Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.
Disturbances of MILK secretion in either SEX, not necessarily related to PREGNANCY.
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)
A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.
A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
Absence of menstruation.
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.
A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.
Inflammatory disease of the THYROID GLAND due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-CELLS and thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES. The clinical signs can range from HYPOTHYROIDISM to THYROTOXICOSIS depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.
Large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askenazy cells.
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
Spontaneously remitting inflammatory condition of the THYROID GLAND, characterized by FEVER; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; SORE THROAT; severe thyroid PAIN; and an enlarged damaged gland containing GIANT CELLS. The disease frequently follows a viral infection.

Galactorrhoea and pituitary mass: a typical prolactinoma? (1/42)

A 21 year old woman presenting with galactorrhoea, hyperprolactinaemia, and a pituitary mass on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is described who was referred to us before planned pituitary surgery. Although a thorough history did not suggest hypothyroidism, laboratory studies revealed profound primary hypothyroidism. At that time, pituitary MRI showed homogeneous enlargement of the pituitary gland consistent with pituitary hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism. With thyroid hormone replacement therapy the galactorrhoea resolved, concentrations of prolactin and thyroid hormones returned to normal, and the pituitary shrunk to normal size within two months. This case illustrates that primary hypothyroidism can present only with galactorrhoea and pituitary mass, and should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia and pituitary enlargement.  (+info)

Prolactin studies in "functionless" pituitary tumours. (2/42)

Hyperprolactinaemia was found in all 17 women and in one out of six men who presented with hypogonadism and a radiologically enlarged sella turcica but no other clinical endocrine dysfunction. Some of the women also had galactorrhoea. The greater the level of hyperprolactinaemia in these 18 patients the larger their sellae turcica except in two patients with unusual features. The sella turcica was usually asymmetrically enlarged and there was rearly an upward extension of tumour, though the sella floor often showed some erosion on tomography. An oral dose of bromocriptine suppressed the hyperprolactinaemia in mose patients at the same rate as in normal post-partum women. Nine of the 18 patients with hyperprolactinaemia had low basal luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. The LH responsiveness to 100 mug of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) was tested in 12, and eight showed subnormal values. Of eight biopsy specimens obtained four showed acidophil granules on light microscopy, and in five granules of various sizes were seen on electron microscopy.  (+info)

Raised serum prolactin levels in amenorrhoea. (3/42)

Serum prolactin levels measured by specific radio-immunoassay were over 30 mug/l in seven out of 25 women with amenorrhoea and in eight women with the amenorrhoe-galactorrhoea syndrome. There was no apparent relationship between these levels and levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormones, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Bromocriptine caused a transient fall in the proclatin levels in six out of seven cases, and in three menstruation and ovulation were restored. Estimation of serum prolactin may become important in assessing the degree of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in amenorrhoea, and it may help in identifying a subgroup of patients at risk of developing a pituitary tumour or patients who may respond to specific treatment.  (+info)

Evaluation and treatment of galactorrhea. (4/42)

Galactorrhea, or inappropriate lactation, is a relatively common problem that occurs in approximately 20 to 25 percent of women. Lactation requires the presence of estrogen, progesterone and, most importantly, prolactin. Stress, suckling, sleep, sexual intercourse and medications may increase prolactin levels, whereas dopamine inhibits its release. The differential diagnosis of galactorrhea includes pituitary adenomas, neurologic disorders, hypothyroidism, numerous medications, breast stimulation, chest wall irritation and physiologic causes. The evaluation includes a thorough history and physical examination, as well as selected laboratory and imaging studies to rule out secondary causes such as an intracranial mass or a tumor. Diagnostic studies include a pregnancy test, a prolactin level, renal and thyroid function tests and, if indicated, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Treatment options for prolactinomas include observation, dopamine agonists, surgery and radiation therapy, depending on tumor size and associated symptoms. Fortunately, the prognosis for patients with prolactinomas is good: most prolactinomas remain stable or regress. In pregnant women, prolactinomas must be observed closely because the lesions may greatly increase in size.  (+info)

An abnormality of oestrogen feedback in amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea. (5/42)

Fourteen patients with amenorrhoea and hyperprolactin-anemia but no evidence of pituitary tumours were each given an intramuscular injection of 1 mg oestradiol benzoate. Thirteen patients failed to release luteinizing hormone in response to the oestrogen. This hypothalamic abnormality may help to explain the menstrual disturbances in subjects with hyperprolactinaemia.  (+info)

Benign breast disease: when to treat, when to reassure, when to refer. (6/42)

Many women have breast symptoms-swelling and tenderness, nodularity, pain, palpable lumps, nipple discharge, or breast infections and inflammation. Fortunately, relatively few have breast cancer. Physicians must distinguish benign breast conditions from malignant ones, and know when to refer the patient to a specialist. We have included some of the newer diagnostic techniques and the approach to patients with nonpalpable lesions detected on a screening mammogram.  (+info)

Galactorrhoea following acupuncture. (7/42)

A 41-year-old woman with breast cancer was referred to the pain management clinic for a course of acupuncture for intense pain following a subcutaneous mastectomy and a latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction. She was treated with a standard course of acupuncture for breast pain, using paravertebral segmental points, trigger points, plus contralateral L14 on the non-lymphoedematous arm. She experienced an episode of galactorrhoea six days following the first treatment and during the second treatment. She had not previously lactated for four years. CT and MRI of the brain revealed no focal abnormality. Acupuncture has been used in to promote lactation in the Traditional Chinese literature using the 'Tianzong' acupoint SI11. This acupoint coincided with a trigger point over infraspinatus that was included in the neurophysiologically based acupuncture treatment. Quantitative analysis has shown an increase in the production of prolactin and oxytocin following acupuncture. These hormones are involved in the synthesis and release of milk from mammary glands respectively. This is the first report of galactorrhoea, in the contralateral normal breast, following acupuncture in a patient with breast cancer.  (+info)

Effects of CB-154 (2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine) on prolactin and growth hormone release in an acromegalic patient with galactorrhea. (8/42)

An acromegalic patient with galactorrhea was treated with an ergot alkaloid, 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). Serum prolactin decreased rapidly to normal level by CB-154 and the complete cessation of galactorrhea was noted. The inhibitory effect of CB-154 On growth hormone (GH) release was also noted, but slight. The mechanism of inhibitory action of CB-154 on both prolactin and GH secretion was discussed in connection with the experimental model of pituitary tumors, in which both hormones were produced by a single type of tumor cells. The discontinuation of CB-154 treatment was associated with the return of both prolactin and GH levels to the initial high values with resumption of galactorrhea.  (+info)

Galactorrhea is an uncommon condition where someone (typically a woman, but it can also occur in men and children) experiences abnormal or spontaneous production and secretion of milk from their breasts, not associated with childbirth or nursing. This condition can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, medications, tumors affecting the pituitary gland, or other underlying medical conditions. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you experience galactorrhea to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

Lactation disorders are conditions or problems that affect a woman's ability to breastfeed her baby. These disorders can make it difficult for the mother to produce enough milk, or cause pain and discomfort during breastfeeding. Some common lactation disorders include:

1. Insufficient Glandular Tissue (IGT): This condition occurs when a woman has limited breast tissue, which can make it difficult for her to produce enough milk to fully breastfeed her baby.
2. Engorgement: This happens when the breasts become overly full of milk, causing them to feel hard, swollen, and painful. Engorgement can make it difficult for the baby to latch on properly, which can lead to nipple damage and mastitis.
3. Mastitis: An infection of the breast tissue that can cause pain, redness, warmth, and flu-like symptoms. Mastitis often occurs when a milk duct becomes blocked, allowing bacteria to enter and infect the tissue.
4. Plugged Ducts: This condition occurs when a milk duct becomes clogged or blocked, causing milk to back up and leading to pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area.
5. Nipple Vasospasm: This is a painful spasm of the blood vessels in the nipples, which can cause burning, stinging, or throbbing sensations during or after breastfeeding.
6. Low Milk Supply: This condition occurs when a woman is unable to produce enough milk to meet her baby's needs. Low milk supply can have various causes, including hormonal imbalances, poor latch, and infrequent feedings.
7. Oversupply: This condition occurs when a woman produces too much milk, which can lead to engorgement, plugged ducts, and mastitis.

Prompt identification and management of lactation disorders are essential for ensuring the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Women who experience difficulty breastfeeding should consult their healthcare provider or a lactation consultant for guidance and support.

Hyperprolactinemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. In women, this can lead to menstrual irregularities, milk production outside of pregnancy (galactorrhea), and infertility. In men, it can cause decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, breast enlargement (gynecomastia), and infertility. The condition can be caused by various factors, including pituitary tumors, certain medications, and hypothyroidism. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and may include medication to lower prolactin levels.

A prolactinoma is a type of pituitary tumor that produces an excess amount of the hormone prolactin, leading to various symptoms. The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is responsible for producing and releasing several hormones that regulate different bodily functions. Prolactin is one such hormone, primarily known for its role in stimulating milk production in women during lactation (breastfeeding).

Prolactinoma tumors can be classified into two types: microprolactinomas and macroprolactinomas. Microprolactinomas are smaller tumors, typically less than 10 millimeters in size, while macroprolactinomas are larger tumors, generally greater than 10 millimeters in size.

The overproduction of prolactin caused by these tumors can lead to several clinical manifestations, including:

1. Galactorrhea: Unusual and often spontaneous milk production or leakage from the nipples, which can occur in both men and women who do not have a recent history of pregnancy or breastfeeding.
2. Menstrual irregularities: In women, high prolactin levels can interfere with the normal functioning of other hormones, leading to menstrual irregularities such as infrequent periods (oligomenorrhea) or absent periods (amenorrhea), and sometimes infertility.
3. Sexual dysfunction: In both men and women, high prolactin levels can cause decreased libido and sexual desire. Men may also experience erectile dysfunction and reduced sperm production.
4. Bone loss: Over time, high prolactin levels can lead to decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis due to the disruption of other hormones that regulate bone health.
5. Headaches and visual disturbances: As the tumor grows, it may put pressure on surrounding structures in the brain, leading to headaches and potential vision problems such as blurred vision or decreased peripheral vision.

Diagnosis typically involves measuring prolactin levels in the blood and performing imaging tests like an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan to assess the size of the tumor. Treatment usually consists of medication to lower prolactin levels, such as dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine or cabergoline), which can also help shrink the tumor. In some cases, surgery may be necessary if medication is ineffective or if the tumor is large and causing severe symptoms.

A chromophobe adenoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that typically arises in the pituitary gland, which is a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The term "chromophobe" refers to the appearance of the cells under a microscope - they lack pigment and have a characteristic appearance with abundant clear or lightly stained cytoplasm.

Chromophobe adenomas are slow-growing tumors that can vary in size, and they may cause symptoms due to pressure on surrounding structures or by producing excess hormones. The most common hormone produced by chromophobe adenomas is prolactin, leading to symptoms such as menstrual irregularities, milk production (galactorrhea), and decreased sexual function in women, and decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and infertility in men.

Treatment for chromophobe adenomas typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, often through a transsphenoidal approach (through the nose and sphenoid sinus). In some cases, radiation therapy or medical management with hormone-blocking drugs may also be necessary. Regular follow-up with an endocrinologist is important to monitor for any recurrence or hormonal imbalances.

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. Its primary function is to stimulate milk production in women after childbirth, a process known as lactation. However, prolactin also plays other roles in the body, including regulating immune responses, metabolism, and behavior. In men, prolactin helps maintain the sexual glands and contributes to paternal behaviors.

Prolactin levels are usually low in both men and non-pregnant women but increase significantly during pregnancy and after childbirth. Various factors can affect prolactin levels, including stress, sleep, exercise, and certain medications. High prolactin levels can lead to medical conditions such as amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), galactorrhea (spontaneous milk production not related to childbirth), infertility, and reduced sexual desire in both men and women.

Amenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the absence or cessation of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age. It can be categorized as primary amenorrhea, when a woman who has not yet had her first period at the expected age (usually around 16 years old), or secondary amenorrhea, when a woman who has previously had regular periods stops getting them for six months or more.

There are various causes of amenorrhea, including hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, extreme weight loss or gain, eating disorders, intense exercise, stress, chronic illness, tumors, and certain medications or medical treatments. In some cases, amenorrhea may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Amenorrhea can have significant impacts on a woman's health and quality of life, including infertility, bone loss, and emotional distress. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience amenorrhea or missed periods to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Pituitary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with most being benign. They can vary in size and may cause various symptoms depending on their location, size, and hormonal activity.

Pituitary neoplasms can produce and secrete excess hormones, leading to a variety of endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease (caused by excessive ACTH production), acromegaly (caused by excessive GH production), or prolactinoma (caused by excessive PRL production). They can also cause local compression symptoms due to their size, leading to headaches, vision problems, and cranial nerve palsies.

The exact causes of pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, but genetic factors, radiation exposure, and certain inherited conditions may increase the risk of developing these tumors. Treatment options for pituitary neoplasms include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and medical management with drugs that can help control hormonal imbalances.

Bromocriptine is a dopamine receptor agonist drug, which means it works by binding to and activating dopamine receptors in the brain. It has several therapeutic uses, including:

* Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Bromocriptine can be used alone or in combination with levodopa to help manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control.
* Suppression of lactation: Bromocriptine can be used to suppress milk production in women who are not breastfeeding or who have stopped breastfeeding but still have high levels of prolactin, a hormone that stimulates milk production.
* Treatment of pituitary tumors: Bromocriptine can be used to shrink certain types of pituitary tumors, such as prolactinomas, which are tumors that secrete excessive amounts of prolactin.
* Management of acromegaly: Bromocriptine can be used to manage the symptoms of acromegaly, a rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal growth and enlargement of body tissues, by reducing the production of growth hormone.

Bromocriptine is available in immediate-release and long-acting formulations, and it is usually taken orally. Common side effects of bromocriptine include nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness, and drowsiness. Serious side effects are rare but can include hallucinations, confusion, and priapism (prolonged erection).

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide hormone that is produced and released by the hypothalamus in the brain. Its main function is to regulate the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. TRH acts on the pituitary gland to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of TSH, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)) into the bloodstream.

TRH is a tripeptide amino acid sequence with the structure of pGlu-His-Pro-NH2, and it is synthesized as a larger precursor molecule called preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone (preproTRH) in the hypothalamus. PreproTRH undergoes post-translational processing to produce TRH, which is then stored in secretory vesicles and released into the hypophyseal portal system, where it travels to the anterior pituitary gland and binds to TRH receptors on thyrotroph cells.

In addition to its role in regulating TSH release, TRH has been shown to have other physiological functions, including modulation of feeding behavior, body temperature, and neurotransmitter release. Dysregulation of the TRH-TSH axis can lead to various thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Hashimoto's disease, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the thyroid gland. The resulting inflammation often leads to an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). It primarily affects middle-aged women but can also occur in men and women of any age and in children.

The exact cause of Hashimoto's disease is unclear, but it appears to involve interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The disorder tends to run in families, and having a family member with Hashimoto's disease or another autoimmune disorder increases the risk.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, joint and muscle pain, dry skin, thinning hair, irregular menstrual periods, and depression. However, some people with Hashimoto's disease may have no symptoms for many years.

Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy, which can help manage symptoms and prevent complications of hypothyroidism. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is necessary to adjust the dosage of medication as needed.

Autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto's disease, is a chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by an autoimmune response. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that attack and damage the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The thyroid gland may become enlarged (goiter), and symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Autoimmune thyroiditis is more common in women than men and tends to run in families. It is often associated with other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Addison's disease, and type 1 diabetes. The diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that measure levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage the symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are large granular cells with abundant mitochondria. They can be found in various organs, including the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, salivary glands, and skin. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are often observed in the context of follicular adenomas or follicular carcinomas, where they can make up a significant portion of the tumor. The exact function of oxyphil cells is not well understood, but it is thought that they may play a role in the production and metabolism of hormones or other substances. In general, the presence of oxyphil cells in a tumor is not considered to be indicative of a specific type or behavior of the tumor, but rather a histological feature that can be observed in a variety of contexts.

Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.

Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.

Other common thyroid diseases include:

1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.

Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

The thyroid gland is a major endocrine gland located in the neck, anterior to the trachea and extends from the lower third of the Adams apple to the suprasternal notch. It has two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus, and sometimes a pyramidal lobe. This gland plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body through the production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4) and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate, and the production of protein, while calcitonin helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood. The function of the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Subacute thyroiditis, also known as de Quervain's thyroiditis or granulomatous thyroiditis, is a inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by the presence of granulomas, which are collections of immune cells, within the thyroid tissue. The condition often follows an upper respiratory infection and is more common in women than men.

Subacute thyroiditis typically presents with pain and tenderness in the front of the neck, along with systemic symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and low-grade fever. The disorder can cause hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) initially, followed by hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) as the gland becomes damaged and inflamed. In some cases, the thyroid function may return to normal on its own after several months. Treatment typically involves anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and inflammation, and beta blockers to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

... (also spelled galactorrhoea) (galacto- + -rrhea) or lactorrhea (lacto- + -rrhea) is the spontaneous flow of milk ... Galactorrhea also occurs in males, newborn infants and adolescents of both sexes. Galactorrhea can take place as a result of ... Galactorrhea may also be caused by hormonal imbalances owing to birth control pills. Galactorrhea is also a side effect ... Galactorrhea is reported to occur in 5-32% of women. Much of the difference in reported incidence can be attributed to ...
... is increased blood prolactin levels associated with galactorrhea (abnormal milk secretion). It ... Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases of the National Institutes of ... Galactorrhea is generally considered a symptom which may indicate a more serious problem. Collection of a thorough medical ... Symptoms of galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia include a high blood prolactin level, abnormal milk production in the breast, ...
Thus, galactorrhea may be observed in individuals with normal prolactin levels and does not necessarily indicate ... Hyperprolactinemia may cause galactorrhea (production and spontaneous flow of breast milk), infertility, and disruptions in the ... This phenomenon is likely due to galactorrhea requiring adequate levels of progesterone or estrogen to prepare the breast ... For instance, many premenopausal women experiencing hyperprolactinemia do not experience galactorrhea and only some women who ...
... and mastalgia and galactorrhea. Mansel, Sweetland, and Hughes describe the macroscopic and microscopic illustrations of duct ...
Galactorrhea Gynecomastia Breastfeeding Devidayal (2005). "A Male Infant with Gynecomastia-Galactorrhea". The Journal of ... "full text" (PDF). Madlon-Kay, D. J. (1986). "'Witch's milk'. Galactorrhea in the newborn". American Journal of Diseases of ... Paturi, B.; Ryan, R. M.; Michienzi, K. A.; Lakshminrusimha, S. (2009). "Galactorrhea with metoclopramide use in the neonatal ...
Spontaneous production of milk not associated with childbirth, known as galactorrhea, can occur in human males and females. ... Rohn, R. D. (1984). "Galactorrhea in the adolescent". Journal of Adolescent Health. 5 (1): 37-49. doi:10.1016/s0197-0070(84) ... to describe the phenomenon of male galactorrhea, which is a human condition unrelated to childbirth or nursing. Newborn babies ...
"Risperdal, gynecomastia and galactorrhea in adolescent males". Allnurses.com. August 2, 2004. Retrieved September 30, 2016. ... and possibly galactorrhea and amenorrhea. 5-HT2A Receptor: When serotonin is released on to postsynaptic 5-HT2A receptors, the ...
Galactorrhea is milk production unrelated to nursing. It can occur in males and females of many mammal species as result of ... Rare accounts of male lactation (as distinct from galactorrhea) exist in historical medical and anthropological literature, ...
Endocrine: Impotence, increased or decreased libido: gynecomastia in the male; breast enlargement and galactorrhea in the ...
Racey, D. N.; Peaker, M.; Racey, P. A. (2009). "Galactorrhoea is not lactation". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (7): 354-355 ...
Ipomoea galactorrhoea Hallier f. Ipomoea galhareriana Thulin Ipomoea garckeana Vatke Ipomoea geophilifolia K.Afzel. Ipomoea ...
Lactation unrelated to pregnancy is known as galactorrhea. It can be caused by certain drugs (such as antipsychotic medications ...
Studies have also found associations between SSRIs and galactorrhea. These side effects seem to be due to hyperprolactinemia ( ... hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea in a case series". Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 3 (6): 322-334. doi:10.1177/ ... of the breasts caused by the production and storage of breast milk in association with lactation and/or galactorrhea (excessive ...
Medicine portal Galactorrhea Mammoplasia Santos, Kamila Juliana da Silva; Santana, Géssica Silva; Vieira, Tatiana de Oliveira; ...
It is also known as postpartum galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. This article incorporates translated text from an equivalent ...
Other side effects include galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and erectile dysfunction (impotence). Many different types ...
Side effects include amenorrhea, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, changes in libido, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In the U.S ...
Inappropriate lactation (galactorrhoea) is another important clinical sign of prolactinomas. The structure of prolactin is ... In usual circumstances, in the absence of galactorrhea, lactation ceases within one or two weeks following the end of ...
Kozlov GI, Mel'nichenko GA, Golubeva IV (1985). "[Case of galactorrhea in a transsexual male patient]" [Case of galactorrhea in ... Our message is the second in the world literature describing galactorrhea in a male patient with transsexualism. The first ... The sudden discontinuation of estrogen therapy has been associated with onset of galactorrhea (lactation). Estrogens cause the ... From the first days after the "birth", galactorrhea sharply increased, and spontaneous outflow of milk appeared, with ...
This is a postnatal disorder that is also known as postpartum galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome. This article incorporates text ...
... this may occasionally result in amenorrhoea or galactorrhoea in severe cases. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but ... Hypersensitivity Anaphylactic reaction Hyperglycaemia Glucose tolerance impaired Hyperlipidaemia Gynaecomastia Galactorrhoea ...
Prolactinemia (high prolactin levels) can lead to many of the symptoms of true pregnancy, such as amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and ... Signs of false pregnancy include amenorrhea (missed periods), galactorrhea (flow of milk from breast), breast enlargement, ... These changes may be responsible for amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia seen in falsely pregnant women. Elevated ... Antipsychotics can induce pregnancy-like symptoms such as amenorrhea, galactorrhea, breast tenderness, and weight gain via ...
Systemic hormonal aberrations such as Cushing's syndrome, galactorrhea and acromegaly usually predate the compressive signs. ...
Galactorrhea (milk outflow) can also occur in men, due to the strong progestogenic effects of CPA. CPA has occasionally been ... CPA can also sometimes cause breast changes in men such as gynecomastia (breast growth), breast tenderness, and galactorrhea ( ...
Males may experience low libido, erectile dysfunction, and impaired spermatogenesis, as well as galactorrhea and gynecomastia. ... galactorrhea, breast pain/tenderness, gynecomastia, hypogonadism, and menstrual irregularities). Due to blockade of D2 ... galactorrhea (inappropriate or excessive milk production/secretion), and amenorrhea (cessation of menstrual cycles) with ...
Gynecomastia Galactorrhea Retrograde ejaculation Note: The percentage provided next to the adverse effect is the incidence of ... "Galactorrhea - side effect of risperidone in combination with depakine chrono in a patient with bipolar disorder". Psychiatr ...
Results in 100 women with the Amenorrhea-Galactorrhea Syndrome". J Neurosurg. 56 (1): 33-43. doi:10.3171/jns.1982.56.1.0033. ...
Galactorrhoea (expulsion of milk from the breasts that's unrelated to pregnancy or lactation. Most likely the result of ...
Estrogens can be used to suppress lactation, for instance in the treatment of breast engorgement or galactorrhea. However, high ...
... nonpuerperal mastitis and galactorrhea); Treatment of uterine fibroids. Adjunctive therapy of acromegaly, cabergoline has low ...
Galactorrhea (also spelled galactorrhoea) (galacto- + -rrhea) or lactorrhea (lacto- + -rrhea) is the spontaneous flow of milk ... Galactorrhea also occurs in males, newborn infants and adolescents of both sexes. Galactorrhea can take place as a result of ... Galactorrhea may also be caused by hormonal imbalances owing to birth control pills. Galactorrhea is also a side effect ... Galactorrhea is reported to occur in 5-32% of women. Much of the difference in reported incidence can be attributed to ...
... or lactorrhea is the condition in which there is leakage of milk from the breast of a person both male and female ... Galactorrhea: Risk Factors Several factors play an important role in the development of Galactorrhea which includes:. *. Sex. ... Galactorrhea: Prevention Some of the measures that can help to prevent Galactorrhea include: *. Do not touch your breast ... Galactorrhea: Symptoms A symptom of galactorrhea is the release of white milk-like discharge from either or both of the breasts ...
Idiopathic galactorrhea. Sometimes doctors cant find a cause for galactorrhea. This is called idiopathic galactorrhea, and it ... Galactorrhea. Galactorrhea is a type of milky nipple discharge in people who arent breast-feeding. Find out more about the ... Galactorrhea in newborns. Galactorrhea sometimes occurs in newborns. High maternal estrogen levels cross the placenta into the ... Galactorrhea in men. In males, galactorrhea may be associated with testosterone deficiency (male hypogonadism) and usually ...
What is the purpose of this test?Order this Prolactin Serum Test to measure the level of prolactin in the blood and to help screen for a pituitary t
Galactorrhea - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... What is galactorrhea? Galactorrhea is when your breasts make milk when you arent breastfeeding a baby. Both men and women can ... How can doctors tell if I have galactorrhea? Doctors know you have galactorrhea because your breasts are making milk for no ... What causes galactorrhea? Prolactin is a hormone from your pituitary gland Overview of the Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland ...
Galactorrhea can have various causes, for example it occurs as a side effect of hormonal contraceptives. ... Galactorrhea is the term used to describe the leakage of breast milk from the female breast without pregnancy or breastfeeding ... Galactorrhea - abnormal milk production. introduction As galactorrhea (also Galactorrhea) describes the leakage of breast milk ... Galactorrhea in men There are many causes of galactorrhea in men. For one, a deficiency in the hormone testosterone can lead to ...
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Galactorrhoea - Symptoms and Causes. March 13, 2018. March 13, 2018. Fernandez Hospital Galactorrhoea, Pregnancy ... Galactorrhoea in Infants and Men. Galactorrhoea in newborn babies occurs sometimes when the high estrogen level pass through ... Galactorrhoea is often caused by an increase in the level of Prolactin, the hormone that stimulates milk production. Other ... The secretion of milk from the breast (lactation) not due to childbirth or nursing is known as galactorrhoea. The milk may be ...
Galactorrhea Symptoms and Causes of Galactorrhea. 28th April 2008. Galactorrhea (say: "gal-act-tor-ee-ah") is a condition that ...
galactorrhea. *breast tissue growth. *erectile dysfunction. Gonadotropin-secreting tumors. This type of tumor can produce ...
PRL; Galactorrhea - prolactin test; Infertility - prolactin test; Amenorrhea - prolactin test; Breast leakage - prolactin test ...
Hashimoto thyroiditis is part of the spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) and is characterized by the destruction of thyroid cells by various cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes. This condition is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States in individuals older than 6 years.
Chronic galactorrhea. Tried getting pregnant, difficulty with LH surge (lack thereo... 1 Responses Sort by: Helpful Oldest ...
Galactorrhea / etiology * Growth Hormone / metabolism * Gynecomastia / etiology * Humans * Hyperglycemia / etiology * ...
Galactorrhea, extrapyramidal symptoms. Approved for patients 10 y and older. Quetiapine (Seroquel, Seroquel XR) ...
Although disturbances such as galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and impotence have been reported with prolactin-elevating ... Galactorrhea, priapism; Nervous System Disorders: Facial Droop, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome (alone or in ...
Galactorrhea (unexpected milk production) and other nipple discharge. By Kelly Bonyata, BS, IBCLC Per Breastfeeding and Human ...
Rare were elevated thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH) levels; galactorrhea; hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia; hypothyroidism; ...
galactorrhea, which is a milky nipple discharge. *low testosterone and coexisting low bone density ...
Breasts: Tenderness; enlargement; pain, nipple discharge, galactorrhea; fibrocystic breast changes; breast cancer. ...
A man who has galactorrhea is found to have a prolactinoma. His physician treats him with bromocriptine, which eliminates the ... galactorrhea. The basis for the therapeutic action of bromocriptine is that it. *. A. ...
Witchs milk. Galactorrhea in the newborn. Madlon-Kay DJ. Madlon-Kay DJ. Am J Dis Child. 1986 Mar;140(3):252-3. doi: 10.1001/ ...
6 were galactorrhea and 2 were of both gynecomastia and galactorrhea. Gynecomastia and/or galactorrhea was unilateral for ... Gynecomastia and galactorrhea: Unlabeled adverse drug reactions of retinoids used in dermatology. Drug Safety. 2018;41:1198-9. ... After isotretinoin was reinstituted at the same dose, the discharge reappeared within 10 days.[1] The galactorrhea was probably ...
galactorrhea. Galactorrhea. Galactorrhea or galactorrhoea is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with ... childbirth or nursing.Contemporary Maternal-Newborn Nursing Care defines galactorrhea as "nipple discharge." -Causes:.... , ...
Galactorrhoea. DRIES UP THE MILK. Scanty milk. Cold creepings down back. Sore heels ...
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Imipramine can produce galactorrhea with or without increased prolactin. ,sup,(Mahasuar 2010, Nutt 1987, Cooper 1981, Klein ... GALACTORRHEA DUE TO IMIPRAMINE. REPORT OF A CASE. N Engl J Med. 1964 Abstract ... Euprolactinemic galactorrhea associated with use of imipramine and escitalopram in a postmenopausal woman. Gen Hosp Psychiatry ... Imipramine can produce galactorrhea with or without increased prolactin. (Mahasuar 2010, Nutt 1987, Cooper 1981, Klein 1964) ...
  • Hyperprolactinemia-associated amenorrhea (with or without) galactorrhea, infertility, hypogonadism. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • Other symptoms, such as the absence of a menstrual period ( Amenorrhea ) can for example on a Prolactinoma point to the cause of galactorrhea. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • Case reports and series also exist of mothers treated with bromocriptine for amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome or prolactinoma during pregnancy and lactation who successfully breastfed their infants. (nih.gov)
  • In males, galactorrhea may be associated with testosterone deficiency (male hypogonadism) and usually occurs with breast enlargement or tenderness (gynecomastia). (ahdubai.com)
  • Fourteen of the cases were gynecomastia, 6 were galactorrhea and 2 were of both gynecomastia and galactorrhea. (drugs.com)
  • Gynecomastia and/or galactorrhea was unilateral for almost half of the reported retinoid cases. (drugs.com)
  • Gynecomastia and galactorrhea: Unlabeled adverse drug reactions of retinoids used in dermatology. (drugs.com)
  • If you have increased sensitivity to prolactin, even normal prolactin levels can lead to galactorrhea. (ahdubai.com)
  • Elevated levels of prolactin can lead to galactorrhea. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • Furthermore, various drugs can cause an increased production of prolactin, which can then lead to galactorrhea. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • Lactation requires the presence of prolactin, and the evaluation of galactorrhea includes eliciting a history for various medications or foods (methyldopa, opioids, antipsychotics, serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and for behavioral causes (stress, breast, and chest wall stimulation), as well as evaluation for gestation, pituitary adenomas (with overproduction of prolactin or compression of the pituitary stalk), and hypothyroidism. (wikipedia.org)
  • which may also suggest Pituitary disease Look up galactorrhea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. (wikipedia.org)
  • Galactorrhea happens when the pituitary gland produces too much Prolactin. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Excessive breast stimulation, medication side effects or disorders of the pituitary gland all may contribute to galactorrhea. (ahdubai.com)
  • The most common cause of galactorrhea is a benign tumor on the pituitary gland. (mylofamily.com)
  • In rare cases, as in women, a prolactinoma, i.e. a tumor on the pituitary gland, can trigger galactorrhea in men. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • Often, galactorrhea results from increased levels of prolactin, the hormone that stimulates milk production. (ahdubai.com)
  • Another cause of galactorrhea could be a tumor called a prolactinoma. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • The most common symptom of a prolactinoma is galactorrhea. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Analysis of fluid discharged from the nipple, to see if fat droplets are present in the fluid, which can help confirm the diagnosis of galactorrhea. (ahdubai.com)
  • Galactorrhea is a condition related to milky discharge from nipples that happens apart from normal lactation during breastfeeding . (mylofamily.com)
  • The secretion of milk from the breast (lactation) not due to childbirth or nursing is known as galactorrhoea. (fernandezhospital.com)
  • Galactorrhea is the most common cause of physiologic discharge not associated with pregnancy or lactation. (aafp.org)
  • Galactorrhea is a type of milky nipple discharge in people who aren't breast-feeding. (ahdubai.com)
  • Galactorrhea (guh-lack-toe-REE-uh) is a milky nipple discharge unrelated to the normal milk production of breast-feeding. (ahdubai.com)
  • For one, a deficiency in the hormone testosterone can lead to reactive galactorrhea. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • In case of men, deficiency of testosterone hormone is associated with galactorrhoea due to which the breasts may enlarge or become tender. (fernandezhospital.com)
  • Bromocriptine has been used to treat persistent galactorrhea following breast augmentation surgery. (nih.gov)
  • Galactorrhea can also be caused by antipsychotics that cause hyperprolactinemia by blocking dopamine receptors responsible for control of prolactin release. (wikipedia.org)
  • 6 ] It has also been used to mitigate hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea caused by antipsychotic therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Galactorrhea also occurs in males, newborn infants and adolescents of both sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Galactorrhoea in newborn babies occurs sometimes when the high estrogen level pass through the placenta into the baby's blood. (fernandezhospital.com)
  • Galactorrhea (also spelled galactorrhoea) (galacto- + -rrhea) or lactorrhea (lacto- + -rrhea) is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing. (wikipedia.org)
  • But galactorrhea can happen in men and even in infants. (ahdubai.com)
  • A symptom of galactorrhea is the release of white milk-like discharge from either or both of the breasts. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Galactorrhea (say: "gal-act-tor-ee-ah") is a condition that occurs when a woman's breast makes milk (or a milky discharge) even though she is not breast feeding a baby. (articlealley.com)
  • Galactorrhea can take place as a result of dysregulation of certain hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • You might also face issues such as erectile dysfunction if you are a man and suffering from galactorrhoea. (mylofamily.com)
  • Galactorrhea is when your breasts make milk when you aren't breastfeeding a baby. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Doctors know you have galactorrhea because your breasts are making milk for no reason. (msdmanuals.com)
  • One or both breasts may be affected with galactorrhoea. (fernandezhospital.com)
  • However, galactorrhea is more likely to be triggered by an increased production of the hormone estrogen, so that galactorrhea is rather untypical during menopause. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • Galactorrhea or lactorrhea is the condition in which there is leakage of milk from the breast of a person both male and female and even an infant. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Galactorrhea is the uncontrollable release of milk from the breast at any time besides when nursing. (mylofamily.com)
  • So this would be a possible reason for galactorrhea in menopause. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • Galactorrhea sometimes occurs in newborns. (ahdubai.com)
  • As galactorrhea (also Galactorrhea ) describes the leakage of breast milk or milk-like secretions from the female breast without the woman having been pregnant or having recently given birth. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • Galactorrhea can be a symptom of some abnormality with the body or hormone imbalance, also, it can be because of prolactin. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Galactorrhea often results from having too much prolactin - the hormone responsible for milk production when you have a baby. (ahdubai.com)
  • This is called idiopathic galactorrhea, and it may just mean that your breast tissue is particularly sensitive to the milk-producing hormone prolactin in your blood. (ahdubai.com)
  • Galactorrhoea is often caused by an increase in the level of Prolactin, the hormone that stimulates milk production. (fernandezhospital.com)
  • People suffering from cancer and tumor are also at risk for galactorrhea. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Galactorrhea may happen due to the use of certain medications like birth control pills, blood pressure control, antidepressants, and diabetes. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Galactorrhea can happen due to excessive breast stimulation and also due to the side effects of medication. (mylofamily.com)
  • Galactorrhea is reported to occur in 5-32% of women. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cases of galactorrhea are more in women than in men. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Galactorrhea mostly affects women in their reproductive age but can also affect men. (mylofamily.com)
  • Both men and women can get galactorrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Galactorrhea may also be caused by hormonal imbalances owing to birth control pills. (wikipedia.org)
  • The development of galactorrhea can be a sign of hormonal imbalance . (mylofamily.com)
  • Sometimes doctors can't find a cause for galactorrhea. (ahdubai.com)
  • How can doctors tell if I have galactorrhea? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Galactorrhea can also happen when there is a high level of prolactin which induces the production of milk. (mylofamily.com)
  • It is also conceivable that, similar to the female gender, various drugs can trigger galactorrhea as a side effect. (lifeafterjob.com)
  • Sometimes, the cause of galactorrhea is unclear, and in many cases, the condition can resolve on its own. (mylofamily.com)
  • However, in some cases, the cause of galactorrhoea is not known. (fernandezhospital.com)
  • Galactorrhea is a common condition, so don't be reluctant to get help if you experience any symptoms. (mylofamily.com)