A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 10 serotypes, mostly coxsackieviruses.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and severe viral disease in cloven-hoofed animals, characterized by fever, formation of vesicles and erosions in the mouth, on the tongue, lips, teats, and feet, causing significant economic losses in agriculture and livestock farming.
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".
Enterovirus Infections are acute viral illnesses caused by various Enterovirus serotypes, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, manifesting as a wide range of clinical symptoms, from asymptomatic or mild self-limiting fever to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness, depending on the age, immune status, and serotype of the infected individual.
Herpangina is a mild, self-limiting viral infection predominantly affecting children during summer and fall, characterized by the sudden onset of fever, sore throat, and small vesicles or ulcers on the posterior palate and tonsillar pillars.
The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE infecting mainly cloven-hoofed animals. They cause vesicular lesions and upper respiratory tract infections. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS is the type species.
The type species of APHTHOVIRUS, causing FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cloven-hoofed animals. Several different serotypes exist.
A heterogeneous group of infections produced by coxsackieviruses, including HERPANGINA, aseptic meningitis (MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC), a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia (PLEURODYNIA, EPIDEMIC) and a serious MYOCARDITIS.
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. Finger millet or raggee (E. coracana) is an important food grain in southern Asia and parts of Africa.
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.
Domesticated farm animals raised for home use or profit but excluding POULTRY. Typically livestock includes CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; SWINE; GOATS; and others.
A neurological condition that is characterized by uncontrolled rapid irregular movements of the eye (OPSOCLONUS) and the muscle (MYOCLONUS) causing unsteady, trembling gait. It is also known as dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome and is often associated with neoplasms, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders involving the nervous system.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The TARSAL BONES; METATARSAL BONES; and PHALANGES OF TOES. The tarsal bones consists of seven bones: CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid; navicular; internal; middle; and external cuneiform bones. The five metatarsal bones are numbered one through five, running medial to lateral. There are 14 phalanges in each foot, the great toe has two while the other toes have three each.
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
'Mouth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions that cause inflammation, infection, or structural changes in any part of the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, palate, cheeks, and teeth, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, discomfort, difficulty in chewing or speaking, and altered aesthetics.
The articulations extending from the ANKLE distally to the TOES. These include the ANKLE JOINT; TARSAL JOINTS; METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT; and TOE JOINT.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot occurring at or before birth.
A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Singapore" is not a medical term or concept, it's a country in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical topics, I'd be happy to try and help!
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
The "mouth floor" refers to the inferior aspect of the oral cavity, which is formed by the muscular floor of the mouth, consisting primarily of the mylohyoid muscle, and contains the opening of the sublingual and submandibular glands.
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Minnesota" is a state located in the Midwestern United States and not a term with a medical definition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein VP1. (1/437)

The utilization of transgenic plants expressing recombinant antigens to be used in the formulation of experimental immunogens has been recently communicated. We report here the development of transgenic plants of alfalfa expressing the structural protein VP1 of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). The presence of the transgenes in the plants was confirmed by PCR and their specific transcription was demonstrated by RT-PCR. Mice parenterally immunized using leaf extracts or receiving in their diet freshly harvested leaves from the transgenic plants developed a virus-specific immune response. Animals immunized by either method elicited a specific antibody response to a synthetic peptide representing amino acid residues 135-160 of VP1, to the structural protein VP1, and to intact FMDV particles. Additionally, the immunized mice were protected against experimental challenge with the virus. We believe this is the first report demonstrating the induction of a protective systemic antibody response in animals fed transgenic plants expressing a viral antigen. These results support the feasibility of producing edible vaccines in transgenic forage plants, such as alfalfa, commonly used in the diet of domestic animals even for those antigens for which a systemic immune response is required.  (+info)

Demonstration of bovine CD8+ T-cell responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus. (2/437)

The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of cellular immunity in foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, in particular to determine whether a CD8+ T-cell response could be detected, as these cells may play a role in both immunity and virus persistence. As attempts to characterize classical cytotoxic T cells had yielded non-reproducible results, largely due to high backgrounds in control cultures, a proliferation assay was developed that was demonstrated to detect antigen-specific, MHC class I-restricted bovine CD8+ cells responding to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Proliferative CD8+ T-cell responses were detected consistently from 10 to 14 days following infection with FMDV and typically lasted 3-4 weeks. The role of CD8+ T cells in control of the disease, in particular their relevance for the establishment of persistence, may now be investigated.  (+info)

Evidence of partial protection against foot-and-mouth disease in cattle immunized with a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing the precursor polypeptide (P1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins. (3/437)

A recombinant live vector vaccine was produced by insertion of cDNA encoding the structural proteins (P1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) into a replication-competent human adenovirus type 5 vaccine strain (Ad5 wt). Groups of cattle (n = 3) were immunized twice, by the subcutaneous and/or intranasal routes, with either the Ad5 wt vaccine or with the recombinant FMDV Ad5-P1 vaccine. All animals were challenged by intranasal instillation of FMDV 4 weeks after the second immunizations. In the absence of a detectable antibody response to FMDV, significant protection against viral challenge was seen in all of the animals immunized twice by the subcutaneous route with the recombinant vaccine. The observed partial protection against clinical disease was not associated with a reduction in titre of persistent FMDV infections in the oropharynx of challenged cattle.  (+info)

Genetic analysis of type O viruses responsible for epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease in North Africa. (4/437)

The nucleotide sequences of the 3' end of the capsid-coding region were determined for 30 serotype O foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses isolated between 1987 and 1994 from outbreaks in North Africa and the Middle East. These sequences were compared with the previously published sequences of 9 field virus isolates from the Middle East and 5 vaccine virus strains, 3 of which originated from the Middle East (O1/Turkey/Manisa/69, O1/Sharquia/Egypt/72 and O1/Israel/2/85) and 2 from Europe (O1/Lausanne/Switzerland/65 and O2/Brescia/Italy/47). Cluster analysis of these sequences using the unweighted pair group mean average (UPGMA) method showed: (i) that the FMD viruses isolated from North Africa and the Middle East were very different from the classical European vaccine strains; (ii) that all the viruses isolated during the 1989-92 North African epidemic formed a cluster differing by no more than 6% from each other; (iii) a virus isolated in Libya in 1988 was unrelated to the aforementioned epidemic; and (iv) viruses from a second, less extensive epidemic, occurring in 1994, fell into yet another cluster.  (+info)

Predicting the level of herd infection for outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in vaccinated herds. (5/437)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious virus infection of sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and other, non-domesticated species of artiodactyls, and causes both clinical and subclinical infection according to the natural or acquired immunity of the host. Within vaccinated dairy herds FMD may appear as an acute, mild or subclinical infection, dependent upon the immune status of the herd, the level of challenge and the efficacy of the vaccine used. In the large dairy herds of Saudi Arabia, sub-clinical FMD was on a number of occasions, found to have spread amongst the cattle before signs of disease were seen. Such undetected transmission resulted in a large incidence on the first day of diagnosis and curtailed the impact of post-outbreak vaccination (PoV). First day incidence (FDI) for these herds was found to correlate with the final cumulative incidence of clinical disease. Since FDI is available at the start of an outbreak it can be used as a predictive tool for the eventual outcome of an FMD outbreak. During the past 11 years 47 % of dairy herds examined in Saudi Arabia have experienced FMD initially as sub-clinical disease. For the remaining 53 %, waning vaccinal protection did not suppress clinical disease in the initially infected animals, and these showed severe rather than mild signs. Hence, in such herds there was a very low initial level of subclinical infection, so PoV was more effective, and the timing of PoV was found to give a good correlation with cumulative herd incidence: an early PoV resulted in low prevalence of clinically infected animals whilst late PoV permitted high prevalence. PoV timing can thereby be used in tandem with FDI as a predictive tool for future outbreaks, estimating the final cumulative incidence (or prevalence) of clinical FMD cases.  (+info)

Development of replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 containing the capsid and 3C protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate. (6/437)

A recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 vector containing FMDV capsid, P1-2A, and viral 3C protease coding regions was constructed. Two viral clones were isolated, Ad5-P12X3CWT, containing the wild-type (WT) 3C protease that processes capsid polyprotein precursor into mature capsid proteins, and Ad5-P12X3CMUT, containing a point mutation in the protease coding region that inhibits processing. In 293 cells infected with either virus, synthesis of the FMDV capsid polyprotein precursor occurred, but processing of the polyprotein into structural proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 occurred only in 3CWT virus-infected cells. Immunoprecipitation with monospecific and monoclonal antibodies indicates possible higher order structure formation in Ad5-P12X3CWT virus-infected cells. The viruses were used to elicit immune responses in mice inoculated intramuscularly (im). Only virus containing the 3CWT elicited a neutralizing antibody response. After boosting, this neutralizing antibody response increased. Swine inoculated im with Ad5-P12X3CWT virus developed a neutralizing antibody response and were either completely or partially protected from contact challenge with an animal directly inoculated with virulent FMDV. This adenovirus vector may be an efficient system for the delivery of FMDV cDNA into animals, leading to a high level of neutralizing antibody production and protection from FMDV challenge.  (+info)

Protection of mice against challenge with foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) by immunization with foliar extracts from plants infected with recombinant tobacco mosaic virus expressing the FMDV structural protein VP1. (7/437)

A tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based vector has been used to express in plants the complete open reading frame coding for VP1, the major immunogenic protein of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). In vitro RNA transcripts were inoculated into Nicotiana benthamiana plants and detectable amounts of recombinant VP1 were identified by Western blot as soon as 4 days postinfection. Foliar extracts prepared from infected leaves were injected intraperitoneally into mice and all of the immunized animals developed a specific antibody response to both the complete virus particle and the major immunogenic region as determined by ELISA and Western blot analysis. Most importantly, all immunized mice developed a protective immune response against experimental challenge with virulent FMDV. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the expression of a complete open reading frame of an antigenic foreign protein in plants, using a recombinant plant virus, in sufficient quantity to permit use of the crude plant extract as an experimental immunogen to protect animals against virus challenge.  (+info)

The evaluation of hypersensitivity tests in cattle after foot-and-mouth disease vaccination. (8/437)

The response to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, dermal hypersensitivity and intravenous provocation tests has been compared in 30, 40, 31 and 24 cattle injected with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine 0, 1, 2 and 3 times respectively, using vaccine components and other substances as test materials. Reaginic antibodies demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in goats, were directed against BHK 21 cell extracts (20), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (3) and an unidentified vaccine component (3), and distributed in 0, 5, 19 and 75 per cent of the cattle vaccinated 0, 1, 2 and 3 times. None of the animals showed clinical signs of allergy after vaccination. When BHK 21 cell extract was injected intradermally a significant correlation was noted between the development of large weals and the presence of reagins although the size of the weals was not correlated with the reagin titres. In the case of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose a similar trend was evident. The majority of cattle with large dermal weals possessed reagins but the number of reactions was too small for statistical evaluation. Dermal reactions to sodium penicillin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, saponin and whole vaccine occurred in both unvaccinated and vaccinated cattle but BHK 21 cell lysate and normal bovine serum provoked weals which increased in frequency according to the number of vaccinations experienced. Intravenous hydroxypropylmethylcellulose elicited a response in all the animals previously injected with certain batches of vaccine but cell extract intravenously produced a clinical response in half the tested animals which was uncorrelated with the results of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis or dermal hypersensitivity tests.  (+info)

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild, contagious viral infection common in infants and children but can sometimes occur in adults. The disease is often caused by coxsackievirus A16 or enterovirus 71.

The name "hand, foot and mouth" comes from the fact that blister-like sores usually appear in the mouth (and occasionally on the buttocks and legs) along with a rash on the hands and feet. The disease is not related to foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which affects cattle, sheep, and swine.

HFMD is spread through close personal contact, such as hugging and kissing, or through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching objects and surfaces that have the virus on them and then touching the face. People with HFMD are most contagious during the first week of their illness but can still be contagious for weeks after symptoms go away.

There is no specific treatment for HFMD, and it usually resolves on its own within 7-10 days. However, over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers may help alleviate symptoms. It's important to encourage good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to prevent the spread of HFMD.

Enterovirus A, Human is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, and they are divided into several species, including Enterovirus A, B, C, D, and Rhinovirus.

Enterovirus A includes several important human pathogens, such as polioviruses (which have been largely eradicated thanks to vaccination efforts), coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enterovirus 71. These viruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route or respiratory droplets and can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like fever, rash, and sore throat to more severe diseases such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis.

Poliovirus, which is the most well-known member of Enterovirus A, was responsible for causing poliomyelitis, a highly infectious disease that can lead to irreversible paralysis. However, due to widespread vaccination programs, wild poliovirus transmission has been eliminated in many parts of the world, and only a few countries still report cases of polio caused by vaccine-derived viruses.

Coxsackieviruses and echoviruses can cause various symptoms, including fever, rash, mouth sores, muscle aches, and respiratory illnesses. In some cases, they can also lead to more severe diseases such as meningitis or myocarditis. Enterovirus 71 is a significant pathogen that can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, which is a common childhood illness characterized by fever, sore throat, and rash on the hands, feet, and mouth. In rare cases, enterovirus 71 can also lead to severe neurological complications such as encephalitis and polio-like paralysis.

Prevention measures for enterovirus A infections include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and practicing safe food handling. Vaccination is available for poliovirus and can help prevent the spread of vaccine-derived viruses. No vaccines are currently available for other enterovirus A infections, but research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines against these viruses.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and buffalo. The virus can also infect wild animals like deer and antelope. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but may have significant economic impacts due to restrictions on trade and movement of infected animals.

The disease is characterized by fever, blister-like sores (vesicles) in the mouth, on the tongue, lips, gums, teats, and between the hooves. The vesicles can rupture, causing painful erosions that make it difficult for affected animals to eat, drink, or walk. In severe cases, FMD can lead to death, particularly among young animals.

The causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the Picornaviridae family and Aphthovirus genus. There are seven serotypes of FMDV: O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3. Infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes.

Prevention and control measures for foot-and-mouth disease include vaccination, quarantine, movement restrictions, disinfection, and culling of infected animals in severe outbreaks. Rapid detection and response are crucial to prevent the spread of FMD within and between countries.

An enterovirus is a type of virus that primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, or by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus.

While many people infected with enteroviruses may not experience any symptoms, some may develop mild to severe illnesses such as hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in case of poliovirus). Infection can occur in people of all ages, but young children are more susceptible to infection and severe illness.

Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing food or drinks with someone who is ill. There are also vaccines available to prevent poliovirus infection.

Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.

Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.

Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.

Herpangina is a mild, self-limiting viral infection that primarily affects children under the age of 10. It is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, sore throat, and small vesicles or ulcers (

In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.

Aphthovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Picornaviridae, order Picornavirales. This genus includes several species of viruses that are primarily associated with causing oral and foot lesions in cloven-hoofed animals, such as cattle, sheep, and pigs. The most well-known member of this genus is foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which causes a highly contagious and economically significant disease in livestock. Other species in the Aphthovirus genus include equine rhinitis A virus, bovine rhinitis virus, and porcine teschovirus. These viruses are typically transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions, and they can cause a range of clinical signs including fever, loss of appetite, lameness, and lesions in the mouth and feet. There are currently no vaccines available for all serotypes of FMDV, and control measures typically involve quarantine, slaughter of infected animals, and strict biosecurity practices to prevent spread of the virus.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae and the genus Aphthovirus. It is the causative agent of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), a highly contagious and severe viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and buffalo. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, as well as through aerosolized particles in the air. FMDV has seven distinct serotypes (O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories [SAT] 1, 2, and 3), and infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes. The virus primarily targets the animal's epithelial tissues, causing lesions and blisters in and around the mouth, feet, and mammary glands. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but poses significant economic consequences for the global livestock industry due to its high infectivity and morbidity rates.

Coxsackievirus infections are a type of viral illness caused by Coxsackie A and B viruses, which belong to the family Picornaviridae. These viruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific strain and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

The most common types of Coxsackievirus infections are hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. HFMD is characterized by fever, sore throat, and a rash that typically appears on the hands, feet, and mouth. Herpangina is similar but is usually marked by painful sores in the back of the mouth or throat.

Other possible symptoms of Coxsackievirus infections include:

* Fever
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain

In some cases, Coxsackievirus infections can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), or pleurodynia (also known as "devil's grip," a painful inflammation of the chest and abdominal muscles).

Coxsackievirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or by touching contaminated surfaces. The viruses can also be spread through fecal-oral transmission.

There is no specific treatment for Coxsackievirus infections, and most people recover on their own within a week or two. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and pain relief. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

Foot diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the foot, including its structures such as the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These conditions can cause symptoms like pain, swelling, numbness, difficulty walking, and skin changes. Examples of foot diseases include:

1. Plantar fasciitis: inflammation of the band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes.
2. Bunions: a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe.
3. Hammertoe: a deformity in which the toe is bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
4. Diabetic foot: a group of conditions that can occur in people with diabetes, including nerve damage, poor circulation, and increased risk of infection.
5. Athlete's foot: a fungal infection that affects the skin between the toes and on the soles of the feet.
6. Ingrown toenails: a condition where the corner or side of a toenail grows into the flesh of the toe.
7. Gout: a type of arthritis that causes sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in the joints, often starting with the big toe.
8. Foot ulcers: open sores or wounds that can occur on the feet, especially in people with diabetes or poor circulation.
9. Morton's neuroma: a thickening of the tissue around a nerve between the toes, causing pain and numbness.
10. Osteoarthritis: wear and tear of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Foot diseases can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and some may be prevented or managed with proper foot care, hygiene, and appropriate medical treatment.

The term "diabetic foot" refers to a condition that affects the feet of people with diabetes, particularly when the disease is not well-controlled. It is characterized by a combination of nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation (peripheral artery disease) in the feet and lower legs.

Neuropathy can cause numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet, making it difficult for people with diabetes to feel injuries, cuts, blisters, or other foot problems. Poor circulation makes it harder for wounds to heal and increases the risk of infection.

Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetic neuropathy and can lead to serious infections, hospitalization, and even amputation if not treated promptly and effectively. Preventive care, including regular foot exams, proper footwear, and good blood glucose control, is essential for people with diabetes to prevent or manage diabetic foot problems.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

"Eleusine" is the genus name for a group of plants that includes several species of grasses, some of which are known as "goosegrass." It does not have a specific medical definition, but certain species of Eleusine may have medicinal or therapeutic uses. For example, in traditional medicine, the leaves and seeds of some Eleusine species have been used to treat various conditions such as diarrhea, dysentery, and skin diseases. However, it is important to note that these uses have not been extensively studied or proven in clinical trials, so they should not be considered medical facts. Always consult with a healthcare provider for medical advice.

Nail diseases, also known as onychopathies, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the nail unit, which includes the nail plate, nail bed, lunula, and surrounding skin (nail fold). These diseases can be caused by various factors such as fungal infections, bacterial infections, viral infections, systemic diseases, trauma, and neoplasms.

Some common examples of nail diseases include:

1. Onychomycosis - a fungal infection that affects the nail plate and bed, causing discoloration, thickening, and crumbling of the nail.
2. Paronychia - an infection or inflammation of the nail fold, caused by bacteria or fungi, resulting in redness, swelling, and pain.
3. Ingrown toenails - a condition where the nail plate grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, redness, and infection.
4. Onycholysis - a separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, often caused by trauma or underlying medical conditions.
5. Psoriasis - a systemic disease that can affect the nails, causing pitting, ridging, discoloration, and onycholysis.
6. Lichen planus - an inflammatory condition that can affect the skin and nails, causing nail thinning, ridging, and loss.
7. Melanonychia - a darkening of the nail plate due to pigmentation, which can be benign or malignant.
8. Brittle nails - a condition characterized by weak, thin, and fragile nails that easily break or split.
9. Subungual hematoma - a collection of blood under the nail plate, often caused by trauma, resulting in discoloration and pain.
10. Tumors - abnormal growths that can develop in or around the nail unit, ranging from benign to malignant.

Accurate diagnosis and treatment of nail diseases require a thorough examination and sometimes laboratory tests, such as fungal cultures or skin biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include topical or oral medications, surgical intervention, or lifestyle modifications.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

Acquired foot deformities refer to structural abnormalities of the foot that develop after birth, as opposed to congenital foot deformities which are present at birth. These deformities can result from various factors such as trauma, injury, infection, neurological conditions, or complications from a medical condition like diabetes or arthritis.

Examples of acquired foot deformities include:

1. Hammertoe - A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Claw toe - A more severe form of hammertoe where the toe also curls under, forming a claw-like shape.
3. Mallet toe - A condition where the end joint of a toe is bent downward, causing it to resemble a mallet.
4. Bunions - A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the big toe joint, often causing pain and difficulty wearing shoes.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette) - A similar condition to a bunion, but it occurs on the outside of the foot near the little toe joint.
6. Charcot foot - A severe deformity that can occur in people with diabetes or other neurological conditions, characterized by the collapse and dislocation of joints in the foot.
7. Cavus foot - A condition where the arch of the foot is excessively high, causing instability and increasing the risk of ankle injuries.
8. Flatfoot (pes planus) - A deformity where the arch of the foot collapses, leading to pain and difficulty walking.
9. Pronation deformities - Abnormal rotation or tilting of the foot, often causing instability and increasing the risk of injury.

Treatment for acquired foot deformities varies depending on the severity and underlying cause but may include orthotics, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

Capsid proteins are the structural proteins that make up the capsid, which is the protective shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the viral genome and helps to protect it from degradation and detection by the host's immune system. Capsid proteins are typically arranged in a symmetrical pattern and can self-assemble into the capsid structure when exposed to the viral genome.

The specific arrangement and composition of capsid proteins vary between different types of viruses, and they play important roles in the virus's life cycle, including recognition and binding to host cells, entry into the cell, and release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Capsid proteins can also serve as targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.

A foot ulcer is a wound or sore on the foot that occurs most commonly in people with diabetes, but can also affect other individuals with poor circulation or nerve damage. These ulcers can be challenging to heal and are prone to infection, making it essential for individuals with foot ulcers to seek medical attention promptly.

Foot ulcers typically develop due to prolonged pressure on bony prominences of the foot, leading to breakdown of the skin and underlying tissues. The development of foot ulcers can be attributed to several factors, including:

1. Neuropathy (nerve damage): This condition causes a loss of sensation in the feet, making it difficult for individuals to feel pain or discomfort associated with pressure points, leading to the formation of ulcers.
2. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Reduced blood flow to the lower extremities can impair wound healing and make the body more susceptible to infection.
3. Deformities: Structural foot abnormalities, such as bunions or hammertoes, can cause increased pressure on specific areas of the foot, increasing the risk of ulcer formation.
4. Poorly fitting shoes: Shoes that are too tight, narrow, or ill-fitting can create friction and pressure points, contributing to the development of foot ulcers.
5. Trauma: Injuries or trauma to the feet can lead to the formation of ulcers, particularly in individuals with neuropathy who may not feel the initial pain associated with the injury.
6. Foot care neglect: Failure to inspect and care for the feet regularly can result in undetected wounds or sores that progress into ulcers.

Foot ulcers are classified based on their depth, severity, and extent of tissue involvement. Proper assessment, treatment, and prevention strategies are crucial in managing foot ulcers and minimizing the risk of complications such as infection, gangrene, and amputation.

Foot injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the various structures of the foot, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These injuries can result from various causes such as accidents, sports activities, falls, or repetitive stress. Common types of foot injuries include fractures, sprains, strains, contusions, dislocations, and overuse injuries like plantar fasciitis or Achilles tendonitis. Symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the injury but often include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty walking, and reduced range of motion. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal healing and prevent long-term complications.

I apologize for any confusion, but "livestock" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is an agricultural term that refers to animals that are kept or raised on a farm or ranch for commercial purposes, such as the production of food, fiber, or labor. Examples of livestock include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, and horses. I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help.

Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by rapid, involuntary, and chaotic eye movements (opsoclonus) and brief, shock-like jerks of the muscles (myoclonus). These symptoms can affect various parts of the body, including the limbs, trunk, and face. OMS is often associated with a variety of underlying causes, such as viral infections, tumors, or autoimmune disorders. In some cases, no specific cause can be identified, and this is referred to as idiopathic OMS.

The symptoms of OMS can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning and quality of life. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications to manage the symptoms and address any underlying causes. The prognosis for individuals with OMS varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. Some people may experience significant improvement in their symptoms, while others may have persistent neurological impairments.

Foot deformities refer to abnormal changes in the structure and/or alignment of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, or tendons in the foot, leading to a deviation from the normal shape and function of the foot. These deformities can occur in various parts of the foot, such as the toes, arch, heel, or ankle, and can result in pain, difficulty walking, and reduced mobility. Some common examples of foot deformities include:

1. Hammertoes: A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Mallet toes: A condition where the end joint of the toe is bent downward, creating a mallet-like shape.
3. Claw toes: A combination of both hammertoes and mallet toes, causing all three joints in the toe to bend abnormally.
4. Bunions: A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the base of the big toe, caused by the misalignment of the big toe joint.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette): A similar condition to a bunion but occurring on the outside of the foot, at the base of the little toe.
6. Flat feet (pes planus): A condition where the arch of the foot collapses, causing the entire sole of the foot to come into contact with the ground when standing or walking.
7. High arches (pes cavus): An excessively high arch that doesn't provide enough shock absorption and can lead to pain and instability.
8. Cavus foot: A condition characterized by a very high arch and tight heel cord, often leading to an imbalance in the foot structure and increased risk of ankle injuries.
9. Haglund's deformity: A bony enlargement on the back of the heel, which can cause pain and irritation when wearing shoes.
10. Charcot foot: A severe deformity that occurs due to nerve damage in the foot, leading to weakened bones, joint dislocations, and foot collapse.

Foot deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life) due to various factors such as injury, illness, poor footwear, or abnormal biomechanics. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and management are essential for maintaining foot health and preventing further complications.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

'Foot bones,' also known as the tarsal and metatarsal bones, are the 26 bones that make up the foot in humans. The foot is divided into three parts: the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot.

The hindfoot contains two bones: the talus, which connects to the leg bone (tibia), and the calcaneus (heel bone). These bones form the ankle joint and heel.

The midfoot is made up of five irregularly shaped bones called the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones. These bones help form the arch of the foot and connect the hindfoot to the forefoot.

The forefoot contains the metatarsals (five long bones) and the phalanges (14 small bones). The metatarsals connect the midfoot to the toes, while the phalanges make up the toes themselves.

These bones work together to provide stability, support, and movement for the foot, allowing us to walk, run, and jump.

Aseptic meningitis is a type of meningitis (inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) that is not caused by bacterial infection. Instead, it can be due to viral infections, fungal infections, or non-infectious causes such as certain medications, chemical irritants, or underlying medical conditions. In aseptic meningitis, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may show increased white blood cells, typically lymphocytes, but no bacterial growth on culture. Common viral causes include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antiviral medications, or immunosuppressive therapy in some cases.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Mouth diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the oral cavity, including the lips, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, and lining of the mouth. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms. They can also result from injuries, chronic illnesses, or genetic factors.

Some common examples of mouth diseases include dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), oral herpes, candidiasis (thrush), lichen planus, and oral cancer. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, bad breath, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and changes in the appearance of the mouth or teeth. Treatment depends on the specific diagnosis and may involve medications, dental procedures, or lifestyle changes.

"Foot joints" is a general term that refers to the various articulations or connections between the bones in the foot. There are several joints in the foot, including:

1. The ankle joint (tibiotalar joint): This is the joint between the tibia and fibula bones of the lower leg and the talus bone of the foot.
2. The subtalar joint (talocalcaneal joint): This is the joint between the talus bone and the calcaneus (heel) bone.
3. The calcaneocuboid joint: This is the joint between the calcaneus bone and the cuboid bone, which is one of the bones in the midfoot.
4. The tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc joint): These are the joints that connect the tarsal bones in the midfoot to the metatarsal bones in the forefoot.
5. The metatarsophalangeal joints: These are the joints between the metatarsal bones and the phalanges (toes) in the forefoot.
6. The interphalangeal joints: These are the joints between the phalanges within each toe.

Each of these foot joints plays a specific role in supporting the foot, absorbing shock, and allowing for movement and flexibility during walking and other activities.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Congenital foot deformities refer to abnormal structural changes in the foot that are present at birth. These deformities can vary from mild to severe and may affect the shape, position, or function of one or both feet. Common examples include clubfoot (talipes equinovarus), congenital vertical talus, and cavus foot. Congenital foot deformities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences during fetal development, or a combination of both. Treatment options may include stretching, casting, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and type of the deformity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malaysia" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Southeast Asia, consisting of thirteen states and three federal territories. If you have any questions about Malaysia's geography, culture, or people, I would be happy to try to help answer those! However, if you have a question related to medicine or healthcare, please provide more details so I can give you an accurate and helpful response.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Singapore" is not a medical term or concept. It is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Neutralizing antibodies are a type of antibody that defends against pathogens such as viruses or bacteria by neutralizing their ability to infect cells. They do this by binding to specific regions on the surface proteins of the pathogen, preventing it from attaching to and entering host cells. This renders the pathogen ineffective and helps to prevent or reduce the severity of infection. Neutralizing antibodies can be produced naturally in response to an infection or vaccination, or they can be generated artificially for therapeutic purposes.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

The term "mouth floor" is not a standard medical terminology. However, it might refer to the floor of the mouth, which is the part of the oral cavity located beneath the tongue and above the hyoid bone, which is a U-shaped bone in the front of the neck that helps support the tongue. The mouth floor contains several salivary glands, muscles, and nerves that are important for functions such as swallowing and speaking.

A pressure ulcer, also known as a pressure injury or bedsore, is defined by the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) as "localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device." The damage can be caused by intense and/or prolonged pressure or shear forces, or a combination of both. Pressure ulcers are staged based on their severity, ranging from an initial reddening of the skin (Stage 1) to full-thickness tissue loss that extends down to muscle and bone (Stage 4). Unstageable pressure ulcers are those in which the base of the wound is covered by yellow, tan, green or brown tissue and the extent of tissue damage is not visible. Suspected deep tissue injury (Suspected DTI) describes intact skin or non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence due to pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Minnesota" is not a medical term or concept. It is a state located in the Midwestern United States, known for its cold winters, beautiful lakes, and friendly people. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help!

... vocals Foot in Mouth Disease at AllMusic Miccio, Anthony. "Gob Foot in Mouth Disease". Blender. Archived from the original on ... Foot In Mouth Disease is the fourth studio album by Canadian punk rock band Gob, released on April 1, 2003 in Canada by ... "Cold Feet" - 2:48 "Everybody's Getting Hooked Up" - 3:23 "My New Favorite Shoplifter" - 3:00 "Heavy Metal Shuffle" (Kick Axe ...
... (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease (HMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects ... Foot-and-mouth outbreaks, Animal viral diseases, Bovine diseases, Sheep and goat diseases, Infectious diseases with eradication ... Viruses portal Animal virology Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) Swine vesicular disease (SVD) Blain, an archaic disease of ... "Foot and Mouth Disease". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2007-08-14. Jeffery, Simon (2001-11-23). "Foot and mouth 'killed ...
"Treat Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease". CDC. February 2, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021. "Hand Foot and Mouth Disease". CDC. ... "Mysterious deadly illness in Cambodian children tied to hand, foot and mouth disease". Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. World ... Media related to Hand, foot and mouth disease at Wikimedia Commons Highly contagious Hand, foot and mouth disease killing ... HFMD should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease (also known as hoof-and-mouth disease), which mostly affects livestock ...
... (FMDV) is the pathogen that causes foot-and-mouth disease. It is a picornavirus, the prototypical ... Foot-and-mouth disease virus occurs in seven major serotypes: O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1. These serotypes show ... The disease, which causes vesicles (blisters) in the mouth and feet of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed ... May 2005). "Comparative Genomics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus". J. Virol. 79 (10): 6487-504. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.10.6487- ...
Kosti Rezovo Gramatikovo Granichar Kirovo 2011 Bulgaria foot-and-mouth disease outbreak is an outbreak of foot-and-mouth ... A necropsy revealed foot-and mouth disease. Following this, 37 infected animals were discovered in the village of Kosti, and ... "Press release - Foot and Mouth Disease: Commission adopts urgent protection measures after case in wild boar in Bulgaria". ... Jamal, SM; Belsham, GJ (5 December 2013). "Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future". Veterinary Research. 44: 116. doi ...
The 1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak was a major outbreak of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom. The only ... It provided recommendations to keep the disease out of the country and plans for fighting the foot-and-mouth disease. Origins ... 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth crisis 2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak Brown, Paul (14 March 2001). "Crisis now ... "Foot and Mouth disease - FMD". EDEN. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2009. Bowden, Hilary (21 ...
Website Foot and mouth disease 2007: a review and lessons learned News updates on the 2007 UK Foot-and-mouth disease outbreak ... 1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth crisis 2010 Japan foot-and-mouth outbreak " ... The Institute of Animal Health at Pirbright carried out research into foot-and-mouth disease as well as other diseases ... and-mouth outbreak occurred when the discharge of infectious effluent from a laboratory in Surrey led to foot-and-mouth disease ...
2010 disease outbreaks, 2011 disease outbreaks, Lee Myung-bak Government, Foot-and-mouth outbreaks, Disease outbreaks in South ... "FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE - SOUTH KOREA (23): SPREAD, VACCINATION". International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2010-12-27. (CS1 ... Andong A serious outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease occurred in South Korea in 2010-2011, leading to the culling of hundreds of ... More than 100 cases of foot-and-mouth disease have been confirmed in the country so far, and South Korean officials have ...
消毒ポイント】日向ほか "Gov't to compensate farmers for losses due to foot-and-mouth disease(政府は農家に口蹄疫による損失を補償する)". MAINICHI DAIRY NEWS. ... Sugiura, K; Ogura, H; Ito, K; Ishikawa, K; Hoshino, K; Sakamoto, K (December 2001). "Eradication of foot and mouth disease in ... On August 26, Miyazaki governor Higashikokubaru announced that the Foot-Mouth disease was eradicated. It took lives of about ... "Molecular epidemiology reports: Japan". FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease
"Hoof and Mouth Disease". "Foot & Mouth Disease general information summary" (PDF). "Foot-and-Mouth Disease Fact Sheet" (PDF). ... High-impact animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease or African swine fevers may not directly affect human health, but ... Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hooved animals, such as cattle, sheep ... "Cattle Disease Guide Foot-and-Mouth". John F. Timoney, MVB, PhD, Desc, MRCVS, Keeneland Chair of Infectious Diseases, Gluck ...
Partial crystal structures for VPgs of foot and mouth disease virus and coxsackie virus B3 suggest that there may be two sites ... The first animal virus discovered (1897) was the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). It is the prototypic member of the genus ... Martinez-Salas E, Saiz M, Sobrino F (2008). "Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus". In Mettenleiter TC, Sobrino F (eds.). Animal ... an animal pathogen causing foot-and-mouth disease.[citation needed] In this group, primer-dependent RNA synthesis uses a small ...
Perry, B.D. and Rich, K (2007). The poverty impacts of foot and mouth disease and the poverty reduction implications of its ... Perry, B.D. and Sones, K.R. (Editors) (2007). Global Roadmap for Improving the Tools to Control Foot-and-Mouth Disease in ... Perry, B.D., Gleeson, L.J., Khounsey, S., Bounema, P., Blacksell, S. (2002). The dynamics and impact of foot and mouth disease ... "Foot and Mouth Disease Project". "AgResults.org - $30 Million Brucellosis Vaccine Prize". Archived from the original on 16 ...
Foot-and Mouth Disease outbreaks. DEFRA Foot and Mouth Disease. SAFE AIR II (Italy) - The simulation of air pollution from ...
The anti-livestock pathogens included: rinderpest virus; foot-and-mouth disease virus; Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent ... one focusing on plant diseases and the other on diseases associated with agricultural animals. Despite having signed the 1972 ... and rust diseases of wheat and other small grain crops. There is no reliable information at all with regard to which delivery ...
He declared a state of emergency in Miyazaki during a major outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in May 2010. He decided not to ... "Foot-and-mouth disease hits Japan". AP. Retrieved 20 December 2013. Ishihara easily wins reelection / Tokyo governor takes 4th ...
Rodriguez LL, Grubman MJ (November 2009). "Foot and mouth disease virus vaccines". Vaccine. 27 (Suppl 4): D90-4. doi:10.1016/j. ... "Disease resistant crops". GMO Compass. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Demont M, Tollens E (2004). "First impact of ... In 2015 a virus was used to insert a healthy gene into the skin cells of a boy suffering from a rare skin disease, ... By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases. As ...
... and Foot-and-mouth Disease (1952). In 1949 Gowers was appointed chairman of the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1949-53 ... He became chairman of the board of the hospital where his father had worked, the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases (now ...
... es infect split-hooved animals, and include the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, Foot-and-mouth disease ... Foot-and-Mouth Disease summary from the US Department of Agriculture. Aphthovirus Animal viruses Viralzone: Aphtovirus ICTV ( ... 2008). "Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. " ... Aphthoviruses include the causative agents of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which primarily affects livestock such as cattle, ...
Komarov, A.; Goldsmit, L. (1958). "Avianized modified foot-and-mouth disease". Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel. 7E: ... Haifa and produced one of the most successful Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines; Prof. Meir Yoeli (1912-1975) - a biologist who ... He was active in programs to promote the local olive oil industry and treat livestock diseases. In 1930, he organized the first ... The unit collected data regarding the prevalence of the disease, types and breeding places of the mosquitoes and in parallel ...
... foot, and mouth disease. Both group A and group B coxsackieviruses can cause nonspecific febrile illnesses, rashes, upper ... foot, and mouth disease outbreaks". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 30 (8): 675-9. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182116e95. PMID 21326133. S2CID ... Interferon has since become prominent in the treatment of a variety of cancers and infectious diseases. In 2007, an outbreak of ... Bornholm disease), and were subdivided into groups A and B based on their pathology in newborn mice. (Coxsackie A virus causes ...
... foot, and mouth disease in children. It was first isolated and characterized from cases of neurological disease in California ... "WPRO , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD)". Wpro.who.int. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2012-07-28. " ... Of the placebo group, there were 30 cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) reported, and 41 cases of any EV71-associated ... Vietnam recorded 63,780 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in the first seven months of 2012. According to Tran Minh Dien, ...
Congress: 105-138 Foot and mouth disease. "Prof A. E. Mettam". The Veterinary Record. 30 (1534): 219. 1 December 1917. Bradley ...
Capel-Edwards, Maureen (1967). "Foot-and-mouth disease in Myocastor coypus". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 77 (2): 217-221 ... They can carry several zoonotic diseases (diseases transmitted from animals to humans). They are reservoirs for salmonellosis, ... Other zoonotic disease of concern they are host reservoirs for are mycobacterium tuberculosis, septicemia, toxoplasmosis, and ... Nutria are considered a global alien species and have potential to spread disease to livestock and humans. Nutria are found on ...
Councillor Reg Hansell... "Press release: Foot and Mouth Disease" (PDF). Dover District Council. 27 March 2001. Retrieved 27 ...
Boren, Cindy (August 1, 2018). "Hand, foot and mouth disease strikes again. This time, the Yankees' J. A. Happ is ailing". The ... One week later, Syndergaard was briefly sidelined again after contracting hand, foot, and mouth disease from volunteering at a ... Axson, Scooby (July 22, 2018). "Mets Place Noah Syndergaard On DL With Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease". Sports Illustrated. ... Kernan, Kevin (August 13, 2015). "How Noah Syndergaard is helping as his brave mom battles disease". New York Post. Archived ...
Rich, Alan (January 21, 1974). "The Foot-in-Mouth Disease in Music". New York: 55. Retrieved June 28, 2012. Whitney, Craig R. ( ... He was greatly debilitated and in considerable pain from the disease when he gave his final performance on September 26, 1980, ...
Foot-and-mouth disease broke out in 1937. The animal population was decimated like never before seen in Zoo Basel's history and ... Australian brush-turkey Bali myna Bar-headed goose Bay-headed tanager Black swan Black-cheeked lovebird Black-footed penguin ...
Foot-In-Mouth Disease?", New York Daily News, December 18, 2010; retrieved January 15, 2017. Zremski, Jerry, "Bellavia attacks ...
Another zoonotic disease linked to the rat is foot-and-mouth disease. Rats become sexually mature at age 6 weeks, but reach ... Capel-Edwards, Maureen (October 1970). "Foot-and-mouth disease in the brown rat". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 80 (4): 543 ... "CDC - Diseases directly transmitted by rodents - Rodents". Centers for Disease Control. 2011-06-07. Archived from the original ... Still, the Centers for Disease Control does list nearly a dozen diseases directly linked to rats. Most urban areas battle rat ...
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), is a common, often self-limiting viral illness which typically affects infants and ... Saguil A, Kane SF, Lauters R, Mercado MG (October 2019). "Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review". American Family ... Esposito S, Principi N (March 2018). "Hand, foot and mouth disease: current knowledge on clinical manifestations, epidemiology ... It is characterized by low grade fever and maculopapular rash on palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and around mouth. It is ...
... vocals Foot in Mouth Disease at AllMusic Miccio, Anthony. "Gob Foot in Mouth Disease". Blender. Archived from the original on ... Foot In Mouth Disease is the fourth studio album by Canadian punk rock band Gob, released on April 1, 2003 in Canada by ... "Cold Feet" - 2:48 "Everybodys Getting Hooked Up" - 3:23 "My New Favorite Shoplifter" - 3:00 "Heavy Metal Shuffle" (Kick Axe ...
A new livestock and animal health project helps vaccinate cattle against Foot and Mouth Disease and other diseases that can ... A new livestock and animal health project helps vaccinate cattle against Foot and Mouth Disease and other diseases that can ... herds are especially at risk for contracting Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). ... Other areas include Nakonde and Mbala which do not border a national park, but are vaccinated due to the threat of disease ...
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious disease that mainly affects young children in the Asia-Pacific region. ... Hand, foot and mouth disease afflicting children hyped up as tomato flu Leading clinicians and medical researchers in India ... Europe has faced its fair share of animal health crises, like the outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease, Avian influenza in the ... Researchers identify a potential drug candidate for hand, foot and mouth disease A study appearing next week in the journal ...
A final study will estimate the economic burden of the hand, foot and mouth disease and how this disease depending on its ... HomeThe Institut PasteurThe Institut Pasteur throughout the worldInternational research programsHand-Foot-Mouth disease ... The infection called "hand-foot-mouth" (HFMD) is a viral disease that mainly affects children under 5 years. It is transmitted ... The infection called "hand-foot-mouth" (HFMD) is a viral disease that mainly affects children under 5 years. It is transmitted ...
... and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands ... What Is Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFM)?. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes ... Can Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFM) Be Prevented?. To prevent the spread of HFM, keep kids home from school and childcare ... What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease?. The blisters caused by HFM are red with a small bubble of ...
... and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands ... What Is Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFM)?. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes ... Can Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFM) Be Prevented?. To prevent the spread of HFM, keep kids home from school and childcare ... What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease?. The blisters caused by HFM are red with a small bubble of ...
Foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa moves over short distances, wild buffalo are a problem Peer-Reviewed Publication ... Foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa moves over short distances, wild buffalo are a problem. American Society for ... Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is devastating to livestock all over the world, but its a particular problem in Africa, where ... New research shows that in sub-Saharan Africa the virus responsible for foot and mouth disease (FMD) moves over relatively ...
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. download pdf What is hand, foot, and mouth disease?. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a ... HFMD is one of many infections that cause mouth sores. Healthcare providers determine whether the mouth sores are caused by ... The rash is usually on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but might also appear on the knees, elbows, buttocks or ... How long is a person able to spread the disease?. Infected persons are most contagious during the first week of illness. The ...
Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral infection that most often begins in the throat. ... Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral infection that most often begins in the throat. ... Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral infection that most often begins in the throat. ... Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is most commonly caused by a virus called coxsackievirus A16. ...
... , Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease, Coxsackie Virus A. ... Hand Foot and Mouth Disease. Hand Foot and Mouth Disease Aka: Hand Foot and Mouth Disease, Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease, Coxsackie ... These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Hand Foot and Mouth Disease." Click on the image (or right ... Not seen with Herpangina or Hand Foot and Mouth Disease in past ... Search other sites for Hand Foot and Mouth Disease NLM Pubmed ...
It is marked by sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. ... Different from foot-and-mouth disease. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease isnt related to foot-and-mouth disease (sometimes called ... Hand-foot-and-mouth disease on the foot. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease often causes a rash of painful, blister-like lesions on ... Hand-foot-and-mouth disease on the hand. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease often causes a rash of painful, blister-like lesions on ...
Learn about how dermatologists identify the signs and symptoms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Hand-foot-and-mouth disease." Last updated December 22, 2017. Last accessed ... A child with hand-foot-and-mouth disease can often develop reddish spots on the soles of feet and palms of hands, which quickly ... When a child gets hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), most signs and symptoms clear within 7 to 10 days. Heres what you may ...
... feet, and mouth. Learn more from Boston Childrens Hospital. ... Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral illness that affects ... Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease , Symptoms & Causes. What causes hand-foot-mouth disease?. Hand-foot-mouth disease is most often caused ... Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease , Diagnosis & Treatments. How does a doctor diagnose hand-foot-mouth disease?. The rash of hand-foot- ... What is hand-foot-mouth disease?. Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral illness that affects infants and children, often ...
Hand, foot and mouth disease. Available from: www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/surveillance/archives/hand-foot-and-mouth- ... Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease. CDC Yellow Book 2024. Travel-Associated Infections & Diseases ... Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is caused by nonpolio enteroviruses, a genus of the Picornaviridae family of nonenveloped ... Chang Y-K, Chen K-H, Chen K-T. Hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina caused by EVA71 infections: a review of EVA71 ...
... is an acute viral illness that presents as a vesicular eruption in the mouth. HFMD can also involve the hands, feet, buttocks, ... encoded search term (Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD)) and Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD) What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute viral illness that presents as a vesicular eruption in the mouth, but it can ... Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute viral illness first evident as a vesicular eruption in the mouth. HFMD can also ...
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral illness with a distinct clinical presentation of oral and characteristic distal ... Dermatologic Manifestations of Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease) and Dermatologic Manifestations of Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease What ... Dermatologic Manifestations of Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease * Sections Dermatologic Manifestations of Hand-Foot-and-Mouth ... Drugs & Diseases , Dermatology Dermatologic Manifestations of Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Clinical Presentation. Updated: Mar ...
Hand, foot and mouth disease. * Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral infection that causes a rash or blisters on the ... Better Health Channel: Hand, foot and mouth disease. Common questions our doctors are asked. Is HFMD dangerous for pregnant ... Small, oval, white blisters on the palms, soles of the feet, as well as in the mouth. Your child may have a sore mouth and ... HFMD is not related to the foot and mouth disease that is found in animals. ...
Smiths Detection has announced of launching portable detection system to carry out on-site diagnosis of animal diseases such as ... Facts About Foot and Mouth Disease. Foot and mouth, which was confirmed on a British farm Friday, is a highly contagious viral ... Portable Diagnostic System for Bird Flu, Foot and Mouth Disease to Be Launched Personalised Printable Document (PDF). Please ... Portable Diagnostic System for Bird Flu, Foot and Mouth Disease to Be Launched. ...
This is normal precautionary practice for disease control purposes in outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease.. Foot and mouth ... UK: Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak in Essex. Attached is the full copy of a statement by Baroness Hayman, Minister of State at ... Foot and Mouth Disease is highly virulent in pigs, cattle, sheep and other ungulates, spreading rapidly by contact between ... I am advised by the Department of Health that although human infection of Foot and Mouth Disease has been reported, cases are ...
... foot and mouth disease, keep them at home if they are unwell or have blisters. Make sure your child doesnt go to childcare or ... foot and mouth disease.. What should I do if Im pregnant and Im exposed to hand, foot and mouth disease?. Hand, foot and ... foot and mouth disease is a common viral illness in children.. Human hand, foot and mouth disease is not related to foot and ... How does hand, foot and mouth disease spread?. Hand, foot and mouth disease spreads easily between people - it is very easy to ...
Footpaths and bridleways in the area surrounding a farm where cattle infected with foot and mouth disease were located will be ... Footpaths and bridleways in the area surrounding a farm where cattle infected with foot and mouth disease were located will be ... PrevPreviousFoot and Mouth Disease Confirmed on Second U.K. Site, International Movement of Racehorses Affected ... Subscribe to our Horse Health enewsletter and receive the latest on horse health care, disease, and the latest research.. ...
Increase in spread of hand, foot and mouth disease among children: Pediatrician Sri Lanka Daily Mirror08:47 23-Nov-23 ... Doctors Grim Shopping Trolley Warning After Mum Catches Hand, Foot And Mouth Disease HuffPost (UK)10:24 29-Nov-23 ... Provinces and cities urged to strengthen measures against hand-foot-mouth disease Viet Nam News00:46 6-Dec-23 ... Mumps, measles and hand, foot and mouth disease The Hippocratic Post21:53 28-Nov-23 ...
What is Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease?. Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a type of viral infection, explains Sarah Kohl, MD, a ... Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Prevention. No matter how hygiene-focused you are, hand, foot, and mouth disease can be tough to ... What Causes Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease?. Hand, foot, and mouth disease is typically caused by the Coxsackie virus-usually, ... Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Treatment. "While theres no medical cure or treatment for hand, foot, and mouth disease, your ...
a href=http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=1442,Foot & Mouth here,/a, ... Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease (HFMD) *Do not take medical advice from the internet. If you have any medical questions please ... Redirect: 唑屲市夦释儿竪愢柑扎趵句痀 Tangshan City, a large number of children infected with hand, foot and mouth disease by Treyfish ... Emerging Diseases, & Other Health Threats - Alphabetical A thru H * ...
Scientists at the USDA Agricultural Research Service are using infra-red technology to identify cattle infected with foot and ... mouth disease (FMD) virus. The same group has developed the worlds first molecular-based FMD vaccine, which has been effective ... Foot and Mouth Disease: Novel Technologies Improve Detection and Control Scientists at the USDA Agricultural Research Service ... Infrared image of a cow not infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (above). Note that the hooves are not red. Red colour in ...
... foot and mouth (at least, thats what the doctor and I think it is) but he is soooooo poorly. He just wont stop crying all... ... Seems like hand, foot and mouth. His mouth is still so sore. Day 4 of just eating milk through a syringe. Day 5 of temperature ... My 1-year-old has hand, foot and mouth (at least, thats what the doctor and I think it is) but he is soooooo poorly. He just ... He doesnt have many on his hands and feet. Lots of little ones around mouth and chest. He hasnt had much of a temperature ( ...
... is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and has not occurred in Australia. ... What is Foot and Mouth Disease?. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed ... Foot and Mouth Disease. Stock Sense » Resources and Factsheets » Foot and Mouth Disease ... Sores and blisters develop on the mouth, tongue and/or feet (this is less prominent in sheep). ...
While Australia is on high alert over foot-and-mouth disease, experts are sounding the alarm about another livestock virus ... Lumpy skin disease is going to be a lot harder to hold out than foot-and-mouth disease, foot baths and airports arent going to ... Lumpy skin disease could reach Australia before foot and mouth disease, with fears the threat is going unnoticed. Landline ... Lumpy skin disease could reach Australia before foot and mouth disease, with fears the threat is going unnoticed ...
53. The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Order, 1950 ( S.I. No. 79 of 1950 ), and the Foot and Mouth Disease Order, 1950 (Amendment) ... This Order which replaces the Foot and Mouth Disease Order, 1950, and the Foot and Mouth Disease Order, 1950 (Amendment) Order ... said premises are hereby declared to be a foot-and-mouth disease infected place for the purposes of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease ... inspector is of opinion that foot-and-mouth disease exists or has reasonable grounds for suspecting that foot-and-mouth disease ...
... foot and mouth? What should you do if they have it - and how is it treated? We get expert advice from Dr Philippa Kaye ... Hand, foot and mouth disease: signs and symptoms. What is hand, foot and mouth? How does it spread? What are the symptoms? And ... What is hand, foot and mouth?. Hand, foot and mouth disease is a mild, contagious virus that is really common in young children ... Hand, foot and mouth is generally caused by a Coxsackie virus. It is totally different from the foot and mouth disease that ...
  • Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious disease that mainly affects young children in the Asia-Pacific region. (news-medical.net)
  • A new study published in January 2020 in the journal Scientific Reports reports the presence of a new lineage of enterovirus responsible for the hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). (news-medical.net)
  • The infection called "hand-foot-mouth" (HFMD) is a viral disease that mainly affects children under 5 years. (pasteur.fr)
  • Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a rash illness caused by viruses that belong to the Enterovirus genus (group). (virginia.gov)
  • HFMD is spread from person to person by direct contact with the viruses that cause this disease. (virginia.gov)
  • HFMD is one of many infections that cause mouth sores. (virginia.gov)
  • Healthcare providers determine whether the mouth sores are caused by HFMD by considering the age of the patient, what other symptoms are reported, and what the mouth sores look like. (virginia.gov)
  • Visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at the CDC page on HFMD . (virginia.gov)
  • Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is most commonly caused by a virus called coxsackievirus A16. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When a child gets hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), most signs and symptoms clear within 7 to 10 days. (aad.org)
  • Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is caused by nonpolio enteroviruses, a genus of the Picornaviridae family of nonenveloped RNA viruses (e.g., coxsackievirus A6, coxsackievirus A16, enterovirus A71). (cdc.gov)
  • HFMD treatment mainly involves supportive care to treat symptoms of fever or pain caused by mouth sores, and to prevent dehydration, especially in young children. (cdc.gov)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute viral illness that presents as a vesicular eruption in the mouth, but it can also involve the hands, feet, buttocks, and/or genitalia. (medscape.com)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute viral illness first evident as a vesicular eruption in the mouth. (medscape.com)
  • Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral infection that causes a rash or blisters on the hands and feet, as well as in or around the mouth. (rch.org.au)
  • HFMD is not related to the foot and mouth disease that is found in animals. (rch.org.au)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is more severe in infants and children than adults, but generally, the disease has a mild course. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to note that HFMD is NOT related to foot and mouth disease of animals. (dermnetnz.org)
  • However, the clinical signs, including the unique morphology and distribution of grouped vesicles and papules was suggestive of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), although the patient did not have oral lesions and reported no contact with another person with HFMD. (cdc.gov)
  • The seasonal flu is losing momentum while cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease(HFMD) are on the rise. (kbs.co.kr)
  • Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has killed two babies and hospitalized another four in Heze City of east China's Shandong Province in March, local authorities said Wednesday. (flutrackers.com)
  • HFMD usually starts with a slight fever followed by blisters and ulcers in the mouth and rashes on the hands and feet. (flutrackers.com)
  • Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an illness caused by a group of viruses called enteroviruses. (wsbs.com)
  • Objectives: To evaluate the effect of the clean hands, happy life intervention on the incidence of hand, food and mouth disease (HFMD) and on school absences due to sickness in kindergarten students. (alliedacademies.org)
  • On 24 September 2022, the Regional Public Health Unit in Ilocos received a report of a cluster of suspected hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in one school in Balungao, Pangasinan Province, the Philippines. (who.int)
  • ECOMORE 2: understanding environmental impact on the emergence of infectious diseases in Southeast Asia. (pasteur.fr)
  • Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It employs a novel form of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a well established technique for the detection and analysis of infectious diseases. (medindia.net)
  • These viruses spread quite easily," says Jeffrey Kahn, MD, director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at Children's Medical Center in Dallas. (choc.org)
  • It is a very common virus, which we see every summer," Dr. Camille Sabella, director of the Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases at Cleveland Clinic Children's, tells NPR, noting that the virus "thrives more in warm, humid conditions. (wmot.org)
  • Those measures include working with doctors who specialize in infectious diseases to identify potential causes, while sharing best practices to contain the spread. (wmot.org)
  • The CHP monitors the overall activity of common infectious diseases through a series of surveillance systems. (gov.hk)
  • It can be hard for parents to tell if a child (especially a very young one) has HFM if sores are only inside the mouth or throat. (kidshealth.org)
  • It is transmitted by direct contact between infected children and is characterized by fever, mouth sores and blisters on the hands, feet and buttocks. (pasteur.fr)
  • One or two days after fever starts, painful sores usually develop in the mouth and a skin rash might appear. (virginia.gov)
  • Most children have a few painful mouth sores, which usually develop on the tongue. (aad.org)
  • Sores can also appear elsewhere in the mouth, including the roof of the mouth. (aad.org)
  • Mouth sores tend to begin as bright pink spots or tiny bumps, which turn into blisters. (aad.org)
  • Painful mouth sores may cause your child to stop drinking, which can lead to dehydration. (aad.org)
  • Symptoms include sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. (mayoclinic.org)
  • One or two days after the fever begins, painful sores may develop in the front of the mouth or throat. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Sores that develop in the back of the mouth and throat may suggest a related viral illness called herpangina. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In rare cases, sores develop on the hands, feet or other parts of the body. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Call your health care provider if your child is younger than six months, has a weakened immune system, or has mouth sores or a sore throat that makes it painful to drink fluids. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Sores and blisters develop on the mouth, tongue and/or feet (this is less prominent in sheep). (vff.org.au)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is an illness that causes sores or blisters in or on the mouth and on the hands, feet, and sometimes the buttocks and legs. (alberta.ca)
  • Then in a day or two, sores or blisters may appear in or on the mouth and on the hands, feet, and sometimes the buttocks. (alberta.ca)
  • A doctor can tell if your child has hand-foot-and-mouth disease by the symptoms you describe and by looking at the sores and blisters. (alberta.ca)
  • These foods can make mouth sores more painful. (alberta.ca)
  • It gets its name from tiny little sores or spots that usually develop first of all in the mouth, then spread to the hands and the soles of the feet. (skinhelp.co.uk)
  • Parents may notice the symptoms of the disease first when small white spots, almost resembling canker sores, appear in their child's mouth. (skinhelp.co.uk)
  • Your child may lose his appetite if he has many sores in his mouth, and some children have a sore throat and feel generally unwell. (skinhelp.co.uk)
  • Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common childhood illness that involves spots or sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet, which can be itchy and tender. (skinhelp.co.uk)
  • Children may become dehydrated if they are not able to swallow liquids due to painful mouth sores. (wsbs.com)
  • Symptoms include fever, painful mouth sores, and a rash. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The diagnosis is based on an examination of the mouth sores and rash. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This disease affects the skin and mucous membranes, causing painful sores to appear inside the mouth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A strain of coxsackievirus that causes atypical forms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease can cause the sores to appear on different parts of the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To diagnose hand-foot-and-mouth disease, doctors examine the sores. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is important to drink enough liquids to avoid dehydration, even if mouth sores are painful. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Europe has faced its fair share of animal health crises, like the outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease, Avian influenza in the Netherlands (2003), and African swine fever. (news-medical.net)
  • Outbreaks of the disease are more common in summer and early autumn in the United States. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Coxsackievirus A6 may have become the commonest enterovirus in seasonal outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children in France and Finland. (medscape.com)
  • Coxsackievirus A6 may have become the commonest enterovirus in seasonal outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children in parts of Europe. (medscape.com)
  • The device can be decontaminated at the location, a critical feature in the control of disease outbreaks. (medindia.net)
  • This is normal precautionary practice for disease control purposes in outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease. (just-food.com)
  • There are plans, such as the AUSVETPLAN, in place to manage emergency and exotic disease outbreaks. (vff.org.au)
  • The vaccine could prevent future outbreaks of the disease, and potentially lead to new treatments for polio and other human diseases. (vetscite.org)
  • Quarantine officials in protective suits enter a beef cattle farm in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province, central South Korea, on May 11, 2023, to cull cattle after outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) cases were confirmed there and at two other beef cattle farms in the region. (yna.co.kr)
  • To prevent an outbreak of FMD and other animal diseases in the country, the Department of Veterinary Services in the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL) has set up vaccination centers throughout the province. (worldbank.org)
  • Attached is the full copy of a statement by Baroness Hayman, Minister of State at MAFF, to the House of Lords today on the outbreak in Essex of foot and mouth disease. (just-food.com)
  • As those who remember 1967 will know, a widespread outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease can be extremely serious for the whole of the farming community. (just-food.com)
  • The United States has not had an outbreak of FMD since 1929 but there is no way to guarantee that this very contagious disease is gone forever - as the United Kingdom learned in 2001, when an outbreak of FMD ended a 34-year disease-free streak. (thepigsite.com)
  • The disease spreads rapidly and wreaks havoc on trade and transportation, so being prepared for an outbreak is a priority for the US government. (thepigsite.com)
  • In the event of an outbreak, this technology could facilitate rapid containment of the disease. (thepigsite.com)
  • Vaccination may be used by authorised people only to control an outbreak of the disease. (vff.org.au)
  • An outbreak of lumpy skin disease would cost Australia $7.4 billion in its first year. (abc.net.au)
  • It's really the forgotten disease that has been overshadowed by the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak,' she said. (abc.net.au)
  • The Scotsman reports that the Duchess of Hamilton, who the paper describes as "a high-profile animal welfare campaigner", has erected a 10-foot stone memorial to the animals killed during the 2001 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom. (carnell.com)
  • In 2001, an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom led to the destruction of nearly 10 million animals. (vetscite.org)
  • The rash is usually on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but might also appear on the knees, elbows, buttocks or genital area. (virginia.gov)
  • A rash on the hands and feet and sometimes on the buttocks may also appear. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Red spots may appear on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet and around the mouth, as well as on the knees, elbows, torso, buttocks and genital areas. (choc.org)
  • While the rash is usually on the hands, feet and mouth, "it can occur on the rest of the body, often on the buttocks,' says Dr Philippa. (madeformums.com)
  • The rash typically appears on the hands and feet, and occasionally on the arms, upper legs, buttocks, or genitals and less commonly on the torso and face. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This clearly recognizable syndrome is characterized by vesicular lesions on the mouth and an exanthem on the hands and feet (and buttocks) in association with fever. (medscape.com)
  • A suspected case was defined as any student or staff member with mouth ulcers and papulovesicular or maculopapular rash on the palms, fingers, soles of the feet or buttocks occurring from 1 September to 5 October 2022. (who.int)
  • According to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), FMD is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals and that can cause severe economic losses. (worldbank.org)
  • Foot and mouth, which was confirmed on a British farm Friday, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects all cloven-footed animals. (medindia.net)
  • Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals including: c attle, sheep, goats, pigs, camels, alpaca, llama and deer. (vff.org.au)
  • FMD is a highly contagious viral disease of livestock, causing fever, followed by the development of vesicles (blisters) chiefly in the mouth and on the feet. (spec.com.au)
  • One of the most economically important diseases is foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a severe, highly contagious viral disease that can cause illness in animals with divided hooves, such as cows, pigs, sheep, goats and deer, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (oklahomafarmreport.com)
  • Your child may have a sore mouth and throat, leading to poor appetite or risk of dehydration (drinking and eating can be painful because of the mouth blisters). (rch.org.au)
  • His mouth is still so sore. (mumsnet.com)
  • Cold drinks or ice lollies may ease a sore mouth,' says Dr Philippa. (madeformums.com)
  • Symptoms may begin with fever and sore throat, followed by mouth blisters and a rash on the hands and feet that can also blister. (wmot.org)
  • Children have a sore throat or mouth pain and may refuse to eat. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The soles of the feet and the palms of the hands may have a rash that can look like flat red spots or red blisters. (kidshealth.org)
  • A child with hand-foot-and-mouth disease can often develop reddish spots on the soles of feet and palms of hands, which quickly turn into bumps or blisters. (aad.org)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease often causes a rash of painful, blister-like lesions on the soles of the feet. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Blisters on the tops of the hands, feet and/or palms, and soles. (dermnetnz.org)
  • The teams will also test the efficacy and safety of two molecules (suramin and itraconazole) already used in other human diseases, to treat enteroviruses infections. (pasteur.fr)
  • See Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hepatitis C for information on these viral infections. (medscape.com)
  • Herpesviruses establish latent permanent infections in their hosts, although clinical signs of disease may not be detected. (medscape.com)
  • As of July 29, 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state and local public health partners are reporting 5,189 cases of Monkeypox virus infections in the United States across 47 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. (cdc.gov)
  • With cattle sharing watering holes with buffalo, particularly during the dry season, herds are especially at risk for contracting Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). (worldbank.org)
  • Hand-foot-mouth disease is often confused with foot-and-mouth disease , which affects cattle, sheep, and pigs. (childrenshospital.org)
  • STATEMENT BY BARONESS HAYMAN The Government's Chief Veterinary Officer last night confirmed the presence of Foot and Mouth Disease in pigs in an abattoir and in cattle on a neighbouring farm near Brentwood in Essex. (just-food.com)
  • Foot and Mouth Disease is highly virulent in pigs, cattle, sheep and other ungulates, spreading rapidly by contact between animals, transmission via people or transport, or through the air. (just-food.com)
  • Footpaths and bridleways in the area surrounding a farm where cattle infected with foot and mouth disease were located will be closed, the British Horse Society (BHS) announced earlier today. (thehorse.com)
  • Scientists at the USDA Agricultural Research Service are using infra-red technology to identify cattle infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. (thepigsite.com)
  • That is why scientists at the ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) at Orient Point, New York, are using the technology to identify cattle that may have been infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). (thepigsite.com)
  • Chemist Marvin Grubman and visiting scientist Fayna Diaz-San Segundo examine a plate used in a test to determine the correct amount of a new foot-and-mouth disease vaccine to administer to cattle. (thepigsite.com)
  • Foot temperatures rise in cattle infected with the FMD virus, resulting in a visible difference in IRT photographs. (thepigsite.com)
  • Australian cattle producers have been on high alert for the mosquito-spread disease since it was detected on the Indonesian island of Sumatra in March. (abc.net.au)
  • Lumpy skin disease is spread to cattle and buffalo via insects such as flies, mosquitoes and possibly ticks, and can spread at up to 28 kilometres a day. (abc.net.au)
  • Although this illness sounds like something more likely to affect pigs and cattle than humans, hand foot and mouth disease is actually a common childhood infection that will clear up on its own. (skinhelp.co.uk)
  • Right now, Australia's livestock and support sectors are working hard to prevent the possible incursion of Foot and Mouth Disease and/or Lumpy Skin Disease, with both diseases detected in Indonesian cattle," Vice President David Jochinke said. (nff.org.au)
  • A few years ago whole countries were in a state of panic because their cattle had a terrible disease called foot and mouth disease. (tidings.org)
  • Many cattle were slaughtered to try to prevent this disease from spreading. (tidings.org)
  • Authorities sent officials to the farm for quarantine and disinfection work to prevent the spread of the disease, and all the cattle being raised there will be culled, the ministry said. (yna.co.kr)
  • To prevent the spread of HFM, keep kids home from school and childcare while they have a fever or open blisters on the skin and in the mouth. (kidshealth.org)
  • FMD strikes cloven-hoofed animals, presenting as a high fever, blistering in the mouth and feet, decline in milk production in females, and weight loss. (eurekalert.org)
  • A mild fever also occasionally accompanies hand, foot and mouth disease, and if it gets quite high, you may want to visit the doctor. (skinhelp.co.uk)
  • that causes fever and a rash on the hands, feet, and mouth, most often in young children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A common symptom of hand-foot-and-mouth disease is fever. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Other types of enteroviruses also may cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by various enteroviruses and is usually spread by coming into contact with contaminated material or air droplets. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This disease can be caused by many different enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus, and is most common among young children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease often causes a rash of painful, blister-like lesions on the palms of the hands. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The lesions on the hands and feet are present for 5-10 days. (medscape.com)
  • Ulcers or white lesions also appear in the mouth,' says Dr Philippa. (madeformums.com)
  • It is not the same as foot-and-mouth disease (sometimes called hoof-and-mouth disease) or mad cow disease . (alberta.ca)
  • The Mayo Clinic points out that the disease isn't foot-and-mouth disease (also known as hoof-and-mouth disease), "which is an infectious viral disease found in farm animals. (wmot.org)
  • Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands, feet, and diaper area. (kidshealth.org)
  • New research shows that in sub-Saharan Africa the virus responsible for foot and mouth disease (FMD) moves over relatively short distances and the African buffalo are important natural reservoirs for the infection. (eurekalert.org)
  • Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral infection that most often begins in the throat. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Atypical hand-foot-and-mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus A6 infection. (aad.org)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a mild, contagious viral infection common in young children. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Frequent hand-washing and avoiding close contact with people who have hand-foot-and-mouth disease may help lower your child's risk of infection. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The most common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease is infection from coxsackievirus 16. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Most people get the coxsackievirus infection - and hand-foot-and-mouth disease - through the mouth. (mayoclinic.org)
  • I am advised by the Department of Health that although human infection of Foot and Mouth Disease has been reported, cases are rare and of no health significance - the last report of human infection appears to have been in the 1960s. (just-food.com)
  • Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a type of viral infection, explains Sarah Kohl, MD, a clinical assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and founder and president of TravelReadyMD. (choc.org)
  • 4. (1) A veterinary surgeon, who examines any animal or carcase and is of opinion that the animal or carcase is affected with foot-and-mouth disease or was so affected when it died or was slaughtered, shall immediately give notice of the infection or suspicion of infection to a member of the Gárda Síochána at the nearest Gárda Síochána station. (irishstatutebook.ie)
  • The symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease usually develop between three and five days after being exposed to the infection . (kendallhealth.org)
  • We were recently contacted by researchers at the Pasteur Institute of Beijing (Ruichen Wei, Qiben Leng) who were grappling with an out break of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease, a serious infection caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) among other viruses. (epivax.com)
  • HHV-2, also known as HSV-2, causes genital herpes and occasionally causes oral disease that is clinically similar to that of HHV-1 infection. (medscape.com)
  • HHV-3, also known as varicella-zoster virus (VZV), causes the primary infection chickenpox and the secondary reactivation disease herpes zoster. (medscape.com)
  • HHV-4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), causes the primary infection infectious mononucleosis , and it is implicated in various diseases, such as African Burkitt lymphoma , other immunoproliferative disorders, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • People with HIV, individuals who are immunocompromised, children, adolescents, and people who are pregnant or breastfeeding may be at risk for increased disease severity and adverse health outcomes associated with monkeypox infection. (cdc.gov)
  • It is currently unknown whether HIV infection affects a person's risk of acquiring Monkeypox virus infection and developing disease after exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • These include the development of blisters in the mouth, causing considerable salivation, and on the feet, resulting in lameness. (just-food.com)
  • Virologists have devised a way to create an entirely synthetic vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease. (vetscite.org)
  • But if the method used to create the vaccine proves successful when scaled to commercial production, it could also be used to create vaccines for human diseases that are caused by viruses of the same family, such as hand, foot and mouth disease, which is ubiquitous in Southeast Asia, and polio, which still blights the lives of millions of people in the developing world. (vetscite.org)
  • Earlier attempts to produce a synthetic vaccine for foot and mouth disease were often thwarted by peculiarities of viral geometry. (vetscite.org)
  • There is currently no vaccine in the United States to protect against the viruses that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease. (kendallhealth.org)
  • The largest population-based study of the epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease was conducted in China to better inform vaccine and other interventions. (medscape.com)
  • But access and use of these tools and technology and the creation of enabling environment that will eliminate obstacles such as vaccine hesitancy, risk of current and future pandemic, inefficient health service delivery and improvement of social determinants that would disable disease transmission would start with the sense of urgency and accountability at the local and national leadership. (who.int)
  • The project led in collaboration with Institut Pasteur du Cambodge and Ho Chi Minh City , aims to provide a set of epidemiologic data in the hope of defining strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of severe forms of the disease hand-foot-mouth. (pasteur.fr)
  • Usually, a diagnosis can be made from asking about the symptoms and the rash on the hands and feet. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The rash of hand-foot-mouth disease is unique, which usually allows for a diagnosis simply on a physical exam. (childrenshospital.org)
  • British engineering company Smiths Detection has announced that it is launching a portable detection system which will enable veterinarians to carry out on-site diagnosis of animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth and avian flu. (medindia.net)
  • The information should not be used for either diagnosis or treatment or both for any health related problem or disease. (medindia.net)
  • While an official diagnosis can be made via a mouth swab or stool sample, pediatricians often simply make a determination based on the symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease, says Adam Spanier, MD, an associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore-which is why it's important to call your pediatrician if you suspect your child may have the illness. (choc.org)
  • Although most animals recover over the course of months, some die of complications from the disease. (eurekalert.org)
  • What are the complications of hand, foot, and mouth disease? (dermnetnz.org)
  • Hand, foot and mouth disease is not a lot of fun, but it goes away fairly quickly and almost never causes any complications at all. (skinhelp.co.uk)
  • Complications are very rare, but occasionally hand, foot and mouth disease can lead to mild cases of viral meningitis. (skinhelp.co.uk)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, as well as severe disease complications, are more common among infants and children younger than 5 years. (medscape.com)
  • Expert analysis has warned that lumpy skin disease (LSD) is almost three times more likely to arrive in Australia compared to foot-and-mouth disease but getting barely any national attention compared to the latter. (abc.net.au)
  • There are other experts that believe that lumpy skin disease, given the patterns of spread around the world will enter Australia, so 100 per cent probability, but the timeline for that is unknown, it could be potentially as early as this wet season, but could be 10 years away,' Dr Fitzpatrick said. (abc.net.au)
  • Will Evans wants northern Australia to be well prepared in case lumpy skin disease is detected in Australia. (abc.net.au)
  • Federal Agriculture Minister Murray Watt says it's important to remember that Australia remains free from lumpy skin disease. (abc.net.au)
  • A final study will estimate the economic burden of the hand, foot and mouth disease and how this disease depending on its severity affects the quality of life of patients over time (measuring quality of life health-related). (pasteur.fr)
  • Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral illness that affects infants and children, often appearing as a rash of small, blister-like bumps in the hands, feet, and mouth. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Bird flu (avian influenza/avian flu) is a disease caused by an influenza virus (H5N1) that primarily affects birds but can infect humans also. (medindia.net)
  • Every year, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes enormous economic losses to the livestock industry resulting from morbidity in adult animals, reduced animal productivity, mortality in young stock and restriction to international trade in animals and animal products due to sanitary control measures, and affects more than 100 countries around the world," added winner Dr Syed Jamal, University of Malakand, Pakistan. (thebeefsite.com)
  • And while its symptoms tend to be relatively mild, hand, foot, and mouth disease can make babies and toddlers (and their caregivers) pretty miserable. (choc.org)
  • If your child has a mild case of hand, foot and mouth, there isn't much you can do except make sure they're eating and drinking enough. (madeformums.com)
  • Though why people would turn to vegetarianism over a disease that, except in very rare instance, effects only non-humans and even then simply causes a mild illness is a mystery (the problem the disease causes is almost exclusively economic for farmers, and is endemic in much of the world without any adverse health risks to human beings other than slightly higher costs for meat). (carnell.com)
  • VIET NAM - MSD Animal Health (known as Merck Animal Health in the USA and Canada) is proud to announce the presentation of awards to four young scientists at the Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA) 2015 Scientific Meeting held in Hanoi Vietnam, in honour of their research in disease-endemic areas. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Further research on epidemiology of the disease, diagnostics, characterisation of FMD virus and vaccinology is required to improve control of the disease in endemic areas and to reduce the threat to the disease-free areas. (thebeefsite.com)
  • This free EuFMD e-learning course provides an overview of FMD recognition in either a FMD-free country or in a country where the disease is endemic. (animalhealth.ca)
  • Livestock farming across the world is constantly threatened by the evolutionary turnover of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains in endemic systems, the underlying dynamics of which remain to be elucidated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many diseases are endemic in the studied species (brucellosis, foot and mouth disease, tuberculosis, rabies) and the main clinical signs of several diseases are diarrhoea, abortion, lameness and respiratory problems. (who.int)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Picornavirus Laboratory within the Division of Viral Diseases routinely performs qualitative pan-enterovirus molecular testing, after which the laboratory performs sequencing for enterovirus typing in consultation with state or local health departments in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by a virus called an enterovirus . (alberta.ca)
  • You also may not spot a rash at all, since it can take the form of ulcers hidden inside your child's mouth or throat. (choc.org)
  • Small blisters ( vesicles ) and ulcers may develop in and/or around the lips and mouth and the back of the throat. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Topical Lidocaine to Improve Oral Intake in Children With Painful Infectious Mouth Ulcers: A Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. (medscape.com)
  • He explained that FMD vaccination is carried out on an annual basis to keep the disease incidence to zero. (worldbank.org)
  • FMD is a notifiable disease and vaccination of all animals at risk in defined buffer zones is the most effective method of control. (worldbank.org)
  • The main way to control FMD is by humane slaughter of infected animals, movement bans and restrictions, preventing uninfected animals from being exposed to the disease, and possible vaccination of susceptible stock. (vff.org.au)
  • Does Polio Vaccination Protect Against Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease? (epivax.com)
  • Vaccination against foot and mouth disease is available but rarely used. (who.int)
  • The livestock sector contributes approximately 39% percent to rural incomes in Zambia, making the control of FMD and other diseases and their vectors a critical priority. (worldbank.org)
  • Alex Mwanakasale, the task team leader for the LDAHP, said $25 million has been allocated to strengthening veterinary services including surveillance, laboratory diagnostic capacity, control of animal diseases and institutional support to the livestock and agriculture ministry. (worldbank.org)
  • Zambia's long term livestock sector strategy is to establish a Disease-Free Zone as defined by the OIE, with the objective of accessing international markets for livestock and meat products. (worldbank.org)
  • Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is devastating to livestock all over the world, but it's a particular problem in Africa, where wildlife that harbor the virus are thought to pass it on to their domesticated cousins. (eurekalert.org)
  • It will enable vets to diagnose diseases in livestock and birds in the field in less than 90 minutes, and eliminate the requirement of sending the samples for laboratory analysis. (medindia.net)
  • Bryan Charleston, head of the Livestock Viral Diseases Programme at the Pirbright Institute in Woking, UK, and his colleagues used computer simulations to create a model of the protein shell of the virus that causes the disease, then reconstructed it from synthetic protein components. (vetscite.org)
  • Infectious and contagious diseases in livestock production can be devastating to those who are directly and indirectly involved in agriculture. (oklahomafarmreport.com)
  • Very quickly they will appear as a rash on the hands and feet, and sometimes they spread up the backs of the legs, on the bottom and even on the genital area. (skinhelp.co.uk)
  • Severe forms of the disease characterized by severe complication due to the dissemination of the disease at neurological, cardiovascular or respiratory levels can cause the death of children. (pasteur.fr)
  • As a severe and highly transmissible viral disease, FMD causes illness in cows, pigs, goats and other cloven-hoofed animals. (yna.co.kr)
  • Study on Risk Factors for Severe Hand-foot-and-mouth Disease. (medscape.com)
  • Persons with advanced and uncontrolled HIV might be at higher risk for severe or prolonged monkeypox disease. (cdc.gov)
  • it is a culture that can be threatened by the spread of animal diseases, affecting the lives of poor people who depend on them. (worldbank.org)
  • It is important to bring animal diseases under control as a prerequisite for productivity improvements," he said. (worldbank.org)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (aad.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is usually a minor illness. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The information collated here is for instructional and/or discussion purposes only and is NOT intended to diagnose or treat any disease, illness, or other medical condition. (flutrackers.com)
  • Children are most likely to spread the disease during the first week of the illness. (alberta.ca)
  • Generally, a person with hand, foot, and mouth disease is most contagious during the first week of illness. (kendallhealth.org)
  • The Children's Hospital Informatics Program created HealthMap , an online resource and smart phone application that helps track the spread of contagious diseases, including hand-foot-mouth disease, in real time. (childrenshospital.org)
  • In wild buffalo, the disease is very rarely symptomatic and animals can be persistently infected for a period of several years. (eurekalert.org)
  • Smiths Detection is actively collaborating with the Institute for Animal Health's global reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease to develop an assay to allow the rapid detection of FMD-infected animals in the field," Dr. Donald King, Group Leader of Molecular Characterisation and Diagnostics at the UK Institute for Animal Health (IAH), said. (medindia.net)
  • It is essential that farmers and all those handling animals in markets or abattoirs should be vigilant for signs of disease. (just-food.com)
  • Owners must examine their animals regularly and look out for any signs of problems - time is of the essence if we are to limit the spread of this disease. (just-food.com)
  • When disease is suspected, the animals and other contacts are slaughtered, and full compensation is paid. (just-food.com)
  • Rather, it enables scientists to concentrate their resources by quickly isolating animals that require further testing with a disease-specific method. (thepigsite.com)
  • These diseases almost always occur in animals. (alberta.ca)
  • The second provision, on the intentional release of pathogens, is a concern that animal rights activists from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals helped create when both Bruce Friedrich and Ingrid Newkirk made public statements in 2001 hoping that Great Britain's foot-and-mouth epidemic would afflict farm animals in the United States as well. (carnell.com)
  • The government relied largely on a strategy of slaughtering all animals within a 1.5 km radius of any confirmed presence of foot-and-mouth disease. (carnell.com)
  • Millions of animals were killed and their carcasses burned in an effort to stop the spread of the disease. (carnell.com)
  • You can't contract hand-foot-and-mouth disease from pets or other animals, and you can't transmit it to them. (wmot.org)
  • Our landscape is already under pressure from out-of-control populations of introduced animals like deer, pigs and foxes, which can also act as vectors for many dangerous diseases. (nff.org.au)
  • To contain the disease, the government completed administering vaccines to animals at farms in the nine cities and counties, and shut down beef-related markets and facilities there. (yna.co.kr)
  • Although steady progress is being made in brucellosis control in this region, serious difficulties remain due the complexity of the epidemiology of the disease. (who.int)
  • Let us recognize the dangers that come from saying harmful words with our tongue, and let us with David resolve to restrain our mouth with a muzzle. (tidings.org)
  • Nonhuman primate models for human diseases / editor, W. Richard Dukelow. (who.int)
  • How long is a person able to spread the disease? (virginia.gov)
  • The virus is most easily spread the first week a person has the disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Good hand washing helps prevent the spread of the disease. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Good hand washing is necessary to help prevent the spread of the disease. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Proper hand washing is essential in helping to prevent the disease from being spread to other children. (childrenshospital.org)
  • 3) A veterinary surgeon, before leaving any land or premises on which foot-and-mouth disease exists or is suspected to exist, shall thoroughly disinfect his hands, boots, clothes and overalls and take all other reasonable precautions to prevent the spread of disease. (irishstatutebook.ie)
  • How does hand, foot and mouth spread? (madeformums.com)
  • Transmission occurs via direct contact with blister fluid or droplets spread from the mouth. (dermnetnz.org)
  • The epidemiological models the researchers used are designed to simulate and forecast a disease spread, Pendell said. (oklahomafarmreport.com)
  • SEOUL, May 19 (Yonhap) -- South Korea on Friday raised the crisis level of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) to the highest point in central regions and will implement beefed-up quarantine measures to prevent the spread of the animal disease, the agriculture ministry said. (yna.co.kr)
  • Officials, however, have said that chances seem low for the viral disease to spread nationwide as vaccines are quite effective, though further cases could occur sporadically in the central areas. (yna.co.kr)
  • He doesn't have many on his hands and feet. (mumsnet.com)
  • A rash forms on the hands and feet which can then turn into blisters (which may be filled with a greyish looking fluid). (madeformums.com)
  • Some people, especially adults, can pass the virus without showing any symptoms of the disease. (mayoclinic.org)
  • But older children and adults can also contract hand, foot, and mouth disease-even if they've had it before. (choc.org)
  • Can adults catch hand, foot and mouth? (madeformums.com)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is common in children but can also occur in adults. (alberta.ca)
  • Your child is most contagious during the first week of having hand-foot-and-mouth disease. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A new study in the preprint server bioRxiv published in November 2020 describes the discovery of acrylamide fragments that can effectively disable key enzymes in both the hand, foot and mouth virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus. (news-medical.net)
  • You touch your nose, eyes, or mouth after you have touched something contaminated by the virus, such as a toy or doorknob. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hand-foot-mouth disease is caused by the coxsackie virus. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Since a virus causes hand-foot-mouth disease, antibiotics are not effective and the disease simply needs to run its course. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Hand, foot, and mouth disease is typically caused by the Coxsackie virus-usually, but not always, the Coxsackie 1 virus. (choc.org)
  • Infrared image of a cow not infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (above). (thepigsite.com)
  • Hand, foot and mouth is generally caused by a Coxsackie virus. (madeformums.com)
  • It usually takes 3 to 6 days for a person to get symptoms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease after being exposed to the virus. (alberta.ca)
  • Astros relief pitcher Brad Peacock has come down with hand, foot and mouth disease, a team spokesman confirmed to NPR, in Major League Baseball's third known case of the contagious virus this season. (wmot.org)
  • Evolutionary and Ecological Drivers Shape the Emergence and Extinction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lineages. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some people may not get all the symptoms of the disease. (wsbs.com)
  • The premises takes pigs from all over the United Kingdom, so we cannot assume that the disease started in Essex. (just-food.com)
  • The project will also allow the training of health workers in rural sites to improve the care of children with the disease and training in hospitals of health professionals on research on this disease. (pasteur.fr)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is most common in children in child care. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This disease is very common in children under the age of 10. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a common and potentially but infrequently fatal in children under 5 years of age. (medscape.com)
  • In one study, 80% of the children presented with anorexia and mouth soreness. (medscape.com)
  • Parents may get the disease from their children and not even realize it. (alberta.ca)
  • Hand, foot and mouth disease is most common in settings catering to small children and infants, like a day care, where diapers are changed or little ones are putting unwashed hands in their mouths, according to the Mayo Clinic . (wmot.org)
  • HAND, foot and mouth disease has killed 18 children and sickened 41,000 people across the country so far this year, China's health ministry said yesterday. (flutrackers.com)
  • The UK's fight against zoonotic diseases, including avian flu and bovine tuberculosis received a major boost today (16 February) with the allocation of £200 million for a programme of investment into world leading research facilities. (news-medical.net)
  • A study appearing next week in the journal Nature Communications offers some good news in the search for antiviral drugs for hard-to-treat diseases. (news-medical.net)
  • These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Hand Foot and Mouth Disease. (fpnotebook.com)
  • According to the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency(KDCA), suspected influenza patients fell to 21-point-five for every one-thousand outpatients last week, down by four-point-two from the previous week. (kbs.co.kr)
  • The Health Department has dispatched expert teams to Heze to instruct emergency treatment as well as disease control and prevention. (flutrackers.com)
  • Between 2008 and 2012, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention recorded 7,200,092 probable cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (annual incidence, 1·2 per 1000 person-years from 2010-12). (medscape.com)
  • It brings interactive tutorials with information about diseases, prevention, procedure and condition. (bvsalud.org)