Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.
Number of patients who need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome. It is the inverse of Absolute Risk Reduction.
The terminal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, beginning from the ampulla of the RECTUM and ending at the anus.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.
Endoscopic surgical procedures performed with visualization via video transmission. When real-time video is combined interactively with prior CT scans or MRI images, this is called image-guided surgery (see SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED).
Conducting a fine needle biopsy with the aid of ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the anterior superior mediastinum of the thorax.
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A blind comparison of the effectiveness of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopy in staging early gastric cancer. (1/935)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasonography is expected to be useful for invasion depth staging of early gastric cancer. A prospective blind study of the staging characteristics of endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography for early gastric cancer was performed. METHODS: Findings of endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography using a 20 MHz thin ultrasound probe were independently reviewed and the results of 52 early gastric cancer lesions analysed. RESULTS: The overall accuracy rates in invasion depth staging of early gastric cancer were 63% for endoscopy and 71% for endoscopic ultrasonography. No statistically significant differences were observed in overall accuracy. Endoscopic ultrasonography tended to overstage, and lesions that were classified as mucosal cancer by endoscopic ultrasonography were very likely (95%) to be limited to the mucosa on histological examination. All 16 lesions staged as mucosal cancer independently but coincidentally by both methods were histologically limited to the mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ultrasonography is expected to compensate for the understaging of lesions with submucosal invasion that are endoscopically staged as mucosal cancer.  (+info)

Double gallbladder originating from left hepatic duct: a case report and review of literature. (2/935)

BACKGROUND: Double gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary tract. Double gallbladder arising from the left hepatic duct was previously reported only once in the literature. CASE REPORT: A case of symptomatic cholelithiasis in a double gallbladder, diagnosed on preoperative ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) is reported. At laparoscopic cholangiography via the accessory gallbladder no accessory cystic duct was visualized. After conversion to open cholecystectomy, the duplicated gallbladder was found to arise directly from the left hepatic duct; it was resected and the duct repaired. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize that a careful intraoperative cholangiographic evaluation of the accessory gallbladder is mandatory in order to prevent inadvertent injury to bile ducts, since a large variety of ductal abnormality may exist.  (+info)

Transvaginal ultrasonography in the assessment of organic diseases of female urethra. (3/935)

The current investigation aimed to check the effectiveness of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of organic urethral diseases, comparing its results with those of conventional examinations (physical examination, voiding cystourethrography, pelvic ultrasonography, cystourethroscopy). Transvaginal ultrasonography was performed in 560 female patients with recurrent cystitis, dysuria, or palpable masses and diagnosed the following urethral diseases: 25 diverticula, seven stenoses, three carcinomas, two leiomyomas of periurethral tissue, and one incomplete duplex urethra. In our study transvaginal ultrasonography proved to be the most reliable diagnostic tool among imaging methods used.  (+info)

Artificial neural network models for the preoperative discrimination between malignant and benign adnexal masses. (4/935)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to generate and evaluate artificial neural network (ANN) models from simple clinical and ultrasound-derived criteria to predict whether or not an adnexal mass will have histological evidence of malignancy. DESIGN: The data were collected prospectively from 173 consecutive patients who were scheduled to undergo surgical investigations at the University Hospitals, Leuven, between August 1994 and August 1996. The outcome measure was the histological classification of excised tissues as malignant (including borderline) or benign. METHODS: Age, menopausal status and serum CA 125 levels and sonographic features of the adnexal mass were encoded as variables. The ANNs were trained on a randomly selected set of 116 patient records and tested on the remainder (n = 57). The performance of each model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and compared with corresponding data from an established risk of malignancy index (RMI) and a logistic regression model. RESULTS: There were 124 benign masses, five of borderline malignancy and 44 invasive cancers (of which 29% were metastatic); 37% of patients with a malignant or borderline tumor had stage I disease. The best ANN gave an area under the ROC curve of 0.979 for the whole dataset, a sensitivity of 95.9% and specificity of 93.5%. The corresponding values for the RMI were 0.882, 67.3% and 91.1%, and for the logistic regression model 0.956, 95.9% and 85.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: An ANN can be trained to provide clinically accurate information, on whether or not an adnexal mass is malignant, from the patient's menopausal status, serum CA 125 levels, and some simple ultrasonographic criteria.  (+info)

The pattern of changes in ovarian stromal and uterine artery blood flow velocities during in vitro fertilization treatment and its relationship with outcome of the cycle. (5/935)

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of short-term (2-3 weeks) pituitary suppression and controlled ovarian stimulation on ovarian and uterine artery Doppler measurements during the in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment cycle and to compare the pattern of these changes between conception and non-conception cycles as well as between patients with normal and those with polycystic ovaries. DESIGN: Prospective observational study of women undergoing IVF treatment. SUBJECTS: Women using the long-treatment buserelin protocol who did not have uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts or endometrioma. METHODS: Serial transvaginal color and pulsed Doppler measurements of ovarian stromal and uterine artery blood flow velocity were carried out in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, on the day of pituitary suppression and on the day of administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The main outcome measures were the ovarian stromal and uterine artery blood flow peak systolic velocity (PSV) and pulsatility index (PI). RESULTS: A total of 105 patients were recruited but six patients were excluded from the analysis because they had only one stage of the measurements performed. There was a significant decline in mean ovarian stromal artery PSV after 2-3 weeks of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist therapy but no effect on ovarian stromal artery PI. The mean uterine artery PSV or PI did not change significantly after 2-3 weeks of GnRH agonist therapy. There was a significantly higher mean ovarian stromal artery PSV in conception cycles compared to non-conception cycles in the early follicular phase and on the day of pituitary suppression, but not on the day of hCG administration. There were no differences between conception and non-conception cycles in the mean uterine artery PSV or PI. Women with polycystic ovaries had a higher mean ovarian artery PSV on all the three occasions of measurement. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that assessment of ovarian blood flow before commencement of gonadotropin stimulation may play a role in assessing cycles likely to result in pregnancy.  (+info)

Diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of mediastinal masses in patients with intrapulmonary lesions and nondiagnostic bronchoscopy. (6/935)

Several procedures are available for the cytopathological diagnosis of mediastinal lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in patients with mediastinal mass lesions/lymph node enlargement. All patients had intrapulmonary lesions on chest X ray and/or CT scan, and inconclusive findings by endobronchial forceps biopsy and/or brush cytology. EUS-guided FNA was performed in 16 patients using a modified oblique forward-viewing gastroscope with an electronic multielement curved linear ultrasound transducer. After the region of interest was localized, a 22-gauge Vilmann-Hancke needle was introduced via the 2-mm biopsy channel. The cytological diagnosis of EUS-guided FNA was conclusive for cancer in 9 patients and in the other 7 patients the aspirated samples revealed a benign lesion. In 10 patients the final diagnosis was cancer, thus EUS-guided FNA was diagnostic for malignancy in all but 1 of the lesions (sensitivity 90.0%). In 1 patient epitheloid cell granuloma was detected by cytological examination of the FNA. Following tuberculostatic treatment the lesions disappeared completely on CT scan and EUS. The overall accuracy in this study amounted to 93.7%. From this and other studies discussed, it is assumed that the procedure is an accurate and safe technique to examine nodular lesions suggestive of metastatic lymph node involvement.  (+info)

Differential diagnosis of small polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: the value of endoscopic ultrasonography. (7/935)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in making a differential diagnosis of small (< or =20 mm) polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Differential diagnosis of these lesions is often difficult using conventional imaging modalities. METHODS: The findings of EUS and transabdominal ultrasonography were retrospectively analyzed in 65 surgical cases of small polypoid lesions (cholesterol polyp in 40, adenomyomatosis in 9, adenoma in 4, and adenocarcinoma in 12). RESULTS: Polypoid lesions exceeding 10 mm suggested malignancy. EUS showed a tiny echogenic spot or an aggregation of echogenic spots with or without echopenic areas in 95% of patients with cholesterol polyps. EUS showed multiple microcysts or comet tail artifact in all adenomyomatosis cases. Adenomas and adenocarcinomas were not associated with the echogenic spots, microcysts, or artifacts. Among adenomas and adenocarcinomas, all sessile lesions were adenocarcinomas. EUS differentiated among polypoid lesions more precisely than ultrasonography (97% vs. 71%). CONCLUSIONS: A tiny echogenic spot or an aggregation of echogenic spots and multiple microcysts or comet tail artifact is pathognomonic for cholesterol polyp and adenomyomatosis, respectively. Polypoid lesions without these findings indicate adenoma or adenocarcinoma on EUS. Routine use of EUS is recommended for differential diagnosis of polypoid gallbladder lesions when ultrasonography shows no signs indicative of either cholesterol polyp or adenomyomatosis.  (+info)

Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy: a large single centre experience. (8/935)

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) is a recent innovation in the evaluation of gastrointestinal and pulmonary malignancies. AIMS: To review the experience with EUS-FNA of a large single centre. METHODS: 333 consecutive patients underwent EUS-FNA. Follow up data were available on 327 lesions in 317 patients, including 160 lymph nodes, 144 pancreatic lesions, 15 extraintestinal masses, and eight intramural tumours. RESULTS: A primary diagnosis of malignancy was obtained by EUS-FNA in 62% of patients with clinically suspicious lesions. The overall accuracy of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of malignancy was 86%, with sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 96%. With respect to lesion types, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 85%, 100%, and 89% for lymph nodes; 82%, 100%, and 85% for pancreatic lesions; 88%, 100%, and 90% for perirectal masses; and 50%, 25%, and 38% for intramural lesions, respectively. Compared with size and sonographic criteria, EUS-FNA in the evaluation of lymph nodes provided superior accuracy and specificity, without compromising sensitivity. Inadequate specimens were obtained from only six patients, including 3/5 with stromal tumors. Only one complication occurred. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-FNA is safe and can readily obtain tissue specimens adequate for cytopathological diagnoses. Compared with size and sonographic criteria, it is a superior modality for the detection of nodal metastases. While providing accurate diagnosis of pancreatic and perirectal malignancies, results suggest the technique is less useful for intramural lesions.  (+info)

Endosonography, also known as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), is a medical procedure that combines endoscopy and ultrasound to obtain detailed images and information about the digestive tract and surrounding organs. An endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip, is inserted through the mouth or rectum to reach the area of interest. A high-frequency ultrasound transducer at the tip of the endoscope generates sound waves that bounce off body tissues and create echoes, which are then translated into detailed images by a computer.

Endosonography allows doctors to visualize structures such as the esophageal, stomach, and intestinal walls, lymph nodes, blood vessels, and organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. It can help diagnose conditions such as tumors, inflammation, and infections, and it can also be used to guide biopsies or fine-needle aspirations of suspicious lesions.

Overall, endosonography is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of various gastrointestinal and related disorders.

Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) is a statistical concept used in clinical medicine and research. It represents the number of patients you need to treat with a particular intervention or therapy, in order to achieve a desired outcome, compared to a control group that does not receive the treatment. The lower the NNT, the more effective the treatment is considered to be, as fewer patients need to be treated to see a benefit. It's important to note that NNT should always be interpreted within the context of the study and the specific patient population being studied.

The anal canal is the terminal portion of the digestive tract, located between the rectum and the anus. It is a short tube-like structure that is about 1 to 1.5 inches long in adults. The main function of the anal canal is to provide a seal for the elimination of feces from the body while also preventing the leakage of intestinal contents.

The inner lining of the anal canal is called the mucosa, which is kept moist by the production of mucus. The walls of the anal canal contain specialized muscles that help control the passage of stool during bowel movements. These muscles include the internal and external sphincters, which work together to maintain continence and allow for the voluntary release of feces.

The anal canal is an important part of the digestive system and plays a critical role in maintaining bowel function and overall health.

Duodenoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a duodenoscope, which is a flexible, lighted tube with a camera and tiny tools on the end, through the mouth and down the throat to examine the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) and the opening of the bile and pancreatic ducts.

During the procedure, the doctor can take tissue samples for biopsy, remove polyps or other abnormal growths, or perform other interventions as needed. Duodenoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and treat conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammation, infection, and cancer.

It's important to note that duodenoscopes have been associated with the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in some cases, so healthcare providers must follow strict cleaning and disinfection protocols to minimize this risk.

Video-assisted surgery, also known as video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), is a type of minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a video camera and specialized instruments to perform the operation. A small incision is made in the body, and the surgeon inserts a thin tube with a camera on the end, known as a thoracoscope, into the chest cavity. The camera transmits images of the internal organs onto a video monitor, allowing the surgeon to visualize and perform the surgery. This type of surgery often results in smaller incisions, less pain, and faster recovery times compared to traditional open surgery. It is commonly used for procedures such as lung biopsies, lobectomies, and esophageal surgeries.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a medical procedure that combines the use of endoscopy and ultrasound to guide the fine needle aspiration biopsy of internal organs or lesions. This technique allows for the sampling of tissue from inside the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent organs such as the pancreas, lymph nodes, and liver.

During the procedure, an endoscope equipped with an ultrasound probe is inserted through the patient's mouth and advanced to the area of interest. The ultrasound probe provides real-time images of the internal organs and lesions, allowing the physician to guide the fine needle into the target tissue. Once the needle is in position, suction is applied to collect a sample of cells or fluid for further examination under a microscope.

EUS-FNA is commonly used to diagnose and stage various types of cancer, as well as to evaluate other conditions such as pancreatitis, chronic liver disease, and gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. The procedure is generally safe and well-tolerated, with minimal risks and complications. However, as with any medical procedure, there are potential risks and benefits that should be discussed with a healthcare provider before undergoing EUS-FNA.

Mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure in which a tubular instrument called mediastinoscope is inserted through a small incision made at the base of the neck, typically in the suprasternal notch. This procedure allows the medical professional to examine the mediastinum, which is the area within the chest between the lungs, containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other vital structures. The examination can help identify any abnormalities, such as tumors or inflammation, and in some cases, biopsies of suspicious tissues may be taken for further analysis. Mediastinoscopy is typically performed under general anesthesia in a hospital setting.

Fecal incontinence is the involuntary loss or leakage of stool (feces) from the rectum. It is also known as bowel incontinence. This condition can range from occasional leakage of stool when passing gas to a complete loss of bowel control. Fecal incontinence can be an embarrassing and distressing problem, but there are treatments available that can help improve symptoms and quality of life.

The causes of fecal incontinence can vary, but some common factors include:

* Damage to the muscles or nerves that control bowel function, such as from childbirth, surgery, spinal cord injury, or long-term constipation or diarrhea.
* Chronic digestive conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
* Neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, or spina bifida.
* Aging, which can lead to a decrease in muscle strength and control.

Treatment for fecal incontinence depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Treatments may include:

* Bowel training exercises to improve muscle strength and control.
* Changes in diet to help regulate bowel movements.
* Medications to treat constipation or diarrhea.
* Surgery to repair damaged muscles or nerves, or to create a new opening for stool to exit the body.

If you are experiencing symptoms of fecal incontinence, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider. They can help determine the cause of your symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.

There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. It is located in the midline of the neck and chest, passing through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus has a few distinct parts: the upper esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the throat), the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter (another ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food and liquids to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

The walls of the esophagus are made up of several layers, including mucosa (a moist tissue that lines the inside of the tube), submucosa (a layer of connective tissue), muscle (both voluntary and involuntary types), and adventitia (an outer layer of connective tissue).

Common conditions affecting the esophagus include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, esophageal strictures, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Rectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissues of the rectum, which can be benign or malignant. They are characterized by uncontrolled cell division and can invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). The most common type of rectal neoplasm is rectal cancer, which often begins as a small polyp or growth in the lining of the rectum. Other types of rectal neoplasms include adenomas, carcinoids, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Regular screenings are recommended for early detection and treatment of rectal neoplasms.

Neoplasm staging is a systematic process used in medicine to describe the extent of spread of a cancer, including the size and location of the original (primary) tumor and whether it has metastasized (spread) to other parts of the body. The most widely accepted system for this purpose is the TNM classification system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC).

In this system, T stands for tumor, and it describes the size and extent of the primary tumor. N stands for nodes, and it indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. M stands for metastasis, and it shows whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

Each letter is followed by a number that provides more details about the extent of the disease. For example, a T1N0M0 cancer means that the primary tumor is small and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant sites. The higher the numbers, the more advanced the cancer.

Staging helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment for each patient and estimate the patient's prognosis. It is an essential tool for communication among members of the healthcare team and for comparing outcomes of treatments in clinical trials.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Hawes, Robert H.; Fockens, Paul (1 November 2010). Endosonography E-Book: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN ...
u: stage determined by ultrasonography or endosonography. Clinicians often use this modifier although it is not an officially ...
US20140330294A1, Binmoeller, Kenneth F., "Methods and devices for endosonography-guided fundoplexy", issued 2014-11-06 "Endeau ...
Endoscopy, endosonography and chest CT scans reveal a solitary esophageal mass of varying size or, more commonly, a linear ...
Society of Gastroenterology Hungarian Society of Pancreatology Hungarian Society of Endoscopy Hungarian Endosonography Club ...
... when the same authors used anal endosonography in a consecutive group of 202 deliveries, there was evidence of third-degree ...
... endosonography MeSH E01.370.350.850.565 - microscopy, acoustic MeSH E01.370.350.850.850 - ultrasonography, doppler MeSH E01.370 ...
Mediastinoscopy vs endosonography for mediastinal nodal staging of lung cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010; 304: 2245-2252. ... Endosonography for mediastinal nodal staging of clinical N1 non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective multicenter study. Chest ... Combined endosonography. EBUS-TBNA and EUS-(B)-FNA combined. Complete mediastinal nodal staging. All nodes evaluated (in ... Combined endobronchial and oesophageal endosonography for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Peter Vilmann, Paul Frost ...
Machine learning-based decision tool for selecting patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis for endosonography to exclude a ... Upon prospective validation, the prediction score will aid in decision-making on which patient to subject to endosonography for ... Machine learning-based decision tool for selecting patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis for endosonography to exclude a ... Machine learning-based decision tool for selecting patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis for endosonography to exclude a ...
P08 Cancer of oesophagus or gastricus-new assessment of technology of endosonography: findings ... P08 Cancer of oesophagus or gastricus-new assessment of technology of endosonography: findings ...
... , 5th Edition, coves the full spectrum of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in a single, convenient resource. Concise, ... A must-have reference for both beginning and experienced endosonographers, Endosonography, 5th Edition, coves the full spectrum ...
PET-CT and endosonography are two critical modalities for correct staging of esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer incorrect ... Most important two examinations in esophageal cancer staging are PET-CT scan and endosonography. With the PET-CT scan we are ... And the same is true in endosonography. You look for the primary tumor stage. You determine if esophageal cancer is ... Endosonography looks for the primary tumor stage. Ultrasound determines if esophageal cancer is infiltrating already ...
Benefit from the broad wisdom and experience of world-renowned leaders in endosonography, Drs. Robert H. Hawes, Paul Fockens, ... Endosonography by Robert H. Hawes,Paul Fockens,Shyam Varadarajulu March 20, 2017. admin ... Glean all crucial, up to date information regarding endosonography including transluminal drainage approaches, contrast- ... From diagnostic to healing strategies, Endosonography, third variation is an easy-to-access, hugely visible consultant masking ...
Endosonography in pancreatic disease: Differential diagnosis. In: van Dam J, Sivak MV, eds. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ... Endosonography. EUS was performed by two qualified (from the Japanese Gastroenterological Endoscopic Society) endoscopists (MK ... and endosonography. Final diagnoses based on histological findings were pancreatic ductal carcinomas in 49 patients, ... endosonography (EUS), contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT), and catheterised angiography are employed. Contrast enhanced ...
Hawes, Robert H.; Fockens, Paul (1 November 2010). Endosonography E-Book: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN ...
We conducted endosonography-guided biliary drainage (ESBD) for a patient with a benign distal biliary stricture. The patient ... N2 - We conducted endosonography-guided biliary drainage (ESBD) for a patient with a benign distal biliary stricture. The ... AB - We conducted endosonography-guided biliary drainage (ESBD) for a patient with a benign distal biliary stricture. The ... abstract = "We conducted endosonography-guided biliary drainage (ESBD) for a patient with a benign distal biliary stricture. ...
Endosonography / methods * Endosonography / standards* * Female * Humans * Lung Neoplasms / diagnosis * Lung Neoplasms / ...
In performing noncardiac surgery on patients on anticoagulation, the major concern is when it is safe to perform surgery without increasing the risk of hemorrhage or increasing the risk of thromboembolism (eg, venous, arterial) after discontinuing treatment. In treating patients on long-term warfarin (Coumadin) perioperatively, consider the r...
From: Is endosonography an effective method for detection and local staging of the ampullary carcinoma? A prospective study ...
The most common type of MLC was CDU. A new classification that depends on the communication with the urethra or seminal tract is proposed.
Endosonography of the esophagus. In: Margulis and Burhennes Alimentary Tract Radiology. 1994: 264-71. ...
In performing noncardiac surgery on patients on anticoagulation, the major concern is when it is safe to perform surgery without increasing the risk of hemorrhage or increasing the risk of thromboembolism (eg, venous, arterial) after discontinuing treatment. In treating patients on long-term warfarin (Coumadin) perioperatively, consider the r...
This procedure is also called endosonography.. *Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A type of radionuclide scan used to find ...
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or endosonography: A flexible tube with an ultrasound device attached to the tip is inserted ...
Endosonography. 2019; : 140 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-54723-9.00013-0 9. M. Barral, S. Ahmed Faraoun, E.K. Fishman, A. Dohan, C. ...
Palabras clave : Endosonography; Pancreas; Risk factors; Case-control studies. · resumen en Español · texto en Español · ...
Anal endosonography in patients with anorectal symptoms after haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1522-1524. [PubMed] [DOI] [ ... Unsuspected sphincter defects shown by anal endosonography after anorectal surgery. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995 ...
Management of Difficult Bile Duct Stones by Large Balloon, Cholangioscopy, Enteroscopy and Endosonography. Gut Liver. 2020 May ...
Mini-endosonography, conventional endosonography. *Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), polypectomy. *Push-enteroscopy. ...
Endosonography and Capsule Endoscopy are available too.. *The Gastrointestinal surgeons manage major treatments related to ...
Endosonography of peri-anal and peri-colorectal fistula and/or abscess in Crohns disease. Gastrointest Endosc 1990;36:331-6. ... Anal endosonography for recurrent anal fistulas: image enhancement with hydrogen peroxide. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:1158-60. ... Clinical examination, endosonography, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of fistula in ano: comparison with outcome- ... Anal endosonography: technique and normal anatomy. Gastrointest Radiol 1989;14:349-53. ...
This procedure is also called endosonography.. * Laparoscopy: A surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the abdomen to ...
Relative merits of MRI, transrectal endosonography and CT in diagnosis and staging of carcinome of prostate. Urology 1988; 31: ...
Role of endosonography prior to endoscopic treatment of esophageal cancer. Tomas HUCL * ...
Endosonography an important diagnostic tool in identifying a small aldosterone-producing adenoma in a patient with primary ...
Endosonography: It is a minimally invasive procedure to determine the gastrointestinal and lung conditions in which a special ...
Keywords: Alagille Syndrome, Bronchoscopy, Diagnostic Test Approval, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Biopsy, Endosonography, Lung, ...
  • A must-have reference for both beginning and experienced endosonographers, Endosonography, 5th Edition, coves the full spectrum of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in a single, convenient resource. (callisto.ro)
  • The diagnosis of pancreatic cancers, particularly their differential diagnosis from chronic pancreatitis, has often been difficult, even when a combination of various imaging modalities such as ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endosonography (EUS), contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT), and catheterised angiography are employed. (bmj.com)
  • Glean all crucial, up to date information regarding endosonography including transluminal drainage approaches, contrast-enhanced EUS, and fine-needle aspiration techniques. (thecalamarisisters.com)
  • Endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: diagnostic accuracy and complication assessment. (unina.it)
  • From diagnostic to healing strategies, Endosonography, third variation is an easy-to-access, hugely visible consultant masking everything you need to successfully practice EUS, interpret your findings, diagnose safely, and select the simplest therapy path. (thecalamarisisters.com)
  • Read Online Diagnostic Endosonography: A Case-based Approach PDF eBook Diagnostic Endosonography: A Case-based Approach by Download Diagnostic Endosonography: A Case-based Approach or Read Diagnostic Endosonography: A Case-based Approach online books in PDF, EPUB and Mobi Format. (ebookfamilystore.org)
  • METHODS: Patients diagnosed with mediastinal LNTB via endosonography were evaluated retrospectively between October 2009 and December 2019. (bvsalud.org)
  • Benefit from the broad wisdom and experience of world-renowned leaders in endosonography , Drs. Robert H. Hawes, Paul Fockens, and Shyam Varadarajulu. (thecalamarisisters.com)
  • World-renowned endosonographers aid novices follow endosonography in staging cancers, comparing persistent pancreatitis, and learning bile duct abnormalities and submucosal lesions. (thecalamarisisters.com)
  • Sixty five patients with suspicious pancreatic tumours received contrast enhanced coded phase inversion harmonic ultrasonography, contrast enhanced computed tomography, and endosonography. (bmj.com)
  • Values for sensitivity in depicting pancreatic tumours of 2 cm or less in size were 68% for contrast enhanced computed tomography, 95% for endosonography, and 95% for contrast enhanced ultrasonography. (bmj.com)
  • We conducted endosonography-guided biliary drainage (ESBD) for a patient with a benign distal biliary stricture. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although diagnosis of mediastinal LNTB has become much easier with the development of endosonography, limited information is available. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dr. Christoph Maurer, MD. Most important two examinations in esophageal cancer staging are PET-CT scan and endosonography. (diagnosticdetectives.com)
  • Subsequent surgical staging is recommended, when endosonography does not show malignant nodal involvement (recommendation grade B). (ersjournals.com)
  • If endosonography does not show malignant nodal involvement, we suggest that mediastinoscopy is considered, especially in suspected N1 disease (recommendation grade C). (ersjournals.com)
  • Anal endosonography (ultrasound) may be used to visualize the fistula and its internal openings. (news-medical.net)
  • 4. [Indications and value of endosonography of the upper gastrointestinal tract]. (nih.gov)
  • 5. [Endosonography in preoperative staging of gastrointestinal tumors]. (nih.gov)
  • 3. [Endosonography of the gastrointestinal tract--an assessment of current status]. (nih.gov)
  • 6. [Endosonography in oncology of the upper gastrointestinal tract]. (nih.gov)
  • Adequacy of endosonography-derived samples from peribronchial or periesophageal intrapulmonary lesions for the molecular profiling of lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2. [Endosonography in gastroenterology--an intermediate evaluation]. (nih.gov)