INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.
Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the esophagus.
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.
STOMACH herniation located at or near the diaphragmatic opening for the ESOPHAGUS, the esophageal hiatus.
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.
Analysis of the HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION in the lumen of the ESOPHAGUS. It is used to record the pattern, frequency, and duration of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.
Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.
Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases with a manometer.
Disorders affecting the motor function of the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; the ESOPHAGUS body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in gastric reflux of food and acid into the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX). Other disorders include hypermotility (spastic disorders) and markedly increased amplitude in contraction (nutcracker esophagus).
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE found in southern equatorial and east Africa. They are smaller than PAPIO ANUBIS and have a thinner mane.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief.
A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
The physiologic or functional barrier to GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX at the esophagogastric junction. Sphincteric muscles remain tonically contracted during the resting state and form the high-pressure zone separating the lumen of the ESOPHAGUS from that of the STOMACH. (Haubrich et al, Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed., pp399, 415)
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.
Retrograde flow of duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the STOMACH.
Mobilization of the lower end of the esophagus and plication of the fundus of the stomach around it (fundic wrapping) in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX that may be associated with various disorders, such as hiatal hernia. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
The act of dilating.
The area covering the terminal portion of ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of STOMACH at the cardiac orifice.
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE, which has a well-studied trilevel social structure consisting of troops, bands, and clans.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Strong alkaline chemicals that destroy soft body tissues resulting in a deep, penetrating type of burn, in contrast to corrosives, that result in a more superficial type of damage via chemical means or inflammation. Caustics are usually hydroxides of light metals. SODIUM HYDROXIDE and potassium hydroxide are the most widely used caustic agents in industry. Medically, they have been used externally to remove diseased or dead tissues and destroy warts and small tumors. The accidental ingestion of products (household and industrial) containing caustic ingredients results in thousands of injuries per year.
Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.
A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose.
A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.
The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch.
Harmful effects of non-experimental exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in VERTEBRATES.
A movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other tubular organs in one direction.
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.
A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.
The S-isomer of omeprazole.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
By adjusting the quantity and quality of food intake to improve health status of an individual. This term does not include the methods of food intake (NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT).
Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
The segment of GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the ESOPHAGUS; the STOMACH; and the DUODENUM.
A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.
Surgical formation of an opening through the ABDOMINAL WALL into the JEJUNUM, usually for enteral hyperalimentation.
The ejection of gas or air through the mouth from the stomach.
A Y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site.
Pharmacologic agents in the form of a mist or spray delivered into the body through the mouth.
Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.
A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is an ingredient of Banxia Houpu (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
The bottom portion of the pharynx situated below the OROPHARYNX and posterior to the LARYNX. The hypopharynx communicates with the larynx through the laryngeal inlet, and is also called laryngopharynx.
A diet which is devoid of GLUTENS from WHEAT; BARLEY; RYE; and other wheat-related varieties. The diet is designed to reduce exposure to those proteins in gluten that trigger INFLAMMATION of the small intestinal mucosa in patients with CELIAC DISEASE.
Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Organic compounds that have the general formula R-SO-R. They are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (From Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 4th ed)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.
The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.
The R-isomer of lansoprazole.
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

Management and outcome of patients undergoing surgery after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Steering Group for the National Audit of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage. (1/451)

Most patients with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage are managed conservatively or with endoscopic intervention but some ultimately require surgery to arrest the haemorrhage. We have conducted a population-based multicentre prospective observational study of management and outcomes. This paper concerns the subgroup of 307 patients who had an operation because of continued or recurrent haemorrhage or high risk of further bleeding. The principal diagnostic group was those with peptic ulcer. Of 2071 patients with peptic ulcer presenting with acute haemorrhage, 251 (12%) had an operative intervention with a mortality of 24%. In the non-operative group mortality was 10%. The operative intervention rate increased with risk score, ranging from 0% in the lowest risk categories to 38% in the highest. Much of the discrepancy between operative and non-operative mortality was explainable by case mix; however, for high-risk cases mortality was significantly higher in the operated group. In 78% of patients who underwent an operation for bleeding peptic ulcer there had been no previous attempt at endoscopic haemostasis. For patients admitted to surgical units, the operative intervention rate was about four times higher than for those admitted under medical teams. In patients with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage operative intervention is infrequent and largely confined to the highest-risk patients. The continuing high mortality in surgically treated patients is therefore to be expected. The reasons for the low use of endoscopic treatment before surgery are not revealed by this study, but wider use of such treatments might further reduce the operative intervention rate. Physicians and surgeons have not yet reached consensus on who needs surgery and when.  (+info)

Effect of CYP2C19 polymorphism on serum levels of vitamin B12 in patients on long-term omeprazole treatment. (2/451)

BACKGROUND: The S-mephenytoin hydroxylase is a polymorphic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme, identified as CYP2C19, which catalyses the metabolism of omeprazole and some other drugs. AIM: To determine whether long-term treatment with omeprazole affects serum vitamin B12 levels, and if so to what extent it depends on CYP2C19 activity. METHODS: Serum vitamin B12 levels (pmol/L) were assessed in 179 patients. Genotyping for wild-type (wt) and mutated (mut) CYP2C19 alleles was performed by allele-specific PCR amplification. RESULTS: One-hundred and eleven of the patients received one dose of 20 mg omeprazole. No difference in B12 levels were found between heterozygous (wt/mut) (n = 23) and homozygous (wt/wt) (n = 85) patients (mean +/- s.d., 350 +/- 82 vs. 315 +/- 87 pmol/L, respectively). Three patients were mut/mut, with serum vitamin B12 levels of 303 +/- 50 pmol/L. In the 68 patients on long-term (>1 year) therapy with 20 mg omeprazole daily, serum vitamin B12 levels were lower in the heterozygous (wt/mut) (n = 19) compared to homozygous wt/wt (n = 49) (246 +/- 71 vs. 305 +/- 98 pmol/L, P = 0. 01, respectively). In one patient (mut/mut) who was studied both after a single dose and after long-term (15 months) treatment with omeprazole, serum vitamin B12 decreased from 360 to 178 pmol/L. In the wt/mut, but not in the wt/wt group, serum vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower in patients on long-term therapy compared with those receiving one dose (246 +/- 71 vs. 350 +/- 82 pmol/L, P < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: CYP2C19 polymorphism significantly affected serum vitamin B12 levels in patients on long-term therapy with omeprazole. In the future, genotyping of CYP2C19 may be useful for patients in need of long-term treatment with omeprazole or other proton pump inhibitors.  (+info)

Does Helicobacter pylori infection contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease? (3/451)

Helicobacter pylori organisms that infect the stomach conceivably could contribute to esophageal inflammation in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) through any of at least three potential mechanisms: 1) by causing an increase in gastric acid secretion; 2) by spreading to infect the gastric-type columnar epithelium that occasionally can line the distal esophagus; and/or 3) by secreting noxious bacterial products into the gastric juice. Studies regarding these potential mechanisms are discussed in this report. Most investigations have found no apparent association between H. pylori infection and reflux esophagitis. Presently, infection with H. pylori does not appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of GERD.  (+info)

On demand therapy with omeprazole for the long-term management of patients with heartburn without oesophagitis--a placebo-controlled randomized trial. (4/451)

AIM: To observe the natural course of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients without oesophagitis following effective symptom relief, and to determine the place of acid pump inhibitor therapy in the long-term management of these patients. METHODS: We investigated the efficacy of on-demand therapy with omeprazole 20 mg or 10 mg, or placebo in a double-blind, randomized multicentre trial. It involved 424 patients with troublesome heartburn without endoscopic evidence of oesophagitis in whom heartburn had been resolved with short-term treatment. Patients were told to take study medication on demand once daily on recurrence of symptoms until symptoms resolved over a 6-month period. They also had access to antacids. The primary efficacy variable was time to discontinuation of treatment, due to unwillingness to continue. RESULTS: According to life-table analysis, after 6 months the remission rates were 83% (95% CI: 77-89%) with omeprazole 20 mg, 69% (61-77%) with omeprazole 10 mg, and 56% (46-64%) with placebo (P < 0.01 for all intergroup differences). The mean (s.d.) number of study medications used per day in these groups was 0.43 (0.27), 0.41 (0.27) and 0.47 (0.27), respectively. The use of antacids was highest in the placebo group and lowest in the omeprazole 20 mg group. Treatment failure was associated with more than a doubling of antacid use, and a deterioration in patient quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 50% of patients with heartburn who do not have oesophagitis need acid inhibitory therapy in addition to antacid medication to maintain a normal quality of life. On-demand therapy with omeprazole 20 mg, is an effective treatment strategy in these patients.  (+info)

The effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastro-oesophageal reflux. (5/451)

BACKGROUND: Increased prevalence of oesophagitis has been reported following eradication of Helicobacter pylori. We hypothesized that H. pylori eradication might increase gastro-oesophageal acid reflux in patients with reflux oesophagitis. METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive patients (13 male, 12 female) with H. pylori infection and reflux oesophagitis grade I (22 patients) or II (three patients) were enrolled; mean age 49.9 (range 33-75) years. Twenty-four hour intra-oesophageal pH recording was performed before and 12 weeks after eradication of H. pylori, which was achieved using bismuth subnitrate suspension 150 mg q.d.s., oxytetracycline 500 mg q.d.s. and metronidazole 400 mg t.d.s. for 10 days. Eradication was confirmed by 14C-urea breath test 12 weeks after completion of treatment. The patients did not receive acid-suppressive medication. RESULTS: All patients had abnormal gastro-oesophageal reflux before anti-H. pylori treatment. After treatment, there was no significant change in the percentage of total time oesophageal pH < 4 (P=0.46) in the 23 patients in whom the infection had been cured. Nine of the cured patients had increased acid exposure, whereas 14 had decreased acid exposure. No significant change in reflux symptom scores was found. There was no relationship between change in acid exposure and symptom improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks after H. pylori eradication there was no consistent change in gastro-oesophageal acid reflux in patients with mild or moderate reflux oesophagitis.  (+info)

Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis: clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. (6/451)

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic oesophageal changes are diagnostically helpful and identify patients exposed to the risk of disease chronicity. However, there is a serious lack of agreement about how to describe and classify the appearance of reflux oesophagitis AIMS: To examine the reliability of criteria that describe the circumferential extent of mucosal breaks and to evaluate the functional and clinical correlates of patients with reflux disease whose oesophagitis was graded according to the Los Angeles system. METHODS: Forty six endoscopists from different countries used a detailed worksheet to evaluate endoscopic video recordings from 22 patients with the full range of severity of reflux oesophagitis. In separate studies, Los Angeles system gradings were correlated with 24 hour oesophageal pH monitoring (178 patients), and with clinical trials of omeprazole treatment (277 patients). RESULTS: Evaluation of circumferential extent of oesophagitis by the criterion of whether mucosal breaks extended between the tops of mucosal folds, gave acceptable agreement (mean kappa value 0.4) among observers. This approach is used in the Los Angeles system. An alternative approach of grouping the circumferential extent of mucosal breaks as occupying 0-25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, 76-99%, or 100% of the oesophageal circumference, gave unacceptably high interobserver variation (mean kappa values 0-0.15) for all but the lowest category of extent (mean kappa value 0.4). Severity of oesophageal acid exposure was significantly (p<0.001) related to the severity grade of oesophagitis. Preteatment oesophagitis grades A-C were related to heartburn severity (p<0.01), outcomes of omeprazole (10 mg daily) treatment (p<0.01), and the risk for symptom relapse off therapy over six months (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results add further support to previous studies for the clinical utility of the Los Angeles system for endoscopic grading of oesophagitis.  (+info)

Corpus gastritis is protective against reflux oesophagitis. (7/451)

BACKGROUND: Gastric acid is important in the pathogenesis of reflux oesophagitis. Acid production by the gastric corpus is reduced in corpus gastritis. AIMS: To determine whether corpus gastritis protects against reflux oesophagitis. METHODS: Patients presenting for elective oesophagogastroduodenoscopy were studied. Two biopsy specimens were taken from the antrum, corpus, and cardia and stained with haematoxylin/eosin and Diff-Quick II stains. The presence and severity of gastritis were graded according to a modified updated Sydney classification. RESULTS: Of 302 patients, 154 had endoscopic signs of reflux oesophagitis. There was no difference between patients with and controls without oesophagitis in the overall infection rates with Helicobacter pylori. Acute or chronic corpus gastritis occurred less often in patients with than those without reflux oesophagitis. Compared with controls, corpus gastritis was less severe in patients with reflux oesophagitis. The presence of acute or chronic gastritis in the corpus was significantly correlated with either type of gastritis in other areas of the stomach. In a multivariate logistic regression, age, sex, smoking status, and the presence of chronic corpus gastritis all exerted a significant influence on the presence of reflux oesophagitis. Chronic corpus gastritis was associated with a 54% reduced risk for reflux oesophagitis. CONCLUSIONS: While infection with H pylori alone may not affect the occurrence of reflux oesophagitis, the development of chronic corpus gastritis seems to be protective.  (+info)

Concurrent conventionally factionated radiotherapy and weekly docetaxel in the treatment of stage IIIb non-small-cell lung carcinoma. (8/451)

Docetaxel has shown remarkable radiosensitizing in vitro properties. In a previous phase I/II dose escalation study in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) we observed a high response rate after concomitant boost radiotherapy and weekly docetaxel. The maximum tolerated dose was 30 mg m(-2) week(-1). In the present phase II study we evaluated whether weekly docetaxel and conventionally fractionated radiotherapy could be better tolerated and equally effective in the treatment of locally advanced NSCLC. Thirty-five patients with T3, T4/N2, T3/M0-staged disease were recruited. Docetaxel (30 mg m(-2)) was given as a 30 min infusion once a week. Asthenia and radiation-induced oesophagitis were the main side-effects of the regimen enforcing 2-week treatment delay in 6/35 (17%) patients and minor delay (3-7 days) in another 11/35 (31%) patients. Neutrophil, platelet and haemoglobin toxicity was minimal, but pronounced lymphocytopenia was observed. Complete response (CR) of the chest disease was observed in 12/35 (34%) patients and partial response in 16/35 (46%). Although not statistically significant (P=0.19), a higher CR rate (8/18; 44%) was observed in patients who accomplished their therapy within the scheduled treatment time (44-47 days) as compared to patients that interrupted their treatment for several days due to treatment-related toxicity (CR 4/17; 23%). The overall survival and the local progression-free survival at 1 year was 48% and 60% respectively. We conclude that docetaxel combination with radiotherapy is a promising approach for the management of locally advanced NSCLC that results in high CR rate. Further trials with docetaxel-based radiochemotherapy should integrate accelerated radiotherapy together with cytoprotection.  (+info)

Esophagitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the esophageal lining, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This inflammation can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, heartburn, and acid reflux.

Esophagitis can be caused by various factors, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), infection, allergies, medications, and chronic vomiting. Prolonged exposure to stomach acid can also cause esophagitis, leading to a condition called reflux esophagitis.

If left untreated, esophagitis can lead to complications such as strictures, ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Treatment for esophagitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and protecting the esophageal lining to promote healing.

Peptic esophagitis is a medical condition that refers to inflammation and damage of the lining of the esophagus caused by stomach acid backing up into the esophagus. This is also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The term "peptic" indicates that digestive enzymes or stomach acids are involved in the cause of the condition.

Peptic esophagitis can cause symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and painful swallowing. If left untreated, it can lead to complications like strictures, ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes, medications to reduce acid production, and sometimes surgery.

Eosinophilic esophagagitis (EE) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder characterized by symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction and eosinophil-predominant inflammation. It's typically diagnosed through endoscopic biopsy that reveals more than 15 eosinophils per high power field in the esophagus, despite treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body's immune response. In EE, these cells accumulate in the esophagus and cause inflammation, leading to symptoms such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), food impaction, chest pain, heartburn, and regurgitation.

The disorder is often associated with other atopic conditions, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema. Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary modifications, medications (such as proton pump inhibitors or corticosteroids), and esophageal dilation in cases where there is stricture formation.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. It is located in the midline of the neck and chest, passing through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus has a few distinct parts: the upper esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the throat), the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter (another ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food and liquids to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

The walls of the esophagus are made up of several layers, including mucosa (a moist tissue that lines the inside of the tube), submucosa (a layer of connective tissue), muscle (both voluntary and involuntary types), and adventitia (an outer layer of connective tissue).

Common conditions affecting the esophagus include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, esophageal strictures, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Esophagoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the visual examination of the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This procedure is typically carried out using an esophagogastroduodenoscope (EGD), a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end.

During the procedure, the EGD is inserted through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus, allowing the medical professional to examine its lining for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. The procedure may also involve taking tissue samples (biopsies) for further examination and testing.

Esophagoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, and other disorders affecting the esophagus. It may also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing polyps or foreign objects from the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the retrograde movement of stomach contents into the esophagus, which can cause discomfort and symptoms. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach) relaxes inappropriately, allowing the acidic or non-acidic gastric contents to flow back into the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal reflux becomes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) when it is more severe, persistent, and/or results in complications such as esophagitis, strictures, or Barrett's esophagus. Common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and chronic cough or hoarseness.

A hiatal hernia is a type of hernia that occurs when a part of the stomach protrudes or squeezes through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm, the muscular partition between the chest and abdominal cavities. Normally, the esophagus passes through this opening to connect to the stomach, but in a hiatal hernia, a portion of the stomach also moves up into the chest cavity through the hiatus.

There are two main types of hiatal hernias: sliding and paraesophageal. In a sliding hiatal hernia, the junction between the esophagus and stomach (gastroesophageal junction) slides upward into the chest cavity, which is the most common type. Paraesophageal hiatal hernias are less common but can be more severe, as they involve the stomach herniating alongside the esophagus, potentially leading to complications like obstruction or strangulation of the blood supply to the stomach.

Many people with hiatal hernias do not experience symptoms, but some may have heartburn, acid reflux, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, or shortness of breath. Treatment depends on the severity and associated symptoms, ranging from lifestyle modifications and medications to surgical repair in severe cases.

Eosinophilia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of eosinophils in the circulating blood. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in fighting off parasitic infections and regulating allergic reactions. However, when their numbers become excessively high, they can contribute to tissue damage and inflammation.

Eosinophilia is typically defined as a count of more than 500 eosinophils per microliter of blood. Mild eosinophilia (up to 1,500 cells/μL) may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered during routine blood tests. However, higher levels of eosinophilia can lead to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, skin rashes, and organ damage, depending on the underlying cause.

The causes of eosinophilia are varied and can include allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, and some types of cancer. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilia require identification and management of the underlying cause.

Esophageal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or constriction of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This narrowing can make it difficult to swallow food and liquids, leading to symptoms such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), pain or discomfort while swallowing, regurgitation, and weight loss.

Esophageal stenosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Scarring or fibrosis due to prolonged acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
2. Radiation therapy for cancer treatment
3. Ingestion of corrosive substances
4. Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus
5. Esophageal tumors or cancers
6. Surgical complications

Depending on the underlying cause and severity of the stenosis, treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, dilation procedures to widen the narrowed area, or surgery to remove the affected portion of the esophagus. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any difficulty swallowing or other symptoms related to esophageal stenosis.

Barrett esophagus is a condition in which the tissue lining of the lower esophagus changes, becoming more like the tissue that lines the intestines (intestinal metaplasia). This change can increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer. The exact cause of Barrett esophagus is not known, but it is often associated with long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as chronic acid reflux.

In Barrett esophagus, the normal squamous cells that line the lower esophagus are replaced by columnar epithelial cells. This change is usually detected during an upper endoscopy and biopsy. The diagnosis of Barrett esophagus is confirmed when the biopsy shows intestinal metaplasia in the lower esophagus.

It's important to note that not everyone with GERD will develop Barrett esophagus, and not everyone with Barrett esophagus will develop esophageal cancer. However, if you have been diagnosed with Barrett esophagus, your healthcare provider may recommend regular endoscopies and biopsies to monitor the condition and reduce the risk of cancer. Treatment options for Barrett esophagus include medications to control acid reflux, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.

There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Deglutition disorders, also known as swallowing disorders, are conditions that affect the ability to move food or liquids from the mouth to the stomach safely and efficiently. These disorders can occur at any stage of the swallowing process, which includes oral preparation (chewing and manipulating food in the mouth), pharyngeal phase (activating muscles and structures in the throat to move food toward the esophagus), and esophageal phase (relaxing and contracting the esophagus to propel food into the stomach).

Symptoms of deglutition disorders may include coughing or choking during or after eating, difficulty initiating a swallow, food sticking in the throat or chest, regurgitation, unexplained weight loss, and aspiration (inhaling food or liquids into the lungs), which can lead to pneumonia.

Deglutition disorders can be caused by various factors, such as neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis), structural abnormalities (e.g., narrowing or blockage of the esophagus), muscle weakness or dysfunction, and cognitive or behavioral issues. Treatment for deglutition disorders may involve dietary modifications, swallowing exercises, medications, or surgical interventions, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Esophageal pH monitoring is a medical test used to measure the acidity (pH level) inside the esophagus. The test involves inserting a thin, flexible tube through the nose and down into the esophagus. The tube contains a sensor that detects changes in pH levels and transmits this information to a recording device worn by the patient.

The test typically lasts for 24 hours, during which time the patient keeps a diary of their activities and symptoms. This information is used to correlate any symptoms with changes in pH levels. The test can help diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and assess the effectiveness of treatment.

It's important to note that there are some precautions to be taken before and after the test, such as avoiding certain medications that may affect the pH levels or interfere with the test results. Patients should follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure accurate results.

Endoscopy of the digestive system, also known as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, is a medical procedure that allows healthcare professionals to visually examine the inside lining of the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, called an endoscope. This procedure can help diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the digestive system, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer.

There are several types of endoscopy procedures that focus on different parts of the digestive tract:

1. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is often used to investigate symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, or bleeding in the upper GI tract.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure explores the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is commonly performed to screen for colon cancer, as well as to diagnose and treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, or polyps.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, this procedure examines the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum. It is often used as a screening tool for colon cancer and to investigate symptoms like rectal bleeding or changes in bowel habits.
4. Upper GI endoscopy: This procedure focuses on the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it. It is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as GERD, ulcers, and difficulty swallowing.
5. Capsule endoscopy: This procedure involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera that captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through. It can help diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.

Endoscopy is typically performed under sedation or anesthesia to ensure patient comfort during the procedure. The images captured by the endoscope are displayed on a monitor, allowing the healthcare provider to assess the condition of the digestive tract and make informed treatment decisions.

Heartburn is not a cardiac condition, but rather a digestive disorder. The medical term for heartburn is "pyrosis." It is characterized by a burning sensation in the chest or throat, caused by the reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus. This backflow of acid can irritate the lining of the esophagus, leading to discomfort and pain. Heartburn often occurs after eating, when lying down, or during bending over, and it can be worsened by certain foods, drinks, or medications. Chronic or severe heartburn may indicate a more serious condition, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that work to reduce gastric acid production by blocking the action of proton pumps in the parietal cells of the stomach. These drugs are commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and other conditions where excessive stomach acid is a problem.

PPIs include several different medications such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole. They are usually taken orally, but some PPIs are also available in intravenous (IV) form for hospital use.

By inhibiting the action of proton pumps, PPIs reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. They are generally considered safe and effective when used as directed, but long-term use may increase the risk of certain side effects, including bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection.

A mucous membrane is a type of moist, protective lining that covers various body surfaces inside the body, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, as well as the inner surface of the eyelids and the nasal cavity. These membranes are composed of epithelial cells that produce mucus, a slippery secretion that helps trap particles, microorganisms, and other foreign substances, preventing them from entering the body or causing damage to tissues. The mucous membrane functions as a barrier against infection and irritation while also facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the body and its environment.

Manometry is a medical test that measures pressure inside various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It is often used to help diagnose digestive disorders such as achalasia, gastroparesis, and irritable bowel syndrome. During the test, a thin, flexible tube called a manometer is inserted through the mouth or rectum and into the area being tested. The tube is connected to a machine that measures and records pressure readings. These readings can help doctors identify any abnormalities in muscle function or nerve reflexes within the digestive tract.

Esophageal motility disorders are a group of conditions that affect the normal movement (motility) of the muscles in the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. The esophageal muscles normally contract and relax in a coordinated manner to help move food from the mouth to the stomach.

In esophageal motility disorders, this muscle movement is impaired, leading to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), chest pain, heartburn, or regurgitation of food. Some common examples of esophageal motility disorders include:

1. Achalasia: a condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter muscle fails to relax properly, preventing food from passing into the stomach.
2. Diffuse esophageal spasm: a disorder characterized by uncoordinated contractions of the esophageal muscles, leading to difficulty swallowing and chest pain.
3. Nutcracker esophagus: a condition in which the esophageal muscles contract too forcefully, causing pain and difficulty swallowing.
4. Hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter: a disorder in which the lower esophageal sphincter muscle is too tight, making it difficult to swallow and leading to symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation.
5. Ineffective esophageal motility: a condition in which the esophageal muscles have weak or disorganized contractions, leading to difficulty swallowing and other symptoms.

Esophageal motility disorders can be diagnosed through tests such as manometry, which measures the pressure and coordination of esophageal muscle contractions, or barium swallow studies, which use X-rays to visualize the movement of food through the esophagus. Treatment may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery, depending on the specific disorder and its severity.

"Papio cynocephalus" is a scientific name for a species of old world monkey, commonly known as the yellow baboon. It's not typically used in a medical context, but I can provide some general biological information about it if that would be helpful.

Yellow baboons are native to the savannas and woodlands of eastern and southern Africa. They have a distinct appearance with a dog-like face (hence the species name "cynocephalus," which means "dog-headed" in Greek) and a long, close-set coat that is yellowish-brown or olive green in color. Adult males can weigh between 33 to 82 pounds (15 to 37 kg), while females are smaller and typically weigh between 14 to 33 pounds (6 to 15 kg).

Yellow baboons live in large social groups called troops, which can consist of up to 200 individuals. They have a complex hierarchical social structure based on age, sex, and dominance. Their diet is omnivorous, consisting of fruits, seeds, nuts, insects, and small vertebrates.

In terms of medical relevance, yellow baboons are sometimes used as animal models in biomedical research due to their close genetic relationship with humans (they share about 96% of their DNA sequence with us). However, it's important to note that using non-human primates in research is a controversial topic and subject to ethical considerations.

Gastroscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a gastroscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, through the mouth and into the digestive tract. The gastroscope allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

The procedure is usually performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, and it typically takes only a few minutes to complete. Gastroscopy can help diagnose various conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, stomach ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus. It can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsy or to treat certain conditions, such as bleeding or the removal of polyps.

Anti-ulcer agents are a class of medications that are used to treat and prevent ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. These medications work by reducing the production of stomach acid, neutralizing stomach acid, or protecting the lining of the stomach and duodenum from damage caused by stomach acid.

There are several types of anti-ulcer agents, including:

1. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): These medications block the action of proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. PPIs include drugs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole.
2. H-2 receptor antagonists: These medications block the action of histamine on the H-2 receptors in the stomach, reducing the production of stomach acid. Examples include ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine.
3. Antacids: These medications neutralize stomach acid and provide quick relief from symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion. Common antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide.
4. Protective agents: These medications form a barrier between the stomach lining and stomach acid, protecting the lining from damage. Examples include sucralfate and misoprostol.

Anti-ulcer agents are used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is important to take these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as they can have side effects and interactions with other medications.

Omeprazole is defined as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric ulcers, and other conditions where reducing stomach acid is desired. It works by blocking the action of the proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. By inhibiting these pumps, omeprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, providing relief from symptoms such as heartburn and pain caused by excess stomach acid.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and oral suspension, and is typically taken once or twice a day, depending on the condition being treated. As with any medication, omeprazole should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully considered before use.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a condition in which the stomach contents, particularly acid, flow backward from the stomach into the larynx (voice box) and pharynx (throat). This is also known as extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD) or supraesophageal reflux disease (SERD). Unlike gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where acid reflux causes symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation, LPR may not cause classic reflux symptoms, but rather symptoms related to the upper aerodigestive tract. These can include hoarseness, throat clearing, cough, difficulty swallowing, and a sensation of a lump in the throat.

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a specialized ring of muscle located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. It functions as a physiological valve that regulates the direction of content flow between the esophagus and the stomach. Normally, the LES remains contracted to prevent the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, and it relaxes during swallowing to allow food to enter the stomach.

A dysfunctional lower esophageal sphincter may lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid frequently backs up into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.

Esophageal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Here are some common esophageal diseases with their brief definitions:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal lining, often caused by GERD, infection, or medication.
3. Esophageal stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring or inflammation, which can make swallowing difficult.
4. Esophageal cancer: Cancer that forms in the tissues of the esophagus, often as a result of long-term GERD or smoking.
5. Esophageal motility disorders: Disorders that affect the normal movement and function of the esophagus, such as achalasia, diffuse spasm, and nutcracker esophagus.
6. Barrett's esophagus: A condition in which the lining of the lower esophagus changes, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
7. Esophageal diverticula: Small pouches that form in the esophageal wall, often causing difficulty swallowing or regurgitation.
8. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): A chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation of the esophagus due to an allergic reaction.

These are some of the common esophageal diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment may vary depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Duodenogastric reflux (DGR) is a medical condition in which the contents of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, flow backward into the stomach. This occurs when the pyloric sphincter, a muscle that separates the stomach and duodenum, fails to function properly, allowing the reflux of duodenal juice into the stomach.

Duodenogastric refluxate typically contains bile acids, digestive enzymes, and other stomach-irritating substances. Chronic DGR can lead to gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), ulcers, and other gastrointestinal complications. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and indigestion. Treatment usually involves medications that reduce acid production or neutralize stomach acid, as well as lifestyle modifications to minimize reflux triggers.

Fundoplication is a surgical procedure in which the upper part of the stomach (the fundus) is wrapped around the lower esophagus and then stitched into place. This procedure strengthens the lower esophageal sphincter, which helps prevent acid reflux from the stomach into the esophagus. It is commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and paraesophageal hernias.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles is a class of chemical compounds that have both a pyridinylmethylsulfinyl group and a benzimidazole ring in their structure. Pyridinylmethylsulfinyl refers to a functional group consisting of a sulfinyl group (-S(=O)-) attached to a methyl group (-CH2-) that is, in turn, attached to a pyridine ring. Benzimidazoles are heterocyclic compounds containing a fused benzene and imidazole ring.

These types of compounds have been studied for their potential biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor properties. However, it's important to note that medical definitions typically refer to specific substances or classes of substances that have established clinical use or are under investigation for therapeutic purposes. As such, 2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles do not have a recognized medical definition in this sense.

Dilation, also known as dilatation, refers to the process of expanding or enlarging a body passage or cavity. In medical terms, it typically refers to the widening of a bodily opening or hollow organ, allowing for increased flow or access. This can occur naturally, such as during childbirth when the cervix dilates to allow for the passage of a baby, or it can be induced through medical procedures or interventions.

For example, dilation of the pupils is a natural response to darkness or certain medications, while dilation of blood vessels is a common side effect of some drugs and can also occur in response to changes in temperature or emotional state. Dilation of the stomach or intestines may be necessary for medical procedures such as endoscopies or surgeries.

It's important to note that dilation can also refer to the abnormal enlargement of a body part, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, which refers to an enlarged and weakened heart muscle.

The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is the region of the gastrointestinal tract where the esophagus (the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach) meets the stomach. It serves as a physiological sphincter, which helps control the direction of flow and prevent reflux of gastric contents back into the esophagus. The EGJ is also known as the gastroesophageal junction or cardia.

"Papio hamadryas" is a species of old world monkey, also known as the Hamadryas baboon. It is not a medical term or concept. Here's a brief overview of its biological significance:

The Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) is native to the Horn of Africa and the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. They are highly social primates, living in large groups called troops. These troops can consist of hundreds of individuals, but they are hierarchically structured with multiple adult males, harems of females, and their offspring.

Hamadryas baboons have a distinctive appearance, characterized by their dog-like faces, hairless calluses on their rumps, and long, flowing manes. They primarily feed on plants, but they are also known to consume small vertebrates and invertebrates. Their gestation period is approximately six months, and females typically give birth to a single offspring.

In captivity, Hamadryas baboons have been used as subjects in various biomedical research studies due to their close phylogenetic relationship with humans. However, the term 'Papio hamadryas' itself does not have a medical definition.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

In medical terms, "caustics" refer to substances that can cause burns or destroy living tissue due to their corrosive nature. They can cause chemical burns upon contact with skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, leading to inflammation, necrosis (tissue death), and potential scarring. Common caustic substances include strong acids and bases, such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide (lye).

In dermatology, the term "caustics" may also refer to chemical peeling agents used for the treatment of various skin conditions, such as hyperpigmentation, acne scars, or fine lines. These substances, which include trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and phenol, cause a controlled injury to the skin, leading to exfoliation and the stimulation of new tissue growth. However, they must be used with caution, as improper application can result in unwanted side effects or complications.

Histamine H2 antagonists, also known as H2 blockers, are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of histamine on the H2 receptors in the stomach. Histamine is a chemical that is released by the body during an allergic reaction and can also be released by certain cells in the stomach in response to food or other stimuli. When histamine binds to the H2 receptors in the stomach, it triggers the release of acid. By blocking the action of histamine on these receptors, H2 antagonists reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach ulcers. Examples of H2 antagonists include ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid), and cimetidine (Tagamet).

Sucralfate is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called aluminum complexes. It's often used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers, including duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as in the prevention of stress-induced mucosal damage in critically ill patients.

Sucralfate works by forming a protective barrier over the ulcer site, which helps to prevent further damage from acid and digestive enzymes. It's not absorbed into the bloodstream, so it acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract. The medical definition of Sucralfate is:

A synthetic basic aluminum salt of sucrose octasulfate, which is used in the treatment of gastro duodenal ulcers and as a protectant against stress-induced mucosal damage in critically ill patients. It exerts its therapeutic effect by forming a complex, adhesive protective coating over ulcerated areas, thereby preventing further erosion from gastric acid and pepsin.

Lansoprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. The medical definition of Lansoprazole is:

A substituted benzimidazole that is a selective gastric proton pump inhibitor, which suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. It is used as an effective therapy for various gastrointestinal disorders, including gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Lansoprazole is available in the form of capsules or oral granules for delayed-release oral administration.

Here's a brief overview of its mechanism of action:

* Lansoprazole is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the parietal cells in the stomach, where it is converted into its active form.
* The active form of lansoprazole binds to and inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system, which is responsible for pumping hydrogen ions (protons) from the cytoplasm of the parietal cell into the lumen of the stomach, where they combine with chloride ions to form hydrochloric acid.
* By inhibiting this proton pump, lansoprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which helps to relieve symptoms and promote healing of gastrointestinal disorders.

The gastric fundus is the upper, rounded portion of the stomach that lies above the level of the cardiac orifice and extends up to the left dome-shaped part of the diaphragm. It is the part of the stomach where food and liquids are first stored after entering through the esophagus. The gastric fundus contains parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen, a precursor to the digestive enzyme pepsin. It is also the site where the hormone ghrelin is produced, which stimulates appetite.

Radiation injuries refer to the damages that occur to living tissues as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. These injuries can be acute, occurring soon after exposure to high levels of radiation, or chronic, developing over a longer period after exposure to lower levels of radiation. The severity and type of injury depend on the dose and duration of exposure, as well as the specific tissues affected.

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, is the most severe form of acute radiation injury. It can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and skin burns. In more severe cases, it can lead to neurological damage, hemorrhage, infection, and death.

Chronic radiation injuries, on the other hand, may not appear until months or even years after exposure. They can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, skin changes, cataracts, reduced fertility, and an increased risk of cancer.

Radiation injuries can be treated with supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes replacement, antibiotics, wound care, and blood transfusions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or control bleeding. Prevention is the best approach to radiation injuries, which includes limiting exposure through proper protective measures and monitoring radiation levels in the environment.

Peristalsis is an involuntary muscular movement that occurs in the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It is characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles in the walls of these organs, which creates a wave-like motion that helps propel food, fluids, and waste through the digestive system.

The process of peristalsis begins with a narrowing or constriction of the muscle in one area of the digestive tract, followed by a relaxation of the muscle in the adjacent area. This creates a localized contraction that moves along the length of the organ, pushing its contents forward. The wave of contractions continues to move along the digestive tract until it reaches the anus, where waste is eliminated from the body.

Peristalsis plays a crucial role in maintaining proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as in the elimination of waste products from the body. Disorders that affect peristalsis, such as gastrointestinal motility disorders, can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea.

Esophageal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant esophageal neoplasms are typically classified as either squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas, depending on the type of cell from which they originate.

Esophageal cancer is a serious and often life-threatening condition that can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and coughing. Risk factors for esophageal neoplasms include smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Barrett's esophagus. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Food hypersensitivity is an umbrella term that encompasses both immunologic and non-immunologic adverse reactions to food. It is also known as "food allergy" or "food intolerance." Food hypersensitivity occurs when the body's immune system or digestive system reacts negatively to a particular food or food component.

Immunologic food hypersensitivity, commonly referred to as a food allergy, involves an immune response mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Upon ingestion of the offending food, IgE antibodies bind to the food antigens and trigger the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to symptoms such as hives, swelling, itching, difficulty breathing, or anaphylaxis.

Non-immunologic food hypersensitivity, on the other hand, does not involve the immune system. Instead, it is caused by various mechanisms, including enzyme deficiencies, pharmacological reactions, and metabolic disorders. Examples of non-immunologic food hypersensitivities include lactose intolerance, gluten sensitivity, and histamine intolerance.

It's important to note that the term "food hypersensitivity" is often used interchangeably with "food allergy," but it has a broader definition that includes both immunologic and non-immunologic reactions.

Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, is not a substance that is typically found within the human body. It is a strong mineral acid with the chemical formula HCl. In a medical context, it might be mentioned in relation to gastric acid, which helps digest food in the stomach. Gastric acid is composed of hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride and sodium chloride dissolved in water. The pH of hydrochloric acid is very low (1-2) due to its high concentration of H+ ions, making it a strong acid. However, it's important to note that the term 'hydrochloric acid' does not directly refer to a component of human bodily fluids or tissues.

Esomeprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Esomeprazole is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which the stomach produces too much acid. It is also used to promote healing of erosive esophagitis, a condition in which the esophagus becomes damaged by stomach acid.

Esomeprazole is available in delayed-release capsule and suspension forms, and it is typically taken once a day. It may be prescribed or taken over-the-counter. Common side effects of esomeprazole include headache, diarrhea, nausea, and stomach pain.

It's important to note that long-term use of PPIs like esomeprazole has been associated with an increased risk of certain health problems, such as bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection. As with any medication, it is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking esomeprazole.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Diet therapy is a medical treatment that involves using specific dietary modifications to manage or treat various medical conditions. This can include changing the types and amounts of food consumed, as well as adjusting the timing and frequency of meals. The goal of diet therapy is to provide the body with the necessary nutrients to support healing and maintain health while also addressing any specific dietary needs or restrictions related to a particular medical condition.

Diet therapy may be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity, food allergies and intolerances, gastrointestinal disorders, and kidney disease. For example, a person with diabetes may be placed on a diet that restricts sugar and simple carbohydrates to help manage their blood sugar levels, while a person with heart disease may be advised to follow a low-fat, high-fiber diet to reduce their risk of heart attack and stroke.

Diet therapy is often used in conjunction with other medical treatments, such as medication and surgery, and should be prescribed and monitored by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or a doctor who specializes in nutrition. It is important for individuals to follow their specific dietary recommendations closely in order to achieve the best possible outcomes.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body's immune response. They are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream, where they can travel to different tissues and organs throughout the body. Eosinophils are characterized by their granules, which contain various proteins and enzymes that are toxic to parasites and can contribute to inflammation.

Eosinophils are typically associated with allergic reactions, asthma, and other inflammatory conditions. They can also be involved in the body's response to certain infections, particularly those caused by parasites such as worms. In some cases, elevated levels of eosinophils in the blood or tissues (a condition called eosinophilia) can indicate an underlying medical condition, such as a parasitic infection, autoimmune disorder, or cancer.

Eosinophils are named for their staining properties - they readily take up eosin dye, which is why they appear pink or red under the microscope. They make up only about 1-6% of circulating white blood cells in healthy individuals, but their numbers can increase significantly in response to certain triggers.

Flatulence is the medical term for the release of intestinal gas from the rectum, commonly known as passing gas or farting. It is a normal bodily function that occurs when the body digests food in the stomach and intestines.

During digestion, the body breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. However, not all food particles can be fully broken down, and some of them reach the large intestine, where they are fermented by bacteria. This fermentation process produces gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane.

The buildup of these gases in the digestive tract can cause discomfort, bloating, and the urge to pass gas. The average person passes gas about 10-20 times a day, although this can vary widely from person to person.

While flatulence is a normal bodily function, excessive or frequent passing of gas can be a sign of an underlying digestive issue such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), lactose intolerance, or gastrointestinal infections. If you are experiencing persistent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

The Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract refers to the segment of the digestive system that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This region is responsible for the initial stages of digestion, such as mechanical breakdown of food by chewing and churning, and chemical breakdown through enzymes and acids. It's also where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs. Various medical conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancers, can affect the upper GI tract.

Ranitidine is a histamine-2 (H2) blocker medication that works by reducing the amount of acid your stomach produces. It is commonly used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines, and to manage conditions where the stomach produces too much acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Ranitidine is also used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn. Additionally, ranitidine can be used to prevent and treat upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by stress or injury in critically ill patients.

The medication is available in both prescription and over-the-counter forms, and it comes in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. As with any medication, ranitidine should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully monitored.

A jejunostomy is a surgical procedure where an opening (stoma) is created in the lower part of the small intestine, called the jejunum. This stoma allows for the passage of nutrients and digestive enzymes from the small intestine into a tube or external pouch, bypassing the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine (duodenum).

Jejunostomy is typically performed to provide enteral nutrition support in patients who are unable to consume food or liquids by mouth due to various medical conditions such as dysphagia, gastroparesis, bowel obstruction, or after certain surgical procedures. The jejunostomy tube can be used for short-term or long-term nutritional support, depending on the patient's needs and underlying medical condition.

Eructation is the medical term for belching or burping. It refers to the act of expelling gas from the upper digestive tract (esophagus and stomach) through the mouth. This voluntary or involuntary action helps to relieve symptoms of bloating, discomfort, or pain caused by excessive gas build-up in the stomach. Eructation often occurs after swallowing air while eating or drinking quickly, consuming carbonated beverages, or experiencing anxiety or stress. In some cases, frequent eructations may indicate an underlying digestive disorder such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastritis.

Roux-en-Y anastomosis is a type of surgical connection between two parts of the gastrointestinal tract, typically performed during gastric bypass surgery for weight loss. In this procedure, a small pouch is created from the upper stomach, and the remaining portion of the stomach is bypassed. The Roux limb, a segment of the small intestine, is then connected to both the pouch and the bypassed stomach, creating two separate channels for food and digestive juices to mix. This surgical technique helps to reduce the amount of food that can be consumed and absorbed, leading to weight loss.

An oral spray is not a medical term per se, but it refers to a type of drug delivery system where a medication is administered into the mouth by spraying it directly onto the oral mucosa (the lining of the mouth). Oral sprays are designed to deliver a specific dose of medication in a fine mist that can be easily absorbed through the mouth's mucous membranes.

Oral sprays offer several advantages, including:

1. Rapid onset of action: Since the medication is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the oral mucosa, it bypasses the digestive system and liver metabolism, leading to a faster onset of action compared to traditional oral medications.
2. Improved patient compliance: Oral sprays are often preferred by patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules. They can also be more convenient for people on-the-go, as they do not require water or any special preparation before use.
3. Accurate dosing: Oral sprays typically come with a metered dose mechanism that ensures consistent and accurate administration of the medication.
4. Reduced side effects: As the medication is absorbed through the oral mucosa, it may result in fewer gastrointestinal side effects compared to traditional oral medications.

Examples of conditions treated with oral sprays include pain management, dry mouth, oral thrush, and nicotine dependence. It is essential to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional or those listed on the product label when using an oral spray to ensure safe and effective use.

Antacids are a type of medication that is used to neutralize stomach acid and provide rapid relief from symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach discomfort. They work by chemically reacting with the stomach acid to reduce its acidity. Antacids may contain one or more active ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.

Antacids are available over-the-counter in various forms, such as tablets, chewable tablets, liquids, and powders. They can provide quick relief from acid reflux and related symptoms; however, they may not be effective for treating the underlying cause of these symptoms. Therefore, if you experience frequent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

A medical definition of an ulcer is:

A lesion on the skin or mucous membrane characterized by disintegration of surface epithelium, inflammation, and is associated with the loss of substance below the normal lining. Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are types of peptic ulcers that occur in the gastrointestinal tract.

Another type of ulcer is a venous ulcer, which occurs when there is reduced blood flow from vein insufficiency, usually in the lower leg. This can cause skin damage and lead to an open sore or ulcer.

There are other types of ulcers as well, including decubitus ulcers (also known as pressure sores or bedsores), which are caused by prolonged pressure on the skin.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

Hoarseness is a condition characterized by an abnormal change in the quality of voice, making it sound rough, breathy, strained, or weak. Medically, it's described as a disorder of phonation, which is the process of producing sound by vibrating the vocal cords in the larynx (voice box). Hoarseness can be caused by various factors, such as inflammation, irritation, or injury to the vocal cords, and may result in symptoms like altered voice pitch, volume, and clarity. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if hoarseness persists for more than two weeks, especially if it's accompanied by other concerning symptoms like difficulty swallowing or breathing.

Cisapride is a medication that was used to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders, such as gastroparesis and constipation. It belongs to a class of drugs called "prokinetic agents" which work by increasing the contractions or movements of the muscles in the digestive tract, thereby helping to move food and waste through the system more efficiently.

Cisapride was first approved for use in the United States in 1993, but its use was later restricted due to concerns about serious side effects, including cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and interactions with other medications. In 2000, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested that cisapride be withdrawn from the market due to these safety concerns.

While cisapride is no longer available for use in many countries, it may still be used in some cases under strict guidelines and monitoring conditions. It is important to note that the use of cisapride should only be initiated and monitored by a healthcare professional, and patients should inform their doctor about all other medications they are taking to avoid potential interactions.

'Perilla frutescens' is not a medical term itself, but it refers to a plant species also known as the beefsteak plant or Chinese basil. While it doesn't have a specific medical definition, some components of this plant have been studied for their potential medicinal properties. For instance, Perilla frutescens contains rosmarinic acid and luteolin, which have been researched for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. However, it is essential to note that further research is required before any definitive medical claims can be made about the plant or its components.

Metaplasia is a term used in pathology to describe the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type within a tissue or organ. It is an adaptive response of epithelial cells to chronic irritation, inflammation, or injury and can be reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed. Metaplastic changes are often associated with an increased risk of cancer development in the affected area.

For example, in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic exposure to stomach acid can lead to metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium, a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This metaplastic change is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

The hypopharynx is the lower part of the pharynx, which is the muscular tube that extends from the back of the nasal cavity and mouth to the esophagus and trachea. The hypopharynx lies posterior to the larynx and is divided into three regions: the pyriform (or piriform) sinuses, the postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. It serves as a passageway for both food and air, and any abnormalities or diseases in this region can lead to swallowing difficulties, aspiration, and other serious medical conditions.

A gluten-free diet is a diet that excludes the consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This type of diet is often recommended for individuals with celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, or wheat allergies. Adhering to a strict gluten-free diet can help manage symptoms, heal intestinal damage, and prevent further complications associated with these conditions.

The medical definition of 'Diet, Gluten-Free' includes:

1. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. Following a gluten-free diet is crucial for individuals with celiac disease to prevent symptoms and associated health complications.
2. Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS): A condition where individuals experience adverse reactions to gluten, but do not test positive for celiac disease or wheat allergy. A gluten-free diet can help alleviate symptoms in those with NCGS.
3. Wheat Allergy: An allergic reaction to proteins found in wheat, which may include gluten. Excluding gluten from the diet can help manage symptoms in individuals with wheat allergy.
4. Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH): A skin manifestation of celiac disease characterized by an itchy, blistering rash. A gluten-free diet is often recommended to control DH symptoms and prevent intestinal damage.
5. Gluten Ataxia: A neurological disorder associated with celiac disease where gluten ingestion can cause issues with balance, coordination, and speech. A gluten-free diet may help improve these symptoms in individuals with gluten ataxia.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian for guidance on following a gluten-free diet to ensure proper nutrition and to avoid cross-contamination from gluten sources.

Gastric acid, also known as stomach acid, is a digestive fluid produced in the stomach. It's primarily composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). The pH of gastric acid is typically between 1.5 and 3.5, making it a strong acid that helps to break down food by denaturing proteins and activating digestive enzymes.

The production of gastric acid is regulated by the enteric nervous system and several hormones. The primary function of gastric acid is to initiate protein digestion, activate pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin, and kill most ingested microorganisms. However, an excess or deficiency in gastric acid secretion can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis, ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Sulfoxides are organic compounds characterized by the functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and a carbon atom. The general structure is R-S(=O)O-R', where R and R' represent alkyl or aryl groups. They are often formed by the oxidation of sulfides, which contain a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms. Sulfoxides have a trigonal pyramidal geometry at the sulfur atom due to the presence of two electron-withdrawing oxygen atoms. They exhibit properties of both polar and nonpolar compounds, making them useful as solvents and intermediates in organic synthesis.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Esophageal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This condition can occur as a result of various factors such as trauma, forceful vomiting (Boerhaave's syndrome), swallowing sharp objects, or complications from medical procedures like endoscopy.

Esophageal perforation is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications such as mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart), sepsis, and even death. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the perforation, antibiotics to prevent infection, and supportive care to manage any associated symptoms or complications.

Radiotherapy dosage refers to the total amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by tissues or organs, typically measured in units of Gray (Gy), during a course of radiotherapy treatment. It is the product of the dose rate (the amount of radiation delivered per unit time) and the duration of treatment. The prescribed dosage for cancer treatments can range from a few Gray to more than 70 Gy, depending on the type and location of the tumor, the patient's overall health, and other factors. The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a sufficient dosage to destroy the cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

Dexlansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medication that is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), stomach ulcers, and other conditions caused by excessive stomach acid production. It works by blocking the action of the proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid.

Dexlansoprazole is a single enantiomer of lansoprazole, which means that it contains only one of the two mirror-image forms of the drug. This can result in fewer side effects and improved efficacy compared to the racemic mixture (a 50/50 mix of both enantiomers) found in some other PPIs.

Dexlansoprazole is available in delayed-release capsule form, and it is typically taken once daily for the treatment of GERD or twice daily for the treatment of stomach ulcers. As with all medications, it should be used only under the supervision of a healthcare provider, who can determine the appropriate dosage and monitor for any potential side effects.

Helicobacter infections are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which colonizes the stomach lining and is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. The infection can lead to chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer.

The spiral-shaped H. pylori bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid in their immediate vicinity. This allows them to adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the stomach, where they can cause inflammation (gastritis) and disrupt the normal functioning of the stomach.

Transmission of H. pylori typically occurs through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, and infection is more common in developing countries and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. The diagnosis of Helicobacter infections can be confirmed through various tests, including urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, or gastric biopsy with histology and culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and reduce stomach acidity.

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... is a form of esophagitis associated with cytomegalovirus. Symptoms include dysphagia, upper ... Radiologic imaging techniques such as X-Rays or CT Scans are not effective in diagnosing CMV Esophagitis but can identify any ... A large majority of patient that have CMV Esophagitis are diagnosed with HIV. Another significant segment of the population ... Diagnosis is done primarily by endoscopy with biopsy, as CMV Esophagitis has a distinctive pathology pattern of linear ulcers. ...
Rubio CA, Sjödahl K, Lagergren J (March 2006). "Lymphocytic esophagitis: a histologic subset of chronic esophagitis". Am. J. ... Little is known about the pathophysiology of lymphocytic esophagitis. It has been hypothesized that lymphocytic esophagitis may ... Additionally use of tobacco may associate with lymphocytic esophagitis. Lymphocytic esophagitis does not occur with high ... The cause of lymphocytic esophagitis is unknown. Attempts to better understand the cause of lymphocytic esophagitis include ...
... was first described in children but also occurs in adults. The condition is not well understood, but ... Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory condition of the esophagus that involves eosinophils, a type of ... The first case of eosinophilic esophagitis was reported in 1978. In the early 1990s, it became recognized as a distinct disease ... October 2007). "Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for ...
Caustic esophagitis, pill-induced esophagitis as well as yeast esophagitis can have a similar clinical presentation. Herpes ... Nagri S, Hwang R, Anand S, Kurz J (February 2007). "Herpes simplex esophagitis presenting as acute necrotizing esophagitis (" ... herpes esophagitis can also occur in immunocompetent individuals. People with herpes esophagitis experience pain with eating ... Herpes esophagitis is a viral infection of the esophagus caused by Herpes simplex virus (HSV). While the disease most often ...
"Esophagitis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021. Shaheen ... In the long term, and when not treated, complications such as esophagitis, esophageal stricture, and Barrett's esophagus may ... These injuries may include one or more of the following: Reflux esophagitis - inflammation of esophageal epithelium which can ... The presence of intraepithelial eosinophils may suggest a diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) if eosinophils are present ...
... esophagitis; bronchitis; asthma; allergy; hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP); and worsening of pre-existing respiratory problems ...
"Esophagitis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 22 July 2021. Chu EC, Shum JS, Lin AF (2019). "Unusual Cause of ... diverticula Scleroderma Diffuse esophageal spasm Polymyositis Webs and rings Esophageal cancer Eosinophilic esophagitis Hiatus ...
... eosinophilic esophagitis; and dysfunction of other organs targeted by eosinophils. The ~30% of patients in whom the fusion gene ...
It is usually associated with diseases that may narrow the lumen of the esophagus, such as eosinophilic esophagitis, Schatzki ... Kerlin P, Jones D, Remedios M, Campbell C (2007). "Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults with food bolus obstruction ... Many alterations caused by eosinophilic esophagitis can predispose to food boluses; these include the presence of multiple ... Leclercq P, Marting A, Gast P (2007). "Eosinophilic esophagitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (14): 1446, author reply ...
Allergic eosinophilic esophagitis and the Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome are commonly associated with increased ... "Eosinophilic Esophagitis". American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 16 January 2015. Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis at ... Examples of organ-restricted hypereosinophilia include eosinophilic myocarditis, eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic ... eosinophilic esophagitis, chronic sinusitis, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, ...
Gastroenteritis Esophagitis "Gastritis". The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). November ...
Watermeyer G, Shaw J, Krige J (2007). "Gastroentestinal: Acute necrotizing esophagitis". Journal of Gastroenterology and ...
Hill, David A.; Spergel, Jonathan M. (2016). "The Immunologic Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis". Current Allergy and ... Asthma Atopic dermatitis Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps Eosinophilic esophagitis Persons with one type 2 inflammatory ...
These result in heartburn and esophagitis. In combination with Helicobacter pylori infection, peptic ulcer disease is caused by ...
... and mepolizumab to treat eosinophilic esophagitis. Penicillin desensitization editor, Mariana C. Castells (2011). Anaphylaxis ...
Ozdemir O, Mete E, Catal F, Ozol D (January 2009). "Food intolerances and eosinophilic esophagitis in childhood". Dig Dis Sci. ... eosinophilic esophagitis and ear, nose and throat (ENT) illnesses. Reactions to chemical components of the diet may be more ... and in individuals with eosinophilic esophagitis or food malabsorption due to intolerance. Increased intestinal permeability, ...
Esophagitis: There are many causes of esophagitis. Esophagitis caused by Candida albicans is usually found in chemotherapy or ... Medication such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and alendronate can induce esophagitis if not swallowed properly. ...
... with the drug inducing vomiting and esophagitis. It was not recommended for use during the first trimester, although considered ...
2009). "Eosinophilic esophagitis due to profilin allergy". J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 19 (4): 338-9. PMID 19639743. Fan ...
"IgG4-related sclerosing esophagitis: a case report". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 73 (4): 834-837. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2010.08.043 ... "IgG4-related esophageal disease presenting as esophagitis dissecans superficialis with chronic strictures". Journal of Clinical ...
Biopsies are usually done to look for evidence of esophagitis even if the EGD is normal. Usually no further testing is required ... Other non-acid related causes of peptic strictures include infectious esophagitis, ingestion of chemical irritant, pill ... Presence of multiple rings may suggest eosinophilic esophagitis. Rings cause intermittent mechanical dysphagia, meaning ... Commonly patients are found to have esophagitis and may have an esophageal stricture. ...
Candida esophagitis may be treated orally or intravenously; for severe or azole-resistant esophageal candidiasis, treatment ... candidal esophagitis) Gastrointestinal candidiasis Respiratory candidiasis Cutaneous candidiasis Candidal folliculitis Candidal ...
Topical budesonide has considerable effects in eosinophilic esophagitis. For this use, it is formulated as a tablet that ... "Efficacy and Safety of Budesonide in the Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of ...
Esophagitis can cause painful swallowing and is usually treated by managing the cause of the esophagitis - such as managing ... As of 2021[update] the causes of some forms of esophagitis, such as eosinophilic esophagitis, are not well-characterized, but ... Prolonged esophagitis, particularly from gastric reflux, is one factor thought to play a role in the development of Barrett's ... Inflammation of the esophagus is known as esophagitis. Reflux of gastric acids from the stomach, infection, substances ingested ...
... intake has also been reported to cause esophageal injury or esophagitis. In a 2016 study by Toya et al., roughly 20 ... March 2016). "Dabigatran-induced esophagitis: The prevalence and endoscopic characteristics". Journal of Gastroenterology and ...
Nissen, R. (18 May 1956). "[A simple operation for control of reflux esophagitis]". Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. ...
Gastrointestinal: peptic ulcer, pancreatitis, abdominal distention, and ulcerative esophagitis. Metabolic: protein catabolism ...
Gastroenterology Dupixent (Dupilumab), for eosinophilic esophagitis, marketed by Regeneron. Lanzor (Lansoprazole), for acid ...
These include the following: Peptic stricture Eosinophilic esophagitis Schatzki rings Achalasia Scleroderma esophagus Rarely ... "Role of endoscopic esophageal dilation in managing eosinophilic esophagitis". Medicine. 96 (14): e5877. doi:10.1097/MD. ...
... one study suggests that the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis may be cytokine-mediated. Infectious esophagitis Esophagitis ... Esophagitis can develop due to many causes. GERD is the most common cause of esophagitis because of the backflow of acid from ... Esophagitis, also spelled oesophagitis, is a disease characterized by inflammation of the esophagus. The esophagus is a tube ... For infectious esophagitis, medicine is prescribed based on what type of infection is causing the esophagitis. These medicines ...
... (EoE) is a disease in which eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) build up in your esophagus. It ... Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) (For Parents) (Nemours Foundation) Also in Spanish * Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) in Pediatric ... EoE (Eosinophilic Esophagitis) (American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders) * Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) (American ... What is eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)?. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic disease of the esophagus. Your esophagus ...
... acid blocker vonoprazan was noninferior and superior to the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole for erosive esophagitis in a ... Studies suggest that lack of healing of erosive esophagitis with 8 weeks of PPI therapy can be expected in roughly 5%-20% of ... First Guidelines Developed for Childhood Eosinophilic GI Disorders Beyond Eosinophilic Esophagitis * FDA OKs New Treatment for ... They have a "more potent acid inhibitory effect" and have shown "superior healing of erosive esophagitis," said Aggarwal, a ...
Esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus. We explain the causes, along with the symptoms, treatment options, risk ... esophagitis, this is known as drug-induced esophagitis. If drugs are in contact with the esophagus lining for too long, or if a ... What is herpes esophagitis?. Esophagitis is swelling and irritation of the esophagus, and rarely, it results from a herpes ... Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus, through which food and drink travel from the mouth to the stomach. Various health ...
The meaning of ESOPHAGITIS is inflammation of the esophagus. ... Examples of esophagitis in a Sentence. Recent Examples on the ... variants or chiefly British oesophagitis i-ˌsäf-ə-ˈjīt-əs -ˈgīt-əs (ˌ)ē- ... 2023 People with a history of Zenkers diverticulum, dysphagia, esophageal stricture, eosinophilic esophagitis, or achalasia. - ... 2023 Most patients have garden-variety problems, such as stomach ulcers or esophagitis (inflammation in the esophagus from acid ...
Cutting just one food from the diet rather than six may help treat eosinophilic esophagitis Eliminating animal milk alone from ... Study may lead to a new way for treating children with eosinophilic esophagitis A groundbreaking study from Ann & Robert H. ... Tulane study finds potential treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis A new study from Tulane University has identified a new ... Gene variants may provide clues to successful treatment of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis A group of three gene variants, ...
Esophagitis (inflammation of the squamous esophageal epithelium) may result from various causes, including acid and nonacid ... The pathophysiology of esophagitis can be categorized according to the etiologic type. These types include chemical esophagitis ... Radiation Esophagitis. The histologic changes characteristic of radiation esophagitis start within 2 weeks of the radiation ... Eosinophilic Esophagitis. The exact pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis is unknown. However, contact of the allergen ...
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New Option Approved for Erosive Esophagitis. - Vonoprazan lands indication for healing and maintenance across all grades of ... The condition, also know as erosive esophagitis or erosive acid reflux, is characterized by stubborn heartburn that without ... "For many GERD patients with erosive esophagitis, the response to current treatment is suboptimal, leaving them with incomplete ... In addition, the drug "provided superior maintenance of healing in all grades of erosive esophagitis, compared to lansoprazole ...
Bristol Myers Squibbs fact sheet on Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) helps you learn about its symptoms, disease burden, ...
Although sharing many symptoms with GERD, eosinophilic esophagitis has greatly elevated levels of eosinophils. It is not clear ... if eosinophilic esophagitis is a more severe form of GERD. [PMID 16453027] ... Retrieved from "https://www.SNPedia.com/index.php?title=Eosinophilic_esophagitis&oldid=13911" ...
DDT COA #000024: Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) Symptom Severity Module (PEESS™ v2.0) * Share ... DDT COA #000024: Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) Symptom Severity Module (PEESS™ v2.0) ...
Eosinophilic esophagitis may be due to missing protein. NIH-funded study finds replacement therapy reversed effects in tissue ... specific protein in cells lining the esophagus may cause inflammation and tissue damage in people with eosinophilic esophagitis ...
WHAT IS EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS?. EoE is a chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus triggered by food and environmental ... New Guidelines Provide Evidence-Based Recommendations for Treating Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). Focus on clinical management ... Task Force for Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters provides recommendations for the management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis ( ...
... you might have a recently recognized condition called eosinophilic esophagitis, which may be caused by food allergies. ... Q: I make the meals for myself and my 58-year-old husband, who has just been diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis. Can you ... Known as eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), this condition has become increasingly prevalent since the early 2000s. ... If you experience difficulty swallowing, you might have a recently recognized condition called eosinophilic esophagitis, which ...
Information on Esophagitis Corrosive with there causes, symptoms and treatment ... Home :: Esophagitis Corrosive Esophagitis Corrosive (Caustic) Inflammation and damage to the esophagus after ingestion of a ... Complications of GERD include esophagitis and possibly massive but limited hemorrhage. The acute phase subsides in 3 to 4 days ... The main symptom of reflux esophagitis is heartburn , with or without regurgitation of gastric contents into the mouth, which ...
Was your child diagnosed with Eosinophilic Esophagitis? Learn more about their condition including DOs and DONTs for how to ... What Is Eosinophilic Esophagitis?. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is an allergic inflammatory disease. In EE, the esophagus ( ... What Causes Eosinophilic Esophagitis?. The exact cause isnt known. EE is more common in people with other allergic conditions ... How Is Eosinophilic Esophagitis Diagnosed?. The health care provider uses a medical history and upper endoscopy and biopsy for ...
... as a new treatment for the healing of all grades of erosive esophagitis. ... Phathom Pharmaceuticals erosive esophagitis treatment approved by FDA. By Liza Laws 02-Nov-2023. - Last updated on 02-Nov-2023 ... Phathom says erosive GERD, also referred to as erosive esophagitis or erosive acid reflux, is a major type of GERD that affects ... "For many GERD patients with Erosive Esophagitis, the response to current treatment is suboptimal, leaving them with incomplete ...
Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) - Boston MA. ClinicalConnection helps connect participants with clinical trials in their area. ... Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) study enrolling now. Join a Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) clinical study today and receive: *No ... Study-related care from the top physicians for Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) at no-cost ...
Efficacy of Vonoprazan for Proton Pump Inhibitor-Resistant Reflux Esophagitis Subject Area: Gastroenterology ... lansoprazole for the treatment of erosive oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015;42:685-695. ... lansoprazole for the healing of erosive oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016;43:240-251. ... resistant reflux esophagitis (RE). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacies of VPZ therapy at 20 mg for 4 weeks ...
Eosinophilic esophagitis is an allergic inflammation of the esophagus that most typically develops as an allergic response to ... Today, we call this condition eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).. What is EoE?. EoE is an allergic inflammation of the esophagus ... Eosinophilic esophagitis: A new food-related allergic condition on the rise? .image-wrapper img {width: 100%;}. ...
Elimination Diet for Eosinophilic Esophagitis, is written by our guest blogger Alexia Beauregard. Alexia is a food allergy ... It will take more time if you are not prepared for your elimination diet for Eosinophilic Esophagitis Be prepared to spend more ... Elimination Diet for Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE): Things I wish I knew Before Starting. ... Start getting ready to implement the full elimination diet for Eosinophilic Esophagitis gradually. You do not have to run to ...
Distance to pediatric gastroenterology providers is associated with decreased diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis in rural ... Distance to pediatric gastroenterology providers is associated with decreased diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis in rural ...
Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Serious But Misunderstood. August 1, 2009. PHOENIX-Eosinophilic esophagitis is a serious, growing ...
... and erosive esophagitis (EE) are on the horizon. An expert panel discusses at ACG 2022. ... The Patient With Erosive Esophagitis: Whats Next?. *Authors: Rena Yadlapati, MD, MSHS, FACG; Prakash Gyawali, MD, MRCP; Felice ... The Patient With Erosive Esophagitis: Whats Next?. Authors: Rena Yadlapati, MD, MSHS, FACG; Prakash Gyawali, MD, MRCP; Felice ...
Esophagitis is the inflammation of the esophagus. Esophagus is a muscular tube-like organ that connects the stomach with the ... Difference Between Gastritis and Esophagitis Gastritis is the irritation or inflammation of the innermost, mucosal layer of the ... What foods soothe esophagitis?. Green herbal tea, non-dairy milk, or yogurt are some of the foods that soothe esophagitis. ... What is Esophagitis?. Definition. Inflammation of the esophagus is known as esophagitis. Esophagus is a muscular tube-like ...
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) can cause narrowing of the esophagus and issues with eating, swallowing and nutrition in both ... What is eosinophilic esophagitis?. EoE is a condition that causes swelling and irritation in the esophagus, the tube that ... How is eosinophilic esophagitis treated?. "Most children see improvement with changes to their diet and with medications, but ... How is eosinophilic esophagitis diagnosed?. Because the symptoms of EoE can mimic many other diseases, such as gastroesophageal ...
Eosinophilic Esophagitis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer ... Symptoms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Infants and children may refuse to eat and have vomiting, weight loss, and abdominal pain ... Eosinophilic esophagitis may be caused by an allergic reaction to certain foods in people who have genetic risk factors. The ... Adults who have a stricture (usually those who have had esophagitis for a long time) often have difficulty swallowing ...
Category: Eosinophilic Esophagitis Eosinophilic Esophagitis Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Potentially Big Concerns for ... Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The New Kid on the Block Brian A Hemstreet, Pharm.D. FCCP, BCPS. ... Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis is a rare disease, challenged further by its nonspecific symptomatic presentation and lack ...
... eaaci.org/agenda/eaaci-2023/sessions/eosinophilic-esophagitis-2/eosinophilic-esophagitis-and-ltp-sensitization-an-emergent-link ... Eosinophilic Esophagitis and LTP sensitization: an emergent link? Friday 09 Jun, 12:00 PM - 12:00 PM CEST ...
  • The most common cause of esophagitis is the reverse flow of acid from the stomach into the lower esophagus: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). (wikipedia.org)
  • GERD is the most common cause of esophagitis because of the backflow of acid from the stomach, which can irritate the lining of the esophagus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kaitlin Sullivan, NBC News , 25 July 2023 Impact of Inflamation In the study, Kerry Dunbar, M.D., Ph.D., and her colleagues looked at 12 patients who had esophagitis (when the esophagus becomes irritated and swollen), a complication that isn't seen in every GERD patient. (merriam-webster.com)
  • GERD can irritate the esophagus, leading to esophagitis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In the pediatric population, gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ), infection, eosinophilic esophagitis, and corrosive ingestions account for most cases. (medscape.com)
  • For many GERD patients with erosive esophagitis, the response to current treatment is suboptimal, leaving them with incomplete healing and ongoing symptoms," Colin Howden, MD, of the University of Tennessee College of Medicine in Memphis, said in a statement. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The FDA approval of Voquezna (vonoprazan) provides healthcare providers with a new first-in-class therapeutic option that demonstrated faster healing in the more difficult-to-treat GERD patients with erosive esophagitis. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Although sharing many symptoms with GERD , eosinophilic esophagitis has greatly elevated levels of eosinophils. (snpedia.com)
  • It is not clear if eosinophilic esophagitis is a more severe form of GERD . (snpedia.com)
  • Complications of GERD include esophagitis and possibly massive but limited hemorrhage. (health-care-clinic.org)
  • Phathom says erosive GERD, also referred to as erosive esophagitis or erosive acid reflux, is a major type of GERD that affects approximately 20 million people in the US. (outsourcing-pharma.com)
  • Clinical studies in patients with GERD showed an increase in reflux oesophagitis severity and a decrease in heartburn severity with age, and age-related increases in oesophageal acid exposure and anatomical disruption of the gastro-oesophageal junction. (nih.gov)
  • Reflux esophagitis is one of the complications that can come from having chronic heartburn and acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). (oaklawnendoscopy.com)
  • The type of esophagitis caused by heartburn and acid reflux/GERD is known as reflux esophagitis. (oaklawnendoscopy.com)
  • Reflux esophagitis is caused by acid reflux/GERD. (oaklawnendoscopy.com)
  • Studies from the US and Europe show that white individuals have higher prevalence of severe grades of esophagitis and Barrett esophagus (a complication of GERD) relative to Hispanics, blacks, and Asians. (medscape.com)
  • GERD subtypes (non-erosive reflux disease and erosive esophagitis) and related conditions (Barrett's Esophagus [BE] and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma). (cdc.gov)
  • The oral potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) vonoprazan was noninferior and superior to the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) lansoprazole for erosive esophagitis, according to results of the phase 3 PHALCON-EE trial . (medscape.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease is one of the most common disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and erosive esophagitis is its most common complication. (medscape.com)
  • Although standard PPI therapy is effective for healing erosive esophagitis, some patients do not achieve success with this conventional treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Studies suggest that lack of healing of erosive esophagitis with 8 weeks of PPI therapy can be expected in roughly 5%-20% of patients, with rates up to 30% reported in patients with more severe esophagitis. (medscape.com)
  • However, data on its efficacy for erosive esophagitis are limited, the authors note. (medscape.com)
  • The PHALCON-EE trial enrolled 1024 adults from the United States and Europe with erosive esophagitis without Helicobacter pylori infection or Barrett esophagus. (medscape.com)
  • They have a "more potent acid inhibitory effect" and have shown "superior healing of erosive esophagitis," said Aggarwal, a gastroenterologist and medical director of Banner Health's South Campus endoscopy services and clinical assistant professor at the University of Arizona in Tucson. (medscape.com)
  • Earlier this year, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accepted Phathom Pharmaceuticals' new drug application for vonoprazan for the treatment of erosive esophagitis. (medscape.com)
  • The condition, also know as erosive esophagitis or erosive acid reflux, is characterized by stubborn heartburn that without management can lead to Barrett's esophagus, a recognized precursor for esophageal cancer. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In addition, the drug "provided superior maintenance of healing in all grades of erosive esophagitis, compared to lansoprazole, a commonly prescribed PPI, and provided 24-hour heartburn relief on most days in the trial," said Howden, who served as an investigator on vonoprazan studies in Helicobacter pylori infections, where the drug is also approved in combination with antibiotics. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) as a new treatment for the healing of all grades of erosive esophagitis. (outsourcing-pharma.com)
  • In addition, Voquenza provided superior maintenance of healing in all grades of Erosive Esophagitis, compared to lansoprazole, a commonly prescribed PPI, and provided 24-hour heartburn relief on most days in the trial. (outsourcing-pharma.com)
  • The Patient With Erosive Esophagitis: What's Next? (medscape.org)
  • This activity is intended for gastroenterologists, primary care physicians, and other clinicians who manage patients with erosive esophagitis. (medscape.org)
  • Esophagitis, also spelled oesophagitis, is a disease characterized by inflammation of the esophagus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus, through which food and drink travel from the mouth to the stomach. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Esophagitis is the inflammation of the esophagus. (differencebetween.net)
  • Inflammation of the esophagus is known as esophagitis. (differencebetween.net)
  • Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach and esophagitis is the inflammation of the esophagus. (differencebetween.net)
  • The term esophagitis refers to the inflammation of the esophagus. (anejo.eu)
  • These last three years living with eosinophilic esophagitis have been a hard road for L to travel. (onemomsworld.com)
  • The symptoms of esophagitis include: Heartburn - a burning sensation in the lower mid-chest Nausea Dysphagia - swallowing is painful, with difficulty passing or inability to pass food through the esophagus Vomiting (emesis) Abdominal pain Cough If the disease remains untreated, it can cause scarring and discomfort in the esophagus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main symptom of reflux esophagitis is heartburn , with or without regurgitation of gastric contents into the mouth, which worsens on bending over. (health-care-clinic.org)
  • Who is at risk for eosinophilic esophagitis(EoE)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Genetic variants at the 16p13 locus confer risk for eosinophilic esophagitis. (emmes.com)
  • I make the meals for myself and my 58-year-old husband, who has just been diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis. (betternutrition.com)
  • Esophagitis (inflammation of the squamous esophageal epithelium) may result from various causes, including acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux ( GER ), food allergies, dysmotility due to various causes, infections, trauma, and iatrogenic causes. (medscape.com)
  • These types include chemical esophagitis (ie, esophagitis resulting from gastroesophageal reflux [GER] or from the ingestion of corrosive substances such as certain medications or caustic cleaning products), eosinophilic esophagitis, infectious esophagitis, and radiation esophagitis. (medscape.com)
  • Some backup is normal, but too much backup causes gastroesophageal reflux disease, which can lead to esophagitis. (umcno.org)
  • Very high magnification micrograph of eosinophilic esophagitis, also eosinophilic oesophagitis. (medicalxpress.com)
  • What causes eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • New research in Nature Genetics identifies a novel genetic and molecular pathway in the esophagus that causes eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), opening up potential new therapeutic strategies for an enigmatic and hard-to-treat food allergy. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Vonoprazan achieved higher rates of healing and maintenance of healing than lansoprazole, with the benefit seen primarily in patients with more severe esophagitis. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with esophagitis caused by allergies may have good results when prescribed proton pump inhibitors if there is a certain amount of reflux as well. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • An upper gastrointestinal (GI) study should be considered in all patients with persistent emesis and in whom esophagitis is suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Newswise - ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, Ill - (April 28, 2020) - A new guideline from the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and the Joint Task Force for Allergy-Immunology Practice Parameters provides recommendations for the management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) in pediatric and adult patients. (newswise.com)
  • Because doxycycline-induced pill esophagitis does not require endoscopy or histology for diagnosis [ 3 ], we did not ask two of our patients to visit the hospital. (springer.com)
  • It was, however, possible for one of the patients residing close to the hospital to have the esophagitis examined endoscopically and histologically. (springer.com)
  • We conclude that abnormal acid clearing may result from disturbed oesophageal motility and render patients with these disorders susceptible to reflux oesophagitis. (bmj.com)
  • My GI colleague described at least four patients, (and said his partners had seen cases) of dabigatran-related pill esophagitis. (drjohnm.org)
  • PARIS and TARRYTOWN, N.Y. - October 26, 2020 - Additional positive results were announced from Part A of a pivotal Phase 3 trial evaluating the investigational use of Dupixent ® (dupilumab) in patients 12 years and older with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). (sanofi.com)
  • Patients with reflux oesophagitis should be treated with 40 mg once daily. (yourdictionary.com)
  • Few laboratory studies are helpful for the diagnosis of esophagitis. (medscape.com)
  • See also the American College of Gastroenterology's 2013 Evidenced Based Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Esophageal Eosinophilia and Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) . (msdmanuals.com)
  • The diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis is also considered when reflux symptoms fail to respond to acid-suppression therapy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Prolonged reflux may lead to esophagitis, stricture, and rarely metaplasia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chelsey Hamilton, Health , 9 Mar. 2023 People with a history of Zenker's diverticulum, dysphagia, esophageal stricture, eosinophilic esophagitis , or achalasia. (merriam-webster.com)
  • The typical patient with eosinophilic esophagitis has dysphagia for solids and a history of atopy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Kaitlin Sullivan, NBC News , 25 July 2023 In rare cases, children may go on to develop a fifth allergy, called eosinophilic esophagitis , by 35 months old. (merriam-webster.com)
  • Consequently, we experienced four cases of doxycycline-induced pill esophagitis during May 2021, which we saw rather sparingly earlier. (springer.com)
  • Medication-induced esophageal injury is also known as pill esophagitis. (springer.com)
  • Tetracyclines are the antibiotics that commonly cause pill esophagitis, with doxycycline being the most frequent [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • The four cases of doxycycline-induced pill esophagitis observed in May 2021 are significantly higher than usual. (springer.com)
  • Pradaxa-related pill esophagitis-A new adverse effect? (drjohnm.org)
  • What is pill esophagitis? (drjohnm.org)
  • Pill esophagitis is not Mickey Mouse. (drjohnm.org)
  • He pointed out three important factors why dabigatran might be a new player in pill esophagitis. (drjohnm.org)
  • Clinicians need to consider pill esophagitis to the already long list of possible causes of chest pain in an AF patient taking dabigatran. (drjohnm.org)
  • Inflammation and damage to the esophagus after ingestion of a caustic chemical is called corrosive or caustic esophagitis. (health-care-clinic.org)
  • Surgery Eosinophilic esophagitis, a more chronic condition with a theorized autoimmune component The esophagus is a muscular tube made of both voluntary and involuntary muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic disease of the esophagus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus triggered by immune hypersensitivity to food. (emmes.com)
  • If the cause of acute esophagitis continues over a period of time, the condition is called chronic esophagitis. (anejo.eu)
  • Esophagitis can be diagnosed by upper endoscopy, biopsy, upper GI series (or barium swallow), and laboratory tests. (wikipedia.org)
  • A groundbreaking study from Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago determined the threshold for a new measure of early scarring in the esophagus of children with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), which allows immediate intervention during endoscopy to halt further damage and prevent food from getting stuck in the esophagus (feeding tube) of kids with this condition. (news-medical.net)
  • Esophagitis is diagnosed by upper GIT endoscopy, barium swallow x-ray, and histopathology. (differencebetween.net)
  • Your doctor can diagnose reflux esophagitis by performing an upper endoscopy. (oaklawnendoscopy.com)
  • What are possible complications of esophagitis? (umcno.org)
  • If left untreated, reflux esophagitis may change the structure and function of the esophagus and lead to more serious complications such as Barrett's esophagus, strictures and esophageal cancer. (oaklawnendoscopy.com)
  • If untreated, esophagitis may cause severe discomfort, swallowing difficulty to the extent of causing malnutrition or dehydration, and eventual scarring of the esophagus. (health32.com)
  • Crohn's disease - a type of IBD and an autoimmune disease that can cause esophagitis if it attacks the esophagus. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2021 One of the late-stage candidates - Etrasimod - is used to treat ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and eosinophilic esophagitis , and its potential peak sales are estimated to top $2.5 billion. (merriam-webster.com)
  • Eliminating animal milk alone from the diet of adults with eosinophilic esophagitis, or EoE, is as effective at treating the disease as eliminating animal milk plus five other common foods, a clinical trial funded by the National Institutes of Health has found. (news-medical.net)
  • PHOENIX-Eosinophilic esophagitis is a serious, growing problem that is little understood by many otolaryngologists, according to panelists discussing the disease. (enttoday.org)
  • Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis is a rare disease, challenged further by its nonspecific symptomatic presentation and lack of treatment options. (ashpadvantage.com)
  • Finally, after two months of going through tests, a doctor at Brenner's Children's Hospital told us Lyndsee has a rare disease called Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). (onemomsworld.com)
  • These results also demonstrate that eosinophilic esophagitis is a disease caused by factors beyond just the presence of elevated eosinophils. (sanofi.com)
  • Esophagitis is when the lining of your esophagus becomes irritated and inflamed. (umcno.org)
  • The morphologic features of reflux esophagitis in the distal esophagus are variable and nonspecific, and they include basal cell hyperplasia, elongation of vascular papillae, intercellular edema, presence of intraepithelial eosinophils, intraepithelial lymphocytosis, ballooning degeneration of squamous cells and ulceration/erosions. (medscape.com)
  • TARRYTOWN, N.Y. and PARIS , Oct. 11, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: REGN) and Sanofi today presented late-breaking positive results from a Phase 3 trial evaluating the investigational use of Dupixent ® (dupilumab) in children aged 1 to 11 years with active eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). (regeneron.com)
  • Infectious esophagitis cannot be spread. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, infections can be spread by those who have infectious esophagitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infectious esophagitis can occur in people who have weakened immune systems. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Symptomatic treatment may include antacids for mild reflux esophagitis or viral esophagitis in the immunocompetent host. (medscape.com)
  • In adults with active, symptomatic eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), is a 1-food elimination diet (1FED) of animal milk similar to a 6-food elimination diet (6FED) of animal milk, egg, wheat, soy, nuts, and seafood, for histological remission and clinical symptoms? (gi.org)
  • Vonoprazan (VPZ) is a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker that may be clinically beneficial for proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-resistant reflux esophagitis (RE). (karger.com)
  • Gastritis is the inflammation of the innermost mucosal layer of the stomach while esophagitis is the inflammation and irritation of the inner layer of the muscular tube known as the esophagus. (differencebetween.net)
  • Gastritis pertains to the stomach while esophagitis refers to the muscular tube that acts as a carrier bridge between the stomach and the mouth, the esophagus. (differencebetween.net)
  • How is gastritis and esophagitis treated? (differencebetween.net)
  • Lifestyle changes like small meal portions, taking dinner at least 2-3 hours before bedtime, avoiding spicy food, and medications like antacids, proton pump inhibitors, H-2 blockers, etc can be used to treat gastritis and esophagitis. (differencebetween.net)
  • What are gastritis and Oesophagitis? (differencebetween.net)
  • Esophagitis can develop into Barrett's esophagus and can increase the risk of esophageal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute esophagitis is often caused by ingestion of toxic substances, or by reflux of stomach acid backward into the esophagus, causing a chemical burn. (anejo.eu)
  • Over the long term, all types of esophagitis can be complicated by the development of strictures. (medscape.com)
  • Certain allergies can cause eosinophilic esophagitis, triggered by an allergic reaction. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Eosinophilic esophagitis: A new food-related allergic condition on the rise? (harvard.edu)
  • It could signify an allergic swallowing disorder called eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). (bannerhealth.com)
  • A GI colleague called me about a patient taking dabigatran (Pradaxa) that had developed “pill esophagitis.†He added that his colleagues had seen a number of cases of this particularly distressing condition with the new blood thinner. (drjohnm.org)
  • Dabigatran-induced esophagitis with full circumferential blue pigmentation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Herein, we report the case of a 77-year-old man with dabigatran -induced esophagitis with blue pigmentation , which is known to be a rare adverse effect. (bvsalud.org)
  • Considering the fact that strong edematous changes can cause indigo carmine pigmentation associated with dabigatran stagnation, we recommend switching to another anticoagulant if esophagitis occurs during dabigatran administration . (bvsalud.org)
  • The usual treatment for corrosive esophagitis and stricture includes monitoring the patient's condition. (health-care-clinic.org)
  • Specific treatment for esophagitis varies with the etiology. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormal acid clearance was improved by raising the bedhead, by medical treatment for oesophagitis, and by metoclopramide. (bmj.com)
  • One-food versus six-food elimination diet therapy for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis: a multicentre, randomized, open-label trial. (gi.org)
  • The disorders that cause esophagitis usually respond to treatment. (health32.com)
  • However, it also seems that gastrooesophageal reflux may lead to impaired acid clearance, both by creating abnormal motility and by effects on the oesophageal wall, and thus lead to a `vicious-spiral' oesophagitis. (bmj.com)
  • Elimination Diet for Eosinophilic Esophagitis, is written by our guest blogger Alexia Beauregard. (neocate.com)
  • There was, however, no significant difference in the frequency of oesophagitis or rate of stricture formation. (yourdictionary.com)
  • Allergies (food, inhalants) - Allergies can stimulate eosinophilic esophagitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you experience difficulty swallowing, you might have a recently recognized condition called eosinophilic esophagitis, which may be caused by food allergies. (betternutrition.com)
  • If the irritation is not allowed to heal, esophagitis can result in esophageal ulcers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two population-based endoscopic surveys showed no significant effect of age on reflux oesophagitis prevalence. (nih.gov)
  • Racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence of reflux esophagitis are also well reported in the literature. (medscape.com)