A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).
A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.
A urine test for formiminoglutamic acid, an intermediate metabolite in L-histidine catabolism in the conversion of L-histidine to L-glutamic acid. It may be an indicator of vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency or liver disease.
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)
Long chain organic acid molecules that must be obtained from the diet. Examples are LINOLEIC ACIDS and LINOLENIC ACIDS.
A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain three double bonds.
Compounds based on 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate.
An oily liquid extracted from the seeds of the safflower, Carthamus tinctorius. It is used as a dietary supplement in the management of HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. It is used also in cooking, as a salad oil, and as a vehicle for medicines, paints, varnishes, etc. (Dorland, 28th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.
Any food that has been supplemented with essential nutrients either in quantities that are greater than those present normally, or which are not present in the food normally. Fortified food includes also food to which various nutrients have been added to compensate for those removed by refinement or processing. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins.
A group of water-soluble vitamins, some of which are COENZYMES.
The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.
Unctuous combustible substances that are liquid or easily liquefiable on warming, and are soluble in ether but insoluble in water. Such substances, depending on their origin, are classified as animal, mineral, or vegetable oils. Depending on their behavior on heating, they are volatile or fixed. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Inhibitors of the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE), which converts dihydrofolate (FH2) to tetrahydrofolate (FH4). They are frequently used in cancer chemotherapy. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
A plant genus of the family ARECACEAE. It is a tropical palm tree that yields a large, edible hard-shelled fruit from which oil and fiber are also obtained.
The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.
Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds.
Rats bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.
An organized and comprehensive program of health care that identifies and reduces a woman's reproductive risks before conception through risk assessment, health promotion, and interventions. Preconception care programs may be designed to include the male partner in providing counseling and educational information in preparation for fatherhood, such as genetic counseling and testing, financial and family planning, etc. This concept is different from PRENATAL CARE, which occurs during pregnancy.
C22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in FISH OILS.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
A group of fatty acids, often of marine origin, which have the first unsaturated bond in the third position from the omega carbon. These fatty acids are believed to reduce serum triglycerides, prevent insulin resistance, improve lipid profile, prolong bleeding times, reduce platelet counts, and decrease platelet adhesiveness.
Cell surface receptors that bind to and transport FOLIC ACID, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and a variety of folic acid derivatives. The receptors are essential for normal NEURAL TUBE development and transport folic acid via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Candidate noninfectious disease conditions. (1/592)

Important micronutrient deficiencies in at-risk populations can be addressed simultaneously with programmatically cost-effective results. Because of the interaction between many micronutrients, this would also be biologically effective. With adequate investment and political support, the chances of eliminating iodine deficiency as a problem in women of reproductive age and young children and of eliminating vitamin A deficiency as a problem in young children in the future are high. To eliminate iron deficiency and folic-acid-dependent neural tube defects (FADNTDs) in low-income populations, a new set of approaches will have to be developed. These same approaches, if successful, could be used to tackle other important micronutrient deficiencies.  (+info)

Age-related hearing loss, vitamin B-12, and folate in elderly women. (2/592)

BACKGROUND: Hearing impairment is 1 of the 4 most prevalent chronic conditions in the elderly. However, the biological basis of age-related hearing loss is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the hypothesis that age-related hearing loss may be associated with poor vitamin B-12 and folate status. DESIGN: A thorough audiometric assessment was conducted in 55 healthy women aged 60-71 y. Hearing function was determined by the average of pure-tone air conduction thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz and was categorized into 2 groups for logistic regression analyses: normal hearing (<20 dB hearing level; n = 44) and impaired hearing (> or = 20 dB hearing level; n = 11). RESULTS: Mean age was the same (65 y) for the normal hearing and impaired hearing groups. Pure-tone averages were inversely correlated with serum vitamin B-12 (r = -0.58, P = 0.0001) and red cell folate (r = -0.37, P = 0.01). Women with impaired hearing had 38% lower serum vitamin B-12 (236 compared with 380 pmol/L, respectively, P = 0.008) and 31% lower red cell folate (425 compared with 619 nmol/L, respectively, P = 0.02) than women with normal hearing. Among participants who did not take supplements containing vitamin B-12 or folate, women with impaired hearing had 48% lower serum vitamin B-12 (156 compared with 302 pmol/L, respectively, P = 0.0007) and 43% lower red cell folate (288 compared with 502 nmol/L, respectively, P = 0.001) than women with normal hearing. CONCLUSION: Poor vitamin B-12 and folate status may be associated with age-related auditory dysfunction.  (+info)

Folate nutriture alters choline status of women and men fed low choline diets. (3/592)

Choline and folate share methylation pathways and, in studies of rats, were shown to be metabolically inter-related. To determine whether choline status is related to folate intake in humans, we measured the effect of controlled folate depletion and repletion on the plasma choline and phosphatidylcholine concentrations of 11 healthy men (33-46 y) and 10 healthy women (49-63 y) fed low-choline diets in two separate metabolic unit studies. Total folate intake was varied by supplementing low folate (25 and 56 microg/d for men and women, respectively) and low choline (238 and 147 mg/d for men and women, respectively) diets with pteroylglutamic acid for 2-6 wk following folate-depletion periods of 4-5 wk. The low folate/choline intakes resulted in subclinical folate deficiencies; mean plasma choline decreases of 28 and 25% in the men and women, respectively; and a plasma phosphatidylcholine decrease of 26% in the men (P < 0. 05). No functional choline deficiency occurred, as measured by serum transaminase and lipid concentrations. The decreases in choline status measures returned to baseline or higher upon moderate folate repletion and were more responsive to folate repletion than plasma folate and homocysteine. Feeding methionine supplements to the men did not prevent plasma choline depletion, indicating that folate is a more limiting nutrient for these methylation pathways. The results indicate that 1) choline is utilized as a methyl donor when folate intake is low, 2) the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is insufficient to maintain choline status when intakes of folate and choline are low, and 3) dietary choline is required by adults in an amount > 250 mg/d to maintain plasma choline and phosphatidylcholine when folate intake is low.  (+info)

Folate metabolism and requirements. (4/592)

Folate functions in multiple coenzyme forms in acceptance, redox processing and transfer of one-carbon units, including nucleotides and certain amino acids. Folate-requiring metabolic processes are influenced by folate intake, intake of other essential nutrients, including vitamins B-12 and B-6, and at least one common genetic polymorphism. Estimates of folate requirements have been based on intakes associated with maintenance of normal plasma and erythrocyte folate concentrations and functional tests that reflect abnormalities in folate-dependent reactions. Dietary Reference Intakes for folate that have been developed recently are based primarily on metabolic studies in which erythrocyte folate concentration was considered the major indicator of adequacy. For adults >/=19 y, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 400 microg/d of dietary folate equivalents (DFE); for lactating and pregnant women, the RDAs include an additional 100 and 200 microg of DFE/d, respectively.  (+info)

Blood folate and vitamin B12: United States, 1988-94. (5/592)

OBJECTIVES: This report presents national estimates of serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate and serum vitamin B12 distributions for persons 4 years and over, by sociodemographic variables. METHODS: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1988-94), provides information on the health and nutritional status of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. The analytic sample included 23,378 participants with serum folate data, 23,082 with RBC folate data, and 11,851 with serum vitamin B12 data. RESULTS: The mean serum and RBC folate concentrations are 7.2 and 196 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), respectively, and the mean serum vitamin B12 concentration is 518 picograms per milliliter (pg/mL). Non-Hispanic white people have higher mean serum and RBC folate concentrations than non-Hispanic black or Mexican American people. Serum vitamin B12 concentrations are lowest for older adults, and non-Hispanic black people have higher serum B12 concentrations than non-Hispanic white individuals. Only approximately 3 percent of the population has a serum B12 concentration less than 200 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate folate status may be more prevalent among non-Hispanic black and Mexican American people. Data also suggest a modest prevalence of low serum B12 concentrations. Future assessments of folate and vitamin B12 status will be important to evaluate the impact of a recently enacted fortification policy.  (+info)

The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. (6/592)

BACKGROUND: In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration issued a regulation requiring all enriched grain products to be fortified with folic acid to reduce the risk of neural-tube defects in newborns. Fortification (140 microg per 100 g) began in 1996, and the process was essentially complete by mid-1997. METHODS: To assess the effect of folic acid fortification on folate status, we measured plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations (a sensitive marker of folate status) using blood samples from the fifth examination (January 1991 to December 1994) of the Framingham Offspring Study cohort for baseline values and the sixth examination (January 1995 to August 1998) for follow-up values. We divided the cohort into two groups on the basis of the date of their follow-up examination: the study group consisted of 350 subjects who were seen after fortification (September 1997 to March 1998), and the control group consisted of 756 subjects who were seen before fortification (January 1995 to September 1996). RESULTS: Among the subjects in the study group who did not use vitamin supplements, the mean folate concentrations increased from 4.6 to 10.0 ng per milliliter (11 to 23 nmol per liter) (P<0.001) from the baseline visit to the follow-up visit, and the prevalence of low folate concentrations (<3 ng per milliliter [7 nmol per liter]) decreased from 22.0 to 1.7 percent (P< 0.001). The mean total homocysteine concentration decreased from 10.1 to 9.4 micromol per liter during this period (P<0.001), and the prevalence of high homocysteine concentrations (>13 micromol per liter) decreased from 18.7 to 9.8 percent (P<0.001). In the control group, there were no statistically significant changes in concentrations of folate or homocysteine. CONCLUSIONS: The fortification of enriched grain products with folic acid was associated with a substantial improvement in folate status in a population of middle-aged and older adults.  (+info)

Parenteral vitamin requirements during intravenous feeding. (7/592)

Serum vitamin levels of 40 patients undergoing parenteral nutrition over a 5-to 42-day period were studied while the subjects received daily water-soluble and once weekly fat soluble vitamin formulations intravenously. Initial serum deficiencies of vitamins A, C, and folate were noted in a large portion of the severely malnourished population. At the replacement levels used in this study a small number of patients developed subnormal levels of vitamins A and D. Improvement in levels for vitamin C and folate were noted for most patients. Vitamin B12 deficiencies were not noted in any patient. Currently available commercial vitamin preparations can be used with safety in the parenterally nourished population and recommended guidelines for weekly infusion of both water and fat soluble vitamins are presented.  (+info)

Is pregnancy in diabetic women associated with folate deficiency? (8/592)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether folate metabolism in pregnant diabetic women is significantly different from that in pregnant nondiabetic women, thus predisposing them to having offspring with major congenital anomalies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 31 pregnant diabetic women and 54 pregnant nondiabetic control subjects were studied at their first prenatal visits. Dietary folate intake, serum folate, red blood cell folate, urinary folate, and homocysteine were measured and compared after controlling for folate supplementation. Among diabetic women the relationships among parameters of folate metabolism and glycemic control were also assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the pregnant diabetic and non-diabetic women for any measures of folate metabolism after accounting for folate supplementation. In addition, among diabetic women, there were no associations among parameters of folate metabolism and glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal folate metabolism does not appear to occur in pregnant diabetic women. It is unlikely that deranged folate metabolism explains the higher incidence of major anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers. These results do not diminish the importance of periconception folate supplementation or preclude other possible scenarios that could restrict folate use by the embryo, leading to congenital anomalies.  (+info)

Folic Acid Deficiency is a condition characterized by insufficient levels of folic acid (Vitamin B9) in the body. Folic acid plays an essential role in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, the production of red blood cells, and the prevention of neural tube defects during fetal development.

A deficiency in folic acid can lead to a variety of health issues, including:
- Megaloblastic anemia: A type of anemia characterized by large, structurally abnormal, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts) that are unable to function properly. This results in fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and a pale appearance.
- Neural tube defects: In pregnant women, folic acid deficiency can increase the risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly, in the developing fetus.
- Developmental delays and neurological disorders: In infants and children, folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can lead to developmental delays, learning difficulties, and neurological disorders.
- Increased risk of cardiovascular disease: Folate plays a role in maintaining healthy homocysteine levels. Deficiency can result in elevated homocysteine levels, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Folic acid deficiency can be caused by various factors, including poor dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes (such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease), pregnancy, alcoholism, certain medications (like methotrexate and phenytoin), and genetic disorders affecting folate metabolism. To prevent or treat folic acid deficiency, dietary supplementation with folic acid is often recommended, especially for pregnant women and individuals at risk of deficiency.

Macrocytic anemia is a type of anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal in size (macrocytic). This condition can be caused by various factors such as deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate, alcohol abuse, certain medications, bone marrow disorders, and some inherited genetic conditions.

The large red blood cells may not function properly, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, and a rapid heartbeat. Macrocytic anemia can be diagnosed through a complete blood count (CBC) test, which measures the size and number of red blood cells in the blood.

Treatment for macrocytic anemia depends on the underlying cause. In cases of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, supplements or dietary changes may be recommended. If the anemia is caused by medication, a different medication may be prescribed. In severe cases, blood transfusions or injections of vitamin B12 may be necessary.

Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate, a type of B vitamin (B9). It is widely used in dietary supplements and fortified foods because it is more stable and has a longer shelf life than folate. Folate is essential for normal cell growth and metabolism, and it plays a critical role in the formation of DNA and RNA, the body's genetic material. Folic acid is also crucial during early pregnancy to prevent birth defects of the brain and spine called neural tube defects.

Medical Definition: "Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate (vitamin B9), a water-soluble vitamin involved in DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. It is used in dietary supplementation and food fortification due to its stability and longer shelf life compared to folate. Folic acid is critical for normal cell growth, development, and red blood cell production."

The FIGLU (Formiminoglutamic acid excretion) test is not a medical definition itself, but it is a test used to help diagnose Phenylketonuria (PKU), an inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism.

In PKU, the body cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine properly due to a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. As a result, phenylalanine and its toxic byproducts accumulate in the body, which can cause brain damage and intellectual disability if left untreated.

The FIGLU test measures the amount of formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) in the urine after a patient is given a load of histidine, another amino acid. In people with PKU, the accumulation of phenylalanine inhibits the conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, leading to an increase in FIGLU excretion in the urine. Therefore, a positive FIGLU test can indicate the presence of PKU. However, it is not a definitive diagnostic test and should be confirmed with other tests such as plasma amino acid analysis and/or genetic testing.

Ascorbic acid deficiency is a condition that occurs when a person does not consume or absorb adequate amounts of ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C. This essential nutrient plays a crucial role in the production of collagen, a protein that helps to support blood vessel, tendon, ligament, and bone health. It is also involved in the absorption of iron and the synthesis of certain neurotransmitters.

Ascorbic acid deficiency can lead to a number of symptoms and complications. In its early stages, it may cause fatigue, weakness, and joint pain. As the deficiency progresses, it can lead to more serious conditions such as scurvy, a potentially life-threatening disease characterized by anemia, gum disease, skin hemorrhages, and poor wound healing.

Scurvy is now rare in developed countries where access to fresh fruits and vegetables, which are rich sources of vitamin C, is readily available. However, it can still occur in individuals who follow restrictive diets or have malabsorption disorders that prevent them from properly absorbing the nutrient. In these cases, supplementation with ascorbic acid may be necessary to prevent deficiency and its associated complications.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is a condition characterized by insufficient levels of vitamin B12 in the body, leading to impaired production of red blood cells, nerve function damage, and potential neurological complications. Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and maintaining the health of the nervous system.

The medical definition of vitamin B12 deficiency includes:

1. Reduced serum or whole blood vitamin B12 concentrations (typically below 200 pg/mL or 145 pmol/L)
2. Presence of clinical symptoms and signs, such as:
* Fatigue, weakness, and lethargy
* Pale skin, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations due to anemia (megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia)
* Neurological symptoms like numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy), balance problems, confusion, memory loss, and depression
3. Laboratory findings consistent with deficiency, such as:
* Increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of red blood cells
* Reduced numbers of red and white blood cells and platelets in severe cases
* Elevated homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels in the blood due to impaired metabolism

The most common causes of vitamin B12 deficiency include dietary insufficiency (common in vegetarians and vegans), pernicious anemia (an autoimmune condition affecting intrinsic factor production), gastrointestinal disorders (such as celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or gastric bypass surgery), and certain medications that interfere with vitamin B12 absorption.

Untreated vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to severe complications, including irreversible nerve damage, cognitive impairment, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing long-term health consequences.

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are a type of fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. There are two main types of essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3).

Linoleic acid is found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, while alpha-linolenic acid is found in foods such as flaxseeds, walnuts, and fatty fish. These essential fatty acids play important roles in the body, including maintaining the fluidity and function of cell membranes, producing eicosanoids (hormone-like substances that regulate various bodily functions), and supporting the development and function of the brain and nervous system.

Deficiency in essential fatty acids can lead to a variety of health problems, including skin disorders, poor growth and development, and increased risk of heart disease. It is important to maintain a balanced intake of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, as excessive consumption of omega-6 relative to omega-3 has been linked to inflammation and chronic diseases.

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of DNA, formation of red blood cells, and maintenance of the nervous system. It is involved in the metabolism of every cell in the body, particularly affecting DNA regulation and neurological function.

Vitamin B12 is unique among vitamins because it contains a metal ion, cobalt, from which its name is derived. This vitamin can be synthesized only by certain types of bacteria and is not produced by plants or animals. The major sources of vitamin B12 in the human diet include animal-derived foods such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products, as well as fortified plant-based milk alternatives and breakfast cereals.

Deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to various health issues, including megaloblastic anemia, fatigue, neurological symptoms such as numbness and tingling in the extremities, memory loss, and depression. Since vitamin B12 is not readily available from plant-based sources, vegetarians and vegans are at a higher risk of deficiency and may require supplementation or fortified foods to meet their daily requirements.

Scurvy is a medical condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the diet, which leads to the breakdown of collagen. This results in various symptoms such as anemia, gum disease, and skin hemorrhages. In severe cases, it can lead to death. It was prevalent among sailors during long voyages before the 18th century when fresh fruits and vegetables were not available, and the condition was eventually linked to the lack of vitamin C in their diet. Nowadays, scurvy is rare in developed countries but can still occur in individuals with extreme diets deficient in vitamin C.

Deficiency diseases are a group of medical conditions that occur when an individual's diet lacks essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. These diseases develop because the body needs these nutrients to function correctly, and without them, various bodily functions can become impaired, leading to disease.

Deficiency diseases can manifest in many different ways, depending on which nutrient is lacking. For example:

* Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.
* Vitamin C deficiency can result in scurvy, a condition characterized by fatigue, swollen gums, joint pain, and anemia.
* Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children, a disease that leads to weakened bones and skeletal deformities.
* Iron deficiency can result in anemia, a condition in which the blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells.

Preventing deficiency diseases involves eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all the major food groups. In some cases, supplements may be necessary to ensure adequate nutrient intake, especially for individuals who have restricted diets or medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption.

Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects that affect the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They occur when the neural tube, which forms the early brain and spinal cord of the embryo, does not close properly during fetal development. This can result in various conditions such as:

1. Anencephaly: a severe defect where most of the brain and skull are missing. Infants with anencephaly are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth.
2. Spina bifida: a condition where the spine does not close properly, leaving a portion of the spinal cord and nerves exposed. This can result in various neurological problems, including paralysis, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain).
3. Encephalocele: a condition where the skull does not close properly, allowing the brain to protrude through an opening in the skull. This can result in various neurological problems, including developmental delays, vision and hearing impairments, and seizures.

NTDs are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as folic acid deficiency, obesity, diabetes, and exposure to certain medications during pregnancy. Folic acid supplementation before and during early pregnancy has been shown to reduce the risk of NTDs.

A dietary supplement is a product that contains nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs or other botanicals, and is intended to be taken by mouth, to supplement the diet. Dietary supplements can include a wide range of products, such as vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal supplements, and sports nutrition products.

Dietary supplements are not intended to treat, diagnose, cure, or alleviate the effects of diseases. They are intended to be used as a way to add extra nutrients to the diet or to support specific health functions. It is important to note that dietary supplements are not subject to the same rigorous testing and regulations as drugs, so it is important to choose products carefully and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using them.

Linolenic acids are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are essential to the human body, meaning they cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet. There are two main types of linolenic acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid.

Alpha-linolenic acid is found in plant-based sources such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, walnuts, and soybeans. It is a precursor to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two other important omega-3 fatty acids that are found in fatty fish and are associated with numerous health benefits.

Gamma-linolenic acid is found in smaller amounts in certain plant-based oils such as borage oil, black currant seed oil, and evening primrose oil. It has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory effects and may be beneficial for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

It is important to maintain a balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet, as excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids can contribute to inflammation and chronic disease. ALA and GLA are both important components of a healthy diet and have been associated with numerous health benefits, including reduced inflammation, improved heart health, and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

Tetrahydrofolates (THFs) are a type of folate, which is a form of vitamin B9. Folate is essential for the production and maintenance of new cells, especially in DNA synthesis and methylation. THFs are the active forms of folate in the body and are involved in various metabolic processes, including:

1. The conversion of homocysteine to methionine, an amino acid required for protein synthesis and the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a major methyl donor in the body.
2. The transfer of one-carbon units in various metabolic reactions, such as the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, which are essential components of DNA and RNA.
3. The remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, a process that helps maintain normal homocysteine levels in the body. Elevated homocysteine levels have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

THFs can be obtained from dietary sources, such as leafy green vegetables, legumes, and fortified cereals. They can also be synthesized endogenously in the body through the action of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), which reduces dihydrofolate (DHF) to THF using NADPH as a cofactor.

Deficiencies in folate or impaired THF metabolism can lead to various health issues, including megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects during fetal development, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to elevated homocysteine levels.

Safflower oil is a vegetable oil that is extracted from the seeds of the safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius). It is primarily composed of unsaturated fatty acids, with a high concentration of linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) and a smaller amount of oleic acid (an omega-9 fatty acid).

Safflower oil has been used in traditional medicine for its potential health benefits, such as improving heart health, reducing inflammation, and promoting skin health. It is also commonly used as a cooking oil due to its high smoke point and light flavor. However, it is important to note that safflower oil should be consumed in moderation, as excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids can contribute to inflammation and other health issues.

Homocysteine is an amino acid that is formed in the body during the metabolism of another amino acid called methionine. It's an important intermediate in various biochemical reactions, including the synthesis of proteins, neurotransmitters, and other molecules. However, elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood (a condition known as hyperhomocysteinemia) have been linked to several health issues, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cognitive decline.

Homocysteine can be converted back to methionine with the help of vitamin B12 and a cofactor called betaine, or it can be converted to another amino acid called cystathionine with the help of vitamin B6 and folate (vitamin B9). Imbalances in these vitamins and other factors can lead to an increase in homocysteine levels.

It is crucial to maintain normal homocysteine levels for overall health, as high levels may contribute to the development of various diseases. Regular monitoring and maintaining a balanced diet rich in folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 can help regulate homocysteine levels and reduce the risk of related health issues.

"Fortified food" is a term used in the context of nutrition and dietary guidelines. It refers to a food product that has had nutrients added to it during manufacturing to enhance its nutritional value. These added nutrients can include vitamins, minerals, proteins, or other beneficial components. The goal of fortifying foods is often to address specific nutrient deficiencies in populations or to improve the overall nutritional quality of a food product. Examples of fortified foods include certain breakfast cereals that have added vitamins and minerals, as well as plant-based milk alternatives that are fortified with calcium and vitamin D to mimic the nutritional profile of cow's milk. It is important to note that while fortified foods can be a valuable source of essential nutrients, they should not replace whole, unprocessed foods in a balanced diet.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a type of essential fatty acid, which means that it cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through diet. It is an 18-carbon fatty acid with three cis double bonds, and its chemical formula is C18:3 n-3 or 9c,12c,15c-18:3.

ALA is one of the two essential omega-3 fatty acids, along with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA is found in a variety of plant sources, including flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, walnuts, soybeans, and some vegetable oils such as canola and soybean oil.

ALA is an important precursor to EPA and DHA, which have been shown to have numerous health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving heart health, and supporting brain function. However, the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is limited in humans, and it is recommended to consume foods rich in EPA and DHA directly, such as fatty fish and fish oil supplements.

Medically speaking, a deficiency in ALA can lead to various health issues, including dry skin, hair loss, poor wound healing, and increased risk of heart disease. Therefore, it is important to include adequate amounts of ALA-rich foods in the diet to maintain optimal health.

Vitamin B Complex refers to a group of water-soluble vitamins that play essential roles in cell metabolism, cellular function, and formation of red blood cells. This complex includes 8 distinct vitamins, all of which were originally thought to be the same vitamin when first discovered. They are now known to have individual structures and specific functions.

1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamin): Necessary for energy production and nerve function.
2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Involved in energy production and growth.
3. Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Assists in energy production, DNA repair, and acts as a co-factor for various enzymes.
4. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Plays a role in the synthesis of Coenzyme A, which is vital for fatty acid metabolism.
5. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Needed for protein metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, hemoglobin formation, and immune function.
6. Vitamin B7 (Biotin): Involved in fatty acid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and nail and hair health.
7. Vitamin B9 (Folate or Folic Acid): Essential for DNA replication, cell division, and the production of red blood cells.
8. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): Necessary for nerve function, DNA synthesis, and the production of red blood cells.

These vitamins are often found together in various foods, and a balanced diet usually provides sufficient amounts of each. Deficiencies can lead to specific health issues related to the functions of each particular vitamin.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a medical term used to describe the delivery of nutrients directly into a patient's bloodstream through a vein, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It is a specialized medical treatment that is typically used when a patient cannot receive adequate nutrition through enteral feeding, which involves the ingestion and digestion of food through the mouth or a feeding tube.

PN can be used to provide essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes to patients who have conditions that prevent them from absorbing nutrients through their gut, such as severe gastrointestinal tract disorders, malabsorption syndromes, or short bowel syndrome.

PN is administered through a catheter that is inserted into a vein, typically in the chest or arm. The nutrient solution is prepared under sterile conditions and delivered through an infusion pump to ensure accurate and controlled delivery of the solution.

While PN can be a life-saving intervention for some patients, it also carries risks such as infection, inflammation, and organ damage. Therefore, it should only be prescribed and administered by healthcare professionals with specialized training in this area.

Ascorbic acid is the chemical name for Vitamin C. It is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. Ascorbic acid is required for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that plays a role in the structure of bones, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. It also functions as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

Ascorbic acid cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Good food sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, broccoli, and spinach.

In the medical field, ascorbic acid is used to treat or prevent vitamin C deficiency and related conditions, such as scurvy. It may also be used in the treatment of various other health conditions, including common cold, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, although its effectiveness for these uses is still a matter of scientific debate.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, oils are typically defined as lipid-based substances that are derived from plants or animals. They are made up of molecules called fatty acids, which can be either saturated or unsaturated. Oils are often used in medical treatments and therapies due to their ability to deliver active ingredients through the skin, as well as their moisturizing and soothing properties. Some oils, such as essential oils, are also used in aromatherapy for their potential therapeutic benefits. However, it's important to note that some oils can be toxic or irritating if ingested or applied to the skin in large amounts, so they should always be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Folic acid antagonists are a class of medications that work by inhibiting the action of folic acid or its metabolic pathways. These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of various types of cancer and certain other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. They include drugs such as methotrexate, pemetrexed, and trimetrexate.

Folic acid is a type of B vitamin that is essential for the production of DNA and RNA, the genetic material found in cells. Folic acid antagonists work by interfering with the enzyme responsible for converting folic acid into its active form, tetrahydrofolate. This interference prevents the formation of new DNA and RNA, which is necessary for cell division and growth. As a result, these drugs can inhibit the proliferation of rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells.

It's important to note that folic acid antagonists can also affect normal, non-cancerous cells in the body, particularly those that divide quickly, such as cells in the bone marrow and digestive tract. This can lead to side effects such as anemia, mouth sores, and diarrhea. Therefore, these drugs must be used carefully and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

I could not find a medical definition specifically for "Cocos." However, Cocos is a geographical name that may refer to:

* The Cocos (Keeling) Islands, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean.
* Cocos nucifera, the scientific name for the coconut palm tree.

There are some medical conditions related to the consumption of coconuts or exposure to the coconut palm tree, such as allergies to coconut products, but there is no specific medical term "Cocos."

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a medical term used to describe a specialized nutritional support system that is delivered through a vein (intravenously). It provides all the necessary nutrients that a patient needs, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. TPN is typically used when a patient cannot eat or digest food through their gastrointestinal tract for various reasons, such as severe malabsorption, intestinal obstruction, or inflammatory bowel disease. The term "total" indicates that the nutritional support is complete and meets all of the patient's nutritional needs.

Linoleic acid is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is essential for human health. It is one of the two essential fatty acids, meaning that it cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet.

Linoleic acid is a member of the omega-6 fatty acid family and has a chemical structure with two double bonds at the sixth and ninth carbon atoms from the methyl end of the molecule. It is found in various plant sources, such as vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, corn, safflower, and sunflower oils), nuts, seeds, and whole grains.

Linoleic acid plays a crucial role in maintaining the fluidity and function of cell membranes, producing eicosanoids (hormone-like substances that regulate various bodily functions), and supporting skin health. However, excessive intake of linoleic acid can lead to an imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which may contribute to inflammation and chronic diseases. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain a balanced diet with appropriate amounts of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rats, Mutant Strains" is not a recognized medical term or concept. It may be a term used in science fiction, gaming, or other non-medical contexts to refer to genetically modified rats with altered characteristics. However, in the field of medical research, scientists do conduct studies using various strains of lab rats, some of which have been selectively bred or genetically modified to exhibit specific traits, but these are not referred to as "mutant strains." If you have any questions related to medical definitions or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Malabsorption syndromes refer to a group of disorders in which the small intestine is unable to properly absorb nutrients from food, leading to various gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms. This can result from a variety of underlying conditions, including:

1. Mucosal damage: Conditions such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or bacterial overgrowth that cause damage to the lining of the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
2. Pancreatic insufficiency: A lack of digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas can lead to poor breakdown and absorption of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Examples include chronic pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis.
3. Bile acid deficiency: Insufficient bile acids, which are necessary for fat emulsification and absorption, can result in steatorrhea (fatty stools) and malabsorption. This may occur due to liver dysfunction, gallbladder removal, or ileal resection.
4. Motility disorders: Abnormalities in small intestine motility can affect nutrient absorption, as seen in conditions like gastroparesis, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, or scleroderma.
5. Structural abnormalities: Congenital or acquired structural defects of the small intestine, such as short bowel syndrome, may lead to malabsorption.
6. Infections: Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can cause transient malabsorption by damaging the intestinal mucosa or altering gut flora.

Symptoms of malabsorption syndromes may include diarrhea, steatorrhea, bloating, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, radiologic imaging, and sometimes endoscopic procedures to identify the underlying cause. Treatment is focused on addressing the specific etiology and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Preconception care (PCC) refers to a set of interventions that aim to identify and modify biomedical, behavioral, and social risks to a woman's health or pregnancy outcome through prevention and management, before conception. PCC is designed to optimize the health status of women of reproductive age, and includes counseling and education about lifestyle modifications such as improving nutrition, achieving a healthy weight, stopping smoking and alcohol consumption, controlling chronic diseases, and avoiding teratogenic exposures. The goal of PCC is to reduce risks and improve the chances of a healthy pregnancy and baby.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a type of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that is essential for human health. It is an important structural component of the phospholipid membranes in the brain and retina, and plays a crucial role in the development and function of the nervous system. DHA is also involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and immune response.

DHA is not produced in sufficient quantities by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements. The richest dietary sources of DHA are fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, and sardines, as well as algae and other marine organisms. DHA can also be found in fortified foods such as eggs, milk, and juice.

Deficiency in DHA has been linked to various health issues, including cognitive decline, vision problems, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals consume adequate amounts of DHA through diet or supplementation to maintain optimal health.

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.

The two main types of fatty acids are:

1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).

Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.

Phospholipids are a major class of lipids that consist of a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. The head is composed of a phosphate group, which is often bound to an organic molecule such as choline, ethanolamine, serine or inositol. The tails are made up of two fatty acid chains.

Phospholipids are a key component of cell membranes and play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of the cell. They form a lipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing outwards and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards, creating a barrier that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Phospholipids are also involved in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, intracellular trafficking, and protein function regulation. Additionally, they serve as emulsifiers in the digestive system, helping to break down fats in the diet.

Unsaturated fatty acids are a type of fatty acid that contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain. These double bonds can be either cis or trans configurations, although the cis configuration is more common in nature. The presence of these double bonds makes unsaturated fatty acids more liquid at room temperature and less prone to spoilage than saturated fatty acids, which do not have any double bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids can be further classified into two main categories: monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). MUFAs contain one double bond in their carbon chain, while PUFAs contain two or more.

Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (a MUFA found in olive oil), linoleic acid (a PUFA found in vegetable oils), and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 PUFA found in flaxseed and fish). Unsaturated fatty acids are essential nutrients for the human body, as they play important roles in various physiological processes such as membrane structure, inflammation, and blood clotting. It is recommended to consume a balanced diet that includes both MUFAs and PUFAs to maintain good health.

Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fats that are essential for human health. The "omega-3" designation refers to the location of a double bond in the chemical structure of the fatty acid, specifically three carbon atoms from the end of the molecule.

There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). EPA and DHA are primarily found in fatty fish, such as salmon, mackerel, and sardines, as well as in algae. ALA is found in plant sources, such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and some vegetable oils.

Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have numerous health benefits, including reducing inflammation, lowering the risk of heart disease, improving brain function, and supporting eye health. They are also important for fetal development during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is recommended that adults consume at least 250-500 milligrams of combined EPA and DHA per day, although higher intakes may be beneficial for certain conditions. ALA can be converted to EPA and DHA in the body, but this process is not very efficient, so it is important to consume preformed EPA and DHA from dietary sources or supplements.

Folate receptors (FRs) are a group of cell surface proteins that bind and transport folate (vitamin B9) into cells. The subtype referred to as "GPI-anchored" refers to the type of anchoring that these receptors have in the cell membrane.

GPI stands for glycosylphosphatidylinositol, which is a molecule that acts as an anchor for certain proteins in the cell membrane. GPI-anchored folate receptors are attached to the outer layer of the cell membrane through this GPI anchor, rather than being embedded within the membrane like many other proteins.

GPI-anchored folate receptors are found on various types of cells, including some cancer cells, and they play a role in the uptake of folate into those cells. Folate is an essential nutrient that plays a critical role in DNA synthesis and methylation, among other processes. Abnormalities in folate metabolism have been linked to various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

Reynolds EH (2014). "The neurology of folic acid deficiency". In Biller J, Ferro JM (eds.). Neurologic aspects of systemic ... "High prevalence of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies in infants, children, adolescents and pregnant women in Venezuela". ... Methylmalonic acid is used as a more specific test of B12 deficiency. Early changes include a spongiform state of neural tissue ... Elevated methylmalonic acid levels may also indicate a deficiency. A late finding type of anemia known as megaloblastic anemia ...
Haslam N, Probert CS (February 1998). "An audit of the investigation and treatment of folic acid deficiency". Journal of the ... Reynolds EH (2014). "The neurology of folic acid deficiency". In Biller J, Ferro JM (eds.). Neurologic aspects of systemic ... "Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia , Michigan Medicine". www.uofmhealth.org. Retrieved 8 October 2021. "How a Vitamin B Deficiency ... "Pantothenic Acid". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid ...
A folic acid deficiency during pregnancy also plays a significant role. Other risk factors include certain antiseizure ... "Folic Acid - Public Health Agency of Canada". Archived from the original on 2006-09-27. "Why do I need folic acid?". NHS Direct ... This risk can be reduced with folic acid supplementation before pregnancy. For the general population, low-dose folic acid ... "Usual folic acid intakes: a modelling exercise assessing changes in the amount of folic acid in foods and supplements, National ...
Multi-vitamin dietary supplements contain folic acid as well as other B vitamins. Non-prescription folic acid is available as a ... the worldwide prevalence of anemia due to folic acid deficiency is very low. However, data on the prevalence of deficiency ... Czeizel AE, Dudás I, Vereczkey A, Bánhidy F (2013). "Folate deficiency and folic acid supplementation: the prevention of neural ... Czeizel AE, Dudás I, Vereczkey A, Bánhidy F (2013). "Folate deficiency and folic acid supplementation: the prevention of neural ...
The level of methylmalonic acid is not elevated in folic acid deficiency. Direct measurement of blood cobalamin remains the ... Increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in Vitamin B12 deficiency Increased homocysteine in folate deficiency Normal ... Inherited Pyrimidine Synthesis Disorders: Orotic aciduria Inherited DNA Synthesis Disorders Toxins and Drugs: Folic acid ... "Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies ...
Deficiencies in folic acid may cause neural tube defects (NTDs). Women who had 0.4 mg of folic acid in their systems due to ... Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are beneficial ... Folic acid, which is the synthetic form of the vitamin folate, is critical both in pre-and peri-conception. As with most diets ... Folic acid, which is the synthetic form of the vitamin folate, is critical both in pre-and peri-conception. ...
... usually folic acid deficiency, in one case vitamin B12 deficiency, and in one case vitamin C deficiency. Some cases were ... This might be related to the structural similarity between folic acid, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone. Folic acid had ... The idea that folic acid deficiency could cause megaloblastic anemia was not new. What was new was the idea that drugs could ... Five years earlier, folic acid deficiency was linked to birth defects in rats. Primidone was seen by some as too valuable to ...
Some cases of anemia, possibly related to folic acid deficiency, have been described. Cardiovascular: Hypotension, which may be ...
Poor diet can cause malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies. Deficiency of iron, B vitamins and folic acid are common causes ...
Lichstein, Herman C.; McCall, K. B.; Elvehjem, C. A.; Clark, P. F. (1946). "The Influence of "Folic Acid" Deficiency in Macaca ... Gershoff, S. N.; Rasmussen, A. F.; Elvehjem, C. A.; Clark, P. F. (1952). "Effect of Amino Acid Imbalance on Course of Lansing ...
... in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folate deficiency. Folic acid is also used as a supplement ... A complex interaction occurs between folic acid, vitamin B12, and iron. A deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12 may mask the ... Folate and folic acid are the preferred synonyms for pteroylglutamate and pteroylglutamic acid, respectively. "Folic Acid". ... 1 μg of folic acid supplement counts as 1.7 μg DFE. The reason for the difference is that when folic acid is added to food or ...
Neuropsychological correlates of computerized transaxial tomography and radionuclide cisternography in folic acid deficiencies ... In the 1970s, Botez' main research subject was the effects of folic acid and thiamine on the central nervous system, relevant ... Reader TA, Strazielle C, Botez MI, Lalonde R (March 1998). "Brain dopamine and amino acid concentrations in Lurcher mutant mice ... Botez MI, Peyronnard JM, Bachevalier J, Charron L (September 1978). "Polyneuropathy and folate deficiency". Archives of ...
as are an elevated GGT and an AST/ALT ratio of 2:1). Vitamin B12 and/or folic acid deficiency has also been associated with ... In iron deficiency anemia (microcytic anemia), it can be as low as 60 to 70 femtolitres. In some cases of thalassemia, the MCV ... macrocytic anemia (high MCV numbers). The most common causes of microcytic anemia are iron deficiency (due to inadequate ...
Nutritional deficiencies of iron, folic acid, and B vitamins may cause depapillation of the tongue. Papillitis refers to ...
An early donation established that a deficiency in folic acid was a factor in malformed babies. Pregnant women across the world ... "Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS Choices". Nhs.uk. 2015-02-18. Retrieved 2016-12-14. "Epidural ... now take folic acid supplements. The charity also funded crucial research into epidurals which means that millions of women now ...
Subsequently, multiple risk factors were found foremost folic acid deficiency, and increasing dietary folate intake had a ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (January 14, 2000). "Neural tube defect surveillance and folic acid ...
Indeed his most notable research in his career, was the establishing link between folic acid deficiency and neural tube defects ... Smithells won the International Research Award of the Joseph P Kennedy Foundation for research into the role of folic acid in ... Medical Research Council ratified his decision by recommending that pregnant women's diets should contain sufficient folic acid ...
These deficiencies may have these symptoms: Vitamin A deficiency: hyperkeratosis or skin scales Vitamin B12 and folic acid ... Folic acid deficiency, effects of malabsorbed fat on intestinal motility, and persistent small intestinal bacterial overgrowth ... The use of folic acid and vitamin B12 in the treatment of tropical sprue was promoted in the late 1940s by Dr. Tom Spies of the ... Supplementation of vitamins B12 and folic acid improves appetite and leads to a gain in weight. The prognosis for tropical ...
... also suggests megaloblastosis and is commonly seen in Vitamin B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency. This type of anemia is ... Macrocytic anemias have several causes but with the implementation of folic acid fortification in North America, folic acid ... If there is no clear evidence of Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, additional causes of megaloblastic anemia include copper ... In countries that have not put such practices into place - including most European nations - folic acid deficiency remains a ...
Folic Acid: Folic acid supplement recommended for women with history of documented folate deficiency. Folic acid ... Anemias due to other deficiencies such as folic acid or vitamin B12 can also be treated with supplementation as well; dose may ... Hemoglobinopathies: Thalassemia and sickle cell disease Dietary deficiencies: Folate deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency are ... Folate deficiency occurs due to diets low in leafy green vegetables, and animal sources of protein. B12 deficiency tends to be ...
... principally folic acid deficiency, and neural tube defects". 2006 − J.C. van Lenteren, Marcel Dicke, and Louise E.M. Vet for " ... 1989 − Vernon R. Young, for his work on the amino acid metabolism of man. 1992 − Kenneth Blaxter, lifetime award given ... 1995 - Richard Smithells and B.M. Hibbard, for "pioneering studies into the role of micronutrient deficiencies, ...
... demonstrated that it was folic acid, and characterized the effects of folic acid deficiency in non-human primates. Later became ...
Subsequently, multiple risk factors were found, foremost folic acid deficiency, low serum vitamin B12 , high serum homocysteine ... folic acid may play a role in anencephaly. Studies have shown that the addition of folic acid to the diet of women of child- ... Folic acid has been shown to be important in neural tube formation since at least 1991, and as a subtype of neural tube defect ... A physician may prescribe even higher dosages of folic acid (5 mg/day) for women having had a previous pregnancy with a neural ...
... iron and folic acid fortification/supplementation to prevent deficiencies in pregnant women. These strategies focus on severe ...
It is believed that he had protein, folic acid, and thiamine deficiencies, which are what caused the demyelination of the ... The mechanism of the disease is not completely understood, but it is believed to be caused by a Vitamin B deficiency, ... Alcohol use disorder can also cause thiamine deficiency, which is also observed to cause MBD. Individuals with MBD usually have ... associated with chronic alcoholism especially with red wine consumption and sometimes associated nutritional deficiencies. ...
... vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency. Factor V Leiden and mutations of the prothrombin gene are the two most common genetic ... This mutation causes the amino acid homocystine not to be used properly thus high levels build up in the blood, damaging the ... Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency, also known as homocystinuria, is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder in which the ...
It has been thought that if someone is deficient in vitamin B12 and folic acid, the vitamin B12 deficiency must be treated ... looking for megaloblastic anemia if there is also folic acid deficiency or macrocytic anemia. The Schilling test is no longer ... Boyles AL, Yetley EA, Thayer KA, Coates PM (July 2016). "Safe use of high intakes of folic acid: research challenges and paths ... "neuropathy is made more severe as a result of giving folic acid to vitamin B12- deficient individuals". And that if this were ...
Splitting and fraying are associated with psoriasis and deficiencies of folic acid, protein, and Vitamin C. Unusual thickness ... Associated with iron-deficiency anaemia or vitamin B12 deficiency.[citation needed] Pitting of the nails is associated with ... Koilonychia is when the nail curves upwards (becomes spoon-shaped) due to an iron deficiency. The normal process of change is: ... Dark nails are associated with B12 deficiency. Stains of the nail plate (not the nail bed) are associated with smoking and ...
... have GSE and iron deficiency anemia others have zinc deficiency and birth defects may be attributed to folic acid deficiencies ... Deficiency - Selenium and zinc deficiencies may play a role increasing risk of cancer. Selenium deficiency may also be an ... Iron-deficiency anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) may be the only symptom for CD, detected in subclinical CD and is ... Vitamin E - deficiency of vitamin E can lead to CNS problems and possibly associated with myopathy Mineral deficiencies. GSE is ...
Anaemia may develop in several ways: iron malabsorption may cause iron deficiency anaemia, and folic acid and vitamin B12 ... folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency and hypocalcaemia (low calcium levels, often due to decreased vitamin D levels). Thyroid ... confers a risk of selenium deficiency. Copper and zinc deficiencies have also been associated with coeliac disease. A small ... IgA deficiency is present in 2.3% of people with coeliac disease, and is itself associated with a tenfold increased risk of ...
Are you getting enough folic acid?. Your body cant store folic acid. As a result, you need to top up your folic acid intake ... Folic acid for men: Benefits & deficiency. Its common to hear folic acid supplements recommended for women, but can this ... What does folic acid do for men?. Folic acid plays just as much of an important role for men as it does for women. Below we ... What is folic acid?. Folic acid is a manmade form of a B vitamin called folate. Folate is what helps the body make healthy red ...
Folic acid and vitamin B6 deficiencies related hyperhomocysteinemia in apparently healthy Pakistani adults; is mass ... AdultAgedCohort StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesDietary SupplementsFemaleFolic Acid DeficiencyHumansHyperhomocysteinemiaMale ... TY - JOUR T1 - Folic acid and vitamin B6 deficiencies related hyperhomocysteinemia in apparently healthy Pakistani adults; is ... Folic acid and vitamin B6 deficiencies related hyperhomocysteinemia in apparently healthy Pakistani adults; is mass ...
Rescue of the cleft palate of Cbfb mutants by folic acid. We attempted to rescue the mutant cleft palate using folic acid ... Anterior cleft palate due to Cbfb deficiency and its rescue by folic acid Safiye E. Sarper, Safiye E. Sarper ... Anterior cleft palate due to Cbfb deficiency and its rescue by folic acid. Dis Model Mech 1 June 2019; 12 (6): dmm038851. doi: ... culture medium containing folic acid (N5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-L-glutamic acid, Sigma-Aldrich) at a final ...
Low proportions of folic acid deficiency after introduction of mandatory folic acid fortification in remote areas of northern ... Low proportions of folic acid deficiency after introduction of mandatory folic acid fortification in remote areas of northern ... of folic acid deficiency to low and comparable proportions in former high-risk populations indicate that mandatory folic acid ... Results: Overall prevalence of folic acid deficiency was 3.2% (235/7282) in urban centres compared with 7.2% (480/6647) in ...
... there have been many articles about the benefits of folic acid vs L-5MTHF, here are my thoughts on the folic acid vs L-5MTHF ... Folic Acid vs 5-MTHF in Treating MTHFR Deficiency Download PDF Folic Acid vs 5-MTHF Over the course of this year, there have ... Folic Acid vs 5-MTHF. Over the course of this year, there have been many articles about the benefits of folic acid vs L-5MTHF ... 4. Folic Acid Induces Higher Risk of Cancer. The first report can be tracked back to 1947 when a study administered folic acid ...
Aged Anemia Black People Cohort Studies Edible Grain Erythrocyte Indices Female Folic Acid Folic Acid Deficiency Food, ... Overall, the prevalence of folate-deficiency anemia was Conclusion Our data suggest that, after mandatory folic acid ... Near-elimination of folate-deficiency anemia by mandatory folic acid fortification in older US adults: Reasons for Geographic ... Near-elimination of folate-deficiency anemia by mandatory folic acid fortification in older US adults: Reasons for Geographic ...
People with excessive alcohol intake and malnutrition are still at high risk of folate deficiency. ... The prevalence of folate deficiency has decreased since many countries in the western hemisphere introduced a mandatory folic ... acid food fortification program starting in the late 1990s. ... Folic Acid Deficiency) and Folic Acid Deficiency What to Read ... The chemical structure of folic acid and amethopterin (methotrexate), a folic acid antagonist, shows the similarity of ...
Folic acid deficiency. Research in the 1980s showed correction of folic acid deficiency as an effective means of primary and ... 19] At least half of cases of neural tube defects are related to a nutritional deficiency of folic acid or increased ... Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects. JAMA. 1989 Nov 24. ... In September 1992, the US Public Health Service (USPHS) recommended intake of folic acid at a dosage of 0.4 mg (400 mcg) per ...
Folic acid is the man-made version of the vitamin folate, also known as vitamin B9, which helps the body to make healthy red ... Folic acid: effects on pregnancy and symptoms of deficiency as plans to fortify flour could stop birth defects. Folic acid is ... Folic acid is to be added to flour across the UK in a drive to reduce the risk of life-threatening spinal conditions in babies ... Why is folic acid important during pregnancy?. If a woman has a shortage of folate (vitamin B9) during the early stages of ...
Folic acid deficiency. July 13, 2021. by Nwasom Bianze folic acid deficiency. ...
... a deficiency in folic acid may be the single most common vitamin deficiency. This Folic Acid Deficiency Symptoms Folic acid ... Folic Acid Deficiency Symptoms in Adults/Folic Acid Deficiency Treatment. ... Folic acid tablets are used to restore folate ... Folic acid deficiency means that there is a lower than normal amount of folic acid in your blood. Folate or folic acid is a ... Folate Deficiency (Folic Acid Deficiency) - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Causes of folate deficiency range from … Folic acid ...
Folic acid [1] is a water-soluble B-vitamin first identified in 1930 by Wills and Mehta as Wills factor. Wills factor cured ... an amino acid used in the formation of proteins and nucleic acids. A deficiency of folic acid can produce various symptoms, ... FOLIC ACID. FOLIC ACID. Folic acid is a water-soluble B-vitamin first identified in 1930 by Wills and Mehta as "Wills factor." ... aspartic acid (aspartate) A non‐essential amino acid. aspartic acid An aliphatic, acidic, p… Glutamic Acid , glutamic acid A ...
When a pregnant woman has a problem with folic acid. Folic acid deficiency in a pregnant woman can lead to giving birth to a ... According to him, folic acid deficiency in pregnancy can lead to giving birth to babies with spina bifida. ... Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy can lead to giving birth to babies with spina bifida ... folic acid deficiency in pregnancy has been identified as a risk factor. ...
... folic acid), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation schedules, ... Folic Acid Deficiency. Infants: 15 mcg/kg/day or 50 mcg/day IV/PO/IM/SC ... folic acid oral FOLIC ACID - ORAL (FOE-lik AS-id) USES: Folic acid is the man-made form of folate. Folate is a B-vitamin ... green tea, folic acid. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Concomitant consumption of green tea with folic acid ...
... more commonly known as Folic Acid, plays a vital role in the bodys ability to repair damaged tissues and is also essential for ... What are the Signs of Folic Acid Deficiency. Folate deficiency , What are the symptoms of low folic acid? , Harmful effects of ... Recognizing and addressing folic acid deficiency. If you suspect a folic acid deficiency, it is important to consult with a ... What are the signs of folic acid deficiency?. Signs of folic acid deficiency may include poor growth, inflammation of the ...
Folic Acid (1.1mg) Primary uses of : Anemia due to folic acid deficiency ... Folic Acid (1.5mg) Primary uses of : Anemia due to folic acid deficiency ... Folic Acid (NA) Primary uses of : Anemia due to folic acid deficiency ... Folic Acid (5mg) Primary uses of : Anemia due to folic acid deficiency ...
Folic Acid: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Folic acid is used to treat or prevent folic acid deficiency. It is a B-complex vitamin needed by the body to manufacture red ... Before taking folic acid,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to folic acid or any other drugs. ... If you are taking folic acid to treat a deficiency, you probably will feel better quickly, often within 24 hours. However, do ...
A folate deficiency can lead to complications, especially in pregnant people. ... Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia. Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network. Folic acid deficiency anemia is caused by ... https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/features/folicacid-prevents-ntds.html. *. Khan KM, et al. (2021). Folic acid deficiency.. ... Folic acid is especially important in pregnancy. Folic acid can help prevent certain birth irregularities called neural tube ...
Deficiencies in folic acid dating back up to five generations could have an impact on developmental risk factors and later risk ... Folic acid deficiency may impact later generations 03-Oct-2013. By Nathan Gray ...
Folic acid iii) Protein iv) Riboflavin v) Vitamin D ... disorders caused by the deficiency of the following: i) Niacin ... Folic acid. Folic acids an important role in blood formation. Folic acid is important for the proper development of red blood ... cells so the deficiency of folic acid leads to anaemia.. Functions: Folic acid, along with vitamin B12 is important for the ... Functions & disorders caused by the deficiency of Niacin, Folic acid, Protein, Riboflavin, Vitamin D ...
Folic Acid Deficiency. When food is processed, much of the folic acid is lost. B9 does not store in the body, so it is ... Folic acid and folate are forms of the water-soluble vitamin B9. These folates are found in a wide variety of foods. Its ... Filed Under: Healthy Eating, social awareness, vitamins Tagged With: B Complex, B vitamins, B9, folates, folic acid, healthy ... Folates (folic acid and folate) are necessary for the production and maintenance of new cells. This is especially important ...
Folic Acid Deficiency * 2001/viewarticle/980686. Sugar-Free Paradox: Do Artificial Sweeteners Help or Hurt? ...
Folic acid deficiency. 7721 Iron deficiency anemia. 7720 Pernicious anemia and Vitamin B. 12. deficiency anemia. 7722 ...
Reynolds EH (2014). "The neurology of folic acid deficiency". In Biller J, Ferro JM (eds.). Neurologic aspects of systemic ... "High prevalence of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies in infants, children, adolescents and pregnant women in Venezuela". ... Methylmalonic acid is used as a more specific test of B12 deficiency. Early changes include a spongiform state of neural tissue ... Elevated methylmalonic acid levels may also indicate a deficiency. A late finding type of anemia known as megaloblastic anemia ...
What Is Folic Acid Or Folate Deficiency Anemia? Folic acid deficiency anemia, also called folate deficiency anemia, is a ... Essential Fatty Acids (65) *Omega-3 Fatty Acids (45) *Alpha Linolenic Acid (1) ... Disorders Atypical Brain Disorders Calcium Calcium Deficiency COMPLICATION Depression Dictionary Dysbiosis Fatigue Folic Acid ... Malnutrition Newsletter NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY RELATED DISORDERS Nutrients Omega-3 Fatty Acids Protein Protein Deficiency Skin ...
Folic Acid Deficiency / complications * Genotype * Humans * Infant, Newborn * Male * Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase ( ... They found that the mother, who also had not supplemented her folic acid intake, had a secondarily altered folate status with ... Despite current recommendations, the mother had not supplemented her intake of folic acid during the periconceptional period. ... the risk of which may be reduced by periconceptional folic acid supplementation. ...
Folic Acid Deficiency. *Foot Infection. *Fungal Nail Infection. *Gait Abnormality. *Gas-Bloat Syndrome ...
Folic acid deficiency * Ingestion of bone marrow toxins (eg, phenylbutazone) Acute chest syndrome has been linked to the ... The nonfunctional spleen is a major contributor to the immune deficiency that exists in these individuals. Failure of ...
It functions as a catalyst in the generation of energy through decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids and alpha- ... Folic acid deficiency. *. Hyperthyroidism. *. Cardiomyopathy secondary to other causes such as alcoholic or diabetic heart ... Treatment of Thiamine Deficiency with S uspected WKS [8] *. 500mg IV thiamine infused over 30mins three times on days 1 and 2 ... Thiamine deficiency and delirium. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2013 Apr;10(4):26-32. [PMC free article: PMC3659035] [PubMed: 23696956] ...
  • If this happens, you may find that you'll suffer with a folic acid deficiency, otherwise known as folate deficiency anemia. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Chang JY, Wang YP, Wu YC, Cheng SJ, Chen HM, Sun A. Hematinic deficiencies and anemia statuses in oral mucosal disease patients with folic acid deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • At first, a person may not have obvious symptoms of folate deficiency anemia, but as it becomes more severe, people may notice: Signs of folate deficiency are often subtle. (product-managers.com)
  • Vitamin B12 and folic acid (FA) deficiencies present with symptoms like anemia and birth defects, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. (product-managers.com)
  • A low folic serum acid level could induce minor neuropsychiatric symptoms while an additional low CSF folate could induce major neurological symptoms in spite of the presence of a normal erythrocyte folate level and in the absence of frank anemia. (product-managers.com)
  • A deficiency of folic acid may lead to anemia, in which there is decreased production of red blood cells. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Comment: Concomitant consumption of green tea with folic acid is not recommended in pregnant women, megaloblastic anemia, or when a reduction in folic acid may have clinical consequences. (medscape.com)
  • A deficiency of this vitamin causes certain types of anemia (low red blood cell count). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Folate deficiency can cause anemia. (healthline.com)
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to anemia, neurological and digestive disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Is Folic Acid Or Folate Deficiency Anemia? (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Folic acid deficiency anemia, also called folate deficiency anemia, is a macrocytic anemia characterized by defective DNA synthesis of red blood cells that results from a lack of folate in the body. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • We believe that treatment for hair loss is enhanced when iron deficiency, with or without anemia, is treated," Leonid Benjamin Trost, M.D. (hairloss.com)
  • The condition is popularly known as folate deficiency anemia. (nursing-assignments.com)
  • Various biological body situations such as certain anemia, kidney dialysis, liver disease, malabsorption, pregnancy and lactation and tobacco smoking increase the demand of folic acid by the body. (nursing-assignments.com)
  • Extreme suffering from folic acid deficiency among adults results in macrocytic and megaloblastic anemia. (nursing-assignments.com)
  • Intrinsic factor deficiency causes pernicious anemia, which may be associated with subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. (nih.gov)
  • Low levels of healthy red blood cells (anemia) due to iron deficiency . (webmd.com)
  • In folate-deficiency anemia , the red blood cells are abnormally large (megaloblastic). (medlineplus.gov)
  • B12 deficiency can result in anemia . (brainmass.com)
  • For example, depression and anemia together might suggest a vitamin B12 deficiency . (brainmass.com)
  • Folate-deficiency anemia is the lack of folic acid in the blood. (massgeneral.org)
  • Low levels of folic acid can cause megaloblastic anemia. (massgeneral.org)
  • Who is at risk for folate-deficiency anemia? (massgeneral.org)
  • The symptoms of folate-deficiency anemia may look like other blood conditions or health problems. (massgeneral.org)
  • How is folate-deficiency anemia diagnosed? (massgeneral.org)
  • Folate-deficiency anemia during pregnancy may cause a neural tube defect in the baby. (massgeneral.org)
  • Iron deficiency anemia and folic acid deficiency are also an ongoing challenge. (who.int)
  • Through working with the National Nutrition Institute (NNI) in Egypt, the Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade, the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) and the World Food Programme, the program will be able to fight the high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and neural tube defects among infants less than 5 years, and pregnant and lactating mothers. (who.int)
  • It is indicated for the reduction of cytotoxicity when used in combination with 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of colorectal cancer and for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency when folic acid cannot be replaced orally. (janusinfo.se)
  • A chronic dietary deficiency of either folate or vitamin B12 causes macrocytic anemia, although strict dietary deficiencies are rare. (cdc.gov)
  • Untreated deficiencies will lead to megaloblastic anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency results in irreversible central nervous system degeneration. (cdc.gov)
  • It's common to hear folic acid supplements recommended for women, but can this vitamin benefit men too? (risingkashmir.com)
  • 10 Correspondingly, another report shows that exposing to food fortification and vitamin supplement in large populations in the US results in high folic acid intake, which causes reduced NK cell cytotoxicity in post-menopausal women who consumed folate rich diet together with folic acid supplements more than 400 mcg per day, but not in those with lower folate of less than 233 mcg per day. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
  • Total folate and folic acid intake from foods and dietary supplements in the United States: 2003-2006. (medscape.com)
  • Association between maternal use of folic acid supplements and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. (medscape.com)
  • Lack of periconceptional vitamins or supplements that contain folic acid and diabetes mellitus-associated birth defects. (medscape.com)
  • However, little is known on the status of use of folic acid and vitamin supplements among people with mental disorders. (product-managers.com)
  • This study examined the prevalence and the likelihood of use of folic acid or vitamin supplements among adults with depression and anxiety in comparison to those without … Studies have shown that people who suffer heart attacks have lower amounts of both dietary and plasma folic acid. (product-managers.com)
  • People who are at high risk of strokes and heart disease may greatly benefit by taking folic acid supplements. (encyclopedia.com)
  • To correct a folic acid deficiency, supplements are taken in addition to food. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Avoid coadministration with folic acid or folic acid-containing supplements for 48 hr before administering pafolacianine. (medscape.com)
  • Use of folate, folic acid, or folate-containing supplements may reduce binding of pafolacianine to folate receptors overexpressed on ovarian cancer cells and could reduce the detection of malignant lesions with. (medscape.com)
  • the naturally occurring "folate" and "folic acid", which is a synthetic folate compound used in vitamin supplements and in fortified food because of its increased stability. (janethull.com)
  • In exclusively breastfed infants of vegetarian mothers who don't take B12 supplements as advised, undetected and untreated deficiency can lead to poor growth, poor development, and difficulties with movement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency is preventable with supplements, which are recommended for pregnant vegetarians and vegans, and not harmful in others. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitamin B9 supplements are available to treat folic acid deficiency. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Folic acid can hide the symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency, so it is important to verify vitamin levels before taking these supplements. (bacchusgamma.org)
  • Before running out to stock up on these supplements, read on to learn more about vitamin deficiencies and their relation to hair loss, as well as information about the effectiveness of hair loss vitamins. (hairloss.com)
  • And though it's true that hair loss is one of the symptoms associated with biotin deficiency, there is little documented medical evidence to support the theory that biotin supplements are effective in treating (or preventing) hair loss. (hairloss.com)
  • Before taking any type of hair vitamin, mineral or other supplements, consult with your regular physician or an endocrinologist to determine if you actually have a deficiency and could benefit from the supplements. (hairloss.com)
  • The prevalence rates of these deficiencies are alarming, and individuals should be encouraged to ingest vitamin B12 supplements and seek medical attention on improper absorption of vitamin. (nursing-assignments.com)
  • Women who may become pregnant should take folic acid supplements to ensure that they get enough each day. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You may need to take folic acid supplements for at least 2 to 3 months. (massgeneral.org)
  • Folate supplements taken by mouth usually correct the deficiency. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Regular use of Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) supplements protects a woman's health by helping her body store iron, and preventing a plunge into iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) during pregnancy and delivery. (theseoultimes.com)
  • The six women whose pregnancies resulted in infants or fetuses with neural tube defects had serum folic acid levels similar to those of all women who received folic acid supplements. (cdc.gov)
  • Background: Australia implemented mandatory folic acid fortification of bread-making flour in 2009. (edu.au)
  • Objective: To assess the impact of folic acid fortification in remote vs. regional urban areas and Indigenous vs. non-Indigenous populations in northern Queensland. (edu.au)
  • Conclusions: Substantial declines of folic acid deficiency to low and comparable proportions in former high-risk populations indicate that mandatory folic acid fortification of flour has had a population-wide benefit in northern Queensland. (edu.au)
  • A report from the UK indicates that, with half of the amount being proposed for fortification, folic acid may cause problems, because it is metabolised in the liver and once the liver is saturated, it leads to significant amount of unmetabolised folic acid entering the blood stream. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
  • 8 In addition, in Ireland, it is reported that unmetabolised folic acid is detected in cord blood from all infants at birth including full-term and premature infants, and in follow-up serum samples of 7 infants 4 days post formula feeding, in which 6 infants had increased from birth indicating that infants potentially have unmetabolised folic acid in their blood circulation before having mandatory fortification. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
  • Hirsch S, Sanchez H, Albala C, de la Maza MP, Barrera G, Leiva L. Colon cancer in Chile before and after the start of the flour fortification program with folic acid. (medscape.com)
  • Mason JB, Dickstein A, Jacques PF, Haggarty P, Selhub J, Dallal G. A temporal association between folic acid fortification and an increase in colorectal cancer rates may be illuminating important biological principles: a hypothesis. (medscape.com)
  • Biochemical indicators of B vitamin status in the US population after folic acid fortification: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. (medscape.com)
  • Folic Acid Mandatory Fortification. (medscape.com)
  • A recent study found that the prevalence of neural tube defects in the United States has decreased by 19% since the FDA authorized the fortification of grains with folic acid. (healthyplace.com)
  • Vitamin A deficiency is being addressed through nationwide biannual distribution of vitamin A solution to infants, young children, and fortification of foods. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Wheat flour, a common staple in the Egyptian diet, will become a vehicle for fortification with a micronutrient premix including iron, folic acid and others. (who.int)
  • In countries that have introduced mandatory folic acid fortification, neural tube defects in babies have fallen by as much as 50%, according to experts from Queen Mary University of London and the School of Advanced Study at University of London, who published a study on the issue on Wednesday. (medscape.com)
  • The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates the cost of folic acid fortification at around 1.0 cent per person per year. (medscape.com)
  • She said that from 1998, when the US introduced mandatory folic acid fortification, to 2017, an estimated 3,000 neural tube defects could have been prevented if the UK had adopted the same level of fortification. (medscape.com)
  • Yet despite recommendations from experts, Britain has not introduced mandatory folic acid fortification, partly due to concerns it might lead to some people having too high a folate intake. (medscape.com)
  • With the upper limit removed there is no scientific or medical reason for delaying the introduction of mandatory folic acid fortification," Wald said. (medscape.com)
  • But some studies suggest there could be a link between the amount of folic acid in a man's diet and the genetic quality of his sperm. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Folic acid deficiency means that there is a lower than normal amount of folic acid in your blood. (product-managers.com)
  • Folate deficiency means you have a lower-than-normal amount of folic acid , a type of vitamin B, in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The recommended daily amount of folic acid for adults is 400 µg of folate daily. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is thought that adding folic acid to non-wholemeal wheat flour will help to prevent around 200 cases of neural tube defects every year - around a fifth of the UK total. (nationalworld.com)
  • It has been found that adding folic acid flour - and so to bread - has resulted in a reduction in the number of neural tube defects in countries such as Australia, New Zealand and Canada, which are among around 80 nations to have adopted the practice. (nationalworld.com)
  • Women who are pregnant or might become pregnant take folic acid to prevent miscarriage and "neural tube defects," birth defects such as spina bifida that occur when the fetus's spine and back do not close during development. (product-managers.com)
  • In 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) required food manufacturers to add folic acid to enriched bread and grain products to boost intake and to help prevent neural tube defects (NTD). (encyclopedia.com)
  • Folic acid can help prevent certain birth irregularities called neural tube defects in babies. (healthline.com)
  • They found that the mother, who also had not supplemented her folic acid intake, had a secondarily altered folate status with an increased homocysteine level, suggesting that the homozygous TT mutation in the MTHFR gene in both mother and her child had contributed to the presentation of DS and a neural tube defect. (nih.gov)
  • The deficiency causes pregnant women to conceive low birth weight and premature infants having neural tube illnesses. (nursing-assignments.com)
  • Folic acid deficiency can cause severe birth defects known as neural tube defects . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The value of folic acid was publicized several years later when it was found that taking it prior to and during pregnancy helped to prevent neural tube defects in the fetus. (jpost.com)
  • Folic acid aids in the prevention of birth defects called neural tube defects (NTDs) such as spina bifida and anencephaly. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Folic acid is essential during pregnancy to prevent neural tubular defects in the developing fetus. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Folic acid deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk for neural tube defects including cleft palate, spina bifida, and brain damage. (healthyplace.com)
  • Many neural tube defects (such as spina bifida) are believed to be preventable if women of childbearing age supplement their diets with folic acid. (healthyplace.com)
  • In addition, IFA provides a woman with sufficient folic acid before pregnancy, preventing neural tube defects that can occur during the first few weeks of fetal gestation. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Folic acid deficiency during pregnancy causes more than 200,000 neural tube defects. (theseoultimes.com)
  • The British Medical Research Council (MRC) Vitamin Study Group recently reported the results of a randomized prevention trial that indicated that daily oral supplementation with folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy substantially reduces the recurrence of neural tube defects (3). (cdc.gov)
  • This report summarizes the findings of that study and provides recommendations for supplementation with folic acid to prevent the recurrence of neural tube defects. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, folic acid supplementation was associated with a 71% reduction in the recurrence of neural tube defects. (cdc.gov)
  • Folic acid is important in growth and development and is recommended for women in the prevention of selected birth defects (notably neural tube defects such as spina bifida). (cdc.gov)
  • Failing to fortify flour with folic acid to prevent neural tube defects is like having a polio vaccine and not using it," Nicholas Wald of Queen Mary's Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine told a briefing in London. (medscape.com)
  • Since some researchers advocated that the dose should be increased 2-4 times higher, a research conducted reports that the doses of 100 - 200 mcg is unlikely to cause the appearance of unmetabolised folic acid in serum, but it is detected after supplementation period of 14 weeks of 400 mcg which obviously leads to unmetabolised folic acid appearance in serum. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
  • Huo Y, Qin X, Wang J, Sun N, Zeng Q, Xu X. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: new insight from a meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • A free weekly iron-folic acid supplementation and regular deworming program is associated with improved hemoglobin and iron status indicators in Vietnamese women. (medscape.com)
  • that the MTHFR 677TT could be a mutual genetic risk factor for the co-occurrence of trisomy 21 and midline defects, the risk of which may be reduced by periconceptional folic acid supplementation. (nih.gov)
  • Maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children in a study in Western Australia. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Recent studies have documented that the iron supplementation at a later age may not reverse the effects of moderate to severe iron deficiency anaemia that occurred during the first 18 months after birth. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Compliance was assessed by counting capsules and by measuring folic acid levels before and after starting supplementation. (cdc.gov)
  • To test the effect of folic acid supplementation, the MRC study group compared the outcomes of groups A and B with those in groups C and D. To test the effect of the multivitamin preparation, the MRC study group compared the outcomes in groups B and D with those in groups A and C. During the study period, complete information was available on 1195 pregnancy outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • It can come as a surprise that folic acid contributes to so many aspects of wellness in addition to fetal development during early pregnancy. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Why is folic acid important during pregnancy? (nationalworld.com)
  • While manufacturers already add folic acid to products such as breakfast cereals, the government has said that a higher intake is required during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. (nationalworld.com)
  • The NHS recommends that women who could become pregnant, or are planning a pregnancy, should take a folic acid tablet every day. (nationalworld.com)
  • During pregnancy, a folic acid deficiency may lead to preeclampsia, premature birth, and increased bleeding after birth. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A folate deficiency during pregnancy can lead to birth irregularities . (healthline.com)
  • Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy: What are the risks? (healthline.com)
  • Folic acid is especially important in pregnancy. (healthline.com)
  • In the early stages of pregnancy, the cells divide billions of times - which is why folic acid is particularly important during this time. (helsana.ch)
  • For that reason, women in the early stages of pregnancy need a great deal of folic acid. (helsana.ch)
  • Studies included women with pre-pregnancy diabetes, both Type 1 (insulin deficiency) and Type 2 (insulin resistance), as well as diabetes first diagnosed in pregnancy (GDM), which, I should add, doesn't preclude having prior glucose metabolism problems but just means it was first picked up in pregnancy. (lamaze.org)
  • It is recommended that women take 0.6 mg (600 mcg ) folic acid daily prior to conception and through the first 3 months of pregnancy. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Pregnancy can put a woman at risk for folic acid deficiency as the fetus easily depletes a mother's nutrient reserves. (healthyplace.com)
  • Many countries' attempts to combat iron deficiencies during pregnancy with the distribution of iron folate through prenatal clinics has proved less than successful because many women in developing countries do not seek prenatal treatment or do so too late to take advantage of iron folate. (theseoultimes.com)
  • He and his colleagues initially thought this was because of women taking folic acid during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • A report shows that aged female mice fed with diet containing high folic acid have significantly lower number of natural killer (NK) cells in their spleens with decreased cytotoxicity immune function. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
  • From steamed pak choi to cabbage roulade to broccoli pesto: the Helsana Coach app has many dishes with a high folic acid content, and much more. (helsana.ch)
  • Adequate intake of folic acid is vital for the prevention of several types of birth defects , particularly NTDs. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Many foods, such as fortified breakfast cereals, now have extra folic acid added to help prevent birth defects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As mentioned, pregnant women who are deficient in folic acid are more likely to have children with birth defects. (healthyplace.com)
  • Iodine and folic acid deficiencies in the periconceptional period (three months before and after conception) are associated with a higher prevalence of birth defects and mental retardation. (who.int)
  • Epigenetics can also be involved in certain birth defects that can be affected by nutritional factors , such as deficiency of folic acid in the diet. (cdc.gov)
  • LONDON (Reuters) - Britain's failure to legislate to make food producers fortify flour with folic acid to help prevent babies being born with birth defects is based on flawed analysis and should be reversed, scientists said on Wednesday. (medscape.com)
  • Deficiency in folate, by contrast, can cause pregnant women to have babies with serious birth defects called anencephaly and spina bifida. (medscape.com)
  • Folic acid helps support homocysteine metabolism in your blood - an amino acid that may damage the inner walls of your arteries. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Fasting levels of plasma/serum folic acid, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), vitamin B12 and homocysteine were determined in 290 apparently healthy hospital personnel from institutions in two cities of Pakistan. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Cobalamin, folic acid, and homocysteine. (medscape.com)
  • An elevated blood level of the amino acid homocysteine has been identified as a risk factor for some of these diseases. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Folic acid, together with vitamins B 6 and B 12 , helps break down homocysteine, and may help reverse the problems associated with elevated levels. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Homocysteine is a toxic intermediate of amino acid syntheses and it is an amino acid not used in making proteins. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Both the conversion and recycling of homocysteine back to methionine require B vitamins such as folic acid. (progressivehealth.com)
  • A folic acid deficiency can lead to increased levels of homocysteine - a specific amino acid - in the blood. (helsana.ch)
  • Vitamin B9 works closely with vitamins B6 and B12 as well as the nutrients betaine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) to control blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine. (healthyplace.com)
  • Recent studies in test tubes brings into question whether there is a connection between elevated homocysteine (and, therefore, folate deficiency) in the mother and Down's syndrome in the child. (healthyplace.com)
  • Vitamin B12 (B12) is an essential cofactor for two enzymes involved in one-carbon metabolism: methylmalonyl CoA mutase (reduced function of this enzyme results in increased serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels) and methionine synthetase (this enzyme catalyzes the remethylmation of homocysteine to methionine) (IOM 1998). (cdc.gov)
  • Percent deficiency values of folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 were 39.7%, 52.8% and 6.6% respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Cancer incidence and mortality after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12. (medscape.com)
  • Functions: Folic acid, along with vitamin B12 is important for the formation of red blood cells. (ignouworld.com)
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is the medical condition in which the blood and tissue have a lower than normal level of vitamin B12. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency in the US and the UK is estimated to occur in about 6 percent of those under the age of 60, and 20 percent of those over the age of 60. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency appears slowly and worsens over time, and can often be confused with other conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Severe vitamin B12 deficiency can damage nerve cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • discuss metabolic and health consequences of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency. (nursing-assignments.com)
  • On the other hand, vitamin B12 deficiency refers to inadequate amounts of vitamin B12 in the blood stream. (nursing-assignments.com)
  • Folic acid (vitamin B9) works with vitamin B12 and vitamin C to help the body break down, use, and make new proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for the synthesis of DNA. (brainmass.com)
  • would likely result in a deficiency in vitamin B12 , folate, and iron. (brainmass.com)
  • Add Vitamin C, Folic acid and Vitamin B12 too. (brainmass.com)
  • Folic acid also works closely together with vitamin B12 to regulate the formation of red blood cells and to help iron function properly in the body. (healthyplace.com)
  • 1983 Organic psychosis without anaemia or spinal cord symptoms in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. (twitlonger.com)
  • They emphasise that psychiatric manifestations may be the first symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency and thus antedate anaemia and spinal cord disease. (twitlonger.com)
  • 1985 Masked vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in the elderly. (twitlonger.com)
  • There is a case for routine screening of the elderly for vitamin B12 and folate deficiency irrespective of the MCV. (twitlonger.com)
  • 1988. What are the psychiatric manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency? (twitlonger.com)
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in chronically ill psychotic patients with adequate nutrition and is not readily detected by routine hematology tests. (twitlonger.com)
  • 2003 Psychiatric manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency: a case report. (twitlonger.com)
  • 2003 Catatonia and other psychiatric symptoms with vitamin B12 deficiency. (twitlonger.com)
  • Through this observation, the authors underline the necessity to search for vitamin B12 deficiency in the case of cognitive features following general anaesthesia. (twitlonger.com)
  • 2009 Psychotic disorder and extrapyramidal symptoms associated with vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. (twitlonger.com)
  • 2012. Psychotic disorder, hypertension and seizures associated with vitamin B12 deficiency: a case report. (twitlonger.com)
  • Most people who develop a vitamin B12 deficiency have an underlying stomach or intestinal disorder that limits the absorption of vitamin B12. (cdc.gov)
  • Subtly reduced cognitive function resulting from early vitamin B12 deficiency is sometimes the only symptom of these intestinal disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Hematologic signs, however, are not always present in vitamin B12 deficiency and hematologic signs and neurologic abnormalities can be inversely correlated (Baik, et al. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this study is to investigate the hematologic status and serum levels of vitamin B12, folic acid and iron in patients with RAS compared them with a control group. (bvsalud.org)
  • The patients' medical records were examined along with their laboratory exams, such as: red blood count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum vitamin B12, folic acid and iron. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, blood count, iron, folic acid and mainly, vitamin B12 serum levels should be investigated in patients with RAS since the decrease of mucosa thickness may favor aphthous ulcers development. (bvsalud.org)
  • Folic acid is a water soluble B vitamin, which means it cannot … You can consider getting your folic acid levels checked with a blood test by your doctor. (product-managers.com)
  • FOLATES are water-soluble vitamins in the vitamin B group and are found in food in fruit, fresh vegetables, and corn products ().Insufficient food intake of folate is a common cause of low folate levels ().Elderly people are shown to have increased risk of low folates, but there are no exact figures on the prevalence or incidence of folate deficiency (3, 4). (product-managers.com)
  • Folic acid and folate are forms of the water-soluble vitamin B9. (janethull.com)
  • Folic acid is the synthetically produced form of the water-soluble vitamin folate. (helsana.ch)
  • Folic acid is a water-soluble type of vitamin B. This means it is not stored in the fat tissues of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Vitamin B9, also called folic acid or folate, is one of eight water-soluble B vitamins. (healthyplace.com)
  • Here we explain what folic acid does and why it's not only pregnant women who need more of it. (risingkashmir.com)
  • The U.S. RDA for folic acid is 400 micrograms for adults, 600 micrograms for pregnant women and 500 micrograms for lactating women. (product-managers.com)
  • Pregnant women have an increased need for folic acid, both for themselves and their child. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A Consultant Neurosurgeon at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Dr. Nurudeen Adeleke, has urged pregnant women to take enough folic acid to prevent poor spinal cord formation. (punchng.com)
  • Special populations of individuals also at risk for thiamine deficiency include pregnant women, those requiring parental feeding, individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery, those with overall poor nutritional status, and patients on chronic diuretic therapy as it increases urinary losses. (nih.gov)
  • Pregnant women need to get enough folic acid. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Deficiency can also be caused by inadequate dietary intake such as with the diets of vegetarians, and vegans, and in the malnourished. (wikipedia.org)
  • Worldwide, thiamine deficiency is primarily due to inadequate dietary intake, specifically in diets comprised mainly of polished rice and grains. (nih.gov)
  • Inadequate dietary intake of folates or excessive body loses of folate causes folic acid deficiency. (nursing-assignments.com)
  • 1 microgram of folate equivalent is equal to 1 microgram of dietary folate or 0.5 micrograms of synthetic folic acid. (helsana.ch)
  • Again, a lower dietary folic acid intake was associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms in a study of over 2,000 middle aged men in Finland. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Dietary deficiencies are known to cause several diseases that manifest as oral changes. (medscape.com)
  • But recent research shows that folic acid may not be a suitable solution for MTHFR. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
  • Research shows that folic acid can be used to successfully treat cervical dysplasia, a condition diagnosed by a Pap smear, of having abnormal cells in the cervix. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Traditional recommendation for MTHFR is folic acid supplement because it is thought that folic acid can help to correct folate deficiency. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
  • Studies suggest a good dose of folic acid can keep blood vessels open and clear of blockages, which could benefit males at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. (risingkashmir.com)
  • glucarpidase will decrease the level or effect of folic acid by increasing metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • pancrelipase decreases levels of folic acid by inhibition of GI absorption. (medscape.com)
  • aspirin decreases levels of folic acid by inhibition of GI absorption. (medscape.com)
  • bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens decreases levels of folic acid by altering metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • bendroflumethiazide decreases levels of folic acid by increasing renal clearance. (medscape.com)
  • This is why sufficient daily intake of folic acid is necessary. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Despite current recommendations, the mother had not supplemented her intake of folic acid during the periconceptional period. (nih.gov)
  • For adults (14 years and above), the recommended daily intake of folic acid is 400 micrograms. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Using large amounts of folic acid (e.g., over 5,000 mcg per day) can mask a vitamin B 12 deficiency and thereby risk of irreversible nerve damage. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Since many pregnancies aren't planned, experts recommend that all people of childbearing age get adequate amounts of folic acid even if they aren't trying to get pregnant. (healthline.com)
  • To get the required daily intake, it is recommended that both men and women consume good sources of folic acid every day, as well as a multivitamin supplement which contains 0.2 mg (200 mcg ) or more of folic acid. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Animal foods, with the exception of liver, are poor sources of folic acid. (healthyplace.com)
  • It can also be combined with ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulphate to treat iron deficiency anaemia, along with other vitamins as a multivitamin and mineral supplement. (nationalworld.com)
  • Folic acid is important for the proper development of red blood cells so the deficiency of folic acid leads to anaemia. (ignouworld.com)
  • A folic acid deficiency manifests primarily in the form of anaemia. (helsana.ch)
  • Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare gave a high priority to iron-deficiency anaemia. (theseoultimes.com)
  • There is strong scientific evidence from community-based studies that iron deficiency anaemia is associated with impaired performance on a range of mental and physical functions in children like mental development, physical coordination and capacity, cognitive abilities, social and emotional development, and loss of intelligence quotient similar to iodine deficiency. (theseoultimes.com)
  • The recent notification of Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare gives a high priority to the problem of Nutritional anaemia by including all children and young people for Iron and Folic acid distribution falling in the age-bracket 6 - 60 months, 6- 10 years and 11 to 18 years. (theseoultimes.com)
  • 10) Multiple channels and strategies are required to address the problem of iron deficiency anaemia. (theseoultimes.com)
  • 1988 Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anaemia or macrocytosis. (twitlonger.com)
  • The 2005 DHS revealed that the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among children two to five years is 40% with similar prevalence among women of reproductive age. (who.int)
  • The prevalence of anaemia in adolescent girls (15-19 years) can be even higher and exceeds 60% in Ghana, Mali and Senegal.3 Anaemia and iron deficiency, which are associated with a lower physical capacity and increased susceptibility to infections, need to be tackled before women become pregnant in order to reduce the risks of poor maternal health and low birth weight babies. (who.int)
  • 10% of patients with RAS showed anaemia and 7.5% exhibited iron and folic acid deficiencies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Scientists also believe there may be a link between folic acid deficiency and depression. (helsana.ch)
  • Although previous research has shown a link between folic acid and suicidality, the findings have been "fairly thin," with studies being "generally small, and many are case series," Gibbons said. (medscape.com)
  • Your doctor may tell you to eat more liver, foods prepared from dried yeast, fruit, and fresh leafy green vegetables to increase the folic acid in your diet. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Here are 5 symptoms of folic acid deficiency in adults. (product-managers.com)
  • In the USA, adults should consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily. (product-managers.com)
  • One folic acid deficiency causes in adults to a disturbed new formation of red blood cells. (product-managers.com)
  • The upper limit for daily folic acid intake is 800 micrograms for adolescents but adults are allowed a maximal daily dose of 1000 micrograms. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Pellagra: Pellagra is a nutritional disorder due to the deficiency of niacin, one of the B-complex group of vitamins in the diet. (ignouworld.com)
  • Folic acid is one of the most popular B vitamins. (progressivehealth.com)
  • These pills are often created from a combination of biotin and other B vitamins along with zinc, folic acid and other nutrients. (hairloss.com)
  • Just because a certain vitamin deficiency is associated with hair loss doesn't mean that a person with healthy vitamin levels should take "extra" vitamins to promote hair growth. (hairloss.com)
  • Folic acid , folate and folacin refer to one of the b-vitamins required for a healthy body. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • In the U.S., all flour is fortified with 140 mcg / 100 g of folic acid to supply 100 mcg to daily diet. (mthfrsupport.com.au)
  • Folic acid is to be added to flour across the UK in a drive to reduce the risk of life-threatening spinal conditions in babies, the government has said. (nationalworld.com)
  • Folic acid can be taken as pills or added to staple foods such as flour and cereals. (medscape.com)
  • Folates (folic acid and folate) are necessary for the production and maintenance of new cells. (janethull.com)
  • Folic acid is also used for other conditions commonly associated with folate deficiency, including ulcerative colitis, liver disease, alcoholism, and kidneydialysis. (product-managers.com)
  • A significant number of scientific studies suggest that depression is associated with folate deficiency. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Iron deficiency remains a major nutritional problem among infants and young children in India. (theseoultimes.com)
  • We identified specific HMO-mediated changes in fecal amino acid degradation and bile acid conjugation, particularly in infants commencing the HMO-supplemented formula before the age of three months. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ariboflavinosis is a nutritional deficiency occurring due to reduced intake of riboflavin through the diet. (ignouworld.com)
  • In 1967 he discovered a molecule he called the folic acid binder, which allows this essential nutritional component to get into the cells of animals and vegetables. (jpost.com)
  • Folic acid is a synthetic type of vitamin B9. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Many foods now have additional folate in the form of folic acid, a synthetic version of folate, to prevent deficiency. (healthline.com)
  • The human body can obtain only about 50% of folic acid from food, whereas it can absorb nearly 100% of synthetic folic acid. (helsana.ch)
  • Folic acid from food and from synthetic products (e.g. vitamin tablets) are therefore available to the body in different ways. (helsana.ch)
  • Prescription folic acid, a synthetic form of vitamin B9, may provide a safe and effective approach for decreasing suicidal ideation, new research suggests. (medscape.com)
  • Folic acid is a synthetic form of the B vitamin folate, which is found in asparagus, broccoli and dark leafy vegetables. (medscape.com)
  • Patients may have advanced neuropsychiatric manifestations of cobalamin deficiency and yet not be anemic, have a normal blood smear, and even have serum cobalamin levels in the normal range. (twitlonger.com)
  • It functions as a catalyst in the generation of energy through decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids and alpha-ketoacids and acts as a coenzyme for transketolase reactions in the form of thiamine pyrophosphate. (nih.gov)
  • Some researchers have even speculated that there is a connection between high levels of this amino acid and cervical cancer, but the results of studies regarding this have been inconclusive. (healthyplace.com)
  • Folate contributes to normal psychological function, so increasing your folic acid intake could help those experiencing mood disorders. (risingkashmir.com)
  • 1981 B12 deficiency and psychiatric disorders: case report and literature review. (twitlonger.com)
  • More than half of the folic acid prescriptions were associated with pain disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Deficiency of folate is common, with studies suggesting prevalence of deficiencyas high as 85.5% as was shown in women between the ages of 16 and 49, living in the UK. (product-managers.com)
  • Not getting enough folate (folic acid) can harm your health, too. (product-managers.com)
  • If you don't have enough folate in your diet, you may end up with a folate deficiency. (healthline.com)
  • Not eating enough folate can lead to a deficiency in just a few weeks. (healthline.com)
  • Daily consumption of 1,000 mcg of folic acid for three or more months has resulted in improved cervical cells upon repeat Pap smears. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Clinically, many naturopathic and other doctors recommend the use of vitamin B complex 50 mg per day with additional folic acid 800 to 1,000 mcg per day to try to prevent miscarriage (also known as spontaneous abortion). (healthyplace.com)
  • If you dodge green vegetables, overcook your food and generally don't follow a healthy diet, you may find a folic acid deficiency is what's causing you to feel more tired and lethargic (among other things. (risingkashmir.com)
  • This refers to the fact that folic acid is concentrated in green vegetables and salad, such as spinach, kale and lettuce. (helsana.ch)
  • A folate deficiency can result from a diet low in fresh fruits and vegetables. (healthline.com)
  • A diet low in fresh fruits, vegetables, and fortified cereals is the main cause of folate deficiency. (healthline.com)
  • Although folic acid is found in vegetables, fruits, grain products, meat and meat alternatives, it is difficult to get the entire amount from food. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Not eating enough raw leafy vegetables and citrus fruits can cause folate deficiency. (msdmanuals.com)
  • How effective is folic acid in the treatment of depression? (progressivehealth.com)
  • How exactly does folic acid for depression work? (progressivehealth.com)
  • Some of the signs of this deficiency are seizures, vascular changes, depression , cognitive impairment, and movement abnormalities. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Folic acid is used as a supplement in the treatment of depression . (progressivehealth.com)
  • The relationship between folate and depression is also supported by observations that a common genetic variant of an enzyme that reduces a person's ability to convert folic acid to L-methyl folate (which is its active metabolite), is more common in patients with depression. (progressivehealth.com)
  • There is substantial scientific evidence linking folic acid deficiency to depression. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • It increases the appetite and stimulates the production of stomach acid for digestion and it aids in maintaining a healthy liver. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The conversion of folic acid to its biologically active forms depends on the action of the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase, in the liver. (progressivehealth.com)