Epilepsy
Epilepsy, Generalized
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
Epilepsy, Reflex
Myoclonic Epilepsy, Juvenile
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe
Electroencephalography
Seizures
Epilepsy, Rolandic
Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic
Post and Core Technique
Sclerosis
Seizures, Febrile
Carbamazepine
Status Epilepticus
Pilocarpine
Anterior Temporal Lobectomy
Myoclonic Epilepsies, Progressive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Valproic Acid
Death, Sudden
Malformations of Cortical Development
Hippocampus
Temporal Lobe
Psychosurgery
Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal
Ketogenic Diet
Kindling, Neurologic
Brain
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Video Recording
Phenytoin
Vigabatrin
Spasms, Infantile
Neurosurgery
Convulsants
Triazines
Age of Onset
Epilepsy, Partial, Motor
Intellectual Disability
Electrodes, Implanted
Treatment Outcome
Cerebral Cortex
Functional Laterality
Neurocysticercosis
Nurse Clinicians
Retrospective Studies
Disease Models, Animal
Ethosuximide
Kainic Acid
Dentate Gyrus
Brain Diseases
Channelopathies
Neurology
Follow-Up Studies
Pentylenetetrazole
Brain Mapping
Drug Resistance
Tooth, Nonvital
Amobarbital
Neuropsychological Tests
Questionnaires
Neurons
Magnetoencephalography
Primidone
Receptors, GABA-A
Witchcraft
Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal
Tuberous Sclerosis
Neocortex
Famous Persons
Post-traumatic epilepsy: its complications and impact on occupational rehabilitation--an epidemiological study from India. (1/68)
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of seizure disorder, neuropsychiatric disorders and reproductive outcome of employees with post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) and their effect on occupational rehabilitation. A case-comparison group study design was used to compare 30 subjects with PTE with (1) 129 non-PTE and (2) 55 non-PTE matched control employees. The 55 non-PTE matched controls were selected from the 129 non-PTE employees on the basis of age, age at onset of seizure, age at marriage and length of employment. The PTE group had a lower fertility rate than the controls and more neuropsychiatric disorders and seizure disability. PTE employees were more occupationally rehabilitated than non-PTE employees (p = 0.033). Of the 30 PTE subjects, thirteen who were rehabilitated by placement had more seizure disability (p = 0.007) and a higher fertility rate (p = 0.018). High prevalence of seizure disability and increased fertility rate among the placed PTE employees suggested that there might be some association between severity of seizures and increased production of live offspring and work placement. Work suitability or placement should not be judged on clinical assessment only but psychosocial seizure assessment, disability evaluation and other psychometric tests which are of equal importance. (+info)Acute psychotic symptoms induced by topiramate. (2/68)
The incidence of psychosis during clinical trials of topiramate was 0.8%, not significantly different from the rate for placebo or reported rates of psychosis in patients with refractory epilepsy. We observed psychotic symptoms in five patients soon after initiation of topiramate therapy. We performed a retrospective chart review of the first 80 patients who began on topiramate after approval for clinical use, between January and April 1997. Symptoms suggestive of psychosis, including hallucinations and delusions, were sought for analysis. Cognitive effects such as psychomotor slowing, confusion, and somnolence were not included. Five patients developed definite psychotic symptoms 2 to 46 days after beginning topiramate. Dosages at symptom onset were 50-400 mg/day. Symptoms included paranoid delusions in four patients and auditory hallucinations in three. Symptoms of psychosis and other psychiatric symptoms resolved quickly with discontinuation of topiramate in three patients, dose reduction from 300 to 200 mg/day in one and with inpatient treatment and neuroleptics in another. One patient had a history of auditory hallucinations, one of aggressive and suicidal thoughts, but three had no significant psychiatric history. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of psychotic symptoms, even in patients without a previous psychiatric history, when prescribing topiramate. Symptoms resolve quickly with discontinuation. (+info)Increased pyramidal excitability and NMDA conductance can explain posttraumatic epileptogenesis without disinhibition: a model. (3/68)
Partially isolated cortical islands prepared in vivo become epileptogenic within weeks of the injury. In this model of chronic epileptogenesis, recordings from cortical slices cut through the injured area and maintained in vitro often show evoked, long- and variable-latency multiphasic epileptiform field potentials that also can occur spontaneously. These events are initiated in layer V and are synchronous with polyphasic long-duration excitatory and inhibitory potentials (currents) in neurons that may last several hundred milliseconds. Stimuli that are significantly above threshold for triggering these epileptiform events evoke only a single large excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) followed by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). We investigated the physiological basis of these events using simulations of a layer V network consisting of 500 compartmental model neurons, including 400 principal (excitatory) and 100 inhibitory cells. Epileptiform events occurred in response to a stimulus when sufficient N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) conductance was activated by feedback excitatory activity among pyramidal cells. In control simulations, this activity was prevented by the rapid development of IPSPs. One manipulation that could give rise to epileptogenesis was an increase in the threshold of inhibitory interneurons. However, previous experimental data from layer V pyramidal neurons of these chronic epileptogenic lesions indicate: upregulation, rather than downregulation, of inhibition; alterations in the intrinsic properties of pyramidal cells that would tend to make them more excitable; and sprouting of their intracortical axons and increased numbers of presumed synaptic contacts, which would increase recurrent EPSPs from one cell onto another. Consistent with this, we found that increasing the excitability of pyramidal cells and the strength of NMDA conductances, in the face of either unaltered or increased inhibition, resulted in generation of epileptiform activity that had characteristics similar to those of the experimental data. Thus epileptogenesis such as occurs after chronic cortical injury can result from alterations of intrinsic membrane properties of pyramidal neurons together with enhanced NMDA synaptic conductances. (+info)The risks of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury. (4/68)
The aim of this study is to present the incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and identify those characteristics of brain injuries that are associated with the development of seizures. We identified 5984 episodes of TBI (loss of consciousness, post-traumatic amnesia, or skull fracture) in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1935 to 1984. Of these, 4541 were followed for seizure. Injuries were classified as mild (loss of consciousness or amnesia less than 30 minutes), moderate (loss of consciousness 30 minutes to 1 day or a skull fracture), or severe (loss of consciousness of more than 1 day, subdural hematoma, or brain contusion). The incidence of TBI in the period from 1975 to 84 peaked at 800 per 100 000 in males aged 15-24. The relative risk of seizures was 1.5 (95 percent confidence interval 1.0-2.2) after mild injuries, but with no increase after 5 years; 2.9 (95 percent confidence interval 1.9-4.1) after moderate injuries; and 17.2 (95 percent confidence interval 12.3-23.6) after severe injuries. Significant risk factors were brain contusion with subdural hematoma, skull fracture, loss of consciousness or amnesia of 1 day or more, and age over 65 years. We conclude that TBI is a major public health problem and contributes to the occurrence of seizures and epilepsy. (+info)Current perception thresholds of epileptic patients treated with valproate. (5/68)
We investigated the current perception threshold (CPT) of epileptic patients treated with valproate. The CPTs at frequencies of 5 Hz, 250 Hz and 2000 Hz in the control group of patients were 198.9 +/- 15.8, 62.0 +/- 18.9 and 35.3 +/- 15.8, respectively. The CPTs at 5 Hz, 250 Hz and 2000 Hz in the epileptic group of patients were 350.6 +/- 61.3, 338.6 +/- 64.3 and 193.2 +/- 21.1, respectively. The CPTs at 5 Hz, 250 Hz and 2000 Hz in the epileptic group were significantly higher than those of the control group. We measured the CPTs for 6 months after the administration of valproate in three patients with traumatic epilepsy. Their CPTs were higher than that of the epileptic group. The CPTs at 5 Hz, 250 Hz and 2000 Hz reached a maximum 4 weeks after the administration of valproate for two of these patients and in 6 weeks for the other patient. When the administration of valproate to a patient was stopped, CPTs decreased. (+info)The attitude of courts in England to compensation for post-traumatic epilepsy. (6/68)
The attitudes of courts in England to the assessment of damages for post-traumatic epilepsy have dramatically changed over the last 20-30 years. In assessing damages for post-traumatic epilepsy the courts are faced with a number of considerations: epilepsy can appear several years after the injury; epilepsy is not a homogeneous condition; the eventual prognosis is unknown; the epilepsy may not have been directly due to the trauma; and epilepsy affects life expectancy and employment. Damages were originally fixed at the point of compensation, and these rather crude calculations led to both over- and under-compensation. This situation was improved in 1985, when courts were permitted to award damages on the assumption that epilepsy would not occur or worsen, and further damages should these assumptions prove to be incorrect. The courts in England still depend, however, upon the evidence of expert witnesses chosen by the plaintiff and defendant. A tension thus exists between the duty of expert witnesses to the court and the understandable inclination of expert witnesses to support the party that has instructed them. The Woolf report has led to changes in the responsibilities of expert witnesses, and will hopefully remedy many of the inconsistencies and inequities that occur. (+info)The structural basis of moderate disability after traumatic brain damage. (7/68)
The objective was to discover the nature of brain damage in survivors of head injury who are left with moderate disability. Macroscopic and microscopic examination was carried out on the brains of 20 persons who had died long after a head injury that had been treated in a neurosurgical unit. All had become independent but had various disabilities (moderate disability on the Glasgow outcome scale) Most deaths had been sudden, which had led to their referral from forensic pathologists. Post-traumatic epilepsy was a feature in 75%. An intracranial haematoma had been evacuated in 75%, and in 11 of the 15 with epilepsy. Diffuse axonal injury was found in six patients, five of the mildest type (grade 1) and one of grade 2. No patient had diffuse thalamic damage but one had a small focal ischaemic lesion in the thalamus. No patient had severe ischaemic brain damage, but three had moderate lesions which were bilateral in only one. No patient had severe cortical contusions. In conclusion, the dominant lesion was focal damage from an evacuated intracranial haematoma. Severe diffuse damage was not found, with diffuse axonal injury only mild and thalamic damage in only one patient. (+info)Long-term outcome after severe head injury. (8/68)
From a consecutive series of 7000 patients with head injuries admitted to the regional accident service, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford between 10 and 24 years earlier, every patient was taken who had been amnesic or unconscious for one week or longer. Of these 479 patients, all but ten were traced, and either the cause of death was established or the survivors examined. Ten years after injury 4% were totally disabled, and 14% severely disabled to a degree precluding normal occupational or social life. Of the remainder, 49% had recovered, and the rest were dead. Additionally, a selected series of 64 patients whose unconsciousness had been prolonged for a month or more were studied. Forty of these had survived between three and 25 years after injury and were re-examined. On the basis of age at injury, the worst state of neurological responsiveness, and the duration of posttraumatic amnesia, the outcome of head injury can be predicted reliably in most cases. Patients and relatives need more reassurance and simple psychotherapeutic support, especially in the first few months after injury. Extrapolation from our figures suggests that each year in England and Wales 210 patients survive totally disabled and another 1500 are severely disabled. (+info)Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or behaviors. Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infection, or stroke. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.
There are many different types of seizures that can occur in people with epilepsy, and the specific type of seizure will depend on the location and extent of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Some people may experience only one type of seizure, while others may have several different types. Seizures can vary in frequency, from a few per year to dozens or even hundreds per day.
Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the patient's history of recurrent seizures and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to help identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be contributing to the seizures.
While there is no cure for epilepsy, it can often be effectively managed with medication. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain responsible for the seizures. With proper treatment and management, many people with epilepsy are able to lead normal, productive lives.
Generalized epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterized by seizures that involve both halves of the brain (generalized onset) from the beginning of the seizure. These types of seizures include tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures, absence (petit mal) seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Generalized epilepsy can be caused by genetic factors or brain abnormalities, and it is typically treated with medication. People with generalized epilepsy may experience difficulties with learning, memory, and behavior, and they may have a higher risk of injury during a seizure. It's important for individuals with generalized epilepsy to work closely with their healthcare team to manage their condition and reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a type of focal (localized) epilepsy that originates from the temporal lobes of the brain. The temporal lobes are located on each side of the brain and are involved in processing sensory information, memory, and emotion. TLE is characterized by recurrent seizures that originate from one or both temporal lobes.
The symptoms of TLE can vary depending on the specific area of the temporal lobe that is affected. However, common symptoms include auras (sensory or emotional experiences that occur before a seizure), strange smells or tastes, lip-smacking or chewing movements, and memory problems. Some people with TLE may also experience automatisms (involuntary movements such as picking at clothes or fumbling with objects) during their seizures.
Treatment for TLE typically involves medication to control seizures, although surgery may be recommended in some cases. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures and improve quality of life.
Myoclonic epilepsies are a group of epilepsy syndromes characterized by the presence of myoclonic seizures. A myoclonic seizure is a type of seizure that involves quick, involuntary muscle jerks or twitches. These seizures can affect one part of the body or multiple parts simultaneously and may vary in frequency and severity.
Myoclonic epilepsies can occur at any age but are more common in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Some myoclonic epilepsy syndromes have a genetic basis, while others may be associated with brain injury, infection, or other medical conditions.
Some examples of myoclonic epilepsy syndromes include:
1. Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME): This is the most common type of myoclonic epilepsy and typically begins in adolescence. It is characterized by myoclonic jerks, often occurring upon awakening or after a period of relaxation, as well as generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
2. Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies (PME): These are rare inherited disorders that typically begin in childhood or adolescence and involve both myoclonic seizures and other types of seizures. PMEs often progress to include cognitive decline, movement disorders, and other neurological symptoms.
3. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS): This is a severe form of epilepsy that typically begins in early childhood and involves multiple types of seizures, including myoclonic seizures. LGS can be difficult to treat and often results in cognitive impairment and developmental delays.
4. Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy (MAE): Also known as Doose syndrome, MAE is a childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures (brief periods of muscle weakness or loss of tone), and other types of seizures. It often responds well to treatment with antiepileptic drugs.
The management of myoclonic epilepsies typically involves a combination of medication, lifestyle changes, and, in some cases, dietary modifications. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type of myoclonic epilepsy and its underlying cause.
Anticonvulsants are a class of drugs used primarily to treat seizure disorders, also known as epilepsy. These medications work by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to their use in treating epilepsy, anticonvulsants are sometimes also prescribed for other conditions, such as neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, and migraine headaches.
Anticonvulsants can work in different ways to reduce seizure activity. Some medications, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, work by blocking sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize nerve cell membranes and prevent excessive electrical activity. Other medications, such as valproic acid and gabapentin, increase the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which has a calming effect on nerve cells and helps to reduce seizure activity.
While anticonvulsants are generally effective at reducing seizure frequency and severity, they can also have side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In some cases, these side effects may be managed by adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication. It is important for individuals taking anticonvulsants to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their response to the medication and make any necessary adjustments.
Reflex epilepsy is a type of epilepsy in which seizures are consistently triggered by specific, recurring sensory stimuli. These triggers can vary widely and may include visual patterns, flashes of light, touch, sound, or even emotional experiences. When the brain receives input from these triggers, it responds with an abnormal electrical discharge that can lead to a seizure.
Reflex epilepsy is relatively rare, accounting for only about 5-10% of all epilepsy cases. It's important to note that not everyone who experiences seizures in response to these triggers has reflex epilepsy; the defining characteristic of this condition is the consistent and reproducible nature of the seizure response to a specific stimulus.
There are several different types of reflex epilepsy, each characterized by its own unique set of triggers. For example, some people with this condition may experience seizures in response to visual patterns or flashes of light (known as photosensitive epilepsy), while others may have seizures triggered by certain sounds or tactile sensations.
Treatment for reflex epilepsy typically involves identifying and avoiding triggers whenever possible, as well as using medication to control seizures. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the specific area of the brain that is responsible for the abnormal electrical activity. With proper treatment and management, many people with reflex epilepsy are able to lead full and active lives.
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a genetic condition that is characterized by the occurrence of myoclonic seizures, which are sudden, brief, shock-like jerks of muscles typically occurring in the arms and legs. These seizures usually begin in adolescence or early adulthood, between 12 to 18 years of age.
JME is a type of generalized epilepsy, meaning that it involves abnormal electrical activity throughout the brain rather than just one area. In addition to myoclonic seizures, individuals with JME may also experience absence seizures (brief periods of staring and unresponsiveness) and/or tonic-clonic seizures (generalized convulsions).
The condition is often inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene mutation from a parent with JME. However, not all cases are familial, and some may result from new genetic changes (mutations) that occur spontaneously.
JME is typically treated with anticonvulsant medications such as valproate or lamotrigine to control seizures. Lifestyle modifications, including avoiding sleep deprivation, stress, and excessive alcohol consumption, may also help reduce the frequency of seizures. With appropriate treatment, most individuals with JME can lead normal or near-normal lives.
Tonic-clonic epilepsy, also known as grand mal epilepsy, is a type of generalized seizure that affects the entire brain. This type of epilepsy is characterized by two distinct phases: the tonic phase and the clonic phase.
During the tonic phase, which usually lasts for about 10-20 seconds, the person loses consciousness and their muscles stiffen, causing them to fall to the ground. This can result in injuries if the person falls unexpectedly or hits an object on the way down.
The clonic phase follows immediately after the tonic phase and is characterized by rhythmic jerking movements of the limbs, face, and neck. These movements are caused by alternating contractions and relaxations of the muscles and can last for several minutes. The person may also lose bladder or bowel control during this phase.
After the seizure, the person may feel tired, confused, and disoriented. They may also have a headache, sore muscles, and difficulty remembering what happened during the seizure.
Tonic-clonic epilepsy can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain injury, infection, or stroke. It is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) or imaging studies. Treatment may include medication, surgery, or dietary changes, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the seizures.
Complex partial epilepsy, also known as temporal lobe epilepsy or focal impaired awareness epilepsy, is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that originate in the temporal lobe or other localized areas of the brain. These seizures typically involve alterations in consciousness or awareness, and may include automatisms (involuntary, repetitive movements), such as lip smacking, fidgeting, or picking at clothes. Complex partial seizures can last from a few seconds to several minutes and may be followed by a post-ictal period of confusion or fatigue.
Complex partial epilepsy is often associated with structural abnormalities in the brain, such as hippocampal sclerosis, tumors, or malformations. It can also be caused by infectious or inflammatory processes, vascular disorders, or genetic factors. The diagnosis of complex partial epilepsy typically involves a thorough neurological evaluation, including a detailed history of seizure symptoms, neuroimaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity during and between seizures.
Treatment for complex partial epilepsy usually involves medication therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In some cases, surgery may be recommended if medications are not effective in controlling seizures or if there is a structural lesion that can be safely removed. Other treatment options may include dietary modifications, such as the ketogenic diet, or vagus nerve stimulation.
Frontal lobe epilepsy is a type of focal epilepsy, which means that the seizures originate from a specific area in the brain called the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is located at the front part of the brain and is responsible for various functions such as motor function, problem-solving, decision making, emotional expression, and social behavior.
In frontal lobe epilepsy, seizures can be quite varied in their presentation, but they often occur during sleep or wakefulness and may include symptoms such as:
* Brief staring spells or automatisms (such as lip smacking, chewing, or fumbling movements)
* Sudden and frequent falls or drops
* Vocalizations or sounds
* Complex behaviors, such as agitation, aggression, or sexual arousal
* Auras or warning sensations before the seizure
Frontal lobe epilepsy can be difficult to diagnose due to the varied nature of the seizures and their occurrence during sleep. Diagnostic tests such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and imaging studies like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to help confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves medication, but in some cases, surgery may be recommended if medications are not effective or cause significant side effects.
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.
EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.
EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.
A seizure is an uncontrolled, abnormal firing of neurons (brain cells) that can cause various symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, altered awareness, or changes in behavior. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors including epilepsy, brain injury, infection, toxic substances, or genetic disorders. They can also occur without any identifiable cause, known as idiopathic seizures. Seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.
Rolandic epilepsy, also known as benign focal epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BFEC), is a type of epilepsy that primarily affects children. It is called "Rolandic" because the seizures often originate in or near the Rolandic area of the brain, which is involved in speech and motor function.
The hallmark feature of Rolandic epilepsy is focal seizures that typically involve tingling or numbness sensations on one side of the face, tongue, or mouth, followed by speech difficulties and sometimes weakness or jerking movements on one side of the body. These seizures usually occur during sleep or drowsiness and can cause awakening from sleep.
Rolandic epilepsy is typically outgrown by adolescence, and many children with this condition do not require long-term treatment. However, some children may experience cognitive or behavioral difficulties that warrant evaluation and management.
It's important to note that while Rolandic epilepsy is considered benign, it can still have a significant impact on a child's quality of life and daily functioning. Proper diagnosis and management are essential to ensure the best possible outcomes for children with this condition.
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a type of epilepsy that is caused by brain injury or trauma. The head injury can be either traumatic (such as from a car accident, fall, or physical assault) or non-traumatic (such as stroke, infection, or brain tumor).
In PTE, the first seizure occurs within one week to one year after the initial injury. The seizures may be immediate (within the first 24 hours of the injury) or delayed (occurring more than one week after the injury).
PTE is characterized by recurrent seizures that are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These seizures can vary in severity and frequency, and may cause a range of symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or emotions.
The diagnosis of PTE is typically made based on the patient's history of head trauma, along with the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroimaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for PTE may include medication to control seizures, as well as surgery or other interventions in some cases.
The post and core technique is a dental restorative procedure that involves the use of a post made of metal or other materials, which is placed inside the root canal of a severely damaged tooth, to provide support and retention for a dental core. The dental core is then built up using various materials such as composite resin, glass ionomer cement, or amalgam, to restore the missing portion of the tooth structure. This technique is often used as a foundation for a dental crown in cases where there is not enough remaining tooth structure to support the crown on its own. The post and core restoration helps to reinforce the tooth, prevent fractures, and improve the overall functionality and esthetics of the restored tooth.
Sclerosis is a medical term that refers to the abnormal hardening or scarring of body tissues, particularly in the context of various degenerative diseases affecting the nervous system. The term "sclerosis" comes from the Greek word "skleros," which means hard. In these conditions, the normally flexible and adaptable nerve cells or their protective coverings (myelin sheath) become rigid and inflexible due to the buildup of scar tissue or abnormal protein deposits.
There are several types of sclerosis, but one of the most well-known is multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, leading to scarring and damage that disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. This results in a wide range of symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision problems, balance issues, and cognitive impairment.
Other conditions that involve sclerosis include:
1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, stiffness, and atrophy.
2. Systemic sclerosis: A rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin and internal organs due to excessive collagen deposition.
3. Plaque psoriasis: A chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by red, scaly patches (plaques) resulting from rapid turnover and accumulation of skin cells.
4. Adhesive capsulitis: Also known as frozen shoulder, this condition involves stiffening and thickening of the shoulder joint's capsule due to scarring or inflammation, leading to limited mobility and pain.
Febrile seizures are a type of seizure that occurs in young children, typically between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, and is often associated with fever. A febrile seizure is defined as a convulsion or seizure that is brought on by a high fever, usually greater than 100.4°F (38°C), but can also occur in response to a rapid rise in body temperature. The seizures can vary in length and may involve shaking of the entire body, jerking of the arms and legs, or just twitching of one part of the body. They can be quite alarming to witness, but they are usually harmless and do not cause any long-term neurological problems.
Febrile seizures are most commonly caused by viral infections, such as a cold or flu, but they can also occur with bacterial infections, such as a urinary tract infection or ear infection. In some cases, the fever and seizure may be the first signs that a child is ill.
While febrile seizures are generally harmless, it is important to seek medical attention if your child has a seizure. This is because a small percentage of children who have febrile seizures may go on to develop epilepsy, a condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Additionally, some serious underlying conditions, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can cause fever and seizures, so it is important to rule out these possibilities with a thorough medical evaluation.
If your child has a febrile seizure, the best course of action is to remain calm and make sure they are in a safe place where they cannot injure themselves. Do not try to restrain them or put anything in their mouth. Instead, gently turn them onto their side to prevent choking and call for medical help. Most febrile seizures last only a few minutes and resolve on their own without any treatment. After the seizure, your child may be sleepy or confused, but they should return to their normal state within a short period of time.
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant medication that is primarily used to treat seizure disorders (epilepsy) and neuropathic pain. It works by decreasing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Carbamazepine may also be used off-label for other conditions such as bipolar disorder and trigeminal neuralgia.
The medication is available in various forms, including tablets, extended-release tablets, chewable tablets, and suspension. It is usually taken two to four times a day with food to reduce stomach upset. Common side effects of carbamazepine include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait.
It is important to note that carbamazepine can interact with other medications, including some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and birth control pills, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of all the medications you are taking before starting carbamazepine. Additionally, carbamazepine levels in the blood may need to be monitored regularly to ensure that the medication is working effectively and not causing toxicity.
Status epilepticus is a serious and life-threatening medical condition characterized by an ongoing seizure activity or a series of seizures without full recovery of consciousness between them, lasting for 30 minutes or more. It is a neurological emergency that requires immediate medical attention to prevent potential complications such as brain damage, respiratory failure, or even death.
The condition can occur in people with a history of epilepsy or seizure disorders, as well as those without any prior history of seizures. The underlying causes of status epilepticus can vary and may include infection, trauma, stroke, metabolic imbalances, toxins, or other medical conditions that affect the brain's normal functioning. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological damage and improve outcomes in patients with this condition.
Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist, which means it stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to muscarinic receptors. It is primarily used in the treatment of dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by radiation therapy or Sjögren's syndrome, as well as in the management of glaucoma due to its ability to construct the pupils and reduce intraocular pressure. Pilocarpine can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions and chronic bronchitis. It is available in various forms, including tablets, ophthalmic solutions, and topical gels.
Anterior Temporal Lobectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of a portion of the anterior (front) part of the temporal lobe of the brain. This procedure is often performed to treat certain types of epilepsy that are resistant to medication, as well as other conditions such as tumors or degenerative diseases that affect this area of the brain.
The temporal lobe is located on each side of the brain and is involved in several important functions, including hearing, memory, emotion, and language comprehension. The anterior portion of the temporal lobe contains structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus, which are critical for the formation and retrieval of memories.
During an anterior temporal lobectomy, a neurosurgeon will make an incision in the skull and remove a portion of the brain tissue that is causing seizures or other symptoms. The size and location of the resection will depend on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's needs. After the surgery, patients may require rehabilitation to help them recover from any cognitive or physical deficits caused by the procedure.
Piracetam is a nootropic drug, which is primarily used in the treatment of cognitive disorders. It is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Piracetam is believed to work by reducing the permeability of cell membranes in the brain, which may enhance communication between neurons and improve memory and learning.
Medically, piracetam is used off-label for a variety of conditions related to cognitive decline or impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and age-related cognitive decline. It has also been studied in the treatment of myoclonus (involuntary muscle jerks), dyslexia, and other neurological disorders.
It is important to note that while piracetam has shown some promise in improving cognitive function in certain populations, its effectiveness is still a subject of ongoing research and debate. Additionally, piracetam is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medical use, although it is available as a dietary supplement in the United States.
As with any medication or supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking piracetam to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for your individual needs.
Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies (PME) is a group of rare, genetic disorders characterized by myoclonus (rapid, involuntary muscle jerks), tonic-clonic seizures (also known as grand mal seizures), and progressive neurological deterioration. The term "progressive" refers to the worsening of symptoms over time.
The myoclonic epilepsies are classified as progressive due to the underlying neurodegenerative process that affects the brain, leading to a decline in cognitive abilities, motor skills, and overall functioning. These disorders usually begin in childhood or adolescence and tend to worsen with age.
Examples of PMEs include:
1. Lafora disease: A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the EPM2A or NHLRC1 genes, leading to the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates called Lafora bodies in neurons. Symptoms typically start between ages 6 and 16 and include myoclonus, seizures, and progressive neurological decline.
2. Unverricht-Lundborg disease: Also known as Baltic myoclonus, this is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CSTB gene. It is characterized by progressive myoclonic epilepsy, ataxia (loss of coordination), and cognitive decline. Symptoms usually begin between ages 6 and 18.
3. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs): A group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of lipopigments in neurons. Several types of NCLs can present with progressive myoclonic epilepsy, including CLN2 (late-infantile NCL), CLN3 (juvenile NCL), and CLN6 (early juvenile NCL).
4. Myoclonus Epilepsy Associated with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF): A mitochondrial disorder caused by mutations in the MT-TK gene, leading to myoclonic epilepsy, ataxia, and ragged red fibers on muscle biopsy.
5. Dentatorubral-Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA): An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the ATN1 gene, characterized by myoclonic epilepsy, ataxia, chorea (involuntary movements), and dementia.
These are just a few examples of disorders that can present with progressive myoclonic epilepsy. It is essential to consult a neurologist or epileptologist for proper diagnosis and management.
Medical Definition:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.
Valproic acid is a medication that is primarily used as an anticonvulsant, which means it is used to treat seizure disorders. It works by increasing the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, a neurotransmitter that helps to reduce abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In addition to its use as an anticonvulsant, valproic acid may also be used to treat migraines and bipolar disorder. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions, and is usually taken by mouth. As with any medication, valproic acid can have side effects, and it is important for patients to be aware of these and to discuss them with their healthcare provider.
Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.
Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:
* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.
Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.
Sudden death is a term used to describe a situation where a person dies abruptly and unexpectedly, often within minutes to hours of the onset of symptoms. It is typically caused by cardiac or respiratory arrest, which can be brought on by various medical conditions such as heart disease, stroke, severe infections, drug overdose, or trauma. In some cases, the exact cause of sudden death may remain unknown even after a thorough post-mortem examination.
It is important to note that sudden death should not be confused with "sudden cardiac death," which specifically refers to deaths caused by the abrupt loss of heart function (cardiac arrest). Sudden cardiac death is often related to underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or electrical abnormalities in the heart.
Malformations of Cortical Development (MCDs) are a group of congenital brain abnormalities that occur during the development and organization of the cerebral cortex, which is the brain region responsible for higher cognitive functions. These malformations result from disruptions in neuronal migration, proliferation, or organization, leading to varying degrees of cortical thickness, folding, and structural integrity.
MCDs can be classified into several subtypes based on their distinct neuroimaging and histopathological features. Some common MCD subtypes include:
1. Lissencephaly (smooth brain): A severe malformation characterized by the absence of normal gyral and sulcal patterns, resulting in a smooth cortical surface. This is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
2. Polymicrogyria (many small folds): A condition where the cortex has an excessive number of small, irregular gyri, leading to thickened and disorganized cortical layers. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by abnormal neuronal migration or organization during mid to late development.
3. Schizencephaly (cleft brain): A malformation characterized by a linear cleft or gap in the cerebral cortex, extending from the pial surface to the ventricular system. This can be unilateral or bilateral and is caused by disruptions in neuronal migration and/or cortical organization during early development.
4. Heterotopias (misplaced cells): A condition where groups of neurons are abnormally located within the white matter or at the gray-white matter junction, instead of their normal position in the cerebral cortex. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
5. Focal cortical dysplasia (abnormal localized tissue): A condition characterized by abnormal cortical architecture, including disorganized lamination, enlarged neurons, and heterotopic neurons. This can be focal or multifocal and is caused by defects in cortical organization during late development.
MCDs are often associated with neurological symptoms such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. The severity of these symptoms depends on the type, location, and extent of the malformation.
The hippocampus is a complex, curved formation in the brain that resembles a seahorse (hence its name, from the Greek word "hippos" meaning horse and "kampos" meaning sea monster). It's part of the limbic system and plays crucial roles in the formation of memories, particularly long-term ones.
This region is involved in spatial navigation and cognitive maps, allowing us to recognize locations and remember how to get to them. Additionally, it's one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer's disease, which often results in memory loss as an early symptom.
Anatomically, it consists of two main parts: the Ammon's horn (or cornu ammonis) and the dentate gyrus. These structures are made up of distinct types of neurons that contribute to different aspects of learning and memory.
The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain, located on each side of the head roughly level with the ears. It plays a major role in auditory processing, memory, and emotion. The temporal lobe contains several key structures including the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for analyzing sounds, and the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming new memories. Damage to the temporal lobe can result in various neurological symptoms such as hearing loss, memory impairment, and changes in emotional behavior.
Psychosurgery is a surgical intervention aimed at modifying or altering brain functions to treat severe and disabling mental disorders. It involves the deliberate destruction or disconnection of specific areas of the brain, typically through procedures such as lobotomy or stereotactic neurosurgery. These interventions are usually considered a last resort when other treatments have failed, and they are reserved for individuals with extreme cases of mental illness, such as intractable depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or severe anxiety disorders.
It's important to note that psychosurgery is a highly controversial and stigmatized field, and its use has declined significantly since the mid-20th century due to concerns about its effectiveness, ethics, and potential for harm. Today, psychosurgery is tightly regulated and subject to strict ethical guidelines in most countries.
Benign neonatal epilepsy is a rare and specific type of epilepsy that affects newborns within the first few days of life. The term "benign" in this context refers to the relatively favorable prognosis compared to other forms of neonatal epilepsy, rather than the severity of the seizures themselves.
The condition is typically characterized by the presence of brief, recurrent seizures that may appear as repetitive jerking movements, staring spells, or subtle changes in muscle tone or behavior. These seizures are often triggered by routine handling or stimulation and can be difficult to distinguish from normal newborn behaviors, making diagnosis challenging.
Benign neonatal epilepsy is typically associated with specific genetic mutations that affect the electrical activity of brain cells. The most common form of this condition, known as Benign Familial Neonatal Epilepsy (BFNE), is caused by mutations in genes such as KCNQ2 or KCNQ3, which encode potassium channels in neurons.
While the seizures associated with benign neonatal epilepsy can be alarming, they are generally not harmful to the developing brain and tend to resolve on their own within a few months. Treatment is often focused on managing the seizures with antiepileptic medications to reduce their frequency and severity, although some infants may require no treatment at all.
Overall, while benign neonatal epilepsy can be a concerning condition for parents and caregivers, its favorable prognosis and relatively mild impact on long-term neurological development make it one of the more manageable forms of neonatal epilepsy.
A ketogenic diet is a type of diet that is characterized by a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake and an increase in fat intake, with the goal of inducing a metabolic state called ketosis. In ketosis, the body shifts from using glucose (carbohydrates) as its primary source of energy to using ketones, which are produced by the liver from fatty acids.
The typical ketogenic diet consists of a daily intake of less than 50 grams of carbohydrates, with protein intake moderated and fat intake increased to make up the majority of calories. This can result in a rapid decrease in blood sugar and insulin levels, which can have various health benefits for some individuals, such as weight loss, improved blood sugar control, and reduced risk factors for heart disease.
However, it is important to note that a ketogenic diet may not be suitable for everyone, particularly those with certain medical conditions or who are taking certain medications. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new diet plan.
Kindling, in the context of neurology, refers to a process of neural sensitization where repeated exposure to sub-convulsive stimuli below the threshold for triggering a seizure can eventually lower this threshold, leading to an increased susceptibility to develop seizures. This concept is often applied in the study of epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
The term "kindling" was first introduced by Racine in 1972 to describe the progressive increase in the severity and duration of behavioral responses following repeated electrical stimulation of the brain in animal models. The kindling process can occur in response to various types of stimuli, including electrical, chemical, or even environmental stimuli, leading to changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity in certain brain regions, particularly the limbic system.
Over time, repeated stimulation results in a permanent increase in neural hypersensitivity, making it easier to induce seizures with weaker stimuli. This phenomenon has been implicated in the development and progression of some forms of epilepsy, as well as in the underlying mechanisms of certain mood disorders and other neurological conditions.
The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:
1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.
The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a medical treatment that involves the use of a device to send electrical signals to the vagus nerve, which is a key part of the body's autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls various automatic functions of the body, such as heart rate and digestion.
In VNS, a small generator is implanted in the chest, and thin wires are routed under the skin to the vagus nerve in the neck. The generator is programmed to send electrical signals to the vagus nerve at regular intervals. These signals can help regulate certain body functions and have been found to be effective in treating a number of conditions, including epilepsy and depression.
The exact mechanism by which VNS works is not fully understood, but it is thought to affect the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that transmit signals in the brain. This can help reduce seizure activity in people with epilepsy and improve mood and other symptoms in people with depression.
VNS is typically used as a last resort for people who have not responded to other treatments. It is generally considered safe, but like any medical procedure, it does carry some risks, such as infection, bleeding, and damage to the vagus nerve or surrounding tissues.
I apologize, but "video recording" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the process of capturing and storing moving visual images on electronic media, which is used in various medical fields for different purposes such as surgical training, telemedicine consultations, or monitoring patient conditions. However, there is no unique medical meaning associated with this term.
Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug, primarily used in the treatment of seizures and prevention of seizure recurrence. It works by reducing the spread of seizure activity in the brain and stabilizing the electrical activity of neurons. Phenytoin is also known to have anti-arrhythmic properties and is occasionally used in the management of certain cardiac arrhythmias.
The drug is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and a liquid formulation. Common side effects of phenytoin include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait. Regular monitoring of blood levels is necessary to ensure that the drug remains within the therapeutic range, as both low and high levels can lead to adverse effects.
It's important to note that phenytoin has several potential drug-drug interactions, particularly with other anticonvulsant medications, certain antibiotics, and oral contraceptives. Therefore, it is crucial to inform healthcare providers about all the medications being taken to minimize the risk of interactions and optimize treatment outcomes.
Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat certain types of seizures in adults and children. It works by reducing the abnormal excitement in the brain. The medical definition of Vigabatrin is: a irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, which results in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. This medication is used as an adjunctive treatment for complex partial seizures and is available in oral form for administration.
It's important to note that Vigabatrin can cause serious side effects, including permanent vision loss, and its use should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional. It is also classified as a pregnancy category C medication, which means it may harm an unborn baby and should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Infantile spasms, also known as West syndrome, is a rare but serious type of epilepsy that affects infants typically between 4-8 months of age. The spasms are characterized by sudden, brief, and frequent muscle jerks or contractions, often involving the neck, trunk, and arms. These spasms usually occur in clusters and may cause the infant to bend forward or stretch out. Infantile spasms can be a symptom of various underlying neurological conditions and are often associated with developmental delays and regression. Early recognition and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.
Neurosurgery, also known as neurological surgery, is a medical specialty that involves the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders of the nervous system. This includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. Neurosurgeons use both traditional open and minimally invasive techniques to treat various conditions such as tumors, trauma, vascular disorders, infections, stroke, epilepsy, pain, and congenital anomalies. They work closely with other healthcare professionals including neurologists, radiologists, oncologists, and critical care specialists to provide comprehensive patient care.
Convulsants are substances or agents that can cause seizures or convulsions. These can be medications, toxins, or illnesses that lower the seizure threshold and lead to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions and relaxation. Examples of convulsants include bromides, strychnine, organophosphate pesticides, certain antibiotics (such as penicillin or cephalosporins), and alcohol withdrawal. It is important to note that some medications used to treat seizures can also have convulsant properties at higher doses or in overdose situations.
Triazines are not a medical term, but a class of chemical compounds. They have a six-membered ring containing three nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. Some triazine derivatives are used in medicine as herbicides, antimicrobials, and antitumor agents.
The "age of onset" is a medical term that refers to the age at which an individual first develops or displays symptoms of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. It can be used to describe various medical conditions, including both physical and mental health disorders. The age of onset can have implications for prognosis, treatment approaches, and potential causes of the condition. In some cases, early onset may indicate a more severe or progressive course of the disease, while late-onset symptoms might be associated with different underlying factors or etiologies. It is essential to provide accurate and precise information regarding the age of onset when discussing a patient's medical history and treatment plan.
Epilepsy, partial, motor is a type of focal epilepsy, which means that the seizures originate from a specific area in one hemisphere of the brain. In this case, the area affected is the motor cortex, which is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements. As a result, partial motor seizures typically cause abnormal movements or altered sensations on one side of the body.
There are two types of partial motor seizures: simple and complex. Simple partial motor seizures involve involuntary contractions or twitching of specific muscles, while complex partial motor seizures may also include impaired consciousness or awareness, along with involuntary movements. The symptoms of a partial motor seizure can vary depending on the location and extent of the brain tissue involved.
It's important to note that partial motor seizures are just one type of epilepsy, and there are many other forms of the condition that can affect different areas of the brain and cause varying symptoms. If you or someone else is experiencing symptoms that may be related to epilepsy, it's important to seek medical attention from a qualified healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Intellectual disability (ID) is a term used when there are significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18.
Intellectual functioning, also known as intelligence, refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and other cognitive skills. Adaptive behavior includes skills needed for day-to-day life, such as communication, self-care, social skills, safety judgement, and basic academic skills.
Intellectual disability is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. It can be mild, moderate, severe, or profound, depending on the degree of limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
It's important to note that people with intellectual disabilities have unique strengths and limitations, just like everyone else. With appropriate support and education, they can lead fulfilling lives and contribute to their communities in many ways.
Implanted electrodes are medical devices that are surgically placed inside the body to interface directly with nerves, neurons, or other electrically excitable tissue for various therapeutic purposes. These electrodes can be used to stimulate or record electrical activity from specific areas of the body, depending on their design and application.
There are several types of implanted electrodes, including:
1. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) electrodes: These are placed deep within the brain to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. DBS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that modulate abnormal neural activity in targeted brain regions.
2. Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) electrodes: These are implanted along the spinal cord to treat chronic pain syndromes. SCS electrodes emit low-level electrical pulses that interfere with pain signals traveling to the brain, providing relief for patients.
3. Cochlear Implant electrodes: These are surgically inserted into the cochlea of the inner ear to restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The electrodes stimulate the auditory nerve directly, bypassing damaged hair cells within the cochlea.
4. Retinal Implant electrodes: These are implanted in the retina to treat certain forms of blindness caused by degenerative eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa. The electrodes convert visual information from a camera into electrical signals, which stimulate remaining retinal cells and transmit the information to the brain via the optic nerve.
5. Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS) electrodes: These are placed near the sacral nerves in the lower back to treat urinary or fecal incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome. SNS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that regulate the function of the affected muscles and nerves.
6. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) electrodes: These are wrapped around the vagus nerve in the neck to treat epilepsy and depression. VNS electrodes provide intermittent electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve, which has connections to various regions of the brain involved in these conditions.
Overall, implanted electrodes serve as a crucial component in many neuromodulation therapies, offering an effective treatment option for numerous neurological and sensory disorders.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, characterized by its intricate folded structure and wrinkled appearance. It is a region of great importance as it plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, thought, memory, language, and attention. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, each containing four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These areas are responsible for different functions, with some regions specializing in sensory processing while others are involved in motor control or associative functions. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and is covered by a layer of white matter that consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.
Functional laterality, in a medical context, refers to the preferential use or performance of one side of the body over the other for specific functions. This is often demonstrated in hand dominance, where an individual may be right-handed or left-handed, meaning they primarily use their right or left hand for tasks such as writing, eating, or throwing.
However, functional laterality can also apply to other bodily functions and structures, including the eyes (ocular dominance), ears (auditory dominance), or legs. It's important to note that functional laterality is not a strict binary concept; some individuals may exhibit mixed dominance or no strong preference for one side over the other.
In clinical settings, assessing functional laterality can be useful in diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, where understanding any resulting lateralized impairments can inform rehabilitation strategies.
Neurocysticercosis is a neurological disorder caused by the infection of the brain's tissue with larval stages of the parasitic tapeworm, Taenia solium. The larvae, called cysticerci, can invade various parts of the body including the brain and the central nervous system, leading to a range of symptoms such as seizures, headaches, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disorders.
The infection typically occurs when a person ingests tapeworm eggs through contaminated food or water, and the larvae hatch and migrate to various tissues in the body. In neurocysticercosis, the cysticerci can cause inflammation, swelling, and damage to brain tissue, leading to neurological symptoms that can vary depending on the location and number of cysts in the brain.
Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis typically involves a combination of imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans, blood tests, and sometimes lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to examine cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment may involve anti-parasitic medications to eliminate the cysts, anti-inflammatory drugs to manage swelling and inflammation, and symptomatic treatment for seizures or other neurological symptoms.
A Nurse Clinician, also known as Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), is an advanced practice registered nurse who has completed a master's or doctoral degree in nursing with a focus on clinical expertise. They are experts in their specific clinical specialty area, such as pediatrics, gerontology, critical care, or oncology.
Nurse Clinicians demonstrate advanced levels of knowledge and skills in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of patients' health conditions. They provide direct patient care, consult with other healthcare professionals, coordinate care, and often serve in leadership and education roles within their healthcare organizations. Their work includes developing and implementing evidence-based practice guidelines, participating in quality improvement initiatives, and mentoring staff nurses.
Nurse Clinicians play a critical role in improving patient outcomes, enhancing the quality of care, and promoting cost-effective care delivery. They are licensed and regulated by their state's Board of Nursing and may hold national certification in their clinical specialty area.
Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.
Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.
Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.
The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.
Examples of animal disease models include:
1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.
Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.
Ethosuximide is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called anticonvulsants or anti-seizure medications. It is primarily used to treat absence seizures, also known as petit mal seizures, which are a type of seizure characterized by brief, sudden lapses in consciousness.
Ethosuximide works by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. It does this by inhibiting the formation of sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize the electrical impulses and reduce the likelihood of seizure activity.
Like all medications, ethosuximide can have side effects, including stomach upset, dizziness, headache, and sleepiness. It is important for patients to follow their doctor's instructions carefully when taking this medication and to report any bothersome or persistent side effects promptly. Ethosuximide may also interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting ethosuximide therapy.
Kainic acid is not a medical term per se, but it is a compound that has been widely used in scientific research, particularly in neuroscience. It is a type of excitatory amino acid that acts as an agonist at certain types of receptors in the brain, specifically the AMPA and kainate receptors.
Kainic acid is often used in research to study the effects of excitotoxicity, which is a process that occurs when nerve cells are exposed to excessive amounts of glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters, leading to cell damage or death. Kainic acid can induce seizures and other neurological symptoms in animals, making it a valuable tool for studying epilepsy and related disorders.
While kainic acid itself is not a medical treatment or diagnosis, understanding its effects on the brain has contributed to our knowledge of neurological diseases and potential targets for therapy.
The dentate gyrus is a region of the brain that is located in the hippocampal formation, which is a part of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in learning, memory, and spatial navigation. It is characterized by the presence of densely packed granule cells, which are a type of neuron. The dentate gyrus is involved in the formation of new memories and the integration of information from different brain regions. It is also one of the few areas of the adult brain where new neurons can be generated throughout life, a process known as neurogenesis. Damage to the dentate gyrus has been linked to memory impairments, cognitive decline, and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy.
Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.
Some examples of brain diseases include:
1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.
Channelopathies are genetic disorders that are caused by mutations in the genes that encode for ion channels. Ion channels are specialized proteins that regulate the flow of ions, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, across cell membranes. These ion channels play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the body.
Channelopathies can affect various organs and systems in the body, depending on the type of ion channel that is affected. For example, mutations in sodium channel genes can cause neuromuscular disorders such as epilepsy, migraine, and periodic paralysis. Mutations in potassium channel genes can cause cardiac arrhythmias, while mutations in calcium channel genes can cause neurological disorders such as episodic ataxia and hemiplegic migraine.
The symptoms of channelopathies can vary widely depending on the specific disorder and the severity of the mutation. Treatment typically involves managing the symptoms and may include medications, lifestyle modifications, or in some cases, surgery.
Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system. Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in this field, diagnosing and treating conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various types of headaches and pain disorders. They use a variety of diagnostic tests, including imaging studies like MRI and CT scans, electrophysiological tests like EEG and EMG, and laboratory tests to evaluate nerve function and identify any underlying conditions or abnormalities. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, rehabilitation, or lifestyle modifications.
Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.
In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.
The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.
Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is not primarily considered a medical treatment, but rather a research compound used in neuroscience and neurology to study seizure activity and chemically induce seizures in animals for experimental purposes. It is classified as a proconvulsant agent. Medically, it has been used in the past as a medication to treat epilepsy, but its use is now largely historical due to the availability of safer and more effective anticonvulsant drugs.
In a medical or scientific context, Pentylenetetrazole can be defined as:
A chemical compound with the formula C6H5N5O2, which is used in research to investigate seizure activity and induce convulsions in animals. It acts as a non-competitive GABAA receptor antagonist and can lower the seizure threshold. Historically, it has been used as a medication to treat epilepsy, but its use for this purpose is now limited due to the development of safer and more effective anticonvulsant drugs.
Cerebral dominance is a concept in neuropsychology that refers to the specialization of one hemisphere of the brain over the other for certain cognitive functions. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language functions such as speaking and understanding spoken or written language, while the right hemisphere is dominant for non-verbal functions such as spatial ability, face recognition, and artistic ability.
Cerebral dominance does not mean that the non-dominant hemisphere is incapable of performing the functions of the dominant hemisphere, but rather that it is less efficient or specialized in those areas. The concept of cerebral dominance has been used to explain individual differences in cognitive abilities and learning styles, as well as the laterality of brain damage and its effects on cognition and behavior.
It's important to note that cerebral dominance is a complex phenomenon that can vary between individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as genetics, environment, and experience. Additionally, recent research has challenged the strict lateralization of functions and suggested that there is more functional overlap and interaction between the two hemispheres than previously thought.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Drug resistance, also known as antimicrobial resistance, is the ability of a microorganism (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand the effects of a drug that was originally designed to inhibit or kill it. This occurs when the microorganism undergoes genetic changes that allow it to survive in the presence of the drug. As a result, the drug becomes less effective or even completely ineffective at treating infections caused by these resistant organisms.
Drug resistance can develop through various mechanisms, including mutations in the genes responsible for producing the target protein of the drug, alteration of the drug's target site, modification or destruction of the drug by enzymes produced by the microorganism, and active efflux of the drug from the cell.
The emergence and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms pose significant challenges in medical treatment, as they can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents, as well as poor infection control practices, contribute to the development and dissemination of drug-resistant strains. To address this issue, it is crucial to promote prudent use of antimicrobials, enhance surveillance and monitoring of resistance patterns, invest in research and development of new antimicrobial agents, and strengthen infection prevention and control measures.
A nonvital tooth is one that no longer has a living or viable pulp, which contains the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, dental trauma, or previous invasive dental procedures. As a result, the tooth loses its sensitivity to temperature changes and may darken in color. Nonvital teeth typically require root canal treatment to remove the dead pulp tissue, disinfect the canals, and fill them with an inert material to preserve the tooth structure and function.
Amobarbital is a barbiturate drug that is primarily used as a sedative and sleep aid. It works by depressing the central nervous system, which can lead to relaxation, drowsiness, and reduced anxiety. Amobarbital is also sometimes used as an anticonvulsant to help control seizures.
Like other barbiturates, amobarbital has a high potential for abuse and addiction, and it can be dangerous or even fatal when taken in large doses or mixed with alcohol or other drugs. It is typically prescribed only for short-term use due to the risk of tolerance and dependence.
It's important to note that the use of barbiturates like amobarbital has declined in recent years due to the development of safer and more effective alternatives, such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine sleep aids.
Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.
The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.
Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.
A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.
For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.
A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.
Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain. These magnetic fields are detected by very sensitive devices called superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), which are cooled to extremely low temperatures to enhance their sensitivity. MEG provides direct and real-time measurement of neural electrical activity with high temporal resolution, typically on the order of milliseconds, allowing for the investigation of brain function during various cognitive, sensory, and motor tasks. It is often used in conjunction with other neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, to provide complementary information about brain structure and function.
Primidone is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used in the treatment of seizure disorders. It is a barbiturate derivative that has sedative and muscle relaxant properties. Primidone is metabolized in the body into two other anticonvulsants, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA). Together, these active metabolites help to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.
Primidone is used primarily for generalized tonic-clonic seizures and complex partial seizures. It may also be considered for use in absence seizures, although other medications are typically preferred for this type of seizure. The medication works by decreasing abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to prevent or reduce the occurrence of seizures.
Like all anticonvulsant medications, primidone carries a risk of side effects, including dizziness, drowsiness, and unsteady gait. It may also cause rash, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite in some individuals. In rare cases, primidone can cause more serious side effects such as blood disorders, liver damage, or suicidal thoughts.
It is important for patients taking primidone to be closely monitored by their healthcare provider to ensure that the medication is working effectively and to monitor for any potential side effects. Dosages of primidone may need to be adjusted over time based on the patient's response to treatment and any adverse reactions that occur.
GABA-A receptors are ligand-gated ion channels in the membrane of neuronal cells. They are the primary mediators of fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. When the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binds to these receptors, it opens an ion channel that allows chloride ions to flow into the neuron, resulting in hyperpolarization of the membrane and decreased excitability of the neuron. This inhibitory effect helps to regulate neural activity and maintain a balance between excitation and inhibition in the nervous system. GABA-A receptors are composed of multiple subunits, and the specific combination of subunits can determine the receptor's properties, such as its sensitivity to different drugs or neurotransmitters.
I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for "witchcraft" as it is generally considered to be a cultural or religious practice, not a medical condition. Witchcraft often refers to the practice of magical skills, spells, and the ability to communicate with spirits, which are beliefs that are deeply rooted in various cultures and religions around the world.
However, in some historical contexts, particularly during the early modern period in Europe, accusations of witchcraft were used as a pretext for persecuting and punishing individuals who were perceived as social or religious outsiders. These witch trials often resulted in severe physical and psychological harm, including executions, and can be considered a medical and human rights issue due to the trauma and violence inflicted upon those accused.
It's important to note that modern medicine recognizes the importance of cultural competence and sensitivity in providing care to patients from diverse backgrounds, including those who may practice witchcraft or other forms of traditional healing.
Mossy fibers in the hippocampus are a type of axon that originates from granule cells located in the dentate gyrus, which is the first part of the hippocampus. These fibers have a distinctive appearance and earn their name from the numerous small branches or "spines" that cover their surface, giving them a bushy or "mossy" appearance.
Mossy fibers form excitatory synapses with pyramidal cells in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and spatial navigation. These synapses are unique because they have a high degree of plasticity, meaning that they can change their strength in response to experience or learning. This plasticity is thought to be important for the formation and storage of memories.
Mossy fibers also release neurotransmitters such as glutamate and contribute to the regulation of hippocampal excitability. Dysfunction in mossy fiber function has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous (benign) tumors to grow in many parts of the body. These tumors can affect the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, eyes, and lungs. The signs and symptoms of TSC can vary widely, depending on where the tumors develop and how severely a person is affected.
The condition is caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, which regulate a protein that helps control cell growth and division. When these genes are mutated, the protein is not produced correctly, leading to excessive cell growth and the development of tumors.
TSC is typically diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, medical imaging, and genetic testing. Treatment for TSC often involves a multidisciplinary approach, with specialists in neurology, dermatology, cardiology, nephrology, pulmonology, and ophthalmology working together to manage the various symptoms of the condition. Medications, surgery, and other therapies may be used to help control seizures, developmental delays, skin abnormalities, and other complications of TSC.
The neocortex, also known as the isocortex, is the most recently evolved and outermost layer of the cerebral cortex in mammalian brains. It plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions such as sensory perception, spatial reasoning, conscious thought, language, and memory. The neocortex is characterized by its six-layered structure and is divided into several functional regions, including the primary motor, somatosensory, and visual cortices. It is highly expanded in humans and other primates, reflecting our advanced cognitive abilities compared to other animals.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Famous Persons" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to individuals who are widely known and recognized in the public sphere due to their achievements, contributions, or notoriety in various fields such as entertainment, politics, science, sports, and arts. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them!
Post-traumatic epilepsy
Arthur Earl Walker
Complications of traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury modeling
Primary and secondary brain injury
Post-traumatic seizure
Traumatic brain injury
Kindling model
Blood-brain barrier disruption
Model organism
Rick Darling
Epileptogenesis
Penetrating head injury
Primidone
Post-traumatic amnesia
Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
Cannabis in Ukraine
Seizure
Thomas A. Ban
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Derealization
Scott Hall
Nina Baginskaya
Second-impact syndrome
PTE
List of diseases (P)
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
Allopregnanolone
Functional disorder
List of MeSH codes (C21)
Post-traumatic epilepsy - Wikipedia
Posttraumatic Epilepsy Differential Diagnoses
Albert Einstein College of Medicine Receives $11 Million Grant to Tackle Post-Traumatic Epilepsy
Focal Cooling As A Prophylactic Treatment For Post-Traumatic Epilepsy - CURE Epilepsy
Measuring inflammation in brain and blood for predicting risk of post-traumatic epilepsy - Monash University
Post Traumatic Epilepsy & Epilepsy with Infectious Comorbidities // International League Against Epilepsy
Posttraumatic Epilepsy Medication: Anticonvulsants
Post-traumatic Epilepsy - MyNeuroNews
Post-traumatic epilepsy | Patient Innovation
Post-traumatic epilepsy - Laura Beretsky
Post traumatic epilepsy Archives | Lanjopoulos Chiropractic
Post Traumatic Epilepsy - Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Epilepsy - Mindfulness Based Trauma Treatment
Best Post Traumatic Epilepsy Hospitals in - Book Appointment Online | Credihealth
Autophagy and human diseases | Cell Research
DOD Epilepsy, Virtual Post-Traumatic Epilepsy Research Center Faculty Award | HT9425 23 ERP VIRTUAL P TERC F
Are there any correlations between embolic stroke and previous post-traumatic epilepsy? - Study from a case report<...
Nonmedical Cannabis Use Common in Patients With Epilepsy
Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies - NCBI Bookshelf
APA - Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury Third Edition
VCS fighting to protect Defense medical research | Veterans for Common Sense
Disability - Accessibility - ADA Expert Witnesses, Page 1
Comprehensive analysis of risk factors for seizures after deep brain stimulation surgery in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 115...
Epilepsy Among Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans - United States, 2002-2015 | MMWR
Duke Event Calendar
Valeriya Poukas | Temple Health
In Vivo Models: Visualizing traumatic brain injuries | eLife
Epilepsy Causes | Johns Hopkins Medicine
FY 2021 - Goal 4 Objective 2 | HHS.gov
Find Your Program Officer-Decision Tree | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Seizures29
- A person with PTE experiences repeated post-traumatic seizures (PTS, seizures that result from TBI) more than a week after the initial injury. (wikipedia.org)
- PTE is estimated to constitute 5% of all cases of epilepsy and over 20% of cases of acquired epilepsy (in which seizures are caused by an identifiable organic brain condition). (wikipedia.org)
- People with head trauma may remain at a higher risk for post-traumatic seizures than the general population even decades after the injury. (wikipedia.org)
- these are known as post-traumatic seizures (PTS). (wikipedia.org)
- However, not everyone who has post-traumatic seizures will continue to have post-traumatic epilepsy, because the latter is a chronic condition. (wikipedia.org)
- Seizures due to post-traumatic epilepsy are differentiated from non-epileptic post-traumatic seizures based on their cause and timing after the trauma. (wikipedia.org)
- Requiring more than one seizure for a diagnosis of PTE is more in line with the modern definition of epilepsy, but it eliminates people for whom seizures are controlled by medication after the first seizure. (wikipedia.org)
- If a case of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) demonstrates atypical features and the seizures continue despite treatment, consider the possibility of pseudoseizures. (medscape.com)
- Therefore, in intractable epilepsy patients, the diagnosis should be verified by video-EEG monitoring , which shows that the nature of the seizures is psychogenic rather than epileptic. (medscape.com)
- for those with epileptic seizures, it may allow further workup for epilepsy surgery or vagus nerve stimulation. (medscape.com)
- Increased risk of late posttraumatic seizures associated with inheritance of APOE epsilon4 allele. (medscape.com)
- Anderson GD, Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Diaz-Arrastia R, Machamer JE, Farhrenbruch C. Haptoglobin phenotype and apolipoprotein E polymorphism: relationship to posttraumatic seizures and neuropsychological functioning after traumatic brain injury. (medscape.com)
- A population-based study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. (medscape.com)
- A randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures. (medscape.com)
- Dr. D'Ambrosio's project will determine whether focal brain cooling-cooling of the area of the brain responsible for the epilepsy-is an effective option to terminate seizures in both animals and humans. (cureepilepsy.org)
- Traumatic brain injury results in seizures and Tau-linked conditions in zebrafish larvae. (elifesciences.org)
- In zebrafish, the traumatic brain injury larvae also developed seizure-like behaviors, with the intensity of the seizures being positively correlated to the spread of abnormal Tau. (elifesciences.org)
- About 3 out of 10 people with epilepsy have structural changes in the brain that cause chronic seizures. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- A person with this condition can develop a form of temporal lobe epilepsy with partial (focal) seizures that can spread and affect other areas of the brain. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- People who have sustained head injuries from falls, car crashes, sports injuries and other accidents are more likely to experience seizures or epilepsy than those without a history of head injuries. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- These include seizures which may lead to post-traumatic epilepsy. (slackdavis.com)
- Differences in paracingulate connectivity associated with epileptiform discharges and uncontrolled seizures in genetic generalized epilepsy. (uc.edu)
- Comparisons of childhood trauma, alexithymia, and defensive styles in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures vs. epilepsy: Implications for the etiology of conversion disorder. (uc.edu)
- LOS ANGELES , March 25, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- NeuroSigma, Inc., a California -based medical device company, today announced that it will exhibit its CE Mark approved, non-invasive Monarch™ eTNS™ System for the adjunctive treatment of epilepsy and depression, at the 4th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures to be held in Salzburg, Austria from April 4-6 , 2013. (prnewswire.com)
- Patients undergoing testing for epilepsy often experience significant distress when their medication is reduced to provoke seizures. (neurosciencenews.com)
- This experimental therapy, called NRTX-1001, has the potential to offer drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients a non-destructive cure for their seizures. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Using EEG technology, researchers were able to detect pathological brain activity associated with seizures up to thirty minutes before a seizure occurred in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. (neurosciencenews.com)
- LPI weakens the signals that counter seizures, further explaining the value of CBD to treat epilepsy. (neurosciencenews.com)
- In this study, we examine how brain injury alters susceptibility to chemically-induced seizures in C57Bl/6J mice, and if pharmacological enhancement of glutamate transporters can reduce chronic post-traumatic seizures. (bvsalud.org)
Stress disorder3
- With severe TBI, some patients have posttraumatic stress disorder, which can contribute to pseudoseizures. (medscape.com)
- Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder in a patient with comorbid epilepsy. (bvsalud.org)
- Surveys among people affected by conflicts have found prevalence rates of 17% and 15% for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, respectively, figures that are substantially higher than average prevalence rates in general populations. (who.int)
Disorder2
- In September 2012 , NeuroSigma received CE Mark approval for the adjunctive treatment of epilepsy and major depressive disorder, for adults and children 9 years and older in the EU. (prnewswire.com)
- A prescription form of CBD is used for seizure disorder (epilepsy). (medlineplus.gov)
Etiology1
- The etiology of post-traumatic epilepsy remains unknown, but TBI brains exhibit an abnormal excitatory / inhibitory balance. (bvsalud.org)
Behavior1
- Epilepsy and Behavior, 7 (4), 715-718. (bvsalud.org)
Occur4
- Medical sources usually consider PTE to be present if even one unprovoked seizure occurs, but more recently it has become accepted to restrict the definition of all types of epilepsy to include only conditions in which more than one occur. (wikipedia.org)
- Other epilepsies occur as a result of brain trauma, stroke, infection, tumor or genetic susceptibility. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- The activation of dentate granule cells in the hippocampus plays a key role in alterations that occur during the development of post-traumatic epilepsy. (neurosciencenews.com)
- The pathophysiological changes that occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to the development of post-traumatic epilepsy, a life-long complication of brain trauma. (bvsalud.org)
Seizure disorders1
- Although seizure disorders are associated with traumatic brain injury, little information exists regarding comorbidities and mortality in veterans with epilepsy who were deployed in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. (cdc.gov)
Neurological conditions1
- In addition to these mental health problems, WHO has also identified as a priority epilepsy and dementia, which are neurological conditions that share common aspects with mental disorders in terms of provision of services. (who.int)
PTSD1
- The trigeminal nerve projects to specific areas of the brain, such as the locus coeruleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, thalamus and the cerebral cortex, which are involved in epilepsy, depression, PTSD, ADHD and other disorders. (prnewswire.com)
Comorbidities1
- Baseline demographic data (i.e., age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty) and comorbidities were compiled from all available data for IAV with epilepsy before meeting epilepsy criteria, and for IAV without epilepsy through 2010. (cdc.gov)
Epidemiology2
- Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy: a critical review. (medscape.com)
- Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in the upper Midwest. (mayoclinic.org)
Severe traumatic2
- Evaluation of seizure-like episodes in survivors of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. (medscape.com)
- This study recruited 606 patients with severe traumatic brain injury within 24 hours. (medscape.com)
Mechanisms7
- Traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: Underlying mechanisms leading to seizure. (medscape.com)
- Neural circuit mechanisms of post-traumatic epilepsy. (medscape.com)
- All Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported license, which permits copying, distribution and transmission of the work, provided the original work is properly cited, not used for commercial purposes, nor is altered or transformed. (nih.gov)
- In 1969, H.H. Jasper, A.A. Ward, and A. Pope and the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on the Epilepsies of the National Institutes of Health published the first edition of Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies. (nih.gov)
- In a foreword written for the second edition of Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, published in 1983, Jasper reminded us that the original and ultimate goal of the Public Health Service committee was to search for a "better understanding of the epilepsies and seek more rational methods of their prevention and treatment. (nih.gov)
- This fourth edition of Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies is based on a series of workshops held for four days at Yosemite National Park in March 2009. (nih.gov)
- and (5) for the first time in the Jasper's series describes the current efforts to translate the discoveries in epilepsy disease mechanisms into new therapeutic strategies. (nih.gov)
Temporal1
- Primary multiple temporal cystic lesion, minimally en- human infection are E. granulosus and cerebral hydatid cysts are quite unu- hanced after contrast. (who.int)
TBIs1
- Takeaway highlights: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), even those classified as mild, have been increasingly. (myneuronews.com)
Chronic4
- She is looking to publish her memoir, Seizing Control, which describes the challenges of living with epilepsy and the importance of patient self-advocacy in managing a chronic illness. (lauraberetsky.com)
- Even in the setting of a postimplantation imaging abnormality, long-term anticonvulsant therapy will not likely be required because none of our patients developed chronic epilepsy. (thejns.org)
- Veterans with epilepsy who were deployed in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts could benefit from evidence-based chronic disease self-management programs to reduce physical and psychiatric comorbidity, and linkages to U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs clinical health care providers and other community health and social service providers. (cdc.gov)
- IAV with epilepsy could benefit from evidence-based chronic disease self-management programs to reduce physical and psychiatric comorbidity, and linkages to VA clinical and other community health and social service providers. (cdc.gov)
Idiopathic1
- In some 6 out of 10 cases, epilepsy is idiopathic - meaning the cause is unknown. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Diagnosis3
- Keeping pace with advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and science of TBI, the Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury , Third Edition, comprehensively fills this gap in knowledge. (appi.org)
- IAV with epilepsy were defined as having a diagnosis indicative of epilepsy during 2010-2011 using diagnosis codes (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM]) and records of prescriptions for seizure medications ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- There might be a sudden bout of seizure and the diagnosis would be post-traumatic epilepsy. (nethealthbook.com)
Medscape1
- Cite this: Two Misses for Traumatic Brain Injury - Medscape - Feb 05, 2016. (medscape.com)
Generalized-onset1
- Of the 13 studies reporting epilepsy type, four involved patients with predominantly generalized-onset epilepsy, and eight had patients with predominantly focal-onset epilepsy. (medscape.com)
Interventions1
- Testing complex behavioral interventions using pragmatic clinical trials to improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury by combining the medical and social models of disease and partnering with community-based agencies. (mayoclinic.org)
Neuropsychological1
- Despite the increased public awareness of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the complexities of the neuropsychiatric, neuropsychological, neurological, and other physical consequences of TBI of all severities across the lifespan remain incompletely understood by patients, their families, healthcare providers, and the media. (appi.org)
Mild3
- Chamelian L, Reis M, Feinstein A. Six-month recovery from mild to moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: the role of APOE-epsilon4 allele. (medscape.com)
- The prestigious Mayo Clinic breaks down the differences between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussions, and moderate to severe brain injury. (slackdavis.com)
- Life After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Widespread Structural Brain Changes Associated With Psychological Distress Revealed With Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci. (usc.edu)
Headaches1
- 2. Null SA, Null LA. Resolution of post-traumatic epilepsy, headaches & dizziness following upper cervical chiropractic care in a 19-year-old male: case study & review of the literature. (lanjochiro.com)
Symptoms2
- Researchers say there is no reliable scientific evidence to support the claim that listening to Mozart's Sonata KV448 can provide relief from symptoms of epilepsy as previously claimed. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Phobic and agoraphobic symptoms are common in those with epilepsy and result in a poorer quality of life. (neurosciencenews.com)
Recurrent1
- Cerebral hydatid cysts are clas- tory of epilepsy, no history of jaundice, recurrent hydatid cysts. (who.int)
20221
- Newswise - May 12, 2022-BRONX, NY- Approximately 1 in 50 people who suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI) will develop post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)-with the risk of PTE significantly higher in people with severe TBI. (newswise.com)
Genes1
- Researchers are exploring the impact of genes in epilepsy but the association is complex, and genetic testing may not identify a specific cause. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Researchers3
- The researchers conducted a scoping review of the literature on the use of nonmedical cannabis (NMC) by people with epilepsy (PWE). (medscape.com)
- Since then, basic and clinical researchers in epilepsy have gathered together about every 14 years to assess where epilepsy research has been, what it has accomplished, and where it should go. (nih.gov)
- Researchers discovered a shared brain circuit that may link diverse lesion locations that cause epilepsy. (neurosciencenews.com)
Risk6
- However, most studies have found that having family members with epilepsy does not significantly increase the risk of PTS, suggesting that genetics are not a strong risk factor. (wikipedia.org)
- Posttraumatic epilepsy risk factors: one-year prospective study after head injury. (medscape.com)
- Results of phase II levetiracetam trial following acute head injury in children at risk for posttraumatic epilepsy. (medscape.com)
- Traumatic brain injury is an epilepsy risk factor. (lauraberetsky.com)
- Persons with epilepsy are at risk of excess mortality in part because of comorbidity ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- Traumatic brain injuries are a leading cause of death and disability in younger people, as well as an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and dementia in older adults. (elifesciences.org)
Discoveries1
- Join our email list for the latest epilepsy research news, discoveries, and more. (cureepilepsy.org)
Dysfunction1
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis dysfunction in epilepsy. (uc.edu)
Treatment4
- If successful, this work will provide the groundwork for the translation of focal cortical cooling from "bench to bedside" as a treatment for human epilepsy. (cureepilepsy.org)
- You can easily connect with a top Post Traumatic Epilepsy Hospitals in Delhi NCR, who can provide advanced treatment and caring support for your neurology concerns. (credihealth.com)
- In the Tau-GFP reporter larvae, the shockwave treatment led to fluorescent puncta in the brain and spinal cord, consistent with traumatic brain injuries leading to Tau pathologies ( Figure 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
- Development of new treatment approaches for epilepsy: unmet needs and opportunities. (uc.edu)
Clinical3
- Bioequivalence Between Generic and Branded Lamotrigine in People With Epilepsy: The EQUIGEN Randomized Clinical Trial. (uc.edu)
- Using artificial intelligence to identify biomarkers within digital brain imaging and electrophysiology data sets that predict clinical outcomes after TBI including post-traumatic epilepsy. (mayoclinic.org)
- It has a Drug Candidate, CQ-001, which is positioned for clinical trials, targeting epilepsy. (cbs42.com)
Psychogenic1
- Hudak et al found that in patients with refractory PTE following moderate traumatic brain injury, about 20-30% proved to have psychogenic attacks. (medscape.com)
Prevalence1
- There is no literature that focuses specifically on NMC use by elderly PWE, and this represents a "major knowledge gap, especially given the high prevalence of epilepsy in the elderly and the effects of cannabis on cognition," the investigators note. (medscape.com)
Grants2
- In addition to the NINDS grant, Drs. Galanopoulou and Mazarati have received two, two-year grants from the U.S. Department of Defense totaling nearly $1.95 million to develop more realistic animal models of traumatic brain injury and to study how inflammation and the gut microbiome influence the onset of PTE. (newswise.com)
- Their work is supported by Federal, sub-Federal, and Foundational grants studying primarily stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). (mayoclinic.org)
Stroke2
- The grant, titled "Translational platform for epilepsy therapy and biomarker discover," was provided by the National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the NIH (R01NS127524). (newswise.com)
- Are there any correlations between embolic stroke and previous post-traumatic epilepsy? (unair.ac.id)
Strokes1
- These abnormalities can arise from traumatic brain injuries, strokes and other vascular problems, infections of the nervous system (meningitis or encephalitis), congenital malformations, brain tumors or metabolic abnormalities. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Consciousness1
- As with other forms of epilepsy, seizure types in PTE may be partial (affecting only part of one hemisphere of the brain) or generalized (affecting both hemispheres and associated with loss of consciousness). (wikipedia.org)
Patients4
- However, AEDs are effective in patients who develop posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). (medscape.com)
- A significant number of epilepsy patients turn to nonmedical cannabis for seizure control, often without their physician's knowledge, new research shows. (medscape.com)
- Of these, 45 included mostly adult epilepsy patients, and 21 included mainly pediatric patients. (medscape.com)
- Conference attendees will be able to learn about the device and its safety and efficacy for patients whose epilepsy remains poorly controlled with drug therapy. (prnewswire.com)
People3
- According to Brain Line , 2.8 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury each year. (slackdavis.com)
- Generic-to-generic lamotrigine switches in people with epilepsy: the randomised controlled EQUIGEN trial. (uc.edu)
- My topic today is traumatic brain injury , which is the most frequent cause of death in young people under age 45. (medscape.com)
Assess1
- Each IAV included in the cohort had one or more inpatient or outpatient visits in both years to ensure that they were active VA users, and that adequate data would be available to identify epilepsy and assess comorbidity. (cdc.gov)
Study4
- A cohort study was developed using inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy data from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration (VA) to identify epilepsy, demographic characteristics, and baseline comorbidity for IAV who received VA care in 2010 and 2011. (cdc.gov)
- IAV with one or more diagnoses of epilepsy (ICD-9-CM 345), or two or more diagnoses of seizure not otherwise specified (ICD-9-CM 780.39), and a concomitant prescription for antiseizure medications* in 2011, met the epilepsy criteria for this study. (cdc.gov)
- IAV who met epilepsy criteria in 2010, but who did not receive antiseizure medications in 2011 were excluded from the study. (cdc.gov)
- IAV who did not meet the epilepsy study criteria formed the no epilepsy group. (cdc.gov)
Development3
- The Department of Defense, Dept. of the Army -- USAMRAA in the science and technology and other research and development sector is offering a public funding opportunity titled " DOD Epilepsy, Virtual Post-Traumatic Epilepsy Research Center Faculty Award " and is now available to receive applicants. (graduateschoolgrants.info)
- Genetics may also play a role in the development of post-traumatic epilepsy. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Artificial intelligence was able to determine different behavioral phenotypes at different stages in the development of epilepsy in mice. (neurosciencenews.com)
Physical2
- Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a form of acquired epilepsy that results from brain damage caused by physical trauma to the brain (traumatic brain injury, abbreviated TBI). (wikipedia.org)
- U.S. veterans with epilepsy who were deployed in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts were more likely than those without epilepsy to have mental and physical comorbidity, and were 2.6 times more likely to die during 2011-2015, even after controlling for demographic characteristics and other conditions associated with death. (cdc.gov)