A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus equine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, EQUINE), causing acute and chronic infection in horses. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies, mosquitoes, and midges, and iatrogenically through unsterilized equipment. Chronic infection often consists of acute episodes with remissions.
Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV; INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS, EQUINE). It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions.
Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.
Trans-acting nuclear proteins whose functional expression are required for retroviral replication. Specifically, the rev gene products are required for processing and translation of the gag and env mRNAs, and thus rev regulates the expression of the viral structural proteins. rev can also regulate viral regulatory proteins. A cis-acting antirepression sequence (CAR) in env, also known as the rev-responsive element (RRE), is responsive to the rev gene product. rev is short for regulator of virion.
A family of hoofed MAMMALS consisting of HORSES, donkeys, and zebras. Members of this family are strict herbivores and can be classified as either browsers or grazers depending on how they feed.
Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.
A superfamily of parasitic nematodes which requires one or two intermediate arthropod hosts before finally being eaten by the final host. Its organisms occur rarely in man.
Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that regulates the expression of the viral structural and regulatory proteins in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). rev is short for regulator of virion.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
Trans-acting transcription factors produced by retroviruses such as HIV. They are nuclear proteins whose expression is required for viral replication. The tat protein stimulates LONG TERMINAL REPEAT-driven RNA synthesis for both viral regulatory and viral structural proteins. tat stands for trans-activation of transcription.
The type species of GYROVIRUS, a small, non-enveloped DNA virus originally isolated from contaminated vaccines in Japan. It causes chicken infectious anemia and may possibly play a key role in hemorrhagic anemia syndrome, anemia dermatitis, and blue wing disease.
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), that can cause chronic pneumonia (maedi), mastitis, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis (visna) in sheep. Maedi is a progressive pneumonia of sheep which is similar to but not the same as jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE). Visna is a demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep which is similar to but not the same as SCRAPIE.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).
Sensitive assay using radiolabeled ANTIGENS to detect specific ANTIBODIES in SERUM. The antigens are allowed to react with the serum and then precipitated using a special reagent such as PROTEIN A sepharose beads. The bound radiolabeled immunoprecipitate is then commonly analyzed by gel electrophoresis.
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.
Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.
Nucleotide sequences repeated on both the 5' and 3' ends of a sequence under consideration. For example, the hallmarks of a transposon are that it is flanked by inverted repeats on each end and the inverted repeats are flanked by direct repeats. The Delta element of Ty retrotransposons and LTRs (long terminal repeats) are examples of this concept.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.
A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.
Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. "pol" is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
A group of enzymes within the class EC 3.6.1.- that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates. They may liberate either a mono- or diphosphate. EC 3.6.1.-.
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)

Detection and induction of equine infectious anemia virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by use of recombinant retroviral vectors. (1/134)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) appear to be critical in resolving or reducing the severity of lentivirus infections. Retroviral vectors expressing the Gag/Pr or SU protein of the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) were constructed and used to evaluate EIAV-specific CTL responses in horses. Three promoters, cytomegalovirus, simian virus SV40, and Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MoMSV) long terminal repeat (LTR), were used, and there was considerable variation in their ability to direct expression of Gag/Pr and SU. Vectors expressing EIAV proteins under the direction of MoMSV LTR and using the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) Env for internalization were efficient at transducing equine kidney (EK) target cells and were effective targets for EIAV-specific CTL lysis. CTL from EIAV-infected horses caused lysis of retroviral vector-transduced EK cells expressing either Gag/Pr or SU in an ELA-A-restricted manner. In contrast, lysis of recombinant vaccinia virus-infected EK cells expressing Gag/Pr and SU/TM was often non-LA-A restricted. Five horses were immunized by direct intramuscular injection with a mixture of retroviral vectors expressing Gag/Pr or SU, and one responded with EIAV-specific CTL. This result indicates that retroviral vector stimulation of CTL in horses needs to be optimized, perhaps by inclusion of appropriate cytokine genes in the constructs. However, the studies demonstrated that retroviral vector-transduced target cells were very effective for in vitro dissection of EIAV-specific CTL responses.  (+info)

Platelets from thrombocytopenic ponies acutely infected with equine infectious anemia virus are activated in vivo and hypofunctional. (2/134)

Thrombocytopenia is a consistent finding and one of the earliest hematological abnormalities in horses acutely infected with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus. Multifactorial mechanisms, including immune-mediated platelet destruction and impaired platelet production, are implicated in the pathogenesis of EIAV-associated thrombocytopenia. This study was undertaken to investigate whether regenerative thrombopoiesis and platelet destruction occurred in ponies acutely infected with EIAV. Circulating large, immature platelets were increased in ponies acutely infected with EIAV late in the infection when platelet count was at a nadir. Morphometric analysis of bone marrow from acutely infected ponies revealed significant increased in megakaryocyte area and megakaryocyte nuclear area. A trend toward increased numbers of megakaryocytes was also observed. Platelets from acutely infected ponies had increased surface-bound fibrinogen and ultrastructural changes consistent with in vivo platelet activation. Platelets also had hypofunctional aggregation responses to three agonists in vitro. We conclude that thrombocytopenia in ponies acutely infected with EIAV is regenerative and suggest that bone marrow platelet production is not severely compromised in these ponies. Our findings reveal that in vivo platelet activation occurs in ponies acutely infected with EIAV, and as a result platelets are hypofunctional in vitro. Activation of platelets in vivo may cause platelet degranulation or formation of platelet aggregates, which would result in removal of these damages platelets from circulation. This may represent a form of nonimmune-mediated platelet destruction in ponies acutely infected with EIAV.  (+info)

In vitro antibody-dependent enhancement assays are insensitive indicators of in vivo vaccine enhancement of equine infectious anemia virus. (3/134)

We have previously demonstrated a high propensity for enhancement of virus replication and disease resulting from experimental immunization of ponies with a baculovirus recombinant envelope (rgp90) vaccine from equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The current studies were undertaken to examine the correlation between the observed in vivo vaccine enhancement and in vitro assays for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of EIAV replication. Toward this goal an optimized EIAV in vitro enhancement assay was developed using primary equine macrophage cells and used to evaluate the enhancement properties of immune serum taken from rgp90 immunized ponies that displayed various levels of vaccine enhancement after experimental challenge with EIAV. For comparison, we analyzed in parallel immune serum samples from a group of ponies immunized with a viral envelope subunit vaccine (LL-gp) that produced sterile protection from EIAV challenge. The results of these assays demonstrated that the rgp90 immune serum had a greater propensity for in vitro enhancement of EIAV replication than serum from the protected LL-gp immunized ponies; in vitro enhancement levels for the rgp90 immune sera averaged about 1.5, with a maximum enhancement value of about 2.0. While distinguishing between immune serum produced by the rgp90 and LL-gp immunizations, the in vitro enhancement assay failed to reliably correlate with the severity of in vivo enhancement observed among the rgp90 vaccine recipients. Vaccinated ponies that experienced moderate to no disease signs displayed levels of in vitro enhancement similar to those of ponies that experienced severe and fatal enhancement of disease after viral challenge. The observed in vitro enhancement was demonstrated to be dependent on serum immunoglobulin, but independent of complement. These studies demonstrate in the EIAV system that in vitro ADE assays appear to be relatively insensitive indicators of the severity of in vivo enhancement and that relatively low levels of in vitro ADE can be associated with severe to fatal enhancement of virus replication and disease in vivo. These observations suggest that relatively low levels of serum ADE observed in other lentivirus systems, including HIV-1, may have more profound effects on in vivo virus replication and disease than previously recognized.  (+info)

Natural variation of equine infectious anemia virus Gag protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes. (4/134)

Two defined cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes from equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-infected horses, equine leukocyte alloantigen (ELA)-A5.1-restricted epitope 18a, and ELA-A9-restricted epitope 28b-1 were evaluated for conservation among three wild-type EIAV strains. Epitope 18a variation occurred in all three wild-type EIAV strains, while epitope 28b-1 varied in one strain. Further, 12% amino acid changes occurred in the Gag proteins of a recently isolated wild-type strain, documenting a much greater Gag protein variation than previously reported. Evaluation of epitope 18a among two virus isolates from sequential disease episodes in a single horse, H513 (ELA-A5.1/A8), demonstrated that no variation that affected CTL recognition occurred. H513 PBMC had CTLm to epitope 18a before the occurrence of disease episodes caused by viruses expressing epitope 18a; however, the frequencies were low (5-15/10(6) PBMC). Later in infection there was an absence of disease episodes associated with an increase in CTLm frequency to EIAV(WSU5)-infected targets, but not epitope 18a-pulsed targets. Therefore, if CTLm to EIAV epitopes were involved in maintaining the carrier state in H513, they recognized epitopes other than 18a.  (+info)

Endothelial cell infection in vivo by equine infectious anaemia virus. (5/134)

Equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) infection of horses is characterized clinically by recurrent episodes of fever, thrombocytopenia and anaemia. In vivo, the only site of virus replication that has been previously demonstrated for EIAV is the tissue macrophage. In this study, in situ hybridization for EIAV was combined with immunohistochemistry for cell-type-specific markers to identify infected endothelial cells. EIAV-infected endothelial cells and macrophages were detected in horses infected with either virulent wild-type or with weakly virulent tissue culture-adapted strains of EIAV. The role of endothelial cell infection in the pathogenesis of EIAV remains undefined, but could contribute to the development of thrombocytopenia. However, endothelial cell infection does not appear to be a determinant of virulence for EIAV.  (+info)

Evaluation of antibody parameters as potential correlates of protection or enhancement by experimental vaccines to equine infectious anemia virus. (6/134)

We previously demonstrated in trials of a variety of experimental vaccines to equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) a remarkable spectrum of efficacy ranging from sterilizing protection to severe enhancement of virus replication and disease, depending on the immunization strategy used. This range of vaccine efficacy observed in vivo offers a unique opportunity for evaluating potential in vitro immune correlates of protection and enhancement. We describe here a comprehensive analysis and comparison of EIAV envelope-specific antibody responses elicited by attenuated, inactivated whole virus and envelope subunit vaccines to EIAV, and we evaluate the potential of in vitro antibody assays as correlates of protection or enhancement. Thus vaccine-induced serum antibody responses in experimentally immunized ponies at the day of challenge were assayed using a panel of quantitative, qualitative, and functional in vitro assays, including end-point titer of total and isotypic IgG, serum antibody avidity, conformational dependence, and serum neutralization. The results of these studies revealed substantial differences in the EIAV envelope-specific antibody responses elicited by the different vaccines, indicating the importance of envelope glycoprotein antigen presentation in determining the specificity of vaccine immunity. Although no single in vitro parameter provided a statistically significant correlate of protection or enhancement, the use of multiple parameters (titer, avidity index, and conformation ratio) could be used as a reliable correlate of vaccine protection and that the level of vaccine protection was closely associated with the development of mature antibody responses. These studies demonstrate the importance of using multiple antibody assays to evaluate lentiviral vaccine responses and emphasize the need for the development of new in vitro antibody assays that may provide more insight into vaccine protection and enhancement.  (+info)

Effects of long terminal repeat sequence variation on equine infectious anemia virus replication in vitro and in vivo. (7/134)

The long terminal repeat (LTR) is reported to be one of the most variable portions of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) genome. To date, however, no information is available on the effects of observed sequence variations on viral replication properties, despite a widespread assumption of the biological importance of EIAV LTR variation. EIAV LTR sequence variability is confined mostly to a small portion of the enhancer within the U3 segment of the LTR. Analysis of published EIAV LTR sequences revealed six different types of LTR based on the pattern of putative transcription factor motifs within the variable region of the enhancer. To test directly the significance of LTR variation, the in vitro and in vivo replication properties of two variant LTR species were investigated using two isogenic viruses, EIAV(19-2) and EIAV(19-2-6A), differing only within the enhancer region. The results of these studies demonstrated that the two variants replicated with similar kinetics and to equal levels in cultured equine fibroblasts or in equine macrophage, the natural target cell of EIAV, even after prolonged serial passage in the latter cell type. Furthermore, EIAV(19-2) and EIAV(19-2-6A) variants demonstrated similar replication levels in experimentally infected ponies. However, ponies infected with EIAV(19-2-6A) exhibited a rapid switch in the prevalent LTR type, such that by 112 days postinfection, no original-LTR-type viruses were evident. This specific and rapid shift in LTR quasispecies indicates an in vivo selection that is not reflected in simple in vitro replication rates, suggesting undefined selection pressures in vivo that drive LTR variation during persistent EIAV infection.  (+info)

Replication ability in vitro and in vivo of equine infectious anemia virus avirulent Japanese strain. (8/134)

An attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), V26, was previously prepared by 50 passages of the Japanese virulent strain V70 in primary horse macrophage culture. The horses inoculated with this V26 virus were shown to raise neutralizing antibodies against V70 without any viremia. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo replication ability of V26. Comparison of the long-terminal repeat (LTR) sequences between V26 and V70 revealed a large insertion within the LTR U3 hypervariable region of V26. V26 with the mutation in the LTR showed much higher promoter activity in vitro than V70. This is consistent with the much higher replication rate of V26 in horse primary macrophage cultures compared with V70. In sharp contrast, we failed to identify the V26-specific LTR sequence by PCR, at least in sequential samples of plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from three horses until day 62 after V26 inoculation. In contrast, antibody responses to EIAV were observed in all horses. The results suggest that the replication ability of V26 in vivo is extremely low. When one of the horses was subsequently challenged with cell-associated V70, it was found that the horse became PCR positive for EIAV. There was no LTR mutation in EIAV genome in samples periodically prepared from the V70-challenged horse. Thus it was suggested that the LTR mutation in EIAV, which occurs during serial passage in vitro, affects EIAV replication in vitro and in vivo.  (+info)

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a viral disease that affects horses and other equine animals. The causative agent of this disease is the Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV), which belongs to the family Retroviridae and genus Lentivirus. This virus is primarily transmitted through the transfer of infected blood, most commonly through biting insects such as horseflies and deerflies.

The EIAV attacks the immune system of the infected animal, causing a variety of symptoms including fever, weakness, weight loss, anemia, and edema. The virus has a unique ability to integrate its genetic material into the host's DNA, which can lead to a lifelong infection. Some animals may become chronic carriers of the virus, showing no signs of disease but remaining infectious to others.

There is currently no cure for EIA, and infected animals must be isolated to prevent the spread of the disease. Vaccines are available in some countries, but they do not provide complete protection against infection and may only help reduce the severity of the disease. Regular testing and monitoring of equine populations are essential to control the spread of this virus.

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a viral disease that affects horses and other equine animals. It is caused by the Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV), which is transmitted through the bloodstream of infected animals, often through biting insects such as horseflies and deerflies.

The symptoms of EIA can vary widely, but often include fever, weakness, weight loss, anemia, and edema. In severe cases, the disease can cause death. There is no cure for EIA, and infected animals must be isolated to prevent the spread of the virus.

EIA is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies to the virus. Horses that test positive for EIA are typically euthanized or permanently quarantined. Prevention measures include testing horses before they are bought, sold, or moved, as well as controlling insect populations and using insect repellents. Vaccines are not available for EIA in most countries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "horses" is not a medical term. It is the common name given to the species *Equus ferus caballus*, which are large domesticated mammals used for transportation, work, and recreation. If you have any questions about horses or a related topic that you would like a medical perspective on, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!

Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a lower than normal number of red blood cells or lower than normal levels of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and a pale complexion because the body's tissues are not getting enough oxygen.

Anemia can be caused by various factors, including nutritional deficiencies (such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency), blood loss, chronic diseases (such as kidney disease or rheumatoid arthritis), inherited genetic disorders (such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia), and certain medications.

There are different types of anemia, classified based on the underlying cause, size and shape of red blood cells, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, supplements, medication, or blood transfusions.

A gene product is the biochemical material, such as a protein or RNA, that is produced by the expression of a gene. The term "gene products, rev" is not a standard medical or scientific term, and its meaning is not immediately clear without additional context. However, "rev" is sometimes used in molecular biology to denote reverse orientation or transcription, so "gene products, rev" might refer to RNA molecules that are produced when a gene is transcribed in the opposite direction from what is typically observed.

It's important to note that not all genes produce protein products; some genes code for RNAs that have regulatory or structural functions, while others produce both proteins and RNA molecules. The study of gene products and their functions is an important area of research in molecular biology and genetics, as it can provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of genetic diseases and other biological processes.

Equidae is the biological family that includes horses, donkeys, zebras, and their extinct relatives. These mammals are known for their hooves, long faces, and distinctive teeth adapted for grazing on grasses. They are also characterized by a unique form of locomotion in which they move both legs on one side of the body together, a gait known as "diagonal couple-hoofed" or "pacing."

The family Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes other odd-toed ungulates such as rhinos and tapirs. The fossil record of Equidae dates back to the early Eocene epoch, around 56 million years ago, with a diverse array of species that inhabited various habitats across the world.

Some notable members of the family Equidae include:

* Equus: This is the genus that includes modern horses, donkeys, and zebras. It has a wide geographic distribution and includes several extinct species such as the now-extinct American wild horse (Equus ferus) and the quagga (Equus quagga), a subspecies of the plains zebra that went extinct in the late 19th century.
* Hyracotherium: Also known as Eohippus, this is one of the earliest and smallest members of Equidae. It lived during the early Eocene epoch and had four toes on its front feet and three toes on its hind feet.
* Mesohippus: This was a slightly larger and more advanced member of Equidae that lived during the middle Eocene epoch. It had four toes on its front feet and three toes on its hind feet, but its middle toe was larger and stronger than in Hyracotherium.
* Merychippus: This was a diverse and successful member of Equidae that lived during the late Miocene epoch. It had a more modern-looking skeleton and teeth adapted for grazing on grasses.
* Pliohippus: This was a transitional form between early members of Equidae and modern horses. It lived during the Pliocene epoch and had a single toe on each foot, like modern horses. Its teeth were also more specialized for grinding grasses.

"Gene products, GAG" refer to the proteins that are produced by the GAG (Group-specific Antigen) gene found in retroviruses, such as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). These proteins play a crucial role in the structure and function of the viral particle or virion.

The GAG gene encodes for a polyprotein that is cleaved by a protease into several individual proteins, including matrix (MA), capsid (CA), and nucleocapsid (NC) proteins. These proteins are involved in the formation of the viral core, which encloses the viral RNA genome and associated enzymes required for replication.

The MA protein is responsible for binding to the host cell membrane during viral entry, while the CA protein forms the capsid shell that surrounds the viral RNA and NC protein. The NC protein binds to the viral RNA and helps to package it into the virion during assembly. Overall, GAG gene products are essential for the life cycle of retroviruses and are important targets for antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected individuals.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

I understand you are asking for a medical definition of "Horse Diseases." However, it's important to note that there isn't a specific medical field dedicated to horse diseases as we typically categorize medical fields by human diseases and conditions. Veterinary medicine is the field responsible for studying, diagnosing, and treating diseases in animals, including horses.

Here's a general definition of 'Horse Diseases':

Horse diseases are health issues or medical conditions that affect equine species, particularly horses. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections; genetic predispositions; environmental factors; and metabolic disorders. Examples of horse diseases include Strangles (Streptococcus equi), Equine Influenza, Equine Herpesvirus, West Nile Virus, Rabies, Potomac Horse Fever, Lyme Disease, and internal or external parasites like worms and ticks. Additionally, horses can suffer from musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis, laminitis, and various injuries. Regular veterinary care, preventative measures, and proper management are crucial for maintaining horse health and preventing diseases.

Spiruroidea is a taxonomic category of parasitic nematodes (roundworms) that belong to the phylum Nematoda. These parasites are primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract of various vertebrate hosts, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. They have a complex life cycle involving one or more intermediate hosts, often arthropods such as beetles or crustaceans.

Spiruroids are characterized by their long, slender bodies with distinct anterior and posterior ends. The mouth is surrounded by three lips, and they possess a muscular esophagus that is typically divided into two parts: a narrow anterior portion called the stoma, and a wider posterior portion called the bulb.

Some well-known examples of Spiruroidea include the genus Spirura, which parasitizes carnivores and birds; the genus Habronema, which infects horses and other herbivores; and the genus Thelazia, which causes eye infections in humans and animals.

It is important to note that taxonomy is a dynamic field, and the classification of Spiruroidea may change as new research and discoveries emerge.

Immunodiffusion is a laboratory technique used in immunology to detect and measure the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in a sample. It is based on the principle of diffusion, where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they reach equilibrium. In this technique, a sample containing an unknown quantity of antigen or antibody is placed in a gel or agar medium that contains a known quantity of antibody or antigen, respectively.

The two substances then diffuse towards each other and form a visible precipitate at the point where they meet and reach equivalence, which indicates the presence and quantity of the specific antigen or antibody in the sample. There are several types of immunodiffusion techniques, including radial immunodiffusion (RID) and double immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony technique). These techniques are widely used in diagnostic laboratories to identify and measure various antigens and antibodies, such as those found in infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and allergic reactions.

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes are the basic units of inheritance, and they determine many of an individual's characteristics, such as eye color, hair color, and height.

In revised terminology, "genes" can be defined more specifically as a DNA sequence that codes for a functional RNA molecule or a protein. This includes both coding sequences (exons) and non-coding sequences (introns). The revised definition also acknowledges the role of regulatory elements, such as promoters and enhancers, which are DNA sequences that control the expression of genes.

Additionally, it is important to note that genes can exist in different forms, known as alleles, which can result in variations in traits among individuals. Some genes may also have multiple functions or be involved in complex genetic interactions, contributing to the complexity of genetics and inheritance.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Viral envelope proteins are structural proteins found in the envelope that surrounds many types of viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the virus's life cycle, including attachment to host cells, fusion with the cell membrane, and entry into the host cell. They are typically made up of glycoproteins and are often responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host organism. The exact structure and function of viral envelope proteins vary between different types of viruses.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

A "gene product" is the biochemical material that results from the expression of a gene. This can include both RNA and protein molecules. In the case of the tat (transactivator of transcription) gene in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the gene product is a regulatory protein that plays a crucial role in the viral replication cycle.

The tat protein is a viral transactivator, which means it increases the transcription of HIV genes by interacting with various components of the host cell's transcription machinery. Specifically, tat binds to a complex called TAR (transactivation response element), which is located in the 5' untranslated region of all nascent HIV mRNAs. By binding to TAR, tat recruits and activates positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which then phosphorylates the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, leading to efficient elongation of HIV transcripts.

The tat protein is essential for HIV replication, as it enhances viral gene expression and promotes the production of new virus particles. Inhibiting tat function has been a target for developing antiretroviral therapies against HIV infection.

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a small, non-enveloped DNA virus that belongs to the family *Circoviridae* and genus *Gyrovirus*. It primarily infects chickens and causes a variety of clinical signs, including severe anemia, immunosuppression, and runting in young birds.

The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through horizontal transmission via feces, contaminated equipment, or vertically from infected breeder hens to their offspring. CAV infection can lead to significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to decreased growth rates, increased mortality, and reduced egg production.

In addition to its impact on the poultry industry, CAV has also been used as a vector for gene delivery in biomedical research. Its small genome size and ability to infect a wide range of avian species make it an attractive candidate for vaccine development and gene therapy applications.

Visna-maedi virus (VMV) is an retrovirus that belongs to the genus Lentivirus, which is part of the family Retroviridae. This virus is the causative agent of a slowly progressive, fatal disease in sheep known as maedi-visna. The term "visna" refers to a inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and "maedi" refers to a progressive interstitial pneumonia.

The Visna-Maedi virus is closely related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, as well as to other lentiviruses that affect animals such as caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV).

Visna-maedi virus primarily targets the immune system cells, specifically monocytes/macrophages, leading to a weakened immune response in infected animals. This makes them more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus is transmitted through the respiratory route and infection can occur through inhalation of infectious aerosols or by ingestion of contaminated milk or colostrum from infected ewes.

There is no effective treatment or vaccine available for Visna-maedi virus infection, and control measures are focused on identifying and isolating infected animals to prevent the spread of the disease within sheep flocks.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by deficient or absent immune responses. It results from mutations in different genes involved in the development and function of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, or both, leading to a severe impairment in cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

Infants with SCID are extremely vulnerable to infections, which can be life-threatening. Common symptoms include chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, recurrent pneumonia, and persistent candidiasis (thrush). If left untreated, it can lead to severe disability or death within the first two years of life. Treatment typically involves bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy to restore immune function.

A Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay (RIA) is a highly sensitive laboratory technique used to measure the presence and concentration of specific antigens or antibodies in a sample. This technique combines the use of radioisotopes, immunochemistry, and precipitation reactions.

In an RIA, a known quantity of a radioactively labeled antigen (or hapten) is incubated with a sample containing an unknown amount of antibody (or vice versa). If the specific antigen-antibody pair is present in the sample, they will bind together to form an immune complex. This complex can then be selectively precipitated from the solution using a second antibody that recognizes and binds to the first antibody, thus forming an insoluble immune precipitate.

The amount of radioactivity present in the precipitate is directly proportional to the concentration of antigen or antibody in the sample. By comparing this value to a standard curve generated with known concentrations of antigen or antibody, the unknown concentration can be accurately determined. RIAs have been widely used in research and clinical settings for the quantification of various hormones, drugs, vitamins, and other biomolecules. However, due to safety concerns and regulatory restrictions associated with radioisotopes, non-radioactive alternatives like Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) have become more popular in recent years.

Aplastic anemia is a medical condition characterized by pancytopenia (a decrease in all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) due to the failure of bone marrow to produce new cells. It is called "aplastic" because the bone marrow becomes hypocellular or "aplastic," meaning it contains few or no blood-forming stem cells.

The condition can be acquired or inherited, with acquired aplastic anemia being more common. Acquired aplastic anemia can result from exposure to toxic chemicals, radiation, drugs, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders. Inherited forms of the disease include Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, easy bruising or bleeding, frequent infections, and fever. Treatment options for aplastic anemia depend on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause. They may include blood transfusions, immunosuppressive therapy, and stem cell transplantation.

A provirus is a form of the genetic material of a retrovirus that is integrated into the DNA of the host cell it has infected. Once integrated, the provirus is replicated along with the host's own DNA every time the cell divides, and it becomes a permanent part of the host's genome.

The process of integration involves the reverse transcription of the retroviral RNA genome into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, followed by the integration of the resulting double-stranded proviral DNA into the host chromosome by the enzyme integrase.

Proviruses can remain dormant and inactive for long periods of time, or they can become active and produce new viral particles that can infect other cells. In some cases, proviruses can also disrupt the normal functioning of host genes, leading to various diseases such as cancer.

Terminal repeat sequences (TRS) are repetitive DNA sequences that are located at the termini or ends of chromosomes, plasmids, and viral genomes. They play a significant role in various biological processes such as genome replication, packaging, and integration. In eukaryotic cells, telomeres are the most well-known TRS, which protect the chromosome ends from degradation, fusion, and other forms of DNA damage.

Telomeres consist of repetitive DNA sequences (5'-TTAGGG-3' in vertebrates) that are several kilobases long, associated with a set of shelterin proteins that protect them from being recognized as double-strand breaks by the DNA repair machinery. With each cell division, telomeres progressively shorten due to the end replication problem, which can ultimately lead to cellular senescence or apoptosis.

In contrast, prokaryotic TRS are often found at the ends of plasmids and phages and are involved in DNA replication, packaging, and integration into host genomes. For example, the attP and attB sites in bacteriophage lambda are TRS that facilitate site-specific recombination during integration and excision from the host genome.

Overall, terminal repeat sequences are essential for maintaining genome stability and integrity in various organisms, and their dysfunction can lead to genomic instability, disease, and aging.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis) faster than they can be produced. Red blood cells are essential for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When they are destroyed, hemoglobin and other cellular components are released into the bloodstream, which can lead to complications such as kidney damage and gallstones.

Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired. Inherited forms of the condition may result from genetic defects that affect the structure or function of red blood cells. Acquired forms of hemolytic anemia can be caused by various factors, including infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, and certain medical conditions such as cancer or blood disorders.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and a rapid heartbeat. Treatment for hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, blood transfusions, or surgery.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

RNA-directed DNA polymerase is a type of enzyme that can synthesize DNA using an RNA molecule as a template. This process is called reverse transcription, and it is the mechanism by which retroviruses, such as HIV, replicate their genetic material. The enzyme responsible for this reaction in retroviruses is called reverse transcriptase.

Reverse transcriptase is an important target for antiretroviral therapy used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. In addition to its role in viral replication, RNA-directed DNA polymerase also has applications in molecular biology research, such as in the production of complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of RNA molecules for use in downstream applications like cloning and sequencing.

Gene expression regulation, viral, refers to the processes that control the production of viral gene products, such as proteins and nucleic acids, during the viral life cycle. This can involve both viral and host cell factors that regulate transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications of viral genes.

Viral gene expression regulation is critical for the virus to replicate and produce progeny virions. Different types of viruses have evolved diverse mechanisms to regulate their gene expression, including the use of promoters, enhancers, transcription factors, RNA silencing, and epigenetic modifications. Understanding these regulatory processes can provide insights into viral pathogenesis and help in the development of antiviral therapies.

A lentivirus is a type of slow-acting retrovirus that can cause chronic diseases and cancers. The term "lentivirus" comes from the Latin word "lentus," which means slow. Lentiviruses are characterized by their ability to establish a persistent infection, during which they continuously produce new viral particles.

Lentiviruses have a complex genome that includes several accessory genes, in addition to the typical gag, pol, and env genes found in all retroviruses. These accessory genes play important roles in regulating the virus's replication cycle and evading the host's immune response.

One of the most well-known lentiviruses is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. Other examples include the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Lentiviruses have also been used as vectors for gene therapy, as they can efficiently introduce new genes into both dividing and non-dividing cells.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Retroviridae proteins refer to the various structural and functional proteins that are encoded by the retroviral genome. These proteins can be categorized into three main groups:

1. Group-specific antigen (Gag) proteins: These proteins make up the viral matrix, capsid, and nucleocapsid. They are involved in the assembly of new virus particles.

2. Polymerase (Pol) proteins: These proteins include the reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease enzymes. Reverse transcriptase is responsible for converting the viral RNA genome into DNA, which can then be integrated into the host cell's genome by the integrase enzyme. The protease enzyme is involved in processing the polyprotein precursors of Gag and Pol into their mature forms.

3. Envelope (Env) proteins: These proteins are responsible for the attachment and fusion of the virus to the host cell membrane. They are synthesized as a precursor protein, which is then cleaved by a host cell protease to form two distinct proteins - the surface unit (SU) and the transmembrane unit (TM). The SU protein contains the receptor-binding domain, while the TM protein forms the transmembrane anchor.

Retroviral proteins play crucial roles in various stages of the viral life cycle, including entry, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, translation, assembly, and release. Understanding the functions of these proteins is essential for developing effective antiretroviral therapies and vaccines against retroviral infections.

A "gene" is a basic unit of heredity in living organisms. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes are responsible for inherited traits, such as eye color, hair color, and height, as well as susceptibility to certain diseases.

"Pol" is short for "polymerase," which is an enzyme that helps synthesize DNA or RNA (ribonucleic acid). In the context of genes, "pol" often refers to "DNA polymerase," an enzyme that plays a crucial role in DNA replication and repair.

Therefore, "genes, pol" may refer to the genes involved in the regulation or function of DNA polymerases. These genes are essential for maintaining the integrity and stability of an organism's genome. Mutations in these genes can lead to various genetic disorders and cancer.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

'Immune sera' refers to the serum fraction of blood that contains antibodies produced in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a vaccine or an infection. These antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins, which are secreted by B cells (a type of white blood cell) and can recognize and bind to specific antigens. Immune sera can be collected from an immunized individual and used as a source of passive immunity to protect against infection or disease. It is often used in research and diagnostic settings to identify or measure the presence of specific antigens or antibodies.

Repetitive sequences in nucleic acid refer to repeated stretches of DNA or RNA nucleotide bases that are present in a genome. These sequences can vary in length and can be arranged in different patterns such as direct repeats, inverted repeats, or tandem repeats. In some cases, these repetitive sequences do not code for proteins and are often found in non-coding regions of the genome. They can play a role in genetic instability, regulation of gene expression, and evolutionary processes. However, certain types of repeat expansions have been associated with various neurodegenerative disorders and other human diseases.

Pyrophosphatases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis or cleavage of pyrophosphate (PPi) into two inorganic phosphate (Pi) molecules. This reaction is essential for many biochemical processes, such as energy metabolism and biosynthesis pathways, where pyrophosphate is generated as a byproduct. By removing the pyrophosphate, pyrophosphatases help drive these reactions forward and maintain the thermodynamic equilibrium.

There are several types of pyrophosphatases found in various organisms and cellular compartments, including:

1. Inorganic Pyrophosphatase (PPiase): This enzyme is widely distributed across all kingdoms of life and is responsible for hydrolyzing inorganic pyrophosphate into two phosphates. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the cellular energy balance by ensuring that the reverse reaction, the formation of pyrophosphate from two phosphates, does not occur spontaneously.
2. Nucleotide Pyrophosphatases: These enzymes hydrolyze the pyrophosphate bond in nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) and deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), converting them into nucleoside monophosphates (NMPs) or deoxynucleoside monophosphates (dNMPs). This reaction is important for regulating the levels of NTPs and dNTPs in cells, which are necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis.
3. ATPases and GTPases: These enzymes belong to a larger family of P-loop NTPases that use the energy released from pyrophosphate bond hydrolysis to perform mechanical work or transport ions across membranes. Examples include the F1F0-ATP synthase, which synthesizes ATP using a proton gradient, and various molecular motors like myosin, kinesin, and dynein, which move along cytoskeletal filaments.

Overall, pyrophosphatases are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating the levels of nucleotides and providing energy for various cellular processes.

Fanconi anemia is a rare, inherited disorder that affects the body's ability to produce healthy blood cells. It is characterized by bone marrow failure, congenital abnormalities, and an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer. The condition is caused by mutations in genes responsible for repairing damaged DNA, leading to chromosomal instability and cell death.

The classic form of Fanconi anemia (type A) is typically diagnosed in childhood and is associated with various physical abnormalities such as short stature, skin pigmentation changes, thumb and radial ray anomalies, kidney and genitourinary malformations, and developmental delays. Other types of Fanconi anemia (B-G) may have different clinical presentations but share the common feature of bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition.

Bone marrow failure in Fanconi anemia results in decreased production of all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This can lead to anemia (low red blood cell count), neutropenia (low white blood cell count), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). These conditions increase the risk of infections, fatigue, and bleeding.

Individuals with Fanconi anemia have a significantly higher risk of developing various types of cancer, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and solid tumors such as squamous cell carcinomas of the head, neck, esophagus, and anogenital region.

Treatment for Fanconi anemia typically involves managing symptoms related to bone marrow failure, such as transfusions, growth factors, and antibiotics. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment option for bone marrow failure but carries risks of its own, including graft-versus-host disease and transplant-related mortality. Regular cancer surveillance is essential due to the increased risk of malignancies in these patients.

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"Equine infectious anaemia (Swamp fever)". Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. 1 February 2013. Archived from the ... Stephens, RM; Casey, JW; Rice, NR (1986). "Equine infectious anemia virus gag and pol genes: relatedness to visna and AIDS ... "Commission decision of 23 April 2007 on protective measures with regard to equine infectious anaemia in Romania" (PDF). 2 May ... UK government officials have raised concerns that horse meat from Romania could be contaminated with equine infectious anaemia ...
However, the country is not affected by Equine infectious anemia. No specific protection measures against contagious diseases ... With an equine herd of about 2,000 horses, Togolese equestrian practices are exclusively for parades. This tradition takes ... The latter, which consisted of about 200 horses in 1991, is the country's leading equine breeding operation, despite various ... However, the Savanna region offers abundant equine food. Finally, Zöller reports the interest of the inhabitants, especially ...
Tanzi GO, Piefer AJ, Bates P (2003). "Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Utilizes Host Vesicular Protein Sorting Machinery during ...
Then came the First World War, and infectious anemia equine decimated the herd. Mules replaced them; they even harnessed cows. ...
It is thought likely that the Maryland herd carries equine infectious anemia (EIA); they are effectively quarantined, however, ... "The Equine FFVs: A Study of the Evidence for the English Horses Imported to Virginia before the Revolution". The Virginia ... The Virginia ponies are treated to twice-yearly veterinary inspections, which prepare them for life among the general equine ...
Equine infectious anemia virus in particular has been shown to perform somewhat better than HIV-1 in hematopoietic stem cells ... O'Rourke, J. P.; Olsen, J. C.; Bunnell, B. A. (January 2005). "Optimization of equine infectious anemia derived vectors for ... Other lentiviruses such as Feline immunodeficiency virus and Equine infectious anemia virus have been developed for use in gene ... "Safety and Biodistribution of an Equine Infectious Anemia Virus-Based Gene Therapy, RetinoStat ® , for Age-Related Macular ...
The breed is known for its excellent resistance to equine infectious anaemia. It also has an optimal adaptation to its biotope ...
It was found to be substantially different from the two equine infectious anaemia strains that had previously been completely ... twelve horses of the Misaki herd gave positive Coggins test results for equine infectious anaemia. From the blood of one of ... Identification of a novel equine infectious anemia virus field strain isolated from feral horses in southern Japan. Journal of ...
... (1932-2013) was a virologist who developed tests for African swine fever and equine infectious anemia. The latter ... "Extraction and Purification of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Antigen," advised by Leroy Coggins, Ph.D. '62, and Dr. Neil ... Coggins: Pioneer in Equine Health, Creator of Coggins Test, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, 17 February 2014 Developer ...
Chande A, Cuccurullo EC, Rosa A, Ziglio S, Carpenter S, Pizzato M (November 2016). "S2 from equine infectious anemia virus is ...
Parasites and diseases transmitted by the deer fly include tularemia, anthrax, anaplasmosis, equine infectious anemia, hog ...
Licensed breeding horses are screened by veterinarians for equine infectious anemia and equine viral arteritis, and mares for ... equine nutrition, horse management education, agricultural usage of horses, equestrian sports sector, leisure riding, equine- ... Equine remains dating back to the Hallstatt culture have been found in Dolenjska, in the south-east of the current country, ...
Parasites and diseases transmitted by the deer fly include tularemia, anthrax, anaplasmosis, equine infectious anemia, hog ...
In the same year, an outbreak of equine infectious anemia broke out affecting the health of horses in Wright Park. In September ...
In 1992, a program to monitor Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) was initiated by the National Stud Farm for all breeding stock. ... Also in 2005, monitoring and eradication program for Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) was made mandatory by PHILRACOM for all ... In November and December 1997 an outbreak of equine influenza affected horseracing in the Philippines. In 1999, the second ...
Ivanov's research focused on linguatulosis, sheep pox, equine infectious anaemia, bovine enzootic pneumonia, and ...
... the ELCD conducts regular screening for Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) using Coggins' test; and cooperates with racing clubs, ... Romy Modomo, equine medicine practitioner. In 2017, the Academy graduated its first cohort of trainers, which took the batch ... Equine Laboratory and Disease Center: located in Carmona, Cavite, ...
Horses that test positive for equine infectious anemia, that are quarantined for life rather than euthanized, will be freeze ...
An outbreak of "Swamp Fever" - or Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) in the summer had caused the death of 77 horses at Rockingham ...
... equine influenza, equine infectious anemia and trypanosomiasis. In addition, zebra hair is about as long as the mouthparts of ... Non-African equines that may have been basal to zebras include E. sansaniensis of Eurasia (circa 2.5 mya) and E. namadicus ( ... Zebras are classified in the genus Equus (known as equines) along with horses and asses. These three groups are the only living ... Horses split from asses and zebras around this time and equines colonised Eurasia and Africa around 2.1-3.4 mya. Zebras and ...
... equine infectious anemia, equine piroplasmosis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and contagious equine metritis. APHIS also ... Because the disease equine piroplasmosis (equine babesiosis) is endemic in Mexico but not established in the U.S., ... "Equine Importation". Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. ... APHIS imposes precautions to keep out several equine diseases, including glanders, dourine, ...
However, the human version of TRIM5α can inhibit strains of the murine leukemia virus (MLV) as well as equine infectious anemia ...
The horses are monitored for diseases, such as equine infectious anemia, an outbreak of which was discovered and subsequently ... were rounded up by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture's Veterinary Division and tested for equine infectious anemia ( ... Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). "Equines: Banker". Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Topeka, Kansas: Yale ...
... was scheduled to run in her second Arc a horse at the Cologne training centre tested positive for equine infectious anaemia. ...
The outbreak of the disease, with an official title of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), had caused the death of 77 horses at ...
2007 Equine Infectious Anemia Uniform Methods and Rules Part II Section E Testing Requirements Archived 2008-04-11 at the ... certifies that the horse has been tested recently and does not have an incurable disease called equine infectious anemia (EIA ... As equines are herd animals, most have better mental behavior when in proximity to other equine company. However, this is not ... American Association of Equine Practitioners Emergency Care Tips accessed on October 29, 2007 American Association of Equine ...
... and equine infectious anemia virus Rev proteins: identification of a family of transferable nuclear export signals". Journal of ...
... but horses cannot be currently removed from the area because a number of animals carry equine infectious anemia. Therefore, ...
... or equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Although both the lentiviral and rAAV vectors provide a high efficiency of gene ...
Equine infectious anemia or equine infectious anaemia (EIA), also known by horsemen as swamp fever, is a horse disease caused ... "Equine Infectious Anemia: Introduction". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-23. Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA ... The short film Equine Infectious Anemia: A Status Report (1996) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet ... Equine infectious anemia virus) and transmitted by bloodsucking insects. The virus (EIAV) is endemic in the Americas, parts of ...
Cases of Equine Infectious Anaemia have been seen in Ireland in 2006. It has been alleged that the disease originated with the ... "Clinical pathology of equine infectious anaemia.", AVEF - Conférence Annuelle - Versailles, 2006. Available at: https://www. ... ivis.org/library/avef/avef-conférence-annuelle-versailles-2006/clinical-pathology-of-equine-infectious (Accessed: 29 September ... LAssociation Vétérinaire Equine Française rassemble plus de 450 vétérinaires exerçant exclusivement ou partiellement dans le ...
What Is Equine Infectious Anemia (A.K.A. Swamp Fever)?. Equine infectious anemia is a contagious illness that is not limited to ... The transmission of the virus that causes equine infectious anemia has been known since the year 1904. It was then linked to ... This will also be the stage at which a veterinarian will be able to diagnose anemia. Pregnant mares will most likely abort ...
Information about this contagious disease, including symptoms and treatment
Horse Tales: Equine Infectious Anemia. Recently we had occasion to pass by the office of our former veterinarian, long retired ... he explained that what Squire had was equine infectious anemia (EIA), and in those days there were no reliable tests available ... Test all horses for EIA every year and participate only in events that require proof of negative Coggins test for every equine ... severe anemia and sudden death. Clinical signs in the acute stage can include swelling of the limbs, bleeding from the nose, ...
Equine infectious anemia and equine infectious anemia virus in 2013: A review. Vet. Microbiol. 167:181-204.). The results of ... Equine infectious anemia and equine infectious anemia virus in 2013: A review. Vet. Microbiol. 167:181-204.), thus favoring the ... Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a transmissible and incurable disease caused by a lentivirus, the equine infectious anemia ... Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a transmissible and incurable disease caused by a lentivirus, the equine infectious anemia ...
Equine Infectious Anaemia (EIA) - PT0046 EPTIS factsheet 282451 , Last revision 2020-04-16 , URL: https://www.eptis.bam.de/ ...
Equine infectious anemia background. Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a viral disease spread by large biting insects (such as ... Horse in Garfield County tests positive for equine infectious anemia. Posted at 10:41h in Disease updates by Katherine Wessels ... More information about equine infectious anemia can be found on the CDA website or the USDA website. ... was notified on March 28 that a horse residing in Garfield County had tested presumptive positive for equine infectious anemia ...
Equine Infectious Anemia cases in Montana not a cause for worry in Wyoming. November 11th, 2017 by Wyoming Livestock Roundup ... Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), also known as Swamp Fever, is a vector-borne virus affecting horses, mules and donkeys. Flies ... Comments Off on Equine Infectious Anemia cases in Montana not a cause for worry in Wyoming ... Other symptoms are lethargy, anemia, anorexia or loss of appetite and swelling of the legs and lower belly. ...
Given this, the equine infectious anemia virus is of great concern.. How the Equine infectious Anemia Virus Is Transmitted. ... Horses exposed to equine infectious anemia virus may or may not show early signs that they are infected. In as short a time ... As little as one-fifth of a teaspoon of infected blood is able to infect 10,000 horses with the equine infectious anemia virus. ... Veterinary Diagnostics Companies and Testing for the Equine Infectious Anemia Virus. by Rachel. October 31, 2017. January 15, ...
Control of Equine Infectious Anemia in the Horse population of North America ... EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS INFECTION AND IMMUNITY: LESSONS FOR AIDS VACCINE DEVELOPMENT ... of a Rare Neutralization-Resistant Variant following Passive Transfer of Convalescent Immune Plasma in Equine Infectious Anemia ...
Equine Infectious Anemia quantity. ADD TO BUDGET. Categories: Infectious Diseases, Internal Control, Proficiency Testing, ...
Genetic identification, clinical and epidemiological aspects of an equine infectious anemia outbreak in the Rio Grande do Sul ... Animais Anemia Infecciosa Equina/diagnóstico Anemia Infecciosa Equina/genética Anemia Infecciosa Equina/epidemiologia Vírus da ... and epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of equine infectious anemia occurring in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, ... O estudo descreve a identificação genética, as características clínicas e epidemiológicas de um foco de Anemia Infecciosa ...
Equine Infectious Anaemia is a disease listed in th ... This test detect antibodies to Equine Infectious Anemia Virus ( ... EIAV). This is one of the internationally imposed tests in the import/export of live equines or semen/ova and embryos intended ... What is Equine Infectious Anemia?. *Equine infectious anemia is a very old viral disease that affects horses, asses, mules and ... Equine Infectious Anaemia is a disease listed in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code and countries are obligated to report ...
Learn about the veterinary topic of Equine Infectious Anemia. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from the ... Also see pet health content on equine infectious anemia in horses Equine Infectious Anemia Equine infectious anemia is a ... Clinical Findings of Equine Infectious Anemia The clinical findings and course of infection with equine infectious anemia virus ... Etiology and Pathogenesis of Equine Infectious Anemia The causal agent of equine infectious anemia is an RNA virus, classified ...
The Texas Animal Health Commission officials confirmed equine infectious anemia (EIA) in a Kaufman County Quarter Horse on ... Home / News / Equine Industry / Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Confirmed in Texas Horse ... Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) officials confirmed equine infectious anemia (EIA) in a Quarter Horse on a Kaufman County ... "Last year, 59 horses tested positive for equine infectious anemia in Texas," said Texas State Veterinarian Dr. Andy Schwartz. " ...
Equine Infectious Anemia * The Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) virus belongs to the family Retroviridae. This group of viruses ... Equine Entry Requirements (Spanish) Equine Interstate Movement FAQs (English) Equine Interstate Movement FAQs (Spanish) Equine ... Equine Resources. AAEP Biosecurity Guidelines Biosecurity Toolkit for Equine Events USDA Equine Biosecurity Information ... Equine Herpes Virus * Equine Herpes Virus-1 (EHV-1) infection in horses can cause respiratory disease, abortion in mares, ...
The 2.8-AÌŠ resolution crystal structure of MA of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus, reveals that, despite ... The 2.8-AÌŠ resolution crystal structure of MA of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus, reveals that, despite ...
The 2.8-AÌŠ resolution crystal structure of MA of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus, reveals that, despite ... The 2.8-AÌŠ resolution crystal structure of MA of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus, reveals that, despite ...
... our Southern Wisconsin vets explain some facts about Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), why Coggins testing is so important for ... Equine Infectious Anemia - EIA. EIA is an infectious, potentially deadly virus that affects the immune system of animals in the ... Here, our Southern Wisconsin vets explain some facts about Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), why Coggins testing is so important ... horses that test positive for Equine Infectious Anemia must either be euthanized, branded and strictly quarantined more 200 ...
Equine Piroplasmosis (USDA) *. Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM). *. Equine Infectious Anemia *. Equine Infectious ... Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC). Find the most current information on equine disease events in the United States. ... Equine/Horse Entry Requirements. Click here for the requirements to bring equine/horses into Indiana. ... Extended Equine Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (EECVI) The EECVI provided by Global Vet Link is accepted in Indiana. This ...
How a Coggins Test Can Detect Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) in Stony Brook, NY. Three Village Veterinary Hospital is your ... How a Coggins Test Can Detect Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). Equine infectious anemia (EIA) swept through North Carolina in ... aaep.org/horsehealth/equine-infectious-anemia. CBS17: 17 of 19 Horses Euthanized as Infectious Anemia Disease in NC Spreads ... October Newsletter: How a Coggins Test Can Detect Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). * Created in Newsletter Library ...
Purification and partial characterization of equine infectious anemia virus reverse transcriptase., Polymerase: HIV RT, ... Purification and partial characterization of equine infectious anemia virus reverse transcriptase. 3-5 Exonuclease ( ... Reference: Purification and partial characterization of equine infectious anemia virus reverse transcriptase., Polymerase: HIV ...
N2 - Equine viral arteritis (EVA) and Equine infectious anemia (EIA) are OIE-listed diseases. EIA has never been diagnosed in ... AB - Equine viral arteritis (EVA) and Equine infectious anemia (EIA) are OIE-listed diseases. EIA has never been diagnosed in ... Equine viral arteritis (EVA) and Equine infectious anemia (EIA) are OIE-listed diseases. EIA has never been diagnosed in Israel ... abstract = "Equine viral arteritis (EVA) and Equine infectious anemia (EIA) are OIE-listed diseases. EIA has never been ...
Categories: Equine Infectious Anemia Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Lack of Exposure to Equine Infectious Anemia and Equine Viral Arteritis in Horses in Israel ...
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Alert:. *For current reported disease status, please follow the below link to the Equine Disease ... USDA APHIS , Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). * North Carolina Horse Council:. Home - North Carolina Horse Council ( ... Outbreaks , Equine Disease Communication Center (equinediseasecc.org). * Please see the following information regarding EIA ... Equine Infectious Anemia FAQs 2016 (English). *Equine Infectious Anemia FAQs 2016 (Spanish) ...
... equine infectious anemia, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, maedi-visna, and feline infectious peritonitis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med ... Vennema H, DeGroot RJ, Harbour DA, Dalderup M, Gruffydd-Jones T, Horzinek MC, Early death after feline infectious peritonitis ... Pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis: nature and development of viremia. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:382-90.PubMedGoogle ... Feline infectious peritonitis: a coronavirus disease of cats. Small Anim Pract. 1978;19:623-30. DOIGoogle Scholar ...
Equine Infectious Anemia - Proposed Risk Assessment Strategy (Apr 22). News / By thentia ...
  • The American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) states that other blood-sucking insects such as deer flies and mosquitos can also pick up and transmit this disease. (pughealthproblems.net)
  • According to the American Association of Equine Practitioners, horses that test positive must be euthanized to prevent the spread of the disease or permanently quarantined and kept at least 200 yards from other horses. (3vvh.com)
  • Read the next horse diseases article on Equine Protozoa Myelitis (EPM) . (horses-and-horse-information.com)
  • Symptoms are often non-specific, making it difficult to differentiate from other diseases, and can range in severity from loss of appetite and lethargy to elevated temperature, heart and respiratory rate, severe anemia and sudden death. (countryfolks.com)
  • Veterinarians and producers play an important role in stopping the spread of EIA and other blood-borne equine diseases by reporting sick equids. (equimanagement.com)
  • It is the Branch's responsibility to react promptly to threatening situations and address equine diseases of concern. (ca.gov)
  • Equine viral arteritis (EVA) and Equine infectious anemia (EIA) are OIE-listed diseases. (huji.ac.il)
  • Enhancement of infant infectious diseases by cord blood antibodies is not described for human infections other than dengue. (cdc.gov)
  • And biting flies are also important transmitters of anaplasmosis in cattle, and can transmit tularemia, anthrax, bovine leukemia virus, California equine encephalitis, hog cholera, various helminthes (worms), and other diseases. (rinconvitova.com)
  • This report provides updated uniform criteria * for state health department personnel to use when reporting the nationally notifiable infectious diseases listed in Part 1 of this report. (cdc.gov)
  • This report supersedes the 1990 report, which included infectious diseases and one noninfectious condition (i.e., spinal cord injury). (cdc.gov)
  • CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND INJURIES I. INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES (001-139) Includes: diseases generally recognized as communicable or transmissible as well as a few diseases of unknown but possibly infectious origin Excludes: acute respiratory infections (460-466) influenza (487. (cdc.gov)
  • certain localized infections Note: Categories for "late effects" of infectious and parasitic diseases are to be found at 137. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunization is one of the most powerful and cost-effective tools to combat high under-five mortality from infectious diseases, yet many countries suffer from inadequate and delayed supplies. (who.int)
  • Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a transmissible and incurable disease caused by a lentivirus, the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). (scielo.br)
  • A anemia infecciosa equina (EIA) é uma importante enfermidade, transmissível e incurável causada por um lentivírus, equine infectious anemia vírus (EIAV), e não há relatos na literatura desta infecção em equinos da Ilha de Marajó. (scielo.br)
  • Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): what has HIV's country cousin got to tell us? (scielo.br)
  • This test detect antibodies to Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV). (equigerminal.shop)
  • The 2.8-AÌŠ resolution crystal structure of MA of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus, reveals that, despite showing no sequence similarity, more than half of the molecule can be superimposed on the MAs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). (ox.ac.uk)
  • EIA is caused by a lentivirus of the HIV family, the equine infectious anaemia virus. (equigerminal.shop)
  • The causal agent of equine infectious anemia is an RNA virus, classified in the Lentivirus genus, family Retroviridae. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • His specific research interests include HIV-1 and animal lentivirus such as simian immunodeficiency virus in monkeys and equine infectious anemia virus in horses. (upmc.com)
  • Equine infectious anemia or equine infectious anaemia (EIA), also known by horsemen as swamp fever, is a horse disease caused by a retrovirus (Equine infectious anemia virus) and transmitted by bloodsucking insects. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Is Equine Infectious Anemia (A.K.A. Swamp Fever)? (horses-and-horse-information.com)
  • Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), also known as Swamp Fever, is a vector-borne virus affecting horses, mules and donkeys. (wylr.net)
  • Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a blood-borne disease of equids (horses, donkeys, mules and zebras) caused by one of two protozoan parasites, Theileria equi or Babesia caballi . (ca.gov)
  • Control and eradication of equine infectious anemia and equine piroplasmosis. (fl.us)
  • We're looking forward to connecting with you at the upcoming AAEP Equine Convention 2023 in San Diego, CA! (globalvetlink.com)
  • Symptoms include high fever, anemia (due to the breakdown of red blood cells), weakness, swelling of the lower abdomen and legs, weak pulse, and irregular heartbeat. (wikipedia.org)
  • The horse may have a recurrent fever and anemia, and may relapse to the subacute or acute form even several years after the original attack. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infected horses may not appear to have any clinical signs of the disease, although in some animals it can cause high fever, weakness, weight loss, an enlarged spleen, anemia, weak pulse, and even death. (colovma.org)
  • The chronic phase characterised by recurrent episodes of fever, anaemia and thrombocytopenia (decrease of blood platelets) interspersed with periods of normality. (equigerminal.shop)
  • It's possible for animals to carry this virus without showing any symptoms (also called asymptomatic), however, many horses do differ from severe symptoms of this disease including weakness, an irregular heartbeat, a high fever, anemia, swollen abdomen, unsuccessful pregnancies in mares and even sudden death. (badgervet.com)
  • An infectious viral disease characterized by a hemolytic anemia (whereby the red blood cells are destroyed), depression, intermittent fever and edema (abnormal collection of fluids in body tissues). (hiddentrails.com)
  • In designing research results obtained in studies on a congruent animal model, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) infections of kittens born to FIPV-immune queens should be considered. (cdc.gov)
  • However, such a phenomenon occurs naturally in infected kittens born to queens immune to feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) ( 9 - 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Equine owners who frequently participate in events with equine from other states are encouraged to speak to their veterinarians about Extended Equine Certificate of Veterinary Inspection's (EECVIs) . (equimanagement.com)
  • We asked two mobile equine veterinarians how clients can prepare both themselves and their horses for veterinary visits. (thehorse.com)
  • Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a viral disease spread by large biting insects (such as horse flies and deer flies) or inappropriate use of needles or other equipment used between susceptible equine animals such as horses, mules, and donkeys. (colovma.org)
  • EIA is an incurable, infectious viral disease spread through blood-to-blood contact, not through close proximity or direct contact. (equimanagement.com)
  • It has been alleged that the disease originated with the importation of infected equine plasma from Italy, which was contaminated with EIA virus. (ivis.org)
  • The transmission of the virus that causes equine infectious anemia has been known since the year 1904. (horses-and-horse-information.com)
  • A veterinary laboratory can also test for the equine infectious anemia virus as well. (pughealthproblems.net)
  • Given this, the equine infectious anemia virus is of great concern. (pughealthproblems.net)
  • As little as one-fifth of a teaspoon of infected blood is able to infect 10,000 horses with the equine infectious anemia virus. (pughealthproblems.net)
  • Horses exposed to equine infectious anemia virus may or may not show early signs that they are infected. (pughealthproblems.net)
  • When it is believed that one or more horses may be infected, an equine infectious anemia virus antibody test should be administered. (pughealthproblems.net)
  • Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a noncontagious infectious disease of equids caused by a virus of the same name. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • EIA continues to pose a threat to equine industries globally because of the potential risk of spread of the virus through international movement of horses. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • The virus can be transmitted from an infected equine to an uninfected equine by biting flies. (equimanagement.com)
  • Equine Herpes Virus-1 (EHV-1) infection in horses can cause respiratory disease, abortion in mares, neonatal foal death and neurological disease. (ca.gov)
  • The Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) virus belongs to the family Retroviridae. (ca.gov)
  • EIA is an infectious, potentially deadly virus that affects the immune system of animals in the Equidae family. (badgervet.com)
  • Results for Reference: Purification and partial characterization of equine infectious anemia virus reverse transcriptase. (neb.com)
  • For this reason, horses that test positive for Equine Infectious Anemia must either be euthanized, branded and strictly quarantined more 200 yards away from other horses for life, or transferred to a research facility. (badgervet.com)
  • An acute, infectious disease of horses and mules, which can be fatal. (hiddentrails.com)
  • Serological tests for EIA must be done for any horse with anaemia and thrombocytopenia of unknown origin. (equigerminal.shop)
  • EIA affects a horse's blood, causing anemia and thrombocytopenia. (3vvh.com)
  • Coggins' is the common name for a blood test used to screen horses, donkeys and mules for the potentially fatal disease Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). (badgervet.com)
  • Stable Flies can transmit equine infectious anemia to your horses. (tra-online.com)
  • Horseflies can also transmit equine infectious anemia. (tra-online.com)
  • Equine infectious anemia is a very old viral disease that affects horses, asses, mules and hinnies worldwide. (equigerminal.shop)
  • The neurological form of the disease is known as Equine Herpes Myeloencephalopathy (EHM). (ca.gov)
  • All equines entering the state of Wisconsin are required to have a certificate of veterinary inspection CVI and a negative Coggins test within 12 months. (badgervet.com)
  • Keep your clients moving in compliance with easy-to-use software for complete and accurate health certificates, Extended Equine CVIs (EECVIs) , digital veterinary prescriptions , and digital Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) tests submitted instantly to laboratories. (globalvetlink.com)
  • For updates about significant disease issues throughout the United States, check the Equine Disease Communication Center . (in.gov)
  • More information about equine infectious anemia can be found on the CDA website or the USDA website . (colovma.org)
  • Case definitions for some infectious conditions not designated as nationally notifiable are included in Part 2 of this report. (cdc.gov)
  • citation needed] The Coggins test (agar immunodiffusion) is a sensitive diagnostic test for equine infectious anemia developed by Dr. Leroy Coggins in the 1970s. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you are moving your equine to Wisconsin state permanently you are required to have a valid 30 day CVI with a negative Coggins test listed on it. (badgervet.com)
  • Believing it was likely picked up during exposure to so many other horses at the horse show, as he was stabled alone at our barn, he explained that what Squire had was equine infectious anemia (EIA), and in those days there were no reliable tests available to confirm it. (countryfolks.com)
  • This study performed a serological assay to assess the exposure of free-ranging cougars (Puma concolor) to four selected infectious agents, including Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp. (bvsalud.org)
  • A herd outbreak of EIA can lead to catastrophic consequences which is why it is essential for horse owners to be diligent about testing their equine animals for the condition. (badgervet.com)
  • Equine infectious anemia is a contagious illness that is not limited to horse populations in the United States, but is instead found around the globe. (horses-and-horse-information.com)
  • Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) is a highly contagious venereal Foreign Animal Disease of horses caused by the bacteria, Taylorella equigenitalis . (ca.gov)
  • For more information see our Contagious Equine Metritis webpage. (ca.gov)
  • This is one of the internationally imposed tests in the import/export of live equines or semen/ova and embryos intended for assisted reproduction. (equigerminal.shop)
  • Clinical pathology of equine infectious anaemia. (ivis.org)
  • Other symptoms are lethargy, anemia, anorexia or loss of appetite and swelling of the legs and lower belly. (wylr.net)
  • In chronic cases, symptoms such as weight loss, weakness, anemia and swelling of the lower legs, chest and abdomen can occur. (equimanagement.com)
  • These cases serve as an important reminder that EIA is present in our state, biosecurity and sanitary practices are invaluable, and required EIA testing for equine event participation and congregation continues to be of the utmost importance. (equimanagement.com)
  • Most equine organizations hold meetings to discuss common practices and rule changes each year. (ponyclub.org)
  • The Texas Animal Health Commission officials confirmed equine infectious anemia (EIA) in a Kaufman County Quarter Horse on January 20, 2022. (equimanagement.com)
  • Pressure washing of a soiled surface is contraindicated because of the risk of aerosolization of potentially infectious blood or other body fluids on wall or floor surfaces. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Anemia is a condition where the body doesn't produce enough red blood cells. (3vvh.com)
  • A blood test given to determine the presence of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). (hiddentrails.com)
  • A blood test for Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). (ponyclub.org)
  • Through the AQHF equine research grant program, our objective is to help facilitate research findings that create meaningful impact for the American Quarter Horse, allowing horse owners, breeders and practitioners to help us elevate the standards for care and welfare for the horses we love! (aqha.com)
  • O objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar a anemia infecciosa equina nos municípios de Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari e Soure, Ilha de Marajó, no bioma amazônico do estado do Pará, Brasil. (scielo.br)
  • Anemia infecciosa equina: prevalência em equídeos de serviço em Minas Gerais. (scielo.br)
  • Aprova as normas para a prevenção e o controle da anemia infecciosa equina (AIE). (scielo.br)
  • O estudo descreve a identificação genética, as características clínicas e epidemiológicas de um foco de Anemia Infecciosa Equina que ocorreu no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. (bvsalud.org)
  • The TAHC would like to remind horse owners that all Texas equine participating in Texas events must have a negative EIA test, performed by a private veterinarian, within the past 12 months. (equimanagement.com)
  • Here, our Southern Wisconsin vets explain some facts about Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), why Coggins testing is so important for all horses and how this test is performed. (badgervet.com)
  • Contact our office to schedule the test with the equine veterinarian. (3vvh.com)
  • For an accurate diagnosis of your animal's condition, and help navigating regulations governing the care and transportation of equine animals please make an appointment with your vet. (badgervet.com)
  • Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Archived 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, retrieved December 19, 2008. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Colorado Department of Agriculture (CDA) State Veterinarian's Office was notified on March 28 that a horse residing in Garfield County had tested presumptive positive for equine infectious anemia (EIA) . (colovma.org)
  • The California Department of Food and Agriculture, Animal Health Branch (AHB) plays a significant role in protecting California's equine population through equine disease surveillance, regulatory disease control and prevention programs. (ca.gov)
  • Equine infectious anemia is a viral disease that attacks horses' immune systems. (thehorse.com)
  • Last year, 59 horses tested positive for equine infectious anemia in Texas," said Texas State Veterinarian Dr. Andy Schwartz. (equimanagement.com)
  • The advice provided in this post is intended for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice regarding animals, or professional advice regarding equine regulations. (badgervet.com)