Exotropia
Oculomotor Muscles
Esotropia
Strabismus
Diplopia
Visual Acuity
Eyeglasses
Distance Perception
Fixation, Ocular
Amblyopia
Clinical characteristics of CHARGE syndrome. (1/161)
CHARGE syndrome, first described by Pagon, was named for its six major clinical features. They are: coloboma of the eye, heart defects, atresia of the choanae, retarded growth and development including CNS anomalies, genital hypoplasia and/or urinary tract anomalies, and ear anomalies and/or hearing loss. We experienced three cases of CHARGE syndrome who displayed ocular coloboma, heart defects, retarded growth and development, and external ear anomalies, and we also review the previously reported literature concerning CHARGE syndrome. (+info)Ophthalmological follow up of preterm infants: a population based, prospective study of visual acuity and strabismus. (2/161)
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prematurely born infants are known to have an increased rate of ophthalmological morbidity. The aim of the present study was to investigate visual acuity and ocular alignment in a population of preterm infants in a geographical area, in infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: A prospective population based study of ophthalmological status of preterm infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less was performed during 3.5 years, with examinations at 6, 18, 30, and 42 months of corrected age. Visual acuity was tested using linear optotypes. Multiple regression analyses were used to analyse independent risk factors for poor vision and strabismus. RESULTS: Poor vision (< 0.3) was detected in 2.5% (6/237) of the children. Of these, only two (0.8%) had a severe visual impairment (< 0.1). Strabismus occurred in 13.5% (31/229). Children with cryotreated ROP and neurological complications ran the highest risk of poor vision and strabismus, according to multiple regression analysis. Among children without a history of ROP or neurological complications, 34% had a visual acuity < 0.7 and 5.9% had strabismus, compared with 61% and 22%, respectively, among the children with ROP or neurological complications. CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of subnormal vision and strabismus in children born prematurely was higher than in a full term population of the same age. On the basis of this study, follow up of all preterm infants screened for ROP is recommended and general guidelines are suggested. (+info)Metabolic mapping of suppression scotomas in striate cortex of macaques with experimental strabismus. (3/161)
Misalignment of the ocular axes induces double vision and rivalry. To prevent these unpleasant sensations, most subjects fixate preferentially with one eye and suppress entirely the deviating eye or else suppress portions of the visual field of either eye. To explore the mechanism of visual suppression, a divergent strabismus (exotropia) was induced in six normal, adult Macaca fascicularis by disinserting the medial rectus muscles. After 4-8 weeks, each animal was chaired to measure its exotropia and to determine its ocular fixation preference. Five of the monkeys developed a clearly dominant eye. It was injected with [(3)H]proline. Alternate sections from flat-mounts of striate cortex were then processed either for autoradiography to label the ocular dominance columns or for cytochrome oxidase (CO) to assess local metabolic activity. Two CO patterns were seen, often in the same cortex. The first consisted of thin dark columns alternating with wide pale columns. This pattern arose from reduced CO activity in the suppressed eye's monocular core zones and both eyes' binocular border strips. The second pattern consisted of thin pale bands from reduced metabolic activity in both eyes' border strips. The thin dark-wide pale CO pattern was more widespread in the three animals with a strong fixation preference. The dark CO columns usually fit in register with the ocular dominance columns of the fixating eye, suggesting that perception was suppressed in the deviating eye. In most animals, however, the correlation switched in peripheral cortex contralateral to the deviating eye, implying local suppression of the fixating eye's temporal retina (beyond 10 degrees), as reported in humans with divergent strabismus. In the two animals with a weak fixation preference, pale border strips were found within the central visual field representation in both hemispheres. This CO pattern was consistent with alternating visual suppression. These experiments provide the first anatomical evidence for changes in cortical metabolism that can be correlated with suppression scotomas in subjects with strabismus. (+info)Waardenburg syndrome with anisocoria and exotropia. (4/161)
A case of Waardenburg syndrome with unusual features such as anisocoria, exotropia is reported. (+info)Conditions of perceptual selection and suppression during interocular rivalry in strabismic and normal cats. (5/161)
Presenting the two eyes with incongruent stimuli leads to the phenomenon of interocular rivalry. At any given time, one of the stimuli is perceptually suppressed in order to avoid double vision. In squinting subjects, rivalry occurs permanently also for congruent stimuli because of developmental rearrangement of cortical circuitry. In this study, we have investigated the dynamics and stimulus dependence of rivalry in six esotropic, four exotropic and three non-strabismic cats. As an indicator for perception, we used optokinetic nystagmus that was induced by moving gratings. The esotropic cats were tested for their visual acuity by means of a jumping stand procedure. The results show that one eye can dominate perception even if both eyes have equal visual acuity and are presented with stimuli of equal contrast. Strong eye dominance asymmetry was found in all but one of the tested cats. Notably, all three of the normal cats showed a clear asymmetry in perceptual selection. Measurements with varying contrast and velocity of the stimuli revealed that the influence of these parameters on perceptual selection was independent of the presence of strabismus. In all cats, the time during which a given eye dominated perception increased with the contrast and decreases with the velocity of the stimulus presented to this eye. (+info)Rapid anatomical plasticity of horizontal connections in the developing visual cortex. (6/161)
Experience can dramatically alter the responses of cortical neurons. During a critical period in the development of visual cortex, these changes are extremely rapid, taking place in 2 d or less. Anatomical substrates of these changes have long been sought, primarily in alterations in the principal visual input from the thalamus, but the significant changes that have been found take 1 week. Recent results indicate that the initial physiological changes in the cortical circuit take place outside of the primary input layer. We now find that rapid plasticity of binocular responses in the upper layers of cortex is mirrored by similarly rapid anatomical changes in the horizontal connections between ocular dominance columns in the upper layers, which reorganize within 2 d. (+info)Anomalies of binocular function in patients with longstanding asymmetric keratoconus. (7/161)
AIMS: To study binocular function in patients with longstanding asymmetric keratoconus. METHODS: In 20 adult patients with longstanding asymmetric keratoconus managed with a scleral contact lens a full clinical and orthoptic assessment was performed with and without the scleral contact lens in the poorer eye. RESULTS: All 20 patients had a corrected acuity of at least 6/9 in their better eye. With the scleral lens in situ the acuity of the poorer eye ranged from 6/6 to 6/60 and without the lens from 6/18 to hand movements. Patients were aged from 18 to 68 years and had worn a scleral contact lens for between 3 and 106 months. Without the contact lens in their poorer eye all patients had a small exotropia and all showed suppression, with the exception of one patient who had a right hypertropia with diplopia. With the scleral lens in situ 12 patients had an exophoria or esophoria, six a microexotropia, and two a manifest exotropia with suppression. CONCLUSIONS: Binocular function breaks down in some adult patients with longstanding asymmetric keratoconus. This is probably caused by longstanding unilateral visual deprivation. There are similarities to the breakdown of binocular function seen in some patients with a longstanding dense unilateral adult onset cataract who can develop intractable diplopia following cataract surgery. (+info)Saccadic binocular coordination in alternating exotropia. (8/161)
We studied the coordination of binocular eye movements in human subjects with alternating exotropia (divergent strabismus). Binocular saccades were recorded in six subjects during binocular and monocular viewing. Subjects were instructed to make saccades between two continuously lit targets (LED's) presented in an isovergence array (with the straight-ahead target 130 cm from the eyes) in a dimly lit room. For saccades up to 20 degrees amplitude, there were no large differences in the dynamics of the saccades between control and exotropic subjects. However, for larger amplitudes subjects frequently alternated the eye of fixation during saccades. That is, subjects fixated the left target with the left eye and the right target with the right eye. The alternation in eye fixation at the end of the saccade was taken into account in the programming of the saccades. The amplitudes of the alternating saccades were approximately equal to the target amplitude minus the strabismus angle. We conclude that for those saccades where alternation occurs, there is not only a change in the eye of fixation, but also a change in the target representation provided by either eye. Thus, in this group of strabismic patients, saccades may be programmed in a retina-centered coordinate system, if we assume that for making a saccade to a new target in the contralateral visual field its representation on the temporal retinal field of the currently fixating eye is suppressed and the retinotopic target information is derived from the non-fixating eye. In executing the saccade, the non-fixating eye automatically becomes the fixating eye. (+info)Exotropia is a type of ocular misalignment or strabismus, where one eye turns outward (towards the ear) while the other eye remains aligned straight ahead. This condition can be constant or intermittent and may result in limited or absent depth perception, double vision, and in some cases, amblyopia (lazy eye). Exotropia is typically diagnosed during childhood through a comprehensive eye examination by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Treatment options include eyeglasses, prism lenses, vision therapy, or surgery, depending on the severity and frequency of the misalignment.
Ophthalmologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed on the eye and its surrounding structures by trained medical professionals called ophthalmologists. These procedures aim to correct or improve vision, diagnose and treat eye diseases or injuries, and enhance the overall health and functionality of the eye. Some common examples of ophthalmologic surgical procedures include:
1. Cataract Surgery: This procedure involves removing a cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).
2. LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis): A type of refractive surgery that uses a laser to reshape the cornea, correcting nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
3. Glaucoma Surgery: Several surgical options are available for treating glaucoma, including laser trabeculoplasty, traditional trabeculectomy, and various drainage device implantations. These procedures aim to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) and prevent further optic nerve damage.
4. Corneal Transplant: This procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy donor cornea to restore vision and improve the eye's appearance.
5. Vitreoretinal Surgery: These procedures focus on treating issues within the vitreous humor (gel-like substance filling the eye) and the retina, such as retinal detachment, macular holes, or diabetic retinopathy.
6. Strabismus Surgery: This procedure aims to correct misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) by adjusting the muscles responsible for eye movement.
7. Oculoplastic Surgery: These procedures involve reconstructive, cosmetic, and functional surgeries around the eye, such as eyelid repair, removal of tumors, or orbital fracture repairs.
8. Pediatric Ophthalmologic Procedures: Various surgical interventions are performed on children to treat conditions like congenital cataracts, amblyopia (lazy eye), or blocked tear ducts.
These are just a few examples of ophthalmic surgical procedures. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual's condition and overall health.
The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:
1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.
These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.
Esotropia is a type of ocular misalignment, also known as strabismus, in which one eye turns inward toward the nose. This condition can be constant or intermittent and may result in double vision or loss of depth perception. Esotropia is often classified based on its cause, age of onset, and frequency. Common forms include congenital esotropia, acquired esotropia, and accommodative esotropia. Treatment typically involves corrective eyewear, eye exercises, or surgery to realign the eyes.
Strabismus is a condition of the ocular muscles where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions. One eye may turn inward, outward, upward, or downward while the other one remains fixed and aligns normally. This misalignment can occur occasionally or constantly. Strabismus is also commonly referred to as crossed eyes or walleye. The condition can lead to visual impairments such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and depth perception problems if not treated promptly and effectively, usually through surgery, glasses, or vision therapy.
Binocular vision refers to the ability to use both eyes together to create a single, three-dimensional image of our surroundings. This is achieved through a process called binocular fusion, where the images from each eye are aligned and combined in the brain to form a unified perception.
The term "binocular vision" specifically refers to the way that our visual system integrates information from both eyes to create depth perception and enhance visual clarity. When we view an object with both eyes, they focus on the same point in space and send slightly different images to the brain due to their slightly different positions. The brain then combines these images to create a single, three-dimensional image that allows us to perceive depth and distance.
Binocular vision is important for many everyday activities, such as driving, reading, and playing sports. Disorders of binocular vision can lead to symptoms such as double vision, eye strain, and difficulty with depth perception.
Vision tests are a series of procedures used to assess various aspects of the visual system, including visual acuity, accommodation, convergence, divergence, stereopsis, color vision, and peripheral vision. These tests help healthcare professionals diagnose and manage vision disorders, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, amblyopia, strabismus, and eye diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Common vision tests include:
1. Visual acuity test (Snellen chart or letter chart): Measures the sharpness of a person's vision at different distances.
2. Refraction test: Determines the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by assessing how light is bent as it passes through the eye.
3. Color vision test: Evaluates the ability to distinguish between different colors and color combinations, often using pseudoisochromatic plates or Ishihara tests.
4. Stereopsis test: Assesses depth perception and binocular vision by presenting separate images to each eye that, when combined, create a three-dimensional effect.
5. Cover test: Examines eye alignment and the presence of strabismus (crossed eyes or turned eyes) by covering and uncovering each eye while observing eye movements.
6. Ocular motility test: Assesses the ability to move the eyes in various directions and coordinate both eyes during tracking and convergence/divergence movements.
7. Accommodation test: Evaluates the ability to focus on objects at different distances by using lenses, prisms, or dynamic retinoscopy.
8. Pupillary response test: Examines the size and reaction of the pupils to light and near objects.
9. Visual field test: Measures the peripheral (side) vision using automated perimetry or manual confrontation techniques.
10. Slit-lamp examination: Inspects the structures of the front part of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber, using a specialized microscope.
These tests are typically performed by optometrists, ophthalmologists, or other vision care professionals during routine eye examinations or when visual symptoms are present.
Eye movements, also known as ocular motility, refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the eyes that allows for visual exploration of our environment. There are several types of eye movements, including:
1. Saccades: rapid, ballistic movements that quickly shift the gaze from one point to another.
2. Pursuits: smooth, slow movements that allow the eyes to follow a moving object.
3. Vergences: coordinated movements of both eyes in opposite directions, usually in response to a three-dimensional stimulus.
4. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): automatic eye movements that help stabilize the gaze during head movement.
5. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): rhythmic eye movements that occur in response to large moving visual patterns, such as when looking out of a moving vehicle.
Abnormalities in eye movements can indicate neurological or ophthalmological disorders and are often assessed during clinical examinations.
Diplopia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person sees two images of a single object. It is commonly known as double vision. This can occur due to various reasons, such as nerve damage or misalignment of the eyes. Diplopia can be temporary or chronic and can affect one or both eyes. If you're experiencing diplopia, it's essential to consult an eye care professional for proper evaluation and treatment.
Depth perception is the ability to accurately judge the distance or separation of an object in three-dimensional space. It is a complex visual process that allows us to perceive the world in three dimensions and to understand the spatial relationships between objects.
Depth perception is achieved through a combination of monocular cues, which are visual cues that can be perceived with one eye, and binocular cues, which require input from both eyes. Monocular cues include perspective (the relative size of objects), texture gradients (finer details become smaller as distance increases), and atmospheric perspective (colors become less saturated and lighter in value as distance increases). Binocular cues include convergence (the degree to which the eyes must turn inward to focus on an object) and retinal disparity (the slight difference in the images projected onto the two retinas due to the slightly different positions of the eyes).
Deficits in depth perception can occur due to a variety of factors, including eye disorders, brain injuries, or developmental delays. These deficits can result in difficulties with tasks such as driving, sports, or navigating complex environments. Treatment for depth perception deficits may include vision therapy, corrective lenses, or surgery.
Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.
Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.
It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.
Eyeglasses are a medical device used to correct vision problems. Also known as spectacles, they consist of frames that hold one or more lenses through which a person looks to see clearly. The lenses may be made of glass or plastic and are designed to compensate for various visual impairments such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, or presbyopia. Eyeglasses can be custom-made to fit an individual's face and prescription, and they come in a variety of styles, colors, and materials. Some people wear eyeglasses all the time, while others may only need to wear them for certain activities such as reading or driving.
Distance perception refers to the ability to accurately judge the distance or depth of an object in relation to oneself or other objects. It is a complex process that involves both visual and non-visual cues, such as perspective, size, texture, motion parallax, binocular disparity, and familiarity with the object or scene.
In the visual system, distance perception is primarily mediated by the convergence of the two eyes on an object, which provides information about its depth and location in three-dimensional space. The brain then integrates this information with other sensory inputs and prior knowledge to create a coherent perception of the environment.
Disorders of distance perception can result from various conditions that affect the visual system, such as amblyopia, strabismus, or traumatic brain injury. These disorders can cause difficulties in tasks that require accurate depth perception, such as driving, sports, or manual work.
Ocular convergence is the normal, inward movement of both eyes towards each other to focus on a nearby object. This coordinated action allows for single, clear vision (binocular vision) of the object. It is an important component of visual function and is controlled by the brain receiving input from the muscles that move the eyes.
Convergence insufficiency is a common condition where the eyes have difficulty maintaining alignment during close work, such as reading or using a computer. This can result in eye strain, double vision, and difficulty concentrating. Treatment for convergence insufficiency may include vision therapy, exercises to improve convergence ability, and/or the use of prism lenses.
Ocular fixation is a term used in ophthalmology and optometry to refer to the ability of the eyes to maintain steady gaze or visual focus on an object. It involves the coordinated movement of the extraocular muscles that control eye movements, allowing for clear and stable vision.
In medical terminology, fixation specifically refers to the state in which the eyes are aligned and focused on a single point in space. This is important for maintaining visual perception and preventing blurring or double vision. Ocular fixation can be affected by various factors such as muscle weakness, nerve damage, or visual processing disorders.
Assessment of ocular fixation is often used in eye examinations to evaluate visual acuity, eye alignment, and muscle function. Abnormalities in fixation may indicate the presence of underlying eye conditions or developmental delays that require further investigation and treatment.
Amblyopia is a medical condition that affects the visual system, specifically the way the brain and eyes work together. It is often referred to as "lazy eye" and is characterized by reduced vision in one or both eyes that is not correctable with glasses or contact lenses alone. This occurs because the brain favors one eye over the other, causing the weaker eye to become neglected and underdeveloped.
Amblyopia can result from various conditions such as strabismus (eye misalignment), anisometropia (significant difference in prescription between the two eyes), or deprivation (such as a cataract that blocks light from entering the eye). Treatment for amblyopia typically involves correcting any underlying refractive errors, patching or blurring the stronger eye to force the weaker eye to work, and/or vision therapy. Early intervention is crucial to achieve optimal visual outcomes.
Exotropia
Muscle imbalance
Eugene R. Folk
Strabismus
Wieacker syndrome
Anisometropia
Minor physical anomalies
Hirschberg test
Binocular vision
Exophoria
International Orthoptic Association
Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
Vision therapy
Diplopia
Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
Strabismus surgery
Turner syndrome
Esotropia
Oculomotor nerve palsy
Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
Inferior oblique muscle
Homonymous hemianopsia
Personal life of Leonardo da Vinci
Jean-Paul Sartre
TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder
Marfan syndrome
Gillespie syndrome
Visual impairment in art
Management of strabismus
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome
Exotropia - Wikipedia
Congenital Exotropia: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Exotropia - Medical Dictionary online-medical-dictionary.org
Re(2): Decompensating exophoria vs intermittent exotropia | Boards2Go
Pages that link to "Intermittent Exotropia" - EyeWiki
Evaluation of FD2 (Frisby Davis distance) stereotest in surgical management of intermittent exotropia | British Journal of...
Exotropia in Children and Adults
sensory exotropia - Cataract Coach™
Near Exotropia | Eye Patient
Treating childhood intermittent distance exotropia: a qualitative study of decision making. - Ethox Centre
Exotropia - Symptoms, Management, and Prevention
Divergent Squint - Exotropia - Utsav Eye Clinic
What Is Exotropia? - , Vision Therapy Center
Strabismus | Exotropia - Esotropia | Cover test | Geeky Medics
Exotropia - Gallaway Beckett Vision Therapy - New Jersey, Philadelphia
Biomechanical Analysis of X-Pattern Exotropia | Ento Key
Exotropia Eyes Graphic filed under , exotropia, amblyopia, strabismus
Visual suppression in intermittent exotropia during binocular alignment.
Eye Exotropia: Unraveling The Mystery of Drifting Eyes - Lestta
Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Intermittent Exotropia - 학지사ㆍ교보문고 스콜라
Suprasellar dermoid cyst presenting as acquired exotropia<...
Exotropia (Eye Misalignment): Causes, Types, and Treatment Options | NVISION Eye Centers
Exotropia
Slanted lateral rectus recession for exotropia with convergence weakness<...
Estrabismo - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.
StudyPages - Study of overminus glasses compared to regular glasses for Intermittent Exotropia (eye drift)
Intermittent exotropia increasing with near fixation: A "soft" sign of neurological disease<...
Patient-based Research - School of Optometry
Tatalaksana consecutive esotropia post surgical repair sensory exotropia - Perpustakaan Pusat Mata Nasional Rumah Sakit Mata...
Dr. Joshua Powell, MD - Ophthalmology Specialist in Norman, OK | Healthgrades
Exophoria2
- Patients with moderate or severe exophoria are more likely to develop intermittent exotropia . (seevividly.com)
- Intermittent exotropia is often associated with convergence insufficiency , a condition where the patient has adequate control of eye position when viewing at a distance, but a high exophoria (outward eye position) at near that may fatigue over time to become an exotropia . (seevividly.com)
Divergent2
- Intermittent exotropia is divergent squint, which only occurs intermittently. (ndtv.com)
- Exotropia, or divergent strabismus, is characterized by one eye turning outward, away from the nose. (trendingusnews.com)
Secondary exotropia1
- Cooper E. The surgical management of secondary exotropia. (medscape.com)
Intermittent exotropia over time2
- Although surgical treatment results in a better outcome than nonsurgical treatment, such as orthoptics or occlusion therapy, many studies have reported postoperative exodrift and recurrence of intermittent exotropia over time after surgical treatment. (xshotpix.com)
- These data should facilitate evidence-based assessment of long-term change in intermittent exotropia over time. (elsevierpure.com)
Finding in intermittent exotropia1
- A commonly presumed finding in intermittent exotropia, and strabismus in general, is that fusional control worsens with fatigue as the day progresses. (medscape.com)
Control in Intermittent Exotropia1
- An office-based scale for assessing control in intermittent exotropia. (jaeb.org)
Severity of intermittent exotropia2
- These findings suggest that because of the variability, single measures of exotropia may be inadequate to fully judge the severity of intermittent exotropia. (medscape.com)
- The study authors admitted that their study population was small, but still concluded that a single measurement is likely inadequate to determine the severity of intermittent exotropia for an individual patient. (medscape.com)
Infantile7
- Infantile exotropia (sometimes called "congenital exotropia") is seen during the first year of life, and is less common than "essential exotropia" which usually becomes apparent several years later. (wikipedia.org)
- Infantile exotropia is evident shortly after birth and often before 6 months of age. (seevividly.com)
- Some children can develop infantile exotropia before six months of life. (eyepatient.net)
- Primary infantile exotropia where it develops without eye or systemic diseases. (eyepatient.net)
- Secondary infantile exotropia which is caused by certain ocular disorders such as cataract, ptosis, nystagmus, retinoblastoma, albinism, and other strabismus disorders such as Duane syndrome. (eyepatient.net)
- Conclusions: In this study, the need for more than 1 surgery was higher in infantile exotropia when compared to other forms of childhood strabismus, but most children achieved good alignment with one or two surgeries. (wustl.edu)
- Developmental delay is common in patients with infantile exotropia, but this was usually recognized at the time of the initial evaluation. (wustl.edu)
Outward10
- Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward. (wikipedia.org)
- The earliest sign of exotropia is usually a noticeable outward deviation of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
- Patching: People with exotropia tend to favor the aligned eye, so vision in the eye turned outward can weaken, resulting in amblyopia (lazy eye). (xshotpix.com)
- Exotropia is a type of strabismus (eye misalignment), where one eye turns, or deviates, outward (away from the nose). (seevividly.com)
- Exotropia is a form of strabismus where an eye deviates outward. (seevividly.com)
- The distinguishing sign of exotropia is one or either eye wandering outward. (seevividly.com)
- Exotropia refers to a type of strabismus where the eye(s) turn outward. (eyepatient.net)
- Exotropia is a common form of strabismus characterized by an outward eye turn, away from the nose. (optometrists.org)
- Patients present with misalignment of the visual axes -- deviation of one eye inward (esotropia) or outward (exotropia) compared to the other eye --resulting in compromised depth perception and binocular vision. (nih.gov)
- An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. (nih.gov)
Form of strabismus1
- Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is the most frequent form of strabismus in childhood, representing well over half of all cases of exotropia [ 1 ]. (ekjo.org)
Common form of exotropia1
- A common form of exotropia is known as "convergence insufficiency" that responds well to orthoptic vision therapy including exercises. (wikipedia.org)
Convergence insufficiency type3
- Unilateral recession-resection in children with exotropia of the convergence insufficiency type. (medscape.com)
- Medial rectus resection(s) with adjustable suture for intermittent exotropia of the convergence insufficiency type. (medscape.com)
- Cases involving patients younger than 3 years of age at the time of surgery, convergence insufficiency type exotropia, histories of strabismus surgery, moderate to severe amblyopia, paralytic or restrictive strabismus, ocular disease other than strabismus, congenital anomalies, and neurologic disorders were excluded from our study. (entokey.com)
Ophthalmology1
- According to a study published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, over 90 percent of children with intermittent exotropia become nearsighted by the time they reach 20. (wikipedia.org)
Esotropia and Exotropia1
- The two most common types of strabismus are esotropia and exotropia. (eyecentersurgeons.com)
Constant or intermittent2
- Exotropia may be constant or intermittent. (medscape.com)
- The present analysis was limited to a subgroup of 306 participants who at distance fixation spontaneously manifested either a constant or intermittent exotropia or had prolonged recovery after monocular occlusion (a distance control score of 2 or worse using the 0-5 Office Control Score scale) at baseline. (arizona.edu)
Diagnose exotropia1
- A comprehensive eye examination including an ocular motility (i.e., eye movement) evaluation and an evaluation of the internal ocular structures allows an eye doctor to accurately diagnose exotropia. (wikipedia.org)
Unilateral6
- This would be called unilateral (right or left) exotropia . (seevividly.com)
- To compare long-term surgical outcomes after bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR) and unilateral lateral rectus recession-medial rectus resection (RR) for the treatment of basic-type intermittent exotropia. (ekjo.org)
- To compare the surgical outcomes of unilateral lateral rectus recession-medial rectus resection (RR) and unilateral lateral rectus recession (ULR) for intermittent exotropia of ≤20 prism diopters (PD). (entokey.com)
- A total of 130 children with intermittent exotropia of ≤20 PD who underwent unilateral RR or ULR of 10 mm were included. (entokey.com)
- Unilateral RR resulted in more successful alignment and lower recurrence compared to ULR for the treatment of small-angle intermittent exotropia of ≤20 PD. (entokey.com)
- Comparisons of success rates between different surgical methods were performed mostly between ULR and bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR), and there was only 1 recent study that compared ULR and unilateral recess-resect procedure (RR) for the treatment of moderate-angle intermittent exotropia of 20-25 PD, showing similar results between both methods up to 2 years. (entokey.com)
Lateral Rectus Recession1
- Purpose: The aim of this work was the evaluation of the effect of the limbus insertion distance (LID) of the lateral rectus on the surgical results of bilateral lateral rectus recession in intermittent exotropia (IXT) in children and adults. (scirp.org)
Bilateral4
- Exotropia is sometimes called wall-eyed (however this is technically reserved for a rare form of bilateral strabismus called internuclear ophthalmoplegia). (seevividly.com)
- All the patients had basic type of intermittent exotropia (IXT) and all of them underwent bilateral lateral recessions according to the preoperative angle of deviation. (scirp.org)
- All patients underwent bilateral LR recession to alleviate exotropia under general anaesthesia based on surgical Table 1 . (scirp.org)
- 14. [Disproportionately large communicating fourth ventricle with bilateral exotropia: report of two cases]. (nih.gov)
Strabismus surgery2
- Aims The purpose of this study was to explore the microstructural properties of the major white matter (WM) tracts in constant exotropia (XT) before and after strabismus surgery, and further investigate the association between microstructural alterations and the ocular dominance (OD). (bmj.com)
- In children with small-angle intermittent exotropia of ≤20 prism diopters (PD), making decisions to perform strabismus surgery and choosing the optimal surgical procedure may not be easy. (entokey.com)
Ocular4
- A common method to judge the severity of exotropia is to measure the angle of ocular misalignment. (medscape.com)
- The authors of this prospective case series studied 25 patients with intermittent exotropia to determine the change in fusional control (as determined with a 6-point scale) over the course of 1 day and to evaluate potential changes in the degree of ocular misalignment as measured over time. (medscape.com)
- Although a particular measurement of exotropia may be a sensitive measure of ocular deviation, the study authors noted that control of intermittent exotropia was variable, not only throughout the day, but minute-to-minute as well. (medscape.com)
- Ausencia de alineación ocular en la que los ejes visuales divergen de forma no apropiada. (bvsalud.org)
Consecutive5
- Consecutive exotropia arises after an initial esotropia. (wikipedia.org)
- vision therapy has shown promising results if the consecutive exotropia is intermittent, alternating, and of small magnitude. (wikipedia.org)
- Consecutive exotropia may however also spontaneously develop from esotropia, without surgery or botulinum toxin treatment. (wikipedia.org)
- Consecutive patients who underwent BLR or RR for treatment of intermittent exotropia between 1999 and 2010 and underwent ≥5 years of follow-up were recruited for this study. (ekjo.org)
- A retrospective review of medical records was performed on 130 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for intermittent exotropia ≤20 PD by 1 surgeon (J.-M.H.) between 2008 and 2013. (entokey.com)
Underwent surgery1
- Methods: This interventional case series reviewed the records of infants who underwent surgery for the treatment of exotropia with onset during the first year of life. (wustl.edu)
Misalignment1
- And a recent surgery corrected the exotropia (an eye misalignment) in both Anna's eyes. (cookchildrens.org)
Occurs2
- Sensory exotropia" occurs in the presence of poor vision in one eye. (wikipedia.org)
- Intermittent exotropia is a subset of exotropia that occurs only once and a while. (seevividly.com)
Congenital1
- While it is not possible to prevent congenital exotropia, other types can be controlled. (eyepatient.net)
Alternating1
- Alternating exotropia refers to how a patient fixates. (seevividly.com)
Fusional3
- [ 1 , 2 ] When exotropia is intermittent, it may be asymptomatic for periods, during which the patient has fusional control, and then may cause episodes of blurred or binocular double vision . (medscape.com)
- Of the 13 patients studied over 1 day, 6 (46%) showed a change in fusional control of the exotropia. (medscape.com)
- To evaluate the role of distance and near stereoacuity and fusional vergence in patients with intermittent exotropia [X(T)] and their change after surgery. (ijo.in)
Amblyopia1
- Shelly who came to MVTC with lazy eye (amblyopia) and little to no binocularity (Exotropia), was hoping to improve her depth perception (3D). (visiontherapyblog.com)
Angle7
- Largest angle to target' in surgery for intermittent exotropia. (medscape.com)
- Should a child have a small angle of exotropia, prisms can assist in relieving double vision. (eyepatient.net)
- We analyzed variability associated with test-retest differences and short-term variability in the condition, to provide thresholds for assessing clinically significant, long-term change in angle of intermittent exotropia. (elsevierpure.com)
- Conclusions: Test-retest reliability data in this study provide thresholds to help determine clinically significant change in angle of strabismus in children with intermittent exotropia. (elsevierpure.com)
- Under these advantages, ULR has been described as a surgical option for moderate-angle exotropia since 1950. (entokey.com)
- However, comparison of long-term success rates for patients, particularly with small-angle exotropia of ≤20 PD, between different surgical methods has not been well established. (entokey.com)
- In this study, a retrospective review was conducted to compare the long-term surgical outcomes between RR and ULR for the treatment of small-angle intermittent exotropia of ≤20 PD, with a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. (entokey.com)
Surgical1
- Surgical outcomes 5 years after surgery for intermittent exotropia were comparable between the BLR and RR groups. (ekjo.org)
Childhood3
- Additionally in adults who have had exotropia since childhood, the brain may adapt to using a "blind-spot", whereby it receives images from both eyes, but no full image from the deviating eye, thus avoiding double vision, and in fact, increasing peripheral vision on the side of the deviating eye. (wikipedia.org)
- The cause of intermittent childhood exotropia remains unknown. (eyepatient.net)
- There are no known risk factors for childhood exotropia. (eyepatient.net)
Methods1
- If glasses or other methods can control exotropia, there is no need for surgery. (eyepatient.net)
Diplopia2
- People with exotropia often experience crossed diplopia. (wikipedia.org)
- Diplopia specifically is often not reported by children if they have a constant exotropia . (seevividly.com)
Exodeviation1
- Intermittent exotropia was defined as an acquired intermittent exodeviation of at least 10 prism diopters in an otherwise healthy child following the classification recommended by the National Eye Institute. (amplifyeye.care)
Develops2
- Intermittent exotropia that develops before a child is school-aged and can be rather difficult to detect. (seevividly.com)
- Acquired exotropia where exotropia develops secondary to other factors. (eyepatient.net)
Glasses1
- Do glasses help exotropia? (xshotpix.com)
Preschool2
- To determine the prevalence, subtypes, and associated risk factors for intermittent exotropia (IXT) in preschool children aged 3 to 6 years in eastern China. (amplifyeye.care)
- Intermittent exotropia affected approximately 1 in 30 Chinese preschool-aged children in eastern China, indicating a relatively higher burden of this pediatric eye condition in the world's most populous country. (amplifyeye.care)
Surgery7
- The study authors suggest that for important clinical decisions, such as whether to perform surgery, it may be necessary to perform multiple measurements of exotropia. (medscape.com)
- Selective surgery for intermittent exotropia based on distance/near differences. (medscape.com)
- Subjective and objective criteria for recommending surgery on intermittent exotropia. (medscape.com)
- How long does Exotropia surgery take? (xshotpix.com)
- Does exotropia come back after surgery? (xshotpix.com)
- Previous strabismus or eye muscle surgery may cause exotropia. (eyepatient.net)
- However, surgery is recommended with constant exotropia. (eyepatient.net)
Children3
- One study has found that children with exotropia are three times more likely to develop a psychiatric disorder in comparison with the general population. (wikipedia.org)
- Exotropia associated with convergence insufficiency is more common in older school-aged children as well as adults. (seevividly.com)
- With proper treatment, children with exotropia enjoy excellent vision. (eyepatient.net)
Patients7
- The findings of this study did not substantiate this notion because none of the patients who were studied over a 1-day period had the greatest amount of exotropia measured at the last timepoint. (medscape.com)
- Results: Twenty-six patients presented between age 2 and 10 months with exotropia ranging from 20 to 95 PD. (wustl.edu)
- Seventy-four patients were included from our previous retrospective study of exotropia under 25 PD treated by ULR. (entokey.com)
- IOOA is reported in 70% of patients with esotropia and 30% of patients with exotropia. (researchgate.net)
- Dans la présente étude de cohorte rétrospective, nous avons examiné le profil des patients atteints d'un strabisme vertical consultant en établissement de soins dans la ville de Yazd (République islamique d'Iran) et l'issue des interventions chirurgicales. (who.int)
- L'étude des dossiers médicaux de 265 patients a mis en évidence une déviation verticale simple chez 19,2 % et un strabisme horizontal et vertical chez 80,8 % d'entre eux. (who.int)
- Le dépistage, le diagnostic et la prise en charge précoces sont requis dans les familles affectées et chez les patients ayant des antécédents familiaux de strabisme. (who.int)
Prevalence1
- Jenkins R. Demographics: Geographic variations in the prevalence and management of exotropia. (medscape.com)
Patient3
- Patient with intermittent exotropia at distance only. (medscape.com)
- A patient with a constant exotropia of one eye fixates with the same eye all the time. (seevividly.com)
- An exotropia will occur when the patient can no longer maintain fusion. (aao.org)
Treatments1
- Figueira EC, Hing S. Intermittent exotropia: comparison of treatments. (medscape.com)
Treatment1
- Caltrider N, Jampolsky A. Overcorrecting minus lens therapy for treatment of intermittent exotropia. (medscape.com)