A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.
A process whereby bile is delivered from the gallbladder into the duodenum. The emptying is caused by both contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter mechanism at the choledochal terminus.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
Imino acids are organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom in their structure, classified as derivatives of amino acids, where the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl group is bonded to a nitrogen atom instead of a hydrogen atom, forming a characteristic imino functional group.
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.
A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.
The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.
A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall in the absence of GALLSTONES.
A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
A genus of the Proteidae family with five recognized species, which inhabit the Atlantic and Gulf drainages.
A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.
The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. The COMMON BILE DUCT and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter.
A benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements. It occurs most frequently in the uterus and uterine ligaments. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An abnormal twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis.
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
A neotenic aquatic species of mudpuppy (Necturus) occurring from Manitoba to Louisiana and Texas.
A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.
Establishment of an opening into the gallbladder either for drainage or surgical communication with another part of the digestive tract, usually the duodenum or jejunum.
Unanticipated information discovered in the course of testing or medical care. Used in discussions of information that may have social or psychological consequences, such as when it is learned that a child's biological father is someone other than the putative father, or that a person tested for one disease or disorder has, or is at risk for, something else.
Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.
Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the COMMON BILE DUCT and the common hepatic duct (HEPATIC DUCT, COMMON).
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.
Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.
A condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. Xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the SKIN; TENDONS; joints of KNEES and ELBOWS. Xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of LIPID METABOLISM and formation of FOAM CELLS.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
Organic compounds that contain technetium as an integral part of the molecule. These compounds are often used as radionuclide imaging agents.
A subtype of cholecystokinin receptor found primarily in the PANCREAS; STOMACH; INTESTINE; and GALLBLADDER. It plays a role in regulating digestive functions such as gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion and absorption in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Any surgical procedure performed on the biliary tract.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
Linear TETRAPYRROLES that give a characteristic color to BILE including: BILIRUBIN; BILIVERDIN; and bilicyanin.
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Cell surface proteins that bind cholecystokinin (CCK) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholecystokinin receptors are activated by GASTRIN as well as by CCK-4; CCK-8; and CCK-33. Activation of these receptors evokes secretion of AMYLASE by pancreatic acinar cells, acid and PEPSIN by stomach mucosal cells, and contraction of the PYLORUS and GALLBLADDER. The role of the widespread CCK receptors in the central nervous system is not well understood.

Gallstones: an intestinal disease? (1/82)

Current evidence suggests that impaired intestinal motility may facilitate gallstone formation by influencing biliary deoxycholate levels or by modulating interdigestive gall bladder motility (fig 2), although a primary intestinal defect in gallstone pathogenesis has not yet been demonstrated. In the cold war period, most interesting events, from a political point of view, occurred at the border between capitalist and communist systems, near the iron curtain. Similarly, the gall bladder and biliary tract can be viewed as the border between liver and intestinal tract, where many interesting things occur with profound impact on both systems. Combined efforts by researchers in the field of hepatology and gastrointestinal motility should brake down the Berlin wall of ignorance of one of the most common diseases in the Western world.  (+info)

The effects of vapreotide, a somatostatin analogue, on gastric acidity, gallbladder emptying and hormone release after 1 week of continuous subcutaneous infusion in normal subjects. (2/82)

AIMS: Somatostatin analogues (e.g. vapreotide) are used for treatment of acromegaly, endocrine tumours and variceal bleeding. The pharmacodynamic effects of vapreotide have, however, not been documented in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous vapreotide administration on gastric acidity, gallbladder contraction and hormone release. METHODS: Ten healthy males participated in this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. A constant vapreotide (or placebo) infusion (1.5 mg day(-1) s.c.) was given for 7 days with a portable pump. Intragastric pH was monitored on days 2 and 7. Gallbladder volume was sonographically assessed and the maximal ejection fraction was calculated. In addition basal and postprandial plasma levels of gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) were measured. RESULTS: After an initial increase in the median 24 h intragastric pH to a value of 2.6 on day 2, vapreotide's effect on pH decreased: (day 7: median pH=1.9; respective placebo values were 1.7 and 1.5). On the same days with vapreotide treatment, gallbladder contraction and plasma levels of CCK were reduced; maximal ejection fractions after meal stimulation were 18% and 20% (respective placebo values were 57% and 62%). Plasma gastrin levels were not changed with vapreotide treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The short lasting effect of vapreotide on intragastric acidity suggests a down-regulation of somatostatin receptors during treatment. The lack of effect on gastrin indicates that the effects on gastric pH are not mediated by gastrin. Constant vapreotide infusion (but not placebo) reduced gallbladder contraction suggesting a long-lasting effect on biliary function.  (+info)

SR146131: a new potent, orally active, and selective nonpeptide cholecystokinin subtype 1 receptor agonist. II. In vivo pharmacological characterization. (3/82)

SR146131 is a potent and selective agonist at cholecystokinin subtype 1 (CCK1) receptors in vitro. The present study evaluates the activity of the compound in vivo. SR146131 completely inhibited gastric and gallbladder emptying in mice (ED50 of 66 and 2.7 micrograms/kg p.o., respectively). SR146131 dose dependently reduced food intake in fasted rats (from 0.1 mg/kg p.o.), in nonfasted rats in which food intake had been highly stimulated by the administration of neuropeptide Y (1-36) (from 0.3 mg/kg p.o.), in fasted gerbils (from 0.1 mg/kg p.o.), and in marmosets maintained on a restricted diet (from 3 mg/kg p.o.). SR146131 (10 mg/kg p.o.) also increased the number of Fos-positive cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats. Locomotor activity of mice was reduced by orally administered SR146131 (from 0.3 mg/kg p.o.). When administered intrastriatally, SR146131 elicited contralateral turning behavior in mice. Furthermore, orally administered SR146131 (0.3-10 mg/kg), also reduced the levels of cerebellar cyclic GMP. Finally, SR146131 (0.1 microgram/kg to 1 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly and dose dependently antagonized fluphenazine-induced mouth movements in rats. The CCK1 antagonist SR27897B prevented all the effects of SR146131. Conversely, SR146131 was unable to elicit any agonist or antagonist effects in a model of CCK2 receptor stimulation in vivo. SR146131 is a very potent and selective nonpeptide CCK1 agonist in vivo. SR146131 is more potent than any other CCK1 agonists reported to date. Because pharmacodynamic studies suggest that SR146131 should have a high absolute bioavailability, it may be a promising drug for the treatment of eating and motor disorders in humans.  (+info)

Gall bladder emptying in severe idiopathic constipation. (4/82)

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that slow transit constipation (STC) may be part of a panenteric motor disorder. AIM: To evaluate motility of an upper gastrointestinal organ, the gall bladder, in 16 patients with STC and 20 healthy controls. METHODS: Gall bladder emptying (ultrasonography) was studied in response to neural, cephalic-vagal stimulation with modified sham feeding (MSF) for 90 minutes and in response to hormonal stimulation with cholecystokinin (CCK, 0.5 IDU/kg/h) for 60 minutes. RESULTS: Fasting gall bladder volume in patients with STC (17 (2) cm(3)) was significantly (p<0. 01) reduced compared with that in controls (24 (2) cm(3)). Gall bladder emptying in response to MSF was significantly reduced in patients with STC expressed both as percentage emptying (11 (5)% versus 22 (3)%; p<0.05) and as absolute emptying (2.1 (0.7) cm(3) versus 4.9 (0.7) cm(3); p<0.02). However, percentage gall bladder emptying in response to CCK was not different between patients and controls (73 (4)% versus 67 (4)%) although the absolute reduction in gall bladder volume was significantly (p<0.05) smaller in patients (10.7 (1.1) cm(3) versus 15.3 (1.4) cm(3)). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with slow transit constipation have smaller fasting gall bladder volumes, impaired gall bladder responses to vagal cholinergic stimulation, but normal gall bladder responses to hormonal stimulation with CCK. These results point to abnormalities in gastrointestinal motility proximal from the colon in slow transit constipation and more specifically, impaired neural responsiveness.  (+info)

Contrast material and gallbladder kinetics: implications for same day sonography after intravenous pyelography or CT scanning. (5/82)

Sonographic examination of the gallbladder has allowed us to study the effects of various substances on this organ. A prospective study involving 77 patients was undertaken to evaluate the effects of intravenous or oral contrast agents on gallbladder volume changes in patients without known gallbladder disease. A mean volume after contraction of 24.8% was observed after administration of intravenous contrast agent (P < 0.01) and of 31.9% after oral administration (P < 0.01). This phenomenon of contraction of the gallbladder should therefore be recognized when sonographic or computed tomographic evaluation of the gallbladder is undertaken after imaging procedures that use radiographic contrast agents either intravenously or orally.  (+info)

Cholesterol inhibits spontaneous action potentials and calcium currents in guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle. (6/82)

Elevated cholesterol decreases agonist-induced contractility and enhances stone formation in the gallbladder. The current study was conducted to determine if and how the electrical properties and ionic conductances of gallbladder smooth muscle are altered by elevated cholesterol. Cholesterol was delivered as a complex with cyclodextrin, and effects were evaluated with intracellular recordings from intact gallbladder and whole cell patch-clamp recordings from isolated cells. Cholesterol significantly attenuated the spontaneous action potentials of intact tissue. Furthermore, calcium-dependent action potentials and calcium currents were reduced in the intact tissue and in isolated cells, respectively. However, neither membrane potential hyperpolarizations induced by the ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, pinacidil, nor voltage-activated outward potassium currents were affected by cholesterol. Hyperpolarizations elicited by calcitonin gene-related peptide were reduced by cholesterol enrichment, indicating potential changes in receptor ligand binding and/or second messenger interactions. These data indicate that excess cholesterol can contribute to gallbladder stasis by affecting calcium channel activity, whereas potassium channels remained unaffected. In addition, cholesterol enrichment may also modulate receptor ligand behavior and/or second messenger interactions.  (+info)

Differing effects on gall-bladder motility of lanreotide SR and octreotide LAR for treatment of acromegaly. (7/82)

BACKGROUND: Octreotide treatment may be associated with gall stone development in up to 50% of patients with acromegaly. Two new sustained-release formulations of somatostatin analogue have been recently developed: lanreotide SR (Somatuline) and octreotide LAR (Sandostatin LAR). The incidence of gall-stone development in patients receiving these drugs has been shown to be less than 20%, but the duration of follow-up has been limited. OBJECTIVE: Prospectively to assess and compare the effects of the two new long-acting somatostatin agonists on gall bladder motility in patients with acromegaly. METHOD AND PATIENTS: Eleven patients with active acromegaly were studied. Three patients had asymptomatic gall stones at the start of the study. Ultrasound scans were performed before commencement of the treatment, and repeated during treatment with lanreotide SR and octreotide LAR. The presence of gall stones, fasting gall bladder volume (FV), residual volume (RV) and maximal percentage gall bladder emptying were measured. RESULTS: One patient developed asymptomatic small gall stones after treatment with octreotide LAR for 4 months. FV and RV were both significantly larger when patients received treatment with lanreotide SR or octreotide LAR compared with pretreatment values (P<0.05 for both). Maximal percentage gall bladder emptying was significantly reduced in patients receiving lanreotide SR or octreotide LAR compared with pretreatment (P<0.01), but was less impaired in patients receiving lanreotide SR than in those receiving octreotide LAR (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Gall bladder motility is impaired in patients receiving either of these new long-acting preparations, and long-term follow-up will be needed to establish the true incidence of gall stones.  (+info)

Cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy: victim of its own success? (8/82)

Numerous publications have reported that a low gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) determined by cholecystokinin (CCK) cholescintigraphy has a high positive predictive value for the diagnosis of chronic acalculous cholecystitis (CAC). Clinicians and surgeons have found this test to be clinically useful as an objective method to confirm their clinical diagnosis. However, an abnormally low GBEF is not specific for CAC. For example, numerous other diseases have been associated with a low GBEF, and various therapeutic drugs can cause poor gallbladder contraction. Importantly, improper CCK infusion methodology can result in an erroneously low GBEF. More than one third of healthy subjects and patients who receive sincalide, 0.02 microg/kg infused over 1-3 min, will have an erroneously low GBEF but will have a normal GBEF with a slower infusion (30-60 min) of the same total dose. Because of enthusiastic acceptance of CCK cholescintigraphy by clinicians, the types of patients referred for this test have changed over time. Patients investigated in publications confirming the usefulness of CCK cholescintigraphy had a high pretest likelihood of disease. They underwent extensive workup to rule out other diseases and were followed up for months or years before CCK cholescintigraphy was performed, allowing other diseases to become manifest or symptoms to resolve. However, CCK cholescintigraphy is now being used by clinicians to shorten the workup and follow-up time based on the rationale that CCK cholescintigraphy can quickly confirm or exclude the diagnosis. This new group of referral patients has a lower likelihood of the disease. Many will ultimately be diagnosed with diseases other than CAC. The positive predictive value of this test will likely be lower and the false-positive rate will likely be higher. Nuclear medicine physicians must work to minimize false-positive studies to maintain the confidence of referring clinicians. First, we can educate referring physicians as to the proper use of this study. Next, we must perform CCK cholescintigraphy using optimal methodology that will result in the lowest possible false-positive rate. And finally, we must interpret CCK cholescintigraphy in light of the patient's history, prior workup and clinical setting.  (+info)

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just under the liver in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive enzyme produced by the liver, which helps in the breakdown of fats during the digestion process. When food, particularly fatty foods, enter the stomach and small intestine, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, to aid in fat digestion.

The gallbladder is made up of three main parts: the fundus, body, and neck. It has a muscular wall that allows it to contract and release bile. Gallstones, an inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), or other gallbladder diseases can cause pain, discomfort, and potentially serious health complications if left untreated.

Gallbladder neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the gallbladder, which can be benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, also known as gallbladder cancer, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. Gallbladder neoplasms can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and nausea, but they are often asymptomatic until they have advanced to an advanced stage. The exact causes of gallbladder neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include gallstones, chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, and certain inherited genetic conditions.

Gallbladder diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the function and structure of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver. The primary role of the gallbladder is to store, concentrate, and release bile into the small intestine to aid in digesting fats. Gallbladder diseases can be chronic or acute and may cause various symptoms, discomfort, or complications if left untreated. Here are some common gallbladder diseases with brief definitions:

1. Cholelithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the gallbladder. Gallstones are small, hard deposits made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or a combination of both, which can vary in size from tiny grains to several centimeters.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by obstruction of the cystic duct (the tube connecting the gallbladder and the common bile duct) due to a gallstone. This condition can be acute or chronic and may cause abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
3. Choledocholithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the common bile duct, which can lead to obstruction, jaundice, and potential infection of the biliary system (cholangitis).
4. Acalculous gallbladder disease: Gallbladder dysfunction or inflammation without the presence of gallstones. This condition is often seen in critically ill patients and can lead to similar symptoms as cholecystitis.
5. Gallbladder polyps: Small growths attached to the inner wall of the gallbladder. While most polyps are benign, some may have malignant potential, especially if they are larger than 1 cm in size or associated with certain risk factors.
6. Gallbladder cancer: A rare form of cancer that originates in the gallbladder tissue. It is often asymptomatic in its early stages and can be challenging to diagnose. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, jaundice, or a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if experiencing symptoms related to gallbladder disease for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Gallbladder emptying refers to the process by which the gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine through the bile duct. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that stores and concentrates bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. After eating, especially when fatty or greasy foods are consumed, the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is released into the bloodstream, which stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, a muscle that controls the opening and closing of the bile duct. This allows the concentrated bile to flow from the gallbladder into the small intestine, where it helps break down fats for absorption.

Gallbladder emptying can be assessed through various diagnostic tests, such as ultrasound or cholescintigraphy (also known as a HIDA scan), which measures the rate and degree of gallbladder emptying in response to CCK stimulation. Abnormalities in gallbladder emptying can contribute to conditions such as gallstones, biliary dyskinesia, and other functional gallbladder disorders.

Cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine during digestion.

Acute cholecystitis is a sudden inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by the presence of gallstones that block the cystic duct, the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. This blockage can cause bile to build up in the gallbladder, leading to inflammation, swelling, and pain.

Chronic cholecystitis is a long-term inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by repeated attacks of acute cholecystitis or the presence of gallstones that cause ongoing irritation and damage to the gallbladder wall. Over time, chronic cholecystitis can lead to thickening and scarring of the gallbladder wall, which can reduce its ability to function properly.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, often in the upper right or center of the abdomen, that may worsen after eating fatty foods; fever; nausea and vomiting; bloating and gas; and clay-colored stools. Treatment for cholecystitis typically involves antibiotics to treat any infection present, pain relief, and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). In some cases, a nonsurgical procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be used to remove gallstones from the bile duct.

Cholecystectomy is a medical procedure to remove the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the abdomen, just beneath the liver. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. During a cholecystectomy, the surgeon removes the gallbladder, usually due to the presence of gallstones or inflammation that can cause pain, infection, or other complications.

There are two primary methods for performing a cholecystectomy:

1. Open Cholecystectomy: In this traditional surgical approach, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to access and remove the gallbladder. This method is typically used when there are complications or unique circumstances that make laparoscopic surgery difficult or risky.
2. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure where the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen, through which a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) and specialized surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon then guides these tools to remove the gallbladder while viewing the internal structures on a video monitor.

After the gallbladder is removed, bile flows directly from the liver into the small intestine through the common bile duct, and the body continues to function normally without any significant issues.

Cholecystography is a medical procedure that involves the use of X-rays to examine the gallbladder and bile ducts. It is also known as an oral cholecystogram (OCG).

The procedure involves administering a contrast agent, typically a iodine-based dye, which is absorbed by the liver and excreted into the bile ducts and gallbladder. The dye makes the bile ducts and gallbladder visible on X-ray images, allowing doctors to diagnose conditions such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation of the gallbladder.

Cholecystography is not commonly used today due to the development of more advanced imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans, which are non-invasive and do not require the use of contrast agents. However, it may still be used in certain cases where other imaging tests are inconclusive or unavailable.

Cholelithiasis is a medical term that refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size and may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Some people with gallstones may not experience any symptoms, while others may have severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) if the gallstones block the bile ducts.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly women over the age of 40 and those with certain medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and rapid weight loss. If left untreated, gallstones can lead to serious complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Treatment options for cholelithiasis include medication, shock wave lithotripsy (breaking up the gallstones with sound waves), and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

Imino acids are organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom as part of an amide-like structure. They are structurally similar to amino acids, which contain a carboxyl group and an amino group, but instead of the amino group, imino acids have a structural unit known as an imine or Schiff base, which is a carbon-nitrogen double bond with a hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom.

One example of an imino acid is proline, which is a cyclic imino acid that plays important roles in protein structure and function. Proline is unique among the 20 standard amino acids because its side chain is linked to the nitrogen atom of the backbone, forming a ring-like structure. This structural feature gives proline unique properties, such as restricted rotation around the bond between the nitrogen and alpha carbon atoms, which can affect protein folding and stability.

Other imino acids may be formed through chemical reactions or enzymatic processes, and they can play important roles in various biological pathways, including the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other biomolecules. However, imino acids are not typically considered to be part of the standard set of 20 amino acids that make up proteins.

Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located under the liver. They can range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bile pigments, or calcium salts, or a combination of these substances.

There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type and are usually yellow-green in color. They form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile, which causes it to become saturated and form crystals that eventually grow into stones. Pigment stones are smaller and darker in color, ranging from brown to black. They form when there is an excess of bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells, in the bile.

Gallstones can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating, especially after eating fatty foods. In some cases, gallstones can lead to serious complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or blockage of the bile ducts, which can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

The exact cause of gallstones is not fully understood, but risk factors include being female, older age, obesity, a family history of gallstones, rapid weight loss, diabetes, and certain medical conditions such as cirrhosis or sickle cell anemia. Treatment for gallstones may involve medication to dissolve the stones, shock wave therapy to break them up, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Cholecystolithiasis is the medical term for the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, become concentrated and crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size, from tiny grains of sand to large stones several centimeters in diameter. Some people may have a single gallstone, while others may have many. Gallstones may cause no symptoms at all, but if they block the flow of bile out of the gallbladder, they can cause pain, inflammation, and infection.

Symptoms of cholecystolithiasis may include abdominal pain, often in the upper right or center of the abdomen, that may be sharp or crampy and may occur after eating fatty foods. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills. If gallstones are left untreated, they can lead to serious complications such as cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), or cholangitis (infection of the bile ducts). Treatment for cholecystolithiasis may include medication to dissolve the gallstones, shock wave lithotripsy to break up the stones, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin is not a medical condition, but rather a radiopharmaceutical used in diagnostic imaging. It is a radioactive tracer used in nuclear medicine scans, specifically for liver and biliary system imaging. The compound consists of the radioisotope Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) bonded to the pharmaceutical Disofenin.

The Tc-99m is a gamma emitter with a half-life of 6 hours, making it ideal for diagnostic imaging. When administered to the patient, the compound is taken up by the liver and excreted into the bile ducts and gallbladder, allowing medical professionals to visualize these structures using a gamma camera. This can help detect various conditions such as tumors, gallstones, or obstructions in the biliary system.

It's important to note that Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin is used diagnostically and not for therapeutic purposes. The radiation exposure from this compound is generally low and considered safe for diagnostic use. However, as with any medical procedure involving radiation, the benefits and risks should be carefully weighed and discussed with a healthcare professional.

Bile is a digestive fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays an essential role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Bile consists of bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes, and water.

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules that help to emulsify fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing for more efficient digestion by enzymes such as lipase. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells and gives bile its characteristic greenish-brown color.

Bile is released into the small intestine in response to food, particularly fats, entering the digestive tract. It helps to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed through the walls of the intestines and transported to other parts of the body for energy or storage.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder using a laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera, which allows the surgeon to view the internal structures on a video monitor. The surgery is performed through several small incisions in the abdomen, rather than a single large incision used in open cholecystectomy. This approach results in less postoperative pain, fewer complications, and shorter recovery time compared to open cholecystectomy.

The procedure is typically indicated for symptomatic gallstones or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), which can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard of care for gallbladder removal due to its minimally invasive nature and excellent outcomes.

Acute cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) that develops suddenly (acute). The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located in the upper right part of the abdomen, beneath the liver. It stores bile, a digestive juice produced by the liver, which helps break down fats in the food we eat.

Acute cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed and irritated, often due to the presence of gallstones that block the cystic duct, the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine. When the cystic duct is obstructed, bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing it to become swollen, inflamed, and infected.

Symptoms of acute cholecystitis may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, often located in the upper right or middle part of the abdomen, that may radiate to the back or shoulder blade area. Other symptoms may include fever, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and abdominal tenderness or swelling.

Acute cholecystitis is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment may involve hospitalization, antibiotics to treat infection, pain relief medications, and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). In some cases, nonsurgical treatments such as endoscopic sphincterotomy or percutaneous cholecystostomy may be used to relieve obstruction and inflammation.

The cystic duct is a short tube that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. The cystic duct allows bile to flow from the gallbladder into the common bile duct when it is needed for digestion. It is a part of the biliary system and plays an important role in the digestive process.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that is produced in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) and in the brain. It is released into the bloodstream in response to food, particularly fatty foods, and plays several roles in the digestive process.

In the digestive system, CCK stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder, which releases bile into the small intestine to help digest fats. It also inhibits the release of acid from the stomach and slows down the movement of food through the intestines.

In the brain, CCK acts as a neurotransmitter and has been shown to have effects on appetite regulation, mood, and memory. It may play a role in the feeling of fullness or satiety after eating, and may also be involved in anxiety and panic disorders.

CCK is sometimes referred to as "gallbladder-stimulating hormone" or "pancreozymin," although these terms are less commonly used than "cholecystokinin."

A polyp is a general term for a small growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane, such as the lining of the nose or the digestive tract. Polyps can vary in size and shape, but they are usually cherry-sized or smaller and have a stalk or a broad base. They are often benign (noncancerous), but some types of polyps, especially those in the colon, can become cancerous over time.

In the digestive tract, polyps can form in the colon, rectum, stomach, or small intestine. Colorectal polyps are the most common type and are usually found during routine colonoscopies. There are several types of colorectal polyps, including:

* Adenomatous polyps (adenomas): These polyps can become cancerous over time and are the most likely to turn into cancer.
* Hyperplastic polyps: These polyps are usually small and benign, but some types may have a higher risk of becoming cancerous.
* Inflammatory polyps: These polyps are caused by chronic inflammation in the digestive tract, such as from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Polyps can also form in other parts of the body, including the nose, sinuses, ears, and uterus. In most cases, polyps are benign and do not cause any symptoms. However, if they become large enough, they may cause problems such as bleeding, obstruction, or discomfort. Treatment typically involves removing the polyp through a surgical procedure.

Acalculous cholecystitis is a form of inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs in the absence of gallstones, which are commonly associated with gallbladder inflammation. It mainly affects critically ill or debilitated patients and can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or viral infection, reduced blood flow to the gallbladder, and injury to the bile ducts.

The symptoms of acalculous cholecystitis may include abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. The diagnosis is often made through imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scan, which may show gallbladder wall thickening, fluid accumulation around the gallbladder, and other signs of inflammation.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics to manage infection, intravenous fluids, and pain management. In severe cases, cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder) may be necessary. If left untreated, acalculous cholecystitis can lead to serious complications such as gangrene, perforation of the gallbladder, and sepsis.

Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin is a radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine imaging procedures, specifically for hepatobiliary scintigraphy. It is a technetium-labeled compound, where the radioisotope technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) is bound to lidofenin, a liver-imaging agent.

The compound is used to assess the function and anatomy of the liver, gallbladder, and biliary system. After intravenous administration, Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin is taken up by hepatocytes (liver cells) and excreted into the bile ducts and ultimately into the small intestine. The distribution and excretion of this radiopharmaceutical can be monitored using a gamma camera, providing functional information about the liver and biliary system.

It is essential to note that the use of Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin should be under the guidance and supervision of healthcare professionals trained in nuclear medicine, as its administration and handling require specific expertise and safety measures due to the radioactive nature of the compound.

The common bile duct is a duct that results from the union of the cystic duct (which drains bile from the gallbladder) and the common hepatic duct (which drains bile from the liver). The common bile duct transports bile, a digestive enzyme, from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The common bile duct runs through the head of the pancreas before emptying into the second part of the duodenum, either alone or in conjunction with the pancreatic duct, via a small opening called the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats by helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts inside and outside the liver, and the ducts that connect the liver to the small intestine. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Malignant biliary tract neoplasms are often referred to as cholangiocarcinoma if they originate in the bile ducts, or gallbladder cancer if they arise in the gallbladder. These cancers are relatively rare but can be aggressive and difficult to treat. They can cause symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, weight loss, and dark urine.

Risk factors for biliary tract neoplasms include chronic inflammation of the biliary system, primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B or C infection, parasitic infections, and certain genetic conditions. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with these neoplasms.

The biliary tract is a system of ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine. The main components of the biliary tract are:

1. Intrahepatic bile ducts: These are the smaller branches of bile ducts located within the liver that collect bile from the liver cells or hepatocytes.
2. Gallbladder: A small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver, which stores and concentrates bile received from the intrahepatic bile ducts. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine when food is ingested, particularly fats, to aid digestion.
3. Common hepatic duct: This is a duct that forms by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver, respectively.
4. Cystic duct: A short duct that connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, forming the beginning of the common bile duct.
5. Common bile duct: This is a larger duct formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine.
6. Pancreatic duct: A separate duct that originates from the pancreas, a gland located near the liver and stomach. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just before they both enter the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
7. Ampulla of Vater: This is the dilated portion where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join together and empty their contents into the duodenum through a shared opening called the papilla of Vater.

Disorders related to the biliary tract include gallstones, cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), bile duct stones, bile duct strictures or obstructions, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, among others.

"Necturus" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a genus of aquatic salamanders found in North America, also known as mudpuppies or waterdogs. If you have any confusion regarding a medical or healthcare related term, I would be happy to help clarify!

Biliary dyskinesia is a medical condition characterized by abnormal or impaired motility of the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder and the bile ducts. This can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and vomiting, particularly after eating fatty foods.

In biliary dyskinesia, the gallbladder may not contract properly or may contract too much, leading to a backup of bile in the liver or bile ducts. This can cause inflammation and irritation of the biliary system and surrounding tissues.

The condition is often diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, nuclear medicine scans, or MRI, which can help assess gallbladder function and detect any abnormalities in the biliary system. Treatment for biliary dyskinesia may include medications to improve gallbladder motility, dietary modifications, or in some cases, surgery to remove the gallbladder.

The Sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice from the pancreatic and bile ducts into the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. It is named after Ruggero Oddi, an Italian physiologist who discovered it in 1887. The Sphincter of Oddi has two parts: the sphincter papillae, which surrounds the common opening of the pancreatic and bile ducts into the duodenum, and the sphincter choledochus, which is located more proximally in the bile duct. The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help regulate the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and the flow of bile from the liver to aid in digestion.

Adenomyoma is a benign (non-cancerous) growth that occurs when the glands and muscle tissue from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) become embedded in the muscular wall of the uterus (myometrium). This condition most commonly affects women in their 40s and 50s, and it can cause symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding, painful periods, and pelvic pain or discomfort.

The term "adenomyoma" is derived from two words: "adeno," which means gland, and "myoma," which refers to a benign muscle tumor. Therefore, an adenomyoma can be thought of as a benign growth that contains both glandular tissue and muscle tissue.

Adenomyomas are typically found in the lower part of the uterus, near the cervix, and they can vary in size from small nodules to larger masses. In some cases, adenomyomas may cause no symptoms at all, while in other cases, they can lead to significant discomfort and pain.

The exact cause of adenomyoma is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to hormonal factors, as well as trauma or injury to the uterus. Treatment options for adenomyoma may include medication to manage symptoms, such as pain relievers or hormone therapy, or surgical intervention, such as a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus).

A "torsion abnormality" is not a standard medical term, but I believe you are asking about torsional deformities or abnormalities related to torsion. Torsion refers to a twisting force or movement that can cause structures to rotate around their long axis. In the context of medical definitions:

Torsional abnormality could refer to a congenital or acquired condition where anatomical structures, such as blood vessels, muscles, tendons, or bones, are twisted or rotated in an abnormal way. This can lead to various complications depending on the structure involved and the degree of torsion.

For instance, in congenital torsional deformities of long bones (like tibia or femur), the rotation of the bone axis can cause issues with gait, posture, and joint function. In some cases, this may require surgical intervention to correct the abnormality.

In the context of vascular torsion abnormalities, such as mesenteric torsion, it could lead to bowel ischemia due to the twisting of blood vessels that supply the intestines. This can be a surgical emergency and requires immediate intervention to restore blood flow and prevent further damage.

It's essential to consult with a medical professional for a precise diagnosis and treatment options if you or someone else experiences symptoms related to torsional abnormalities.

Bile acids and salts are naturally occurring steroidal compounds that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids (fats) in the body. They are produced in the liver from cholesterol and then conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile acids, which are subsequently converted into bile salts by the addition of a sodium or potassium ion.

Bile acids and salts are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion, where they help emulsify fats, allowing them to be broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. They also aid in the elimination of waste products from the liver and help regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Abnormalities in bile acid synthesis or transport can lead to various medical conditions, such as cholestatic liver diseases, gallstones, and diarrhea. Therefore, understanding the role of bile acids and salts in the body is essential for diagnosing and treating these disorders.

Sincalide is a synthetic hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. It is used in diagnostic procedures to help diagnose conditions such as gallstones or obstructions of the bile ducts.

Sincalide is a synthetic form of cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone that is naturally produced in the body and stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. When sincalide is administered, it mimics the effects of CCK and causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. This can help doctors see if there are any obstructions or abnormalities in the bile ducts or gallbladder.

Sincalide is usually given as an injection, and its effects can be monitored through imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans. It is important to note that sincalide should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can cause side effects such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

"Necturus maculosus" is not a medical term, but a scientific name for a type of salamander. It's commonly known as the mudpuppy or waterdog. While it may not have a direct application in human medicine, studying these animals can contribute to our overall understanding of biology and ecology, which can indirectly inform various medical and health-related fields.

Technetium Tc 99m Diethyl-iminodiacetic Acid (Tc 99m DTPA) is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in medical imaging. It is a technetium-labeled compound, where the radioisotope technetium-99m is bound to diethyl-iminodiacetic acid (DTPA). This complex is used as a renal agent for performing nuclear medicine imaging studies to assess kidney function and structure.

Technetium-99m is a metastable isotope of technetium that emits gamma rays, making it suitable for medical imaging. When Tc 99m DTPA is injected into the patient's body, it is excreted primarily by the kidneys through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. The gamma rays emitted by technetium-99m are detected by a gamma camera, which generates images of the distribution and excretion of the radiopharmaceutical within the kidneys. This information helps physicians evaluate kidney function, detect abnormalities such as obstructions or tumors, and monitor the effectiveness of treatments.

It is essential to handle and administer Tc 99m DTPA with care due to its radioactive nature, following proper safety guidelines and regulations to ensure patient and staff safety.

Cholecystostomy is a medical procedure that involves the creation of an opening or fistula between the gallbladder and the stomach or the skin surface to drain bile from the gallbladder. This procedure is typically performed when there is an obstruction in the cystic duct or common bile duct, leading to inflammation or infection of the gallbladder (cholecystitis).

There are two types of cholecystostomy: percutaneous and open. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is a minimally invasive procedure that involves inserting a small tube through the skin and into the gallbladder under the guidance of imaging techniques such as ultrasound or CT scan. Open cholecystostomy, on the other hand, requires an open surgical incision to access the gallbladder and create the fistula.

Cholecystostomy is usually a temporary measure to manage acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients who are not suitable candidates for surgery or until they become stable enough to undergo a more definitive treatment, such as cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder).

Incidental findings are diagnoses or conditions that are discovered unintentionally while evaluating a patient for a different condition or symptom. These findings are not related to the primary reason for the medical examination, investigation, or procedure. They can occur in various contexts such as radiology studies, laboratory tests, or physical examinations.

Incidental findings can sometimes lead to further evaluation and management, depending on their nature and potential clinical significance. However, they also pose challenges related to communication, informed consent, and potential patient anxiety or harm. Therefore, it is essential to have clear guidelines for managing incidental findings in clinical practice.

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. This diagnostic test does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scans or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

During an MRCP, the patient lies on a table that slides into the MRI machine. Contrast agents may be used to enhance the visibility of the ducts. The MRI machine uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the internal structures, allowing radiologists to assess any abnormalities or blockages in the bile and pancreatic ducts.

MRCP is often used to diagnose conditions such as gallstones, tumors, inflammation, or strictures in the bile or pancreatic ducts. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions. However, it does not allow for therapeutic interventions like ERCP, which can remove stones or place stents.

Extrahepatic bile ducts refer to the portion of the biliary system that lies outside the liver. The biliary system is responsible for producing, storing, and transporting bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver.

The extrahepatic bile ducts include:

1. The common hepatic duct: This duct is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, which drain bile from the corresponding lobes of the liver.
2. The cystic duct: This short duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, allowing bile to flow into the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
3. The common bile duct: This is the result of the fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, where it aids in fat digestion.
4. The ampulla of Vater (or hepatopancreatic ampulla): This is a dilated area where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join and empty their contents into the duodenum through a shared opening called the major duodenal papilla.

Extrahepatic bile ducts can be affected by various conditions, such as gallstones, inflammation (cholangitis), strictures, or tumors, which may require medical or surgical intervention.

Bile ducts are tubular structures that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage or directly to the small intestine to aid in digestion. There are two types of bile ducts: intrahepatic and extrahepatic. Intrahepatic bile ducts are located within the liver and drain bile from liver cells, while extrahepatic bile ducts are outside the liver and include the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct. These ducts can become obstructed or inflamed, leading to various medical conditions such as cholestasis, cholecystitis, and gallstones.

Bile duct neoplasms, also known as cholangiocarcinomas, refer to a group of malignancies that arise from the bile ducts. These are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile duct neoplasms can be further classified based on their location as intrahepatic (within the liver), perihilar (at the junction of the left and right hepatic ducts), or distal (in the common bile duct).

These tumors are relatively rare, but their incidence has been increasing in recent years. They can cause a variety of symptoms, including jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever. The diagnosis of bile duct neoplasms typically involves imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, as well as blood tests to assess liver function. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment options for bile duct neoplasms depend on several factors, including the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for early-stage tumors, while chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be used in more advanced cases. For patients who are not candidates for surgery, palliative treatments such as stenting or bypass procedures may be recommended to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

The common hepatic duct is a medical term that refers to the duct in the liver responsible for carrying bile from the liver. More specifically, it is the duct that results from the convergence of the right and left hepatic ducts, which themselves carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver, respectively. The common hepatic duct then joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which ultimately drains into the duodenum, a part of the small intestine.

The primary function of the common hepatic duct is to transport bile, a digestive juice produced by the liver, to the small intestine. Bile helps break down fats during the digestion process, making it possible for the body to absorb them properly. Any issues or abnormalities in the common hepatic duct can lead to problems with bile flow and potentially cause health complications such as jaundice, gallstones, or liver damage.

Cholangiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the bile ducts (the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine). This is typically done by injecting a contrast dye into the bile ducts through an endoscope or a catheter that has been inserted into the body.

There are several types of cholangiography, including:

* Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): This procedure involves inserting an endoscope through the mouth and down the throat into the small intestine. A dye is then injected into the bile ducts through a small tube that is passed through the endoscope.
* Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC): This procedure involves inserting a needle through the skin and into the liver to inject the contrast dye directly into the bile ducts.
* Operative cholangiography: This procedure is performed during surgery to examine the bile ducts for any abnormalities or blockages.

Cholangiography can help diagnose a variety of conditions that affect the bile ducts, such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation. It can also be used to guide treatment decisions, such as whether surgery is necessary to remove a blockage.

A choristoma is a type of growth that occurs when normally functioning tissue is found in an abnormal location within the body. It is not cancerous or harmful, but it can cause problems if it presses on surrounding structures or causes symptoms. Choristomas are typically congenital, meaning they are present at birth, and are thought to occur due to developmental errors during embryonic growth. They can be found in various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, eye, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.

Xanthomatosis is a medical term that refers to the condition characterized by the presence of xanthomas, which are yellowish, fat-laden deposits that form under the skin or in other tissues. These deposits consist of lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, and immune cells called macrophages, which have engulfed the lipids.

Xanthomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the eyelids, tendons, joints, and other areas with connective tissue. They may appear as small papules or larger nodules, and their size and number can vary depending on the severity of the underlying disorder.

Xanthomatosis is often associated with genetic disorders that affect lipid metabolism, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, or with acquired conditions that cause high levels of lipids in the blood, such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, and certain liver diseases. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying disorder and controlling lipid levels through dietary changes, medications, or a combination of both.

Ultrasonography, also known as sonography, is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. These images are captured in real-time and can be used to assess the size, shape, and structure of various internal structures, as well as detect any abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or inflammation.

During an ultrasonography procedure, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the patient's skin, which emits and receives sound waves. The transducer sends high-frequency sound waves into the body, and these waves bounce back off internal structures and are recorded by the transducer. The recorded data is then processed and transformed into visual images that can be interpreted by a medical professional.

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, painless, and safe procedure that does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as CT scans or X-rays. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, heart, blood vessels, and musculoskeletal system.

A biliary fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the biliary system (which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver) and another organ or structure, usually in the abdominal cavity. This connection allows bile, which is a digestive fluid produced by the liver, to leak out of its normal pathway and into other areas of the body.

Biliary fistulas can occur as a result of trauma, surgery, infection, or inflammation in the biliary system. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, and clay-colored stools. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the fistula, such as draining an infection or repairing damaged tissue, and diverting bile flow away from the site of the leak. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the fistula.

Organotechnetium compounds are chemical substances that contain carbon-technetium bonds, where technetium is an element with the symbol Tc and atomic number 43. These types of compounds are primarily used in medical imaging as radioactive tracers due to the ability of technetium-99m to emit gamma rays. The organotechnetium compounds help in localizing specific organs, tissues, or functions within the body, making them useful for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine.

It is important to note that most organotechnetium compounds are synthesized from technetium-99m, which is generated from the decay of molybdenum-99. The use of these compounds requires proper handling and administration by trained medical professionals due to their radioactive nature.

Cholecystokinin A (CCK-A) receptor is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK is a peptide hormone that is released by cells in the duodenum in response to food intake, particularly fat and protein. The binding of CCK to the CCK-A receptor triggers several physiological responses, including contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine.

The CCK-A receptor is also found in the central nervous system, where it plays a role in regulating satiety and feeding behavior. Activation of the CCK-A receptor in the brain can lead to a decrease in food intake, making it a potential target for the development of anti-obesity drugs.

In summary, the Cholecystokinin A (CCK-A) receptor is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), and plays a role in regulating several physiological responses including gallbladder contraction, relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, satiety and feeding behavior.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Bile duct diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the bile ducts, which are tiny tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are several types of bile duct diseases, including:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This occurs when stones form in the common bile duct, causing blockage and leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and fever.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection of the bile ducts that can cause inflammation, pain, and fever. It can occur due to obstruction of the bile ducts or as a complication of other medical procedures.
3. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the bile ducts in the liver, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.
4. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC): This is another autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, leading to liver damage and potential liver failure.
5. Bile Duct Cancer: Also known as cholangiocarcinoma, this is a rare form of cancer that affects the bile ducts and can cause jaundice, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
6. Benign Strictures: These are narrowing of the bile ducts that can occur due to injury, inflammation, or surgery, leading to blockage and potential infection.

Symptoms of bile duct diseases may include jaundice, abdominal pain, fever, itching, dark urine, and light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may involve medication, surgery, or other medical interventions.

Common bile duct diseases refer to conditions that affect the common bile duct, a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. Some common examples of common bile duct diseases include:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This is the presence of stones (calculi) in the common bile duct, which can cause blockage, inflammation, and infection.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection or inflammation of the common bile duct, often caused by obstruction due to stones, tumors, or strictures.
3. Common bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma): This is a rare but aggressive cancer that arises from the cells lining the common bile duct.
4. Biliary strictures: These are narrowing or scarring of the common bile duct, which can be caused by injury, inflammation, or surgery.
5. Benign tumors: Non-cancerous growths in the common bile duct can also cause blockage and other symptoms.

Symptoms of common bile duct diseases may include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine or light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Technetium is not a medical term itself, but it is a chemical element with the symbol Tc and atomic number 43. However, in the field of nuclear medicine, which is a branch of medicine that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose or treat diseases, Technetium-99m (a radioisotope of technetium) is commonly used for various diagnostic procedures.

Technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99, and it emits gamma rays that can be detected outside the body to create images of internal organs or tissues. It has a short half-life of about 6 hours, which makes it ideal for diagnostic imaging since it decays quickly and reduces the patient's exposure to radiation.

Technetium-99m is used in a variety of medical procedures, such as bone scans, lung scans, heart scans, liver-spleen scans, brain scans, and kidney scans, among others. It can be attached to different pharmaceuticals or molecules that target specific organs or tissues, allowing healthcare professionals to assess their function or identify any abnormalities.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the cells that line the bile ducts, which are small tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the liver to the small intestine. It can occur in different parts of the bile duct system, including the bile ducts inside the liver (intrahepatic), the bile ducts outside the liver (extrahepatic), and the area where the bile ducts join the pancreas and small intestine (ampulla of Vater).

Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare cancer, but its incidence has been increasing in recent years. It can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are often nonspecific and similar to those of other conditions, such as gallstones or pancreatitis. Treatment options depend on the location and stage of the cancer, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

The ampulla of Vater, also known as hepatopancreatic ampulla, is a dilated portion of the common bile duct where it joins the main pancreatic duct and empties into the second part of the duodenum. It serves as a conduit for both bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas to reach the small intestine, facilitating the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The ampulla of Vater is surrounded by a muscular sphincter, the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of these secretions into the duodenum.

Biliary tract surgical procedures refer to a range of operations that involve the biliary system, which includes the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. These procedures can be performed for various reasons, including the treatment of gallstones, bile duct injuries, tumors, or other conditions affecting the biliary tract. Here are some examples of biliary tract surgical procedures:

1. Cholecystectomy: This is the surgical removal of the gallbladder, which is often performed to treat symptomatic gallstones or chronic cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). It can be done as an open procedure or laparoscopically.
2. Bile duct exploration: This procedure involves opening the common bile duct to remove stones, strictures, or tumors. It is often performed during a cholecystectomy if there is suspicion of common bile duct involvement.
3. Hepaticojejunostomy: This operation connects the liver's bile ducts directly to a portion of the small intestine called the jejunum, bypassing a damaged or obstructed segment of the biliary tract. It is often performed for benign or malignant conditions affecting the bile ducts.
4. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy: This procedure involves creating a Y-shaped limb of jejunum and connecting it to the liver's bile ducts, bypassing the common bile duct and duodenum. It is often performed for complex biliary tract injuries or malignancies.
5. Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): This extensive operation involves removing the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a portion of the jejunum, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct. It is performed for malignancies involving the pancreas, bile duct, or duodenum.
6. Liver resection: This procedure involves removing a portion of the liver to treat primary liver tumors (hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma) or metastatic cancer from other organs.
7. Biliary stenting or bypass: These minimally invasive procedures involve placing a stent or creating a bypass to relieve bile duct obstructions caused by tumors, strictures, or stones. They can be performed endoscopically (ERCP) or percutaneously (PTC).
8. Cholecystectomy: This procedure involves removing the gallbladder, often for symptomatic cholelithiasis (gallstones) or cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). It can be performed laparoscopically or open.
9. Biliary drainage: This procedure involves placing a catheter to drain bile from the liver or bile ducts, often for acute or chronic obstructions caused by tumors, strictures, or stones. It can be performed endoscopically (ERCP) or percutaneously (PTC).
10. Bilioenteric anastomosis: This procedure involves connecting the biliary tract to a portion of the small intestine, often for benign or malignant conditions affecting the bile ducts or pancreas. It can be performed open or laparoscopically.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

Intrahepatic bile ducts are the small tubular structures inside the liver that collect bile from the liver cells (hepatocytes). Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food. The intrahepatic bile ducts merge to form larger ducts, which eventually exit the liver and join with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. The common bile duct then empties into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, where bile aids in digestion. Intrahepatic bile ducts can become obstructed or damaged due to various conditions such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation, leading to complications like jaundice, liver damage, and infection.

Bile pigments are the yellow-brown colored end products of hemoglobin breakdown in the liver. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. When these cells are broken down, heme (the non-protein part of hemoglobin) is converted into biliverdin, which is then converted into bilirubin. Bilirubin is further metabolized and excreted by the liver as a component of bile, a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine.

Under normal conditions, the liver effectively removes and excretes bilirubin from the body through the bile ducts into the small intestine. However, when there is an overproduction of bilirubin or a problem with its elimination, it can accumulate in the blood, leading to jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) and other symptoms associated with liver dysfunction.

In summary, bile pigments are the waste products formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin, primarily consisting of bilirubin, which is eliminated from the body via the liver and bile ducts.

Biliary tract diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine through the bile ducts to help digest fats.

Biliary tract diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, and changes in stool color. Some of the common biliary tract diseases include:

1. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts made up of cholesterol or bilirubin.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.
3. Cholangitis: Infection or inflammation of the bile ducts.
4. Biliary dyskinesia: A motility disorder that affects the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the biliary system.
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A chronic autoimmune disease that causes scarring and narrowing of the bile ducts.
6. Biliary tract cancer: Rare cancers that affect the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Cholesterol is a type of lipid (fat) molecule that is an essential component of cell membranes and is also used to make certain hormones and vitamins in the body. It is produced by the liver and is also obtained from animal-derived foods such as meat, dairy products, and eggs.

Cholesterol does not mix with blood, so it is transported through the bloodstream by lipoproteins, which are particles made up of both lipids and proteins. There are two main types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol: low-density lipoproteins (LDL), also known as "bad" cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), also known as "good" cholesterol.

High levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. On the other hand, high levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of these conditions because HDL helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it back to the liver for disposal.

It is important to maintain healthy levels of cholesterol through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and sometimes medication if necessary. Regular screening is also recommended to monitor cholesterol levels and prevent health complications.

Smooth muscle, also known as involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and functions without conscious effort. These muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the eyes, skin, and other areas of the body.

Smooth muscle fibers are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle fibers and do not have striations or sarcomeres, which give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system through the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, which bind to receptors on the smooth muscle cells and cause them to contract or relax.

Smooth muscle plays an important role in many physiological processes, including digestion, circulation, respiration, and elimination. It can also contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and genitourinary dysfunction, when it becomes overactive or underactive.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind to and are activated by the hormone cholecystokinin. CCK is a peptide hormone that is released by cells in the duodenum in response to the presence of nutrients, particularly fat and protein. It has several physiological roles, including stimulating the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, promoting the contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi (which controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum), and inhibiting gastric emptying.

There are two main types of CCK receptors, known as CCK-A and CCK-B receptors. CCK-A receptors are found in the pancreas, gallbladder, and gastrointestinal tract, where they mediate the effects of CCK on digestive enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction, and gastric emptying. CCK-B receptors are found primarily in the brain, where they play a role in regulating appetite and satiety.

CCK receptors have been studied as potential targets for the development of drugs to treat various gastrointestinal disorders, such as pancreatitis, gallstones, and obesity. However, more research is needed to fully understand their roles and therapeutic potential.

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November 2013). "Effects of various food ingredients on gall bladder emptying". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 67 (11 ... Bile acids, stored in the gall bladder, are released into the small intestine in response to fat in the diet. Higher levels of ...
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To aid gall bladder emptying, a synthetic cholecystokinin (trade name Kinavec) can be administered. Situations when gall ... Because a full gallbladder concentrates radioactive tracers, emptying the gallbladder will increase the probability of ... Only pain during gallbladder contraction/emptying and low GBEF can be associated with chronic cholecystitis. False positives ... Gallbladder visualization happens once all 99mTc mebrofenin has cleared the liver and enters the gall bladder, the common bile ...
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It is presumed that because the gallbladder is unable to effectively empty, the biliary sludge can start to accumulate. Biliary ... "Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders". Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ( ... In many of these conditions, it is thought that the impairment in the contractility of the gallbladder leads to the formation ... However, the gold standard is considered to be direct microscopy of aspirated gallbladder bile. This method is much more ...
Indeed, dietary fat stimulates gall bladder contraction, thus, if following a fat-free VLCD, the bladder does not empty. ... Andersen T (July 1992). "Liver and gallbladder disease before and after very-low-calorie diets". The American Journal of ...
It is not approved by FDA to use for gastric emptying. For short duration for patients with diabetes and for those that must ... It then contracts the gallbladder and increases the squeeze pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. Other functions of ... Erythromycin has an advantage over metoclopramide in gastric emptying due to lack of central nervous system side-effects. ... secreted between meals into the blood stimulates the contraction of the fundus and antrum and accelerates gastric emptying. ...
... also stimulates the flow of bile and causes the gall bladder to contract and thus determine if the gall bladder is emptying ... CCK also induces gallbladder contraction and the release of bile, which may further dilute enzyme concentrations. As a result, ... The CCK test may be administered in conjunction with an ultrasound test to visually monitor gall bladder contraction. While the ... William Smedley of Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania has detected previously missed gallbladder abnormalities by administering the ...
On an empty stomach - after repeated vomiting, for example - a person's vomit may be green or dark yellow, and very bitter. The ... The pH of common duct bile (7.50 to 8.05) is higher than that of the corresponding gallbladder bile (6.80 to 7.65). Bile in the ... The most common cause of bile duct obstruction is when gallstone(s) are dislodged from the gallbladder into the cystic duct or ... Biliary obstruction refers to a condition when bile ducts which deliver bile from the gallbladder or liver to the duodenum ...
The gall bladder should respond and begin emptying into the duodenum, the amount of bile ejected can then be calculated as an ... and/or reduction in the speed of emptying of the biliary tree into the duodenum. Normally, the downstream gallbladder stores ... the gallbladder tends to normally have a greater tone so that the bile backs up into the gallbladder. When bile enters the ... When the bile can not be properly propelled from the not-mechanically-obstructed gallbladder or can not flow out of the end of ...
... in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder ... Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in turn slowing the emptying in the ... and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral ...
If there is too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, or if the gallbladder does not empty properly the systems can fail. ... The gallbladder is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver, with the gallbladder body resting in a ... This duct joins with the cystic duct to connect in a common bile duct with the gallbladder. Bile is stored in the gallbladder ... Half of the food residues of a meal have emptied from the small intestine by an average of 5.4 hours after ingestion. Emptying ...
The gallbladder is not always seen on an IVC, as the iodine-containing bile may bypass the gallbladder entirely and empty ... sufficiently concentrated as it is secreted into the bile that it does not need to be further concentrated by the gallbladder ...
... gastric emptying studies for gastroparesis, hepatobiliary imaging for acute cholecystitis and gallbladder dysfunction, ...
... gallbladder emptying MeSH G10.261.482 - gastrointestinal motility MeSH G10.261.482.400 - gastric emptying MeSH G10.261.482.525 ...
... ileal disease and impaired gallbladder emptying. Patients that have gallstones and biliary colic are at increased risk for ... Treatment for gallbladder attacks is typically surgery to remove the gallbladder. This can be either done through small ... removal of the gall bladder, typically via laparoscopy). Removal of the gallbladder with surgery, known as a cholecystectomy, ... The report found that those with acute inflammation of the gallbladder can be surgically treated in the acute phase, within a ...
I also wore an empty goat's gallbladder on my head and I remember being teased by one of my classmates, saying I must remove ... This is signified and proved when other sangomas hide the ithwasa's sacred objects, including the gall bladder of the goat ( ...
The rest of the gallbladder drains into 1-2 small cystic veins which then usually empty into either the hepatic portal vein ... Those cystic veins that arise upon the superior aspect of the body and neck of the gallbladder pass within loose connective ... The cystic veins (usually multiple small veins rather than a single cystic vein) drain venous blood from the gallbladder and ... tissue that occurs between the gallbladder and liver; they then enter the liver to drain into branches of the hepatic portal ...
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After foods mix with stomach acid, they move into the duodenum, where they mix with bile from the gallbladder and digestive ... cite web}}: Missing or empty ,title= (help) Serra S, Jani PA (2006). "An approach to duodenal biopsies". J. Clin. Pathol. 59 ( ... These cause the liver and gallbladder to release bile, and the pancreas to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as ... The duodenum also regulates the rate of emptying of the stomach via hormonal pathways. Secretin and cholecystokinin are ...
And their use is further contraindicated in those with acute kidney injury, gallbladder disease or a history of pancreatitis. ... They are thought to work by delaying gastric emptying, decreasing appetite and increasing satiety. Possible side effects of ...
These vessels ultimately empty into the hepatic sinusoids to supply blood to the liver. The portal venous system has several ... The portal vein or hepatic portal vein (HPV) is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder ... and those draining the gallbladder wall. The portal vein and hepatic arteries form the liver's dual blood supply. Approximately ...
The mechanism for hunger suppression is thought to be a decrease in the rate of gastric emptying. CCK also has stimulatory ... Its presence causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively, and also acts as ... CCK mediates digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting gastric emptying. It stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to ... CCK also causes the increased production of hepatic bile, and stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and the relaxation ...
Enteroglucagon Lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine ... gall stones by inhibiting cholecystokinin which normally induce gallbladder myocytes to contract, and hypochlorhydria caused by ...
In rodents, they have been definitively been found: for example, in the trachea, the thymus, the glandular stomach, the gall bladder ... vast but largely empty apical vesicles which make a tubulovesicular network, on the apical side of the cells' nucleus is a ... Alveolar tuft cells are flatter in comparison with intestinal and gall bladder tuft cells have a cuboidal shape. Differences in ... an activation of various other cells in the proximity which then leads to bladder detrusor reflex and a greater emptying of the ...
The degree of gall bladder volume reduction during motilin infusion mimicked gall bladder emptying preceding antral phase III ... This study indicates that motilin may play a physiological role in the regulation of gall bladder emptying in the fasted state. ... Motilin induces gall bladder emptying and antral contractions in the fasted state in humans ... Motilin induces gall bladder emptying and antral contractions in the fasted state in humans ...
Induces pancreatic secretions and gallbladder emptying. May impact lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, causing it to ... "Effect of gastrin on pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder emptying in man". Gastroenterology. 71 (3): 409-11. doi: ... which increases the rate of gastric emptying. Plays a role in the relaxation of the ileocecal valve. ...
Abnormal gallbladder emptying: When your gallbladder doesnt empty often enough or doesnt empty completely, it can cause your ... Gallbladder removal surgery: Since gallstones frequently recur, gallbladder removal surgery is sometimes a good option for ... This can lead to the formation of gallbladder crystals. *Excessive amounts of cholesterol in bile: If your liver excretes more ... Gallstones are deposits of digestive fluid that harden in your gallbladder. Some people have one gallstone at a time, while ...
... the pattern of gallbladder emptying, onset of gallbladder filling, and the biliary-to-bowel transit time), only the gallbladder ... This analog stimulates emptying of the gallbladder, allowing an ejection fraction to be calculated. A gallbladder ejection ... Diagnostic value of gallbladder emptying variables in chronic acalculous cholecystitis as assessed by fatty meal ... Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage with the use of gallbladder stenting is palliative therapy for acute calculous ...
... unless gallbladder emptying is reduced. Furthermore, in a subgroup of gallstone patients, who had completely lost gallbladder ... With reduced gallbladder emptying (less than 50% of volume; group B, n = 6), turnover and pools of CA, CDCA, and DCA were ... Patients with well-emptying gallbladder (group A, n = 9) had enhanced turnover and reduced pools of CA (-46%; P less than 0.01 ... Patients with loss of gallbladder reservoir (group C, n = 8) had increased input (+100%; P less than 0.01) and pool size of DCA ...
Delayed Gastric Emptying in Children: Our Familys Experience. by Leah Lefler. 24 ... Life After Gallbladder Removal Surgery. by Katie Adams. 81. *. Digestive System Diseases & Conditions ...
Gallbladder Contraction, Gastric Emptying and Antral Motility: Single Visit Assessment of Upper GI Function in Untreated Celiac ... Effects of various food ingredients on gall bladder emptying EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION. 67(11), 1182-1187 ... Monitoring of gallbladder and gastric coordination by EPI Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 21(1), 82-85 ... Delayed gastric emptying and reduced postprandial small bowel water content of equicaloric whole meal bread versus rice meals ...
a delay in the emptying of the stomach. *inflamed gallbladder. *gallstones. Rare side effects (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 ... When the pen is empty, you cannot use it again. Each pen has 60 doses to provide 30 days of twice-a-day injections. ... If you have severe problems with slow stomach emptying or food digestion, as the use of this medicine is not recommended. The ... Ask your doctor if the time at which you take any tablets should be changed because this medicine slows stomach emptying and ...
Diet for gallbladder inflammation Suitable and unsuitable food for gallbladder inflammation Since most of gallbladder ... Do not skip meals: Eating regularly helps the bladder empty properly.. Other dietary advice for the gallbladder. * Control ... Diet for gallbladder inflammation. Suitable and unsuitable food for gallbladder inflammation. Since most of gallbladder ... 1 Diet for gallbladder inflammation*1.1 Suitable and unsuitable food for gallbladder inflammation ...
Simultaneous quantitative measurements of absolute gallbladder storage and emptying during fasting and eating in humans. ... Measurement of gallbladder motor functions: an overview. Jazrawi RP. Jazrawi RP. Dig Liver Dis. 2003 Jul;35 Suppl 3:S51-5. doi ... Assessment of gall-bladder storage function in man. Jazrawi RP, Kupfer RM, Bridges C, Joseph A, Northfield TC. Jazrawi RP, et ... Review article: measurement of gall-bladder motor function in health and disease. Jazrawi RP. Jazrawi RP. Aliment Pharmacol ...
Gallbladder often has bile * Type 2 (~2% of cases) * Atresia within common hepatic duct * Gallbladder is empty * Type 3 (> 90% ... Normal appearing gallbladder * Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: * Decreased serum alpha-1 antitrypsin level * PASD positive ... No gallbladder was visualized on ultrasound abdomen examination. Liver biopsy image is shown above. What is the diagnosis?. * ... Absent or atretic gallbladder on ultrasound * HIDA scan findings include good hepatic intake with reduced / failure to excrete ...
Find out what happens during this common surgical procedure to remove your gallbladder. ... When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine. ... The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that sits just below the liver on the upper right side of the abdomen. The gallbladder ... The muscle and tissue are pulled back to reveal your liver and gallbladder. Your surgeon then removes the gallbladder. ...
However, a study of the effects of liraglutide on gallbladder emptying in overweight or obese adults showed no effect on ... Effects of liraglutide on gallbladder emptying: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in adults with overweight or obesity. ... There may also be a risk of acute gallbladder disease with liraglutide, but gallstones may also be related to acute weight loss ... While GLP-1 RA-induced deceleration of gastric emptying and occasional nausea may contribute to the weight-reducing effects, ...
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They a stomach emptying test and swallow study as well. Swallow thank goodness is good. They did find delayed gastric emptying. ... I have no gallbladder either). I tried a very restrictive (almost) fasting diet about 6 weeks ago and have felt terrible ever ... Hi Dr Wilson, my normal body temperature is 36.5 but Ive known it at 36.2/36.1 at the moment Im suffering with gallbladder ... Should the T3 be taken on empty stomaach; away from other supplements, or does it not matter? First early morning dose is easy ...
They a stomach emptying test and swallow study as well. Swallow thank goodness is good. They did find delayed gastric emptying. ... I have no gallbladder either). I tried a very restrictive (almost) fasting diet about 6 weeks ago and have felt terrible ever ... Hi Dr Wilson, my normal body temperature is 36.5 but Ive known it at 36.2/36.1 at the moment Im suffering with gallbladder ... Should the T3 be taken on empty stomaach; away from other supplements, or does it not matter? First early morning dose is easy ...
biliary colic - stones blocking the gallbladder duct (cystic duct), stopping the gallbladder from emptying; or ... When you eat, your gallbladder empties bile into your intestines to help digest and absorb fats and some vitamins. Gallstones ... Gallbladder Surgery - Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Fees Initial consultation. from £150. Diagnostics. If needed to determine ... Your surgeon will free up your gallbladder duct and artery. *Next, theyll clip and cut the duct and artery, and separate your ...
Gallbladder disease: Infections, tumors, or congenital irregularities can affect how well the gallbladder works. If the ... Gallstones: Gallstones can lodge in the bile duct, which can slow or keep the bile from emptying into the small intestines. ... Conditions such as liver dysfunction, gallbladder problems, and hepatitis can disrupt. Trusted Source PubMed Central Highly ... Imaging tests: An ultrasound, a CT scan, or MRI can check the size and shape of your liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These ...
PYY has been reported to regulate energy expenditure, delay gastric emptying, reduce acid secretion, and inhibit gallbladder ... Molecular forms, responses to feeding, and relationship to gallbladder contraction," The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol ... These sweet taste receptors may signal through vagal afferent fibres to alter food intake and delay gastric emptying [236]. It ... PP also has other physiological effects, such as delaying gastric emptying, attenuating pancreatic exocrine secretion, and ...
They rerouted the way my stomach empties and did an assortment of other things. The tumor itself was six inches in diameter. ... They removed most of the pancreas, several feet of intestines, three-quarters of my stomach and my gallbladder. ...
Cholecystitis is defined as inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs most commonly because of an obstruction of the cystic ... In the presence of prolonged fasting, the gallbladder does not receive a cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulus to empty; thus, the ... Porcelain gallbladder is not associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Am Surg. 2001 Jan. 67(1):7-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Daily stimulation of gallbladder contraction with IV cholecystokinin (CCK) may help prevent formation of gallbladder sludge in ...
The gastric and gallbladder emptying time was reduced after long term acid inhibition by omeprazole in the treatment of reflux ... Effect of potent acid inhibition on the gastric and gallbladder emptying in man: its possible mechanism. Changdao Bingxue. 1996 ... This indicates angiogenesis in gallbladder carcinoma is related to the histological pattern, the degree of differentiation and ... were found more abundantly by an immunohistochemical method of factor VIII related antigen in poorly differentiated gallbladder ...
Delayed Gastric Emptying in Children: Our Familys Experience. by Leah Lefler. 24 ... Life After Gallbladder Removal Surgery. by Katie Adams. 81. *. Digestive System Diseases & Conditions ...
It stimulates the production of bile and empties the gallbladder (cholagogue and choleretic properties). ...
Bile empties from the gallbladder into the common bile duct. The common bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct to form the ... As a result, the gallbladder empties 50 to 75% of its contents into the duodenum. Conversely, during fasting, an increase in ... read more occurs after the gallbladder itself has been removed. Gallstones in the gallbladder (cholelithiasis Cholelithiasis ... by tumors Tumors of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts Gallbladder and bile duct tumors can cause extrahepatic biliary obstruction ...
Considering gallbladder removal is the number one abdominal surgery in the US, I think this is worth talking about! ... Did you know that the number one cause of gallbladder disease is a low-to-no-fat diet? ... the gallbladder does not contract and empty properly. You need at least 10 grams of fat per meal to contract and empty the ... Did you know that the #1 cause of gallbladder disease is a low-to-no-fat diet? Cleansing and fasting can affect the gallbladder ...
The gall bladder stores bile made in the liver.. 7) The small intestine is about 6 feet long (2 meters) in an adult*, a hollow ... 5) The digested food from the stomach (chyme) empties into the duodenum. It is here that the pancreas gland sends its ... The gall bladder is a tiny, green sac about 4 inches long (10 cm). The liver is one of the most important organs of the body. ... Also bile made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder enters here. Bile helps break down fats. The small intestine is ...
The patient suffering from gallbladder problems should fast for three days, until the acute condition is cleared. After the ... 2. A cold hipbath for ten minutes on an empty stomach or three hours after meals. ... Healthy Diet Plans >> Health Issues and Diet >> Gall Bladder Disorders >> Diet. Diet Cure for Gall Bladder Disorder. Surgery ... Gallbladder Diet. Gallbladder problems are as common as they are distressing as the amount of discomfort and pain that they ...
  • Gallstones may require the removal of the gallbladder. (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones are deposits of digestive fluid that harden in your gallbladder . (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones form in the gallbladder and are typically connected to overall digestive health and liver function. (healthline.com)
  • Since gallstones frequently recur, gallbladder removal surgery is sometimes a good option for people with severe symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • Thus, in patients with cholesterol gallstones, the pools of primary bile acids are diminished, unless gallbladder emptying is reduced. (jci.org)
  • Since most of gallbladder inflammation cases are due to gallstones, we have to take the suitable diet to prevent gallstones recurrence. (botanical-online.com)
  • Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Gallstones in the gallbladder that are causing symptoms, called cholelithiasis. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs most commonly because of the presence of stones in the gallbladder or an obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones arising from the gallbladder (cholelithiasis). (medscape.com)
  • Gallstones are hard deposits that form inside the gallbladder. (mountsinai.org)
  • The presence of gallstones can lead to inflammation of the gallbladder ( cholecystitis ) or the biliary tree ( cholangitis ) or acute inflammation of the pancreas ( pancreatitis ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Having gallstones in your gallbladder can cause a considerable amount of pain in your abdomen and lower back areas. (eastcoopermedctr.com)
  • Gallstones are a common reason to go to the ER, because a person with this condition may require immediate removal of the gallbladder. (eastcoopermedctr.com)
  • I did the ultrasound and it showed 3 gallstones partially blocking the cystic duct and the gallbladder itself being slightly inflammed. (curezone.org)
  • Acalculous gallbladder disease is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs without the presence of gallstones. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)
  • Acute gallbladder symptoms are those that accompany a gallbladder attack and usually result from gallstones. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • The only other contraindication cited in the most recent review was the potential to trigger gallbladder pain in people with gallstones. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • If anything, curcumin may help protect liver function, and help prevent gallstones, by acting as a "cholecystokinetic agent"-meaning it facilitates the pumping action of the gallbladder, to keep the bile from stagnating. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • During fasting, about 75% of the bile secreted passes from the common hepatic duct into the gallbladder via the cystic duct. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Biliary colic , also known as symptomatic cholelithiasis , a gallbladder attack or gallstone attack , is when a colic (sudden pain) occurs due to a gallstone temporarily blocking the cystic duct . (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common cause of a gallbladder attack is a gallstone that gets stuck in the neck of the gallbladder or in the cystic duct or common bile duct. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • Aids the natural cleansing processes of the liver and gallbladder. (theherbsplace.com)
  • In spite of this, fat is necessary for the regular contraction of gallbladder. (botanical-online.com)
  • Also, the large oily meal would stimulate strong gallbladder contraction. (curezone.org)
  • The magnesium sulphate ( Epsom Salts ) could have an added effect, as it also stimulates gallbladder contraction and relaxes the muscles controlling the release of bile into the intestines. (curezone.org)
  • A low-functioning gallbladder or a non-functioning gallbladder receives the signal to contract but cannot, or it goes into a contraction or spasm that doesn't release, resulting in pain. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • However, ~15%-20% of dogs and 5%-10% of cats have higher TSBA concentrations before meal ingestion than after, likely reflecting physiologic variables influencing the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (ie, the rate of gallbladder contraction, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit of bile acids to the ileum, where they are actively resorbed). (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Cysteinyl leukotrienes cause gallbladder contraction through their cognate receptor CysLTR1, prompting emptying and closing. (bvsalud.org)
  • There were statistically significant differences between thalassaemia patients and controls in gall bladder fasting volume, residual volume, emptying time and contraction index. (who.int)
  • Strengthens antral contractions against the pylorus, and relaxes the pyloric sphincter, which increases the rate of gastric emptying. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gastric and gallbladder emptying time was reduced after long term acid inhibition by omeprazole in the treatment of reflux esophagitis combined with concomitant reduction of postprandial release of pancreatic polypeptides and normal serum VIP and CCK. (wjgnet.com)
  • The common bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater, which empties into the duodenum. (merckmanuals.com)
  • As a result, the gallbladder empties 50 to 75% of its contents into the duodenum. (merckmanuals.com)
  • 5) The digested food from the stomach (chyme) empties into the duodenum . (exploringnature.org)
  • BACKGROUND:The gallbladder filling and emptying cycle controls bile flow into the duodenum. (iospress.com)
  • The gallbladder stores bile between meals and empties into the duodenum upon demand and is thereby exposed to the intestinal microbiome. (bvsalud.org)
  • The gallbladder, bile duct, and part of the duodenum (first part of the small intestine) are also taken out. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The gallbladder, spleen, part of the duodenum, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • They removed most of the pancreas, several feet of intestines, three-quarters of my stomach and my gallbladder. (pancan.org)
  • The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted. (mountsinai.org)
  • Additionally, gastrin can stimulate the gallbladder to empty its store of bile and the pancreas to secrete enzymes. (yourhormones.info)
  • The production and release of gastrin is slowed by the hormone somatostatin, which is released by the pancreas when the stomach empties at the end of a meal, as well as when there is a drop in the pH levels of the stomach (when the stomach becomes more acidic). (yourhormones.info)
  • Arteriosclerosis and cholesterol cholelithiasis are characterized by abnormal regulation of cholesterol trafficking and solubilization, and subsequent development of the arteriosclerotic plaque in the artery walls and gallstone formation in the gallbladder, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • An abundant and regular urination prevents sedimentation of the crystals of certain minerals that, when grouped, form stones in the kidney and the gallbladder. (botanical-online.com)
  • The stones that form in your gallbladder aren't made of rock. (mountsinai.org)
  • The gallbladder contains liquid bile, no stones and is grossly normal. (crimescene.com)
  • Furthermore, biliary pain may be associated with functional disorders of the biliary tract, so-called acalculous biliary pain (pain without stones), and can even be found in patients post-cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder), possibly as a consequence of dysfunction of the biliary tree and the sphincter of Oddi . (wikipedia.org)
  • Small stones are regularly expelled from the gallbladder. (curezone.org)
  • Gallbladders may spontaneously empty themselves of small stones, but this is rare [9]. (curezone.org)
  • However, the same symptoms of an attack can happen in someone with acalculous gallbladder disease (no stones) as well. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • If gallbladder stones are found, surgery is usually the recommended treatment of choice. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • They rerouted the way my stomach empties and did an assortment of other things. (pancan.org)
  • If you have severe problems with slow stomach emptying or food digestion, as the use of this medicine is not recommended. (medicines.org.uk)
  • These herbs also influence the gallbladder to empty properly, allowing for more complete digestion of fats. (theherbsplace.com)
  • The gallbladder could be not emptying fully (biliary dyskinesia) and lack of bile causes improper fat digestion. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • The gallbladder collects and stores a digestive fluid made in the liver called bile. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Bile is a digestive fluid made in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The gallbladder stores bile (digestive fluid) from the liver. (mountsinai.org)
  • Chronic gallbladder symptoms are frequent dull pain in the same area, upper right side of the abdomen sometimes accompanied by nausea, gas and bloating and possibly burping. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • Take the Gallbladder Symptoms Quiz to find out more. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • People can go for years with digestive symptoms and never realize that they may be related to a problem with their gallbladder. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • It's possible that the gallbladder symptoms you are experiencing are caused by a problem that started in your liver - for example, stasis of liver bile and the formation of sludge or tiny calculi, which slows the bile flow and causes it to thicken. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • This does not necessarily cause a full-on gallbladder attack, but rather contributes to vague, uncomfortable digestive symptoms. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • What Causes The Symptoms Of A Gallbladder Attack? (gallbladderattack.com)
  • So You Have Gallbladder Symptoms - What Happens Next? (gallbladderattack.com)
  • Lypo Gold's high lipase (fat-digesting enzyme) content supports cardiovascular health, gallbladder function, and symptoms of lipase deficiency. (supervits.com)
  • It stimulates the production of bile and empties the gallbladder (cholagogue and choleretic properties). (botanical-online.com)
  • Eating releases gut hormones and stimulates cholinergic nerves, causing the gallbladder to contract and the sphincter of Oddi to relax. (merckmanuals.com)
  • A cholecystectomy (koh-luh-sis-TEK-tuh-me) is a surgery to remove the gallbladder. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Considering gallbladder removal is the number one abdominal surgery in the US, I think this is worth talking about! (lifespa.com)
  • There are 800,000 hospitalizations and $2 billion spent annually on gallbladder disease in the U.S. The bottom line is that gallbladder surgery pays for many boats for many doctors every year - and there are far better, less expensive ways to deal with the problem. (jonbarron.org)
  • Treatment for gallbladder attacks is typically surgery to remove the gallbladder . (wikipedia.org)
  • I can tell you about the surgery itself since I am there through the whole thing and can watch on the tv screen (laproscope) while the gallbladder is removed. (curezone.org)
  • I can't say that this is a result of her gallbladder surgery, but I highly suspect it is, considering she is in her early 20's and otherwise very healthy. (curezone.org)
  • I can't tell you enough that if you have gallbladder problems or are faced with surgery like I was to give this home remedey a try first. (curezone.org)
  • He said operating rooms dedicated to patients with medical emergencies like a broken leg, appendicitis, gallbladder, are the first to be shut down when there are not enough anesthesiologists which also forces those patients to wait longer in hospital for surgery creating significant 'bedlock. (reddeeradvocate.com)
  • The degree of gall bladder volume reduction during motilin infusion mimicked gall bladder emptying preceding antral phase III activity of the migrating motor complex in humans. (bmj.com)
  • This study indicates that motilin may play a physiological role in the regulation of gall bladder emptying in the fasted state. (bmj.com)
  • Induces pancreatic secretions and gallbladder emptying. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to contract the gallbladder and use our bile properly, you need good quality fats. (lifespa.com)
  • A cholecystectomy is usually done by inserting a tiny video camera and special tools through several small incisions to see inside your abdomen and remove the gallbladder. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Finally they'll remove your gallbladder through one of the incisions and close the cuts with stitches or staples. (nuffieldhealth.com)
  • The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that sits just below the liver on the upper right side of the abdomen. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The gallbladder is essentially a pear shaped, small organ that is present at the right hand side of an individual's abdomen - just under the liver. (diethealthclub.com)
  • The potential pharmacological manipulation of biliary cholesterol secretion represents another important therapeutic target to treat hypercholesterolemia, if this manipulation is simultaneously accompanied by measures aimed to avoid gallbladder cholesterol crystallization. (nih.gov)
  • The best theoretical drug should decrease serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels, increase biliary cholesterol secretion and fecal elimination and favoring at the same time gallbladder emptying to prevent gallstone formation. (nih.gov)
  • They can form when there's too much cholesterol or waste in your bile, or if your gallbladder doesn't empty properly. (eastcoopermedctr.com)
  • A lipase deficiency can contribute to an imbalance in your weight, hormones, or cholesterol, cause dry skin, gallbladder and liver distress, as well as vitamins A, D, E and K deficiency. (supervits.com)
  • Cholesterol, cardiovascular, hormone support- 1 capsule 3 times daily on an empty stomach. (supervits.com)
  • HIDA scans show the function of the gallbladder. (upmc.com)
  • When you eat, your gallbladder empties bile into your intestines to help digest and absorb fats and some vitamins. (nuffieldhealth.com)
  • Before getting into the details of gallbladder diet and gallbladder disease, we shall take a look at the role that this organ plays in the human body. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Drink Lots of Water Water helps the organ empty and keeps bile from building up. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)
  • 2. A cold hipbath for ten minutes on an empty stomach or three hours after meals. (diethealthclub.com)
  • When taken on an empty stomach or between meals, the lipase in Lypo Gold will assist the body to remove fats from the blood and help maintain support cardiovascular health. (supervits.com)
  • Disruption of this emptying and refilling cycle leads to bile stasis and subsequent gallstone formation. (iospress.com)
  • But, for everyone else, these results suggest that curcumin can effectively induce the gallbladder to empty, and thereby reduce the risk of gallstone formation in the first place, and ultimately, perhaps, even gallbladder cancer. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • Bile empties from the gallbladder into the common bile duct. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Considering that gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is now one of the most common surgeries in the world, with over a half million performed each year in the U.S. alone, that should be of interest to a number of people. (jonbarron.org)
  • Gallbladder problems are as common as they are distressing as the amount of discomfort and pain that they cause is substantial. (diethealthclub.com)
  • She has seen files of hundreds of patients who came back with a pain, stone lodged inside common bile duct, AFTER gallbladder was removed some times ago. (curezone.org)
  • Conditions such as liver dysfunction, gallbladder problems, and hepatitis can disrupt Trusted Source PubMed Central Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health Go to source the excretion of bilirubin. (healthgrades.com)
  • Conversely, during fasting, an increase in sphincter tone facilitates gallbladder filling. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Sphincter of Oddi disorder and biliary hyperdyskinesia can also cause a gallbladder attack. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • During fasting, the gallbladder absorbs up to 90% of bile water, concentrating and storing bile. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Cleansing and fasting can affect the gallbladder in different ways. (lifespa.com)
  • Stem cell research by Dr. Valter Longo and his Fasting Mimicking Diet allows you to eat enough fat to properly contract the gallbladder, while also getting the benefits of fasting-very intriguing! (lifespa.com)
  • Fasting, to rest the gallbladder. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)
  • The gallbladder is located in the abdomen on the underside of the liver. (mountsinai.org)
  • However, if a large stone blocks a tube or duct that drains the gallbladder, you may have a cramping pain in the middle to right upper abdomen. (mountsinai.org)
  • Draining the gallbladder to treat and prevent the spread of infection. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)
  • There could be infection in the gallbladder causing tenderness or the tenderness could simply be due to stasis of bile causing distention. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • In addition, we will spend some time on the gallbladder and biliary tree, the bile ductwork that ties everything together. (jonbarron.org)
  • You need at least 10 grams of fat per meal to contract and empty the gallbladder. (lifespa.com)
  • If you had a stone blocking your bile duct, and you eat something like that, that makes your gallbladder squeeze down hard, that could hurt like heck! (nutritionfacts.org)
  • I came across several articles about doing a gallbladder flush with olive oil. (curezone.org)
  • Pulling and tugging on your insides like that can't be good, not to mention the cauterizer, it actually burns the tissue that holds the gallbladder to the liver to prepare for it's removal. (curezone.org)
  • When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Bile is released from the gallbladder into the small intestine in response to food. (mountsinai.org)
  • The active substance in this medicine slows stomach emptying so food passes more slowly through your stomach. (medicines.org.uk)
  • The gallbladder also serves as a storage facility for the excess bile that may have been produced and will release it when food has been ingested. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Measures the speed with which food empties from your stomach. (upmc.com)
  • When the stomach is empty, it shrinks back down and its walls fold up into wrinkles called rugae. (exploringnature.org)