antimicrobials, might contribute to a better assessment of the risk of embolism, and to a more individualized analysis of indications and contraindications for early surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Background: Streptococcus bovis is a classical etiology of endocarditis and is associated with colonic lesions. (fiocruz.br)
  • Symptoms of endocarditis may develop slowly or suddenly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you develop endocarditis, you may get sudden symptoms, or you may develop them over time. (webmd.com)
  • If you notice symptoms of endocarditis or your doctor thinks you might have it, they may suggest some tests. (webmd.com)
  • Non-infective endocarditis may not have any symptoms and is not normally as bad or dangerous as infective endocarditis. (differencebetween.net)
  • Symptoms of endocarditis (for both infective and non-infective) might appear if there are noticeable deposits on the valves that have increased in size. (differencebetween.net)
  • With infective endocarditis, symptoms also include fever and night sweats. (differencebetween.net)
  • Endocarditis has either no symptoms or has signs like palpitations, shortness of breath, fever, and night sweats. (differencebetween.net)
  • If you meet the risk factors for infective endocarditis and are experiencing symptoms, you may require emergency medical care. (thechristhospital.com)
  • Endocarditis signs and symptoms can vary from person to person. (rwjbh.org)
  • Your doctor may suspect endocarditis based on your medical history, signs and symptoms you're experiencing, and your test results. (rwjbh.org)
  • If you think you have any symptoms of endocarditis, seek medical care immediately. (pregistry.com)
  • Endocarditis occurs when germs enter the bloodstream and then travel to the heart. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Infective endocarditis occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and travel. (merckmanuals.com)
  • WEDNESDAY, Jan. 30, 2019 (HealthDay News) - The risk for infective endocarditis related to injection drug use increased from 2006 to 2015, according to a study published online Jan. 28 in CMAJ , the journal of the Canadian Medical Association. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Matthew A. Weir, M.D., from Western University in London, Ontario, Canada, and colleagues conducted a retrospective, population-based time series analysis to examine the quarterly risk for admissions for infective endocarditis related to injection drug use and changes in opioid prescription rates from 2006 to 2015. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The researchers found that during the study period, there was an increase in the risk for admissions for infective endocarditis related to injection drug use. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of infective endocarditis are categorized in dental and non-dental interventions. (smw.ch)
  • Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Incidence of Endocarditis Before and After the 2007 AHA Recommendations. (smw.ch)
  • Trends in endocarditis hospitalizations at US children's hospitals: impact of the 2007 American Heart Association Antibiotic Prophylaxis Guidelines. (medscape.com)
  • Impact of the NICE guideline recommending cessation of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of infective endocarditis: before and after study. (medscape.com)
  • There are many causes of endocarditis including cancer, the autoimmune disease lupus as well as infections like TB or pneumonia. (differencebetween.net)
  • Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is most commonly found on previously undamaged valves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fungal endocarditis rarely affects native valves. (medscape.com)
  • In the case of infective endocarditis additional medicine is needed that includes intravenous (IV) antibiotics and even surgery to repair valves. (differencebetween.net)
  • If left untreated, endocarditis can cause damage to, or completely destroy, the heart's valves with life-threatening complications. (adventhealth.com)
  • Brucellosis endocarditis is a rare but life -threatening complication of brucellosis , involving congenital , prosthetic and even native valves. (bvsalud.org)
  • The risk of endocarditis in pregnancy is low (less than 1 per 10,000 women). (pregistry.com)
  • Lactococcus garvieae, the needle in the haystack: a rare form of endocarditis. (escardio.org)
  • Sixty-two cases of endocarditis occurring in children between January 1977 and February 1992 were reviewed and compared with series from the 1970s and early 1980s. (nih.gov)
  • Here, using mutation analyses and complementation, we demonstrated that both the ebp (encoding endocarditis and biofilm-associated pili) operon and srtC are important for biofilm production of E. faecalis strain OG1RF. (jci.org)
  • Two well-studied E. faecalis adhesins, aggregation substance (AS) and endocarditis- and biofilm-associated pili (Ebp), both contribute to biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces and in endocarditis, suggesting that they may be expressed at the same time. (nih.gov)
  • Also unlike infective endocarditis, NBTE does not cause an inflammation response from the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Okay, so both people likely have endocarditis , or inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. (osmosis.org)
  • Dental hygiene is an important part of endocarditis prevention. (webmd.com)
  • These biologically important surface pili, which are antigenic in humans during endocarditis and encoded by a ubiquitous E. faecalis operon, may be a useful immunotarget for studies aimed at prevention and/or treatment of this pathogen. (jci.org)
  • The major focus of the revised recommendations is a comprehensive prevention campaign for all patients at risk for infective endocarditis. (smw.ch)
  • Prevention of endocarditis. (rch.org.au)
  • Download our wall chart summary of the New Zealand Guideline for Prevention of Infective Endocarditis Associated with Dental and Other Medical Interventions (2008). (heartfoundation.org.nz)
  • Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. (medscape.com)
  • Incidence, Microbiology, and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Infective Endocarditis. (smw.ch)
  • Evaluate other findings among patients with T. whipplei endocarditis. (cdc.gov)
  • Morphologic abnormalities of eosinophils have been noted in patients with Loeffler endocarditis, suggesting that these eosinophils were mature or stimulated. (medscape.com)
  • Endocarditis remained undiagnosed in seven seriously ill patients until postmortem examination. (nih.gov)
  • We report on our registry-based experience with outcomes of consecutive patients with infective endocarditis with distant embolisation. (springer.com)
  • We aimed to describe the patient characteristics of infective endocarditis complicated by distant organ embolisation and the safety aspects of continuing endocarditis treatment at home in these patients. (springer.com)
  • Additionally, we provide information on the safety aspects of continuing endocarditis treatment at home in these patients. (springer.com)
  • From November 2018 through April 2022, all patients with suspected endocarditis were presented at the weekly Endocarditis Team meeting at Northwest Clinics in Alkmaar, the Netherlands. (springer.com)
  • The causative organism of endocarditis was E. faecalis in 10 patients and E. faecium in 2. (isciii.es)
  • C reactive protein (CRP) was measured serially in 29 patients with infective endocarditis. (bmj.com)
  • Serial measurements of CRP concentrations in patients with infective endocarditis may be useful to monitor treatment and also to detect other infections and complications. (bmj.com)
  • Endocarditis occurred in 18 patients who had not had surgical correction or palliation of the defect (non-operated group). (bmj.com)
  • Endocarditis occurred soon after open heart surgery in eight patients and as a late complication in the other 16. (bmj.com)
  • Embolic events are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with infective endocarditis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of 564 patients treated for documented endocarditis between 1970 and 1990, splenic abscesses developed in 27 patients. (wright.edu)
  • Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with Unsuspected Infective Endocarditis. (rush.edu)
  • Fungal endocarditis is often difficult to diagnose because the presentation may be nonspecific, and the disease typically occurs in otherwise critically ill patients with confusing clinical pictures. (medscape.com)
  • Fungal endocarditis (six cases) had a 67% mortality rate. (nih.gov)
  • No particular inheritance patterns are associated with fungal endocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • Fungal endocarditis may spread from intrathoracic (particularly pleural-based) infections. (medscape.com)
  • Two thirds of fungal endocarditis is candidal. (medscape.com)
  • Data are too limited to document the incidence of fungal endocarditis in the developing world. (medscape.com)
  • [ 13 ] Ganesan et al performed a review of 192 published cases and reported a 56% overall mortality rate for pediatric fungal endocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • Endocarditis is characterized by lesions, known as vegetations, which is a mass of platelets, fibrin, microcolonies of microorganisms, and scant inflammatory cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of the present study was to compare the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Streptococcus bovis endocarditis with those of endocarditis caused by oral streptococci, using data obtained from a large international database of uniformly defined cases of infective endocarditis. (duke.edu)
  • In some countries, the frequency of S. bovis endocarditis has increased significantly in recent years. (duke.edu)
  • Data from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis merged database was used to identify the main characteristics of S. bovis endocarditis and compared them with those of infective endocarditis (IE) due to oral streptococci. (duke.edu)
  • Objectives: To describe aspects of S. bovis endocarditis. (fiocruz.br)
  • If you have a healthy heart, it's unlikely that you'll develop endocarditis. (webmd.com)
  • This is called Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis , or NBTE. (osmosis.org)
  • This form is called noninfective endocarditis. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Noninfective endocarditis sometimes leads to infective endocarditis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Typically NBTE does not cause many problems on its own, but parts of the vegetations may break off and embolize to the heart or brain, or they may serve as a focus where bacteria can lodge, thus causing infective endocarditis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like NBTE, Libman-Sacks endocarditis involves small vegetations, while infective endocarditis is composed of large vegetations. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the subacute form of infective endocarditis, the vegetation may also include a center of granulomatous tissue, which may fibrose or calcify. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anemia is common in subacute endocarditis, and leukocytosis is a hallmark of acute endocarditis. (medscape.com)
  • endocarditis in Marseille, France, and compared them 9 (32%) had valvular disease and 11 (39%) had fever. (cdc.gov)
  • La presentación del Dr. Iván Mendoza, presidente del Comité COVID-19 de la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología (SIAC), forma parte del ciclo de conferencias "Abordaje cardiovascular durante la COVID-19", organizado por la OPS en Venezuela. (bvsalud.org)
  • Clinical features and microbiological examinations are the first steps to diagnose an infective endocarditis. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 3 ] Pathologic specimens in Loeffler endocarditis show eosinophilic myocarditis, a tendency toward endomyocardial fibrosis and clinical manifestations of thromboembolism, and acute heart failure. (medscape.com)
  • Recognition of the clinical features of endocarditis, such as distant embolisation, and adequate treatment should be initiated promptly given the grim perspective of upcoming virulent pathogens. (springer.com)
  • The mortality from infective endocarditis was 17% for non-operated cases, 0% for those who had had closed heart surgery, and 50% for those who had had open heart surgery. (bmj.com)
  • CHDs predispose to the development of infective endocarditis (IE) and represent a risk factor for increased mortality due to IE. (bmj.com)
  • Loeffler endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis are restrictive cardiomyopathies, defined as diseases of the heart muscle that result in impaired ventricular filling with normal or decreased diastolic volume of either or both ventricles. (medscape.com)
  • The Swiss societies of Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiology and the Pediatric Infectious Disease Group of Switzerland present the current update on infective endocarditis prophylaxis in a joint initiative. (smw.ch)
  • This study aimed to estimate the frequency of Infective Endocarditis and build the profile of the cases admitted in a reference Hospital for infectious diseases in Rio Grande do Norte from 2003 to 2009. (bvsalud.org)
  • Infective endocarditis in the pediatric patient: a 60-year single-institution review. (medscape.com)
  • Outcomes of surgical therapy for infective endocarditis in a pediatric population: a 21-year review. (medscape.com)
  • We present the case of a patient with a history of prolonged febrile syndrome who underwent antibiotic treatment for an Infective Endocarditis (EI) due to a compatible image with vegetation in the transthoracic echocardiogram. (bvsalud.org)
  • Early treatment of endocarditis improves the chances of a good outcome. (health32.com)
  • These will look for bacteria in your bloodstream or show other things related to endocarditis, such as anemia , which means you don't have enough red blood cells. (webmd.com)
  • Understanding how to recognize the signs of endocarditis can help you get quick treatment. (webmd.com)
  • Distant embolisation was not in itself a contra-indication for outpatient endocarditis@home treatment. (springer.com)
  • However, recognition and treatment of endocarditis have become more sophisticated, and adequate treatment should be initiated promptly given the grim perspective of upcoming virulent pathogens. (springer.com)
  • A multicentre evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of high-dose daptomycin for the treatment of infective endocarditis. (rush.edu)