Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.
Linear TETRAPYRROLES that give a characteristic color to BILE including: BILIRUBIN; BILIVERDIN; and bilicyanin.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.
A process whereby bile is delivered from the gallbladder into the duodenum. The emptying is caused by both contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter mechanism at the choledochal terminus.
Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.
An abnormal anatomical passage between the INTESTINE, and another segment of the intestine or other organs. External intestinal fistula is connected to the SKIN (enterocutaneous fistula). Internal intestinal fistula can be connected to a number of organs, such as STOMACH (gastrocolic fistula), the BILIARY TRACT (cholecystoduodenal fistula), or the URINARY BLADDER of the URINARY TRACT (colovesical fistula). Risk factors include inflammatory processes, cancer, radiation treatment, and surgical misadventures (MEDICAL ERRORS).
Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).
The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is LITHOTRIPSY, LASER.
Changes in quantitative and qualitative composition of MICROBIOTA. The changes may lead to altered host microbial interaction or homeostatic imbalance that can contribute to a disease state often with inflammation.
Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.
Accumulation of purulent EXUDATES beneath the DIAPHRAGM, also known as upper abdominal abscess. It is usually associated with PERITONITIS or postoperative infections.
A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
A family of the order Rodentia which contains 49 genera. Some of the more common genera are MARMOTA, which includes the marmot and woodchuck; Sciurus, the gray squirrel, S. carolinensis, and the fox squirrel, S. niger; Tamias, the eastern and western chipmunk; and Tamiasciurus, the red squirrel. The flying squirrels, except the scaly-tailed Anomaluridae, also belong to this family.
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.
Pathological processes in the SIGMOID COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.
A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.
The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A complex mixture of PHOSPHOLIPIDS; GLYCOLIPIDS; and TRIGLYCERIDES; with substantial amounts of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINES; and PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS, which are sometimes loosely termed as 1,2-diacyl-3-phosphocholines. Lecithin is a component of the CELL MEMBRANE and commercially extracted from SOYBEANS and EGG YOLK. The emulsifying and surfactant properties are useful in FOOD ADDITIVES and for forming organogels (GELS).
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A benign familial disorder, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. It is characterized by low-grade chronic hyperbilirubinemia with considerable daily fluctuations of the bilirubin level.
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A subtype of cholecystokinin receptor found primarily in the PANCREAS; STOMACH; INTESTINE; and GALLBLADDER. It plays a role in regulating digestive functions such as gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion and absorption in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.
The duct that is connected to the GALLBLADDER and allows the emptying of bile into the COMMON BILE DUCT.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

Prediction of common bile duct stones by noninvasive tests. (1/734)

OBJECTIVE: To define accurate and useful predictors of common bile duct stones (CBDS). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The ability to predict CBDS with noninvasive tests can avoid unnecessary, costly, or risky procedures. METHODS: All patients referred for examination for CBDS by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) from 1993-1996 were prospectively entered in a database. In a first sample selected randomly from the whole population, predictors of CBDS were determined by univariate analysis and logistic regression. Predictors were subsequently tested in that sample and in the rest of the population. A separate analysis was done for patients planned for cholecystectomy. RESULTS: Eight hundred and eighty patients (328 men, 552 women), aged 57.8 +/- 17 years (range 16-94), were included. The prevalence of CBDS was 18.8%. Age, serum levels of bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase, and the existence of jaundice and fever, a dilated bile duct, and a pathologic gallbladder were found to be associated with CBDS. Logistic regression was undertaken separately for patients younger than 70 years (predictors: GGT >7 x normal; pathologic gallbladder; dilated bile duct) and older than 70 years (predictors: GGT >7 x normal; fever > 38 degrees C; dilated bile duct). Odds ratios were 3 to 6.7. The model was satisfactorily applicable to the second sample; age <70 years: chi2 = 3.3 (NS); age >70 years: chi2 = 3.8 (NS). In patients younger than age 70 and planned for cholecystectomy, the combination of the level of GGT and dilated bile duct predicted CBDS accurately. CONCLUSIONS: A simple screening of patients at risk for CBDS can be achieved with three predictive criteria adapted for the patient's age.  (+info)

Two cases of common bile duct stone after liver transplantation. (2/734)

Biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplants are a continuing cause of morbidity and mortality. Biliary stones and sludge are less well known complications of hepatic transplantation, although they have long been recognized. Recently we experienced two cases of biliary stones developed after liver transplantation. One 32-year-old male, who frequently admitted due to recurrent cholangitis, was treated with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and choledochojejunostomy with cholecystectomy. The other 58-year-old male, who had stones in commone bile duct, was treated by endoscopic manipulation. They are in good condition without recurrent bile duct stones or its accompanying complications. Although stones and sludge are relatively infrequent after liver transplantation, surgical or interventional radiologic treatments are usually performed for treatment.  (+info)

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the common bile duct in biliary acute pancreatitis patients: comparison with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. (3/734)

We compared the morphologic findings of the common bile duct by ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with biliary acute pancreatitis. Forty-five patients were studied. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was based on the presence of characteristic abdominal pain associated with an elevation of serum amylase and lipase concentrations. All patients underwent ultrasonography and subsequently urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and eventually endoscopic sphincterotomy. Ultrasonography showed gallstones in 33 patients and sludge of the gallbladder in seven patients. In the common bile duct, lithiasis was found in two patients and sludge in 25. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed choledocolithiasis in eight patients and sludge of the common bile duct in 32. In 27 cases (60%) concordance occurred between ultrasonographic and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic detection of lithiasis or sludge of the common bile duct. The average diameter of the common bile duct determined by sonography was significantly smaller (P < 0.001) than that obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The evaluation of this parameter indicated that a good correlation existed between the values obtained with the two techniques (r(s) = 0.765, P < 0.001). Both ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can provide reliable measurements of the common bile duct diameter. Ultrasonography is the technique of choice in the initial investigation of patients with biliary acute pancreatitis.  (+info)

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in elderly patients. (4/734)

BACKGROUND: the presentation of common bile duct disease, value of investigations and treatment outcome in elderly patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were assessed. METHODOLOGY: the clinical presentation, liver function tests, full blood counts, abdominal ultrasound and ERCP results were assessed retrospectively in 101 patients (59 women, 42 men; mean age 83 years, range 75-100) sequentially investigated for possible common bile duct disease. RESULTS: 59 patients had common bile duct gallstones, 35 had malignant biliary obstruction (13 with co-existing common bile duct stones) and seven had other outcomes. In the malignant-alone group 68% of those who had jaundice presented painlessly compared with 24% in the gallstones-alone group; 49% of the gallstones-alone group had pain compared with 28% of the malignant group. In the gallstones-alone group 43% had atypical presentations (non-specific symptoms or painless jaundice). Non-specific symptoms were found in 19% of the gallstones-alone group but in only 5% of the malignant group. Of the patients who had common bile duct stones, 18% had pancreatic or biliary malignancy. The co-existence of gallstones and malignancy was emphasized by eight patients in whom the clinical and ultrasound diagnosis was of common bile duct stones but malignancy was detected by ERCP. The sensitivity of ultrasound was 86% for detecting dilated common bile ducts was 86%, but only 69% for diagnosing gallstones within the common bile duct and 67% for diagnosing pancreatic masses. Ultrasound and ERCP were in agreement in 60 patients (60%). Endoscopic clearance of common bile duct gallstones was successful in 53 of 54 attempts (98%). Palliative ERCP treatment was performed in 30 patients who had malignant biliary obstruction and was successful in 22 (73%); in a further four patients (13%) an endoprothesis was successfully inserted percutaneously. The commonest complication of ERCP was cholangitis (four patients); pancreatitis and biliary perforation occurred in one patient each. Twenty-two patients (63%) who had malignancy died during follow-up, the mean survival being 11.3 weeks (range 3 days-2 years). Carcinoma of the ampulla was associated with a relatively good prognosis (three patients survived 18 months or more). CONCLUSION: in elderly patients, common bile duct stones often present atypically and co-existence with malignancy is not unusual; ampullary carcinoma has a relatively good prognosis and ERCP is a safe and effective procedure in the management of biliary obstruction.  (+info)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: experience with 303 patients over the initial four years. (5/734)

A total of 303 patients underwent attempted laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) over a four-year period by two consultant surgeons or a senior trainee under their supervision. The procedure was completed in 291 with a conversion rate to open cholecystectomy of 3.9% and a median postoperative length of stay of two days, range zero to nine days. In eighteen patients the indication for LC was failure of symptoms to settle, two of whom required conversion (11.1%). Diathermy dissection was avoided in Calot's triangle and dissection started at the junction of Hartmann's pouch and cystic duct with full mobilisation of this area prior to clip application. Pre-operative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERCP was performed in patients suspected of having common bile duct stones without routine intra-operative cholangiography. There was one death in this series (0.3%) and an overall complication rate of 6.3 %. There was no incidence of either bile duct injury or leak. LC can be performed with a low complication rate with attention to careful dissection technique in the region of Calot's triangle.  (+info)

Tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human choledochal bile. (6/734)

Fibrinolytic properties have been detected in animal and human gallbladder (GB) bile. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has been reported in greater concentration in GB stone bile and may be a nucleating factor in the pathogenesis of GB stone formation. It is unknown whether or not human choledochal bile has similar properties, which could have a role in choledocholithiasis. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of fibrinolytic properties of human choledochal bile and to compare those properties among normal, acalculous, and calculous-infected choledochal bile. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and PAI-1 of choledochal bile were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in patients with cholangitis due to acalculous bile duct obstructions (n = 9), choledocholithiasis with cholangitis (n = 20), and normal bile (n = 7). The t-PA concentration of choledochal bile was no different among the three groups (acalculous-infected bile, median 4.61 ng/ml, and calculous-infected bile, 4.61 ng/ml, versus normal bile, 7.33 ng/ml). PAI-1 was detected in choledochal bile in significantly greater concentrations in patients with acalculous cholangitis due to bile duct obstructions and choledocholithiasis with cholangitis (acalculous-infected bile, median 0.36 ng/ml, and calculous-infected bile, 0.1 ng/ml, versus normal bile, 0.02 ng/ml, p < 0.05), but the bile concentration of PAI-1 was no different between the acalculous and calculous-infected choledochal bile. Human choledochal bile possesses t-PA and PAI-1. PAI-1 was present in greater concentrations in both acalculous and calculous-infected choledochal bile. Increased levels of PAI-1 may be an epiphenomenon of cholangitis rather than a factor in the pathogenesis of choledocholithiasis.  (+info)

Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy: a reappraisal of its indications and results. (7/734)

A critical evaluation is made of 131 patients submitted to choledocho or hepaticojejunostomy. The main indications for hepaticojejunostomy were iatrogenic strictures of CBD (60 patients), and choledocholithiasis with markedly dilated duct (41 patients). The overall mortality rate was 4% representing principally renal hepatic failure, bile peritonitis and bleeding. The complications following hepaticojejunostomy included only in one case biliary fistula which required reoperation. The long-term results of 80 patients available for a followup study were as follows: 63 patients (78.7%) were symptom-free at 2-13 years followup; 8 patients had brief episodes of cholangitis which responded to antibiotic and corticosteroid treatment; 9 patients required reoperation for stricture of anastomosis. These overall results are a strong argument for hepaticojejunostomy which, compared with choledochoduodenostomy, avoids the hazards of the so-called sump syndrome and of the reflux of enteric contents in the CBD. An increased incidence of peptic ulcer disease in the patients submitted to hepaticojejunostomy was not observed. In very high strictures and in reinterventions anastomosis between left hepatic duct and Roux-en-Y jejunal limb was carried out. The results achieved with this technique, which was performed in 26 patients, were about the same following hepaticojejunostomy.  (+info)

The importance of intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (8/734)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) using an electrosurgery energy source was successfully performed in 59 (95%) out of 62 selected patients. The procedures were performed by different surgical teams at Trakya University, Medical Fakulty, in the department of General Surgery and the Karl-Franzens-University School of Medicine, in the department of General Surgery. Cholangiography was routine at Karl Franzens University and selective at Trakya University. Laparoscopic intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) was performed in 48 (81.3%) patients, and open IOC was performed in 3 patients. Two patients had common duct stones; one of which was unsuspected preoperatively. These cases underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic papillotomy (EP). One patient had a choledocal tumor, unsuspected preoperatively. Anatomical anomalies were not identified. Cholangiography could not be performed in one case in which there was no suspected pathology. ERCP was performed on one patient 30 days after being discharged because of acute cholangitis. In this case, residual stones were identified in the choledocus. Four patients underwent open cholecystectomy because of tumor, unidentified cystic duct or common bile duct pathology that could not be visualized on the cholangiogram. Our study suggests that cholangiography performed via the cystic duct before any structures are divided can prevent the most serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy--common duct injury. We recommend that cholangiography be attempted on all patients undergoing LC.  (+info)

Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located under the liver. They can range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bile pigments, or calcium salts, or a combination of these substances.

There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type and are usually yellow-green in color. They form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile, which causes it to become saturated and form crystals that eventually grow into stones. Pigment stones are smaller and darker in color, ranging from brown to black. They form when there is an excess of bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells, in the bile.

Gallstones can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating, especially after eating fatty foods. In some cases, gallstones can lead to serious complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or blockage of the bile ducts, which can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

The exact cause of gallstones is not fully understood, but risk factors include being female, older age, obesity, a family history of gallstones, rapid weight loss, diabetes, and certain medical conditions such as cirrhosis or sickle cell anemia. Treatment for gallstones may involve medication to dissolve the stones, shock wave therapy to break them up, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Cholelithiasis is a medical term that refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size and may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Some people with gallstones may not experience any symptoms, while others may have severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) if the gallstones block the bile ducts.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly women over the age of 40 and those with certain medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and rapid weight loss. If left untreated, gallstones can lead to serious complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Treatment options for cholelithiasis include medication, shock wave lithotripsy (breaking up the gallstones with sound waves), and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just under the liver in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive enzyme produced by the liver, which helps in the breakdown of fats during the digestion process. When food, particularly fatty foods, enter the stomach and small intestine, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, to aid in fat digestion.

The gallbladder is made up of three main parts: the fundus, body, and neck. It has a muscular wall that allows it to contract and release bile. Gallstones, an inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), or other gallbladder diseases can cause pain, discomfort, and potentially serious health complications if left untreated.

Cholecystectomy is a medical procedure to remove the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the abdomen, just beneath the liver. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. During a cholecystectomy, the surgeon removes the gallbladder, usually due to the presence of gallstones or inflammation that can cause pain, infection, or other complications.

There are two primary methods for performing a cholecystectomy:

1. Open Cholecystectomy: In this traditional surgical approach, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to access and remove the gallbladder. This method is typically used when there are complications or unique circumstances that make laparoscopic surgery difficult or risky.
2. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure where the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen, through which a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) and specialized surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon then guides these tools to remove the gallbladder while viewing the internal structures on a video monitor.

After the gallbladder is removed, bile flows directly from the liver into the small intestine through the common bile duct, and the body continues to function normally without any significant issues.

Bile is a digestive fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays an essential role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Bile consists of bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes, and water.

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules that help to emulsify fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing for more efficient digestion by enzymes such as lipase. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells and gives bile its characteristic greenish-brown color.

Bile is released into the small intestine in response to food, particularly fats, entering the digestive tract. It helps to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed through the walls of the intestines and transported to other parts of the body for energy or storage.

Cholecystolithiasis is the medical term for the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, become concentrated and crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size, from tiny grains of sand to large stones several centimeters in diameter. Some people may have a single gallstone, while others may have many. Gallstones may cause no symptoms at all, but if they block the flow of bile out of the gallbladder, they can cause pain, inflammation, and infection.

Symptoms of cholecystolithiasis may include abdominal pain, often in the upper right or center of the abdomen, that may be sharp or crampy and may occur after eating fatty foods. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills. If gallstones are left untreated, they can lead to serious complications such as cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), or cholangitis (infection of the bile ducts). Treatment for cholecystolithiasis may include medication to dissolve the gallstones, shock wave lithotripsy to break up the stones, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Ileus is a condition characterized by a lack of intestinal motility or paralysis of the bowel, leading to obstruction of the digestive tract. It is not caused by a physical blockage but rather by a disruption of the normal muscular contractions (peristalsis) that move food through the intestines. This can result in abdominal distention, vomiting, and absence of bowel movements or gas passage. Ileus can be a complication of various surgical procedures, intra-abdominal infections, or other medical conditions. It is essential to diagnose and treat ileus promptly to prevent further complications such as tissue damage, sepsis, or even death.

Bile pigments are the yellow-brown colored end products of hemoglobin breakdown in the liver. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. When these cells are broken down, heme (the non-protein part of hemoglobin) is converted into biliverdin, which is then converted into bilirubin. Bilirubin is further metabolized and excreted by the liver as a component of bile, a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine.

Under normal conditions, the liver effectively removes and excretes bilirubin from the body through the bile ducts into the small intestine. However, when there is an overproduction of bilirubin or a problem with its elimination, it can accumulate in the blood, leading to jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) and other symptoms associated with liver dysfunction.

In summary, bile pigments are the waste products formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin, primarily consisting of bilirubin, which is eliminated from the body via the liver and bile ducts.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder using a laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera, which allows the surgeon to view the internal structures on a video monitor. The surgery is performed through several small incisions in the abdomen, rather than a single large incision used in open cholecystectomy. This approach results in less postoperative pain, fewer complications, and shorter recovery time compared to open cholecystectomy.

The procedure is typically indicated for symptomatic gallstones or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), which can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard of care for gallbladder removal due to its minimally invasive nature and excellent outcomes.

Gallbladder diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the function and structure of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver. The primary role of the gallbladder is to store, concentrate, and release bile into the small intestine to aid in digesting fats. Gallbladder diseases can be chronic or acute and may cause various symptoms, discomfort, or complications if left untreated. Here are some common gallbladder diseases with brief definitions:

1. Cholelithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the gallbladder. Gallstones are small, hard deposits made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or a combination of both, which can vary in size from tiny grains to several centimeters.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by obstruction of the cystic duct (the tube connecting the gallbladder and the common bile duct) due to a gallstone. This condition can be acute or chronic and may cause abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
3. Choledocholithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the common bile duct, which can lead to obstruction, jaundice, and potential infection of the biliary system (cholangitis).
4. Acalculous gallbladder disease: Gallbladder dysfunction or inflammation without the presence of gallstones. This condition is often seen in critically ill patients and can lead to similar symptoms as cholecystitis.
5. Gallbladder polyps: Small growths attached to the inner wall of the gallbladder. While most polyps are benign, some may have malignant potential, especially if they are larger than 1 cm in size or associated with certain risk factors.
6. Gallbladder cancer: A rare form of cancer that originates in the gallbladder tissue. It is often asymptomatic in its early stages and can be challenging to diagnose. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, jaundice, or a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if experiencing symptoms related to gallbladder disease for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Gallbladder emptying refers to the process by which the gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine through the bile duct. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that stores and concentrates bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. After eating, especially when fatty or greasy foods are consumed, the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is released into the bloodstream, which stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, a muscle that controls the opening and closing of the bile duct. This allows the concentrated bile to flow from the gallbladder into the small intestine, where it helps break down fats for absorption.

Gallbladder emptying can be assessed through various diagnostic tests, such as ultrasound or cholescintigraphy (also known as a HIDA scan), which measures the rate and degree of gallbladder emptying in response to CCK stimulation. Abnormalities in gallbladder emptying can contribute to conditions such as gallstones, biliary dyskinesia, and other functional gallbladder disorders.

Cholecystography is a medical procedure that involves the use of X-rays to examine the gallbladder and bile ducts. It is also known as an oral cholecystogram (OCG).

The procedure involves administering a contrast agent, typically a iodine-based dye, which is absorbed by the liver and excreted into the bile ducts and gallbladder. The dye makes the bile ducts and gallbladder visible on X-ray images, allowing doctors to diagnose conditions such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation of the gallbladder.

Cholecystography is not commonly used today due to the development of more advanced imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans, which are non-invasive and do not require the use of contrast agents. However, it may still be used in certain cases where other imaging tests are inconclusive or unavailable.

Cholesterol is a type of lipid (fat) molecule that is an essential component of cell membranes and is also used to make certain hormones and vitamins in the body. It is produced by the liver and is also obtained from animal-derived foods such as meat, dairy products, and eggs.

Cholesterol does not mix with blood, so it is transported through the bloodstream by lipoproteins, which are particles made up of both lipids and proteins. There are two main types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol: low-density lipoproteins (LDL), also known as "bad" cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), also known as "good" cholesterol.

High levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. On the other hand, high levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of these conditions because HDL helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it back to the liver for disposal.

It is important to maintain healthy levels of cholesterol through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and sometimes medication if necessary. Regular screening is also recommended to monitor cholesterol levels and prevent health complications.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a naturally occurring bile acid that is used medically as a therapeutic agent. It is commonly used to treat gallstones, particularly cholesterol gallstones, and other conditions associated with abnormal liver function, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). UDCA works by decreasing the amount of cholesterol in bile and protecting liver cells from damage. It is also known as ursodiol or Ursotan.

Bile acids and salts are naturally occurring steroidal compounds that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids (fats) in the body. They are produced in the liver from cholesterol and then conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile acids, which are subsequently converted into bile salts by the addition of a sodium or potassium ion.

Bile acids and salts are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion, where they help emulsify fats, allowing them to be broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. They also aid in the elimination of waste products from the liver and help regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Abnormalities in bile acid synthesis or transport can lead to various medical conditions, such as cholestatic liver diseases, gallstones, and diarrhea. Therefore, understanding the role of bile acids and salts in the body is essential for diagnosing and treating these disorders.

Cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine during digestion.

Acute cholecystitis is a sudden inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by the presence of gallstones that block the cystic duct, the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. This blockage can cause bile to build up in the gallbladder, leading to inflammation, swelling, and pain.

Chronic cholecystitis is a long-term inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by repeated attacks of acute cholecystitis or the presence of gallstones that cause ongoing irritation and damage to the gallbladder wall. Over time, chronic cholecystitis can lead to thickening and scarring of the gallbladder wall, which can reduce its ability to function properly.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, often in the upper right or center of the abdomen, that may worsen after eating fatty foods; fever; nausea and vomiting; bloating and gas; and clay-colored stools. Treatment for cholecystitis typically involves antibiotics to treat any infection present, pain relief, and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). In some cases, a nonsurgical procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be used to remove gallstones from the bile duct.

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is a bile acid that is naturally produced in the human body. It is formed in the liver from cholesterol and is then conjugated with glycine or taurine to become a primary bile acid. CDCA is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion, where it helps to emulsify fats and facilitate their absorption.

CDCA also has important regulatory functions in the body, including acting as a signaling molecule that binds to specific receptors in the liver, intestines, and other tissues. It plays a role in glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell growth and differentiation.

In addition to its natural functions, CDCA is also used as a medication for the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, it is used to dissolve gallstones that are composed of cholesterol, and it is also used to treat a rare genetic disorder called cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), which is characterized by the accumulation of CDCA and other bile acids in various tissues.

It's important to note that while CDCA has therapeutic uses, it can also have adverse effects if taken in high doses or for extended periods of time. Therefore, it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.

Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

A biliary fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the biliary system (which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver) and another organ or structure, usually in the abdominal cavity. This connection allows bile, which is a digestive fluid produced by the liver, to leak out of its normal pathway and into other areas of the body.

Biliary fistulas can occur as a result of trauma, surgery, infection, or inflammation in the biliary system. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, and clay-colored stools. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the fistula, such as draining an infection or repairing damaged tissue, and diverting bile flow away from the site of the leak. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the fistula.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.

Gallbladder neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the gallbladder, which can be benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, also known as gallbladder cancer, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. Gallbladder neoplasms can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and nausea, but they are often asymptomatic until they have advanced to an advanced stage. The exact causes of gallbladder neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include gallstones, chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, and certain inherited genetic conditions.

The common bile duct is a duct that results from the union of the cystic duct (which drains bile from the gallbladder) and the common hepatic duct (which drains bile from the liver). The common bile duct transports bile, a digestive enzyme, from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The common bile duct runs through the head of the pancreas before emptying into the second part of the duodenum, either alone or in conjunction with the pancreatic duct, via a small opening called the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats by helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Acute cholecystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) that develops suddenly (acute). The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located in the upper right part of the abdomen, beneath the liver. It stores bile, a digestive juice produced by the liver, which helps break down fats in the food we eat.

Acute cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed and irritated, often due to the presence of gallstones that block the cystic duct, the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine. When the cystic duct is obstructed, bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing it to become swollen, inflamed, and infected.

Symptoms of acute cholecystitis may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, often located in the upper right or middle part of the abdomen, that may radiate to the back or shoulder blade area. Other symptoms may include fever, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and abdominal tenderness or swelling.

Acute cholecystitis is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment may involve hospitalization, antibiotics to treat infection, pain relief medications, and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). In some cases, nonsurgical treatments such as endoscopic sphincterotomy or percutaneous cholecystostomy may be used to relieve obstruction and inflammation.

Cholangiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the bile ducts (the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine). This is typically done by injecting a contrast dye into the bile ducts through an endoscope or a catheter that has been inserted into the body.

There are several types of cholangiography, including:

* Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): This procedure involves inserting an endoscope through the mouth and down the throat into the small intestine. A dye is then injected into the bile ducts through a small tube that is passed through the endoscope.
* Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC): This procedure involves inserting a needle through the skin and into the liver to inject the contrast dye directly into the bile ducts.
* Operative cholangiography: This procedure is performed during surgery to examine the bile ducts for any abnormalities or blockages.

Cholangiography can help diagnose a variety of conditions that affect the bile ducts, such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation. It can also be used to guide treatment decisions, such as whether surgery is necessary to remove a blockage.

The biliary tract is a system of ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine. The main components of the biliary tract are:

1. Intrahepatic bile ducts: These are the smaller branches of bile ducts located within the liver that collect bile from the liver cells or hepatocytes.
2. Gallbladder: A small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver, which stores and concentrates bile received from the intrahepatic bile ducts. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine when food is ingested, particularly fats, to aid digestion.
3. Common hepatic duct: This is a duct that forms by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver, respectively.
4. Cystic duct: A short duct that connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, forming the beginning of the common bile duct.
5. Common bile duct: This is a larger duct formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine.
6. Pancreatic duct: A separate duct that originates from the pancreas, a gland located near the liver and stomach. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just before they both enter the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
7. Ampulla of Vater: This is the dilated portion where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join together and empty their contents into the duodenum through a shared opening called the papilla of Vater.

Disorders related to the biliary tract include gallstones, cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), bile duct stones, bile duct strictures or obstructions, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, among others.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks and in the shells of many marine animals. As a mineral, it is known as calcite or aragonite.

In the medical field, calcium carbonate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is also commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid reflux, and indigestion.

Calcium carbonate works by reacting with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form water, carbon dioxide, and calcium chloride. This reaction helps to raise the pH level in the stomach and neutralize excess acid.

It is important to note that excessive use of calcium carbonate can lead to hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, confusion, and muscle weakness. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Intestinal obstruction, also known as bowel obstruction, is a medical condition characterized by a blockage that prevents the normal flow of contents through the small intestine or large intestine (colon). This blockage can be caused by various factors such as tumors, adhesions (scar tissue), hernias, inflammation, or impacted feces.

The obstruction can be mechanical, where something physically blocks the intestinal lumen, or functional, where the normal muscular contractions of the bowel are impaired. Mechanical obstructions are more common than functional ones.

Symptoms of intestinal obstruction may include abdominal pain and cramping, nausea and vomiting, bloating, inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement, and abdominal distention. If left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to serious complications such as tissue death (necrosis), perforation of the intestine, and sepsis. Treatment typically involves hospitalization, intravenous fluids, nasogastric decompression, and possibly surgery to remove the obstruction.

Choledocholithiasis is a medical condition characterized by the presence of one or more gallstones in the common bile duct, which is the tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps break down fats in the small intestine. Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluids that can form in the gallbladder or, less commonly, in the bile ducts.

Choledocholithiasis can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, and fever. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as infection or inflammation of the bile ducts or pancreas, which can be life-threatening.

The condition is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and may require endoscopic or surgical intervention to remove the gallstones from the common bile duct.

An intestinal fistula is an abnormal communication or connection between the intestines (or a portion of the intestine) and another organ or the skin surface. This connection forms a tract or passage, allowing the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes, bacteria, and waste materials, to leak into other body areas or outside the body. Intestinal fistulas can develop due to various reasons, including inflammatory bowel diseases (like Crohn's disease), infections, complications from surgery, radiation therapy, or trauma. They can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, skin irritation, and infection. Treatment of intestinal fistulas often involves a combination of medical management, nutritional support, and surgical intervention.

Cholagogues and choleretics are terms used to describe medications or substances that affect bile secretion and flow in the body. Here is a medical definition for each:

1. Cholagogue: A substance that promotes the discharge of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum, often by stimulating the contraction of the gallbladder muscle. This helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. Examples include chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and some herbal remedies like dandelion root and milk thistle.
2. Choleretic: A substance that increases the production of bile by the liver or its flow through the biliary system. This can help with the digestion of fats and the elimination of waste products from the body. Examples include certain medications like ursodeoxycholic acid, as well as natural substances such as lemon juice, artichoke extract, and turmeric.

It is important to note that while cholagogues and choleretics can aid in digestion, they should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as improper use or overuse may lead to complications like diarrhea or gallstone formation.

Cholic acids are a type of bile acid, which are naturally occurring steroid acids that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the body. Cholic acid is the primary bile acid synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. It is then conjugated with glycine or taurine to form conjugated cholic acids, which are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion to aid in fat emulsification and absorption.

Cholic acid and its derivatives have also been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits in various medical conditions, including liver diseases, gallstones, and bacterial infections. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and potential side effects of cholic acids and their derivatives before they can be widely used as therapeutic agents.

Biliary tract neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts inside and outside the liver, and the ducts that connect the liver to the small intestine. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Malignant biliary tract neoplasms are often referred to as cholangiocarcinoma if they originate in the bile ducts, or gallbladder cancer if they arise in the gallbladder. These cancers are relatively rare but can be aggressive and difficult to treat. They can cause symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, weight loss, and dark urine.

Risk factors for biliary tract neoplasms include chronic inflammation of the biliary system, primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B or C infection, parasitic infections, and certain genetic conditions. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with these neoplasms.

An abdominal abscess is a localized collection of pus in the abdominal cavity, caused by an infection. It can occur as a result of complications from surgery, trauma, or inflammatory conditions such as appendicitis or diverticulitis. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness at the site of the abscess. Abdominal abscesses can be serious and require medical treatment, which may include antibiotics, drainage of the abscess, or surgery.

Lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses shock waves or other high-energy sound waves to break down and remove calculi (stones) in the body, particularly in the kidneys, ureters, or gallbladder. The procedure is typically performed on an outpatient basis and does not require any incisions.

During lithotripsy, the patient lies on a cushioned table while a lithotripter, a device that generates shock waves, is positioned around the area of the stone. As the shock waves pass through the body, they break the stone into tiny fragments that can then be easily passed out of the body in urine.

Lithotripsy is generally a safe and effective procedure, but it may not be suitable for everyone. Patients with certain medical conditions, such as bleeding disorders or pregnancy, may not be able to undergo lithotripsy. Additionally, some stones may be too large or too dense to be effectively treated with lithotripsy. In these cases, other treatment options, such as surgery, may be necessary.

Dysbiosis is a term used to describe an imbalance in the microbiota, or the community of microorganisms, that normally live on and inside the body. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes. In a healthy state, these microorganisms exist in a balanced relationship with each other and with their human host. However, when this balance is disrupted, it can lead to an overgrowth of harmful microbes and a decrease in the number of beneficial ones. This imbalance can occur in different parts of the body, such as the gut, skin, or mouth, and can contribute to various health problems.

In medical terms, dysbiosis is often used to describe an alteration in the composition of the gut microbiota that has been associated with a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and even some neurological disorders. The exact mechanisms by which dysbiosis contributes to these conditions are not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the metabolic activities of the microbiota, as well as their interactions with the host's immune system.

It's important to note that while dysbiosis has been linked to various health issues, it does not necessarily mean that it is the cause of those conditions. More research is needed to fully understand the role of dysbiosis in human health and disease.

Dietary cholesterol is a type of cholesterol that comes from the foods we eat. It is present in animal-derived products such as meat, poultry, dairy products, and eggs. While dietary cholesterol can contribute to an increase in blood cholesterol levels for some people, it's important to note that saturated and trans fats have a more significant impact on blood cholesterol levels than dietary cholesterol itself.

The American Heart Association recommends limiting dietary cholesterol intake to less than 300 milligrams per day for most people, and less than 200 milligrams per day for those with a history of heart disease or high cholesterol levels. However, individual responses to dietary cholesterol can vary, so it's essential to monitor blood cholesterol levels and adjust dietary habits accordingly.

A subphrenic abscess is a localized collection of pus (purulent material) that forms in the area below the diaphragm and above the upper part of the stomach, known as the subphrenic space. This condition often results from a complication of abdominal or pelvic surgery, perforated ulcers, or severe intra-abdominal infections. The abscess can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and decreased appetite, and it may require medical intervention, including antibiotics, drainage, or surgical management.

Lithocholic acid (LCA) is a secondary bile acid that is produced in the liver by bacterial modification of primary bile acids, specifically chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a steroid acid that plays a role in various physiological processes such as cholesterol metabolism, drug absorption, and gut microbiota regulation. However, high levels of LCA can be toxic to the liver and have been linked to several diseases, including colon cancer and cholestatic liver diseases.

Biliary tract diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine through the bile ducts to help digest fats.

Biliary tract diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, and changes in stool color. Some of the common biliary tract diseases include:

1. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts made up of cholesterol or bilirubin.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.
3. Cholangitis: Infection or inflammation of the bile ducts.
4. Biliary dyskinesia: A motility disorder that affects the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the biliary system.
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A chronic autoimmune disease that causes scarring and narrowing of the bile ducts.
6. Biliary tract cancer: Rare cancers that affect the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Sciuridae" is not a medical term. It is a scientific name in the field of biology, specifically for the family of animals that include squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, and prairie dogs, among others. These are rodents known for their agility in climbing trees and their ability to store food.

Cholangitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are two types of cholangitis: acute and chronic. Acute cholangitis is a sudden and severe infection that can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and dark urine. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that enters the bile ducts through a blockage or obstruction.

Chronic cholangitis, on the other hand, is a long-term inflammation of the bile ducts that can lead to scarring and narrowing of the ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, itching, and jaundice. Chronic cholangitis can be caused by various factors, including primary sclerosing cholangitis (an autoimmune disease), bile duct stones, or tumors in the bile ducts.

Treatment for cholangitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infections, and surgery may be necessary to remove blockages or obstructions in the bile ducts. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

"Sigmoid diseases" is not a widely recognized medical term. However, the sigmoid colon is a part of the large intestine, and it can be affected by various conditions such as:

1. Sigmoid diverticulitis: Inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) that form on the wall of the sigmoid colon.
2. Sigmoid volvulus: Twisting of the sigmoid colon on itself, which can lead to obstruction and ischemia.
3. Sigmoid cancer: Malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells lining the sigmoid colon.
4. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Chronic inflammation of the intestine, including the sigmoid colon, that can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
5. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits, which can affect the sigmoid colon.

Therefore, "sigmoid diseases" could refer to any of these conditions or others that specifically affect the sigmoid colon.

Ileal diseases refer to conditions that primarily affect the ileum, which is the final portion of the small intestine. The ileum plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly vitamin B12 and bile salts. Ileal diseases can cause various symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and malnutrition, depending on their nature and extent. Some common ileal diseases include:

1. Crohn's disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Crohn's disease causes chronic inflammation, which can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fatigue.
2. Celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. In celiac disease, the immune system attacks the lining of the small intestine, including the ileum, causing inflammation and impaired nutrient absorption.
3. Intestinal tuberculosis: A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Intestinal tuberculosis can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
4. Typhlitis: Also known as neutropenic enterocolitis, typhlitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the cecum and terminal ileum, typically in immunocompromised individuals. It can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea.
5. Meckel's diverticulum: A congenital condition characterized by a small pouch protruding from the wall of the ileum. While many people with Meckel's diverticulum do not experience symptoms, it can sometimes become inflamed or bleed, causing abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.
6. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system and can affect any part of the body, including the ileum. Ileal lymphoma can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Cholic acid is a primary bile acid, which is a type of organic compound that plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the body. It is produced in the liver from cholesterol and is then conjugated with glycine or taurine to form conjugated bile acids, which are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion.

Cholic acid helps to emulsify fats, allowing them to be broken down into smaller droplets that can be absorbed by the body. It also facilitates the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E, and K. In addition to its role in digestion, cholic acid is also involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and the excretion of bile acids from the body.

Abnormalities in cholic acid metabolism can lead to various medical conditions, such as cholestatic liver diseases, gallstones, and genetic disorders that affect bile acid synthesis.

Cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the body. It is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatic cells and is responsible for the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol.

The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to 7α-hydroxycholesterol, which is then further metabolized to form primary bile acids, including cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. These bile acids are essential for the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.

Additionally, CYP7A1 is also involved in the regulation of cholesterol levels in the body by providing negative feedback to the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver. When cholesterol levels are high, the activity of CYP7A1 increases, leading to an increase in bile acid synthesis and a decrease in cholesterol levels. Conversely, when cholesterol levels are low, the activity of CYP7A1 decreases, reducing bile acid synthesis and allowing cholesterol levels to rise.

Abnormalities in CYP7A1 function have been implicated in several diseases, including gallstones, liver disease, and cardiovascular disease.

Duodenal obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the blockage or impediment of the normal flow of contents through the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as:

1. Congenital abnormalities: Duodenal atresia or stenosis, where there is a congenital absence or narrowing of a portion of the duodenum.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Duodenitis, Crohn's disease, or tumors that cause swelling and inflammation in the duodenum.
3. Mechanical obstructions: Gallstones, tumors, strictures, or adhesions (scar tissue) from previous surgeries can physically block the duodenum.
4. Neuromuscular disorders: Conditions like progressive systemic sclerosis or amyloidosis that affect the neuromuscular function of the intestines can lead to duodenal obstruction.

Symptoms of duodenal obstruction may include nausea, vomiting (often with bilious or fecal matter), abdominal pain, distention, and decreased bowel movements. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or upper gastrointestinal series to visualize the blockage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve surgery, endoscopic procedures, or medications to manage symptoms and address the obstruction.

Crystallization is a process in which a substance transitions from a liquid or dissolved state to a solid state, forming a crystal lattice. In the medical context, crystallization can refer to the formation of crystals within the body, which can occur under certain conditions such as changes in pH, temperature, or concentration of solutes. These crystals can deposit in various tissues and organs, leading to the formation of crystal-induced diseases or disorders.

For example, in patients with gout, uric acid crystals can accumulate in joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. Similarly, in nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), minerals in the urine can crystallize and form stones that can obstruct the urinary tract. Crystallization can also occur in other medical contexts, such as in the formation of dental calculus or plaque, and in the development of cataracts in the eye.

Lecithins are a group of naturally occurring compounds called phospholipids, which are essential components of biological membranes. They are composed of a molecule that contains a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. This unique structure allows lecithins to act as emulsifiers, helping to mix oil-based and water-based substances together.

Lecithins are found in various foods such as egg yolks, soybeans, sunflower seeds, and some other plants. In the medical field, lecithins may be used in dietary supplements or as a component of nutritional support for patients with certain conditions. They have been studied for their potential benefits in improving liver function, supporting brain health, and reducing cholesterol levels; however, more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended dosages.

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. They include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Lipids serve many important functions in the body, including energy storage, acting as structural components of cell membranes, and serving as signaling molecules. High levels of certain lipids, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Gilbert's disease, also known as Gilbert's syndrome, is a common and mild condition characterized by **intermittent** elevations in bilirubin levels in the bloodstream without any evidence of liver damage or disease. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that forms when hemoglobin breaks down. Normally, it gets processed in the liver and excreted through bile.

In Gilbert's disease, there is an impaired ability to conjugate bilirubin due to a deficiency or dysfunction of the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), which is responsible for the glucuronidation process. This results in mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, where bilirubin levels may rise and cause mild jaundice, particularly during times of fasting, illness, stress, or dehydration.

Gilbert's disease is typically an incidental finding, as it usually does not cause any significant symptoms or complications. It is often discovered during routine blood tests when bilirubin levels are found to be slightly elevated. The condition is usually harmless and does not require specific treatment, but avoiding triggers like fasting or dehydration may help minimize the occurrence of jaundice.

Phospholipids are a major class of lipids that consist of a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. The head is composed of a phosphate group, which is often bound to an organic molecule such as choline, ethanolamine, serine or inositol. The tails are made up of two fatty acid chains.

Phospholipids are a key component of cell membranes and play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of the cell. They form a lipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing outwards and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards, creating a barrier that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Phospholipids are also involved in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, intracellular trafficking, and protein function regulation. Additionally, they serve as emulsifiers in the digestive system, helping to break down fats in the diet.

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a medical condition that refers to the blockage of the passage from the stomach to the small intestine, also known as the pylorus. This blockage can be caused by various factors, including tumors, scar tissue, or gallstones. As a result, food and digestive enzymes cannot pass through the pylorus into the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, and weight loss. In severe cases, GOO can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and other complications if left untreated. Treatment options for GOO depend on the underlying cause of the obstruction and may include medication, endoscopic procedures, or surgery.

A polyp is a general term for a small growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane, such as the lining of the nose or the digestive tract. Polyps can vary in size and shape, but they are usually cherry-sized or smaller and have a stalk or a broad base. They are often benign (noncancerous), but some types of polyps, especially those in the colon, can become cancerous over time.

In the digestive tract, polyps can form in the colon, rectum, stomach, or small intestine. Colorectal polyps are the most common type and are usually found during routine colonoscopies. There are several types of colorectal polyps, including:

* Adenomatous polyps (adenomas): These polyps can become cancerous over time and are the most likely to turn into cancer.
* Hyperplastic polyps: These polyps are usually small and benign, but some types may have a higher risk of becoming cancerous.
* Inflammatory polyps: These polyps are caused by chronic inflammation in the digestive tract, such as from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Polyps can also form in other parts of the body, including the nose, sinuses, ears, and uterus. In most cases, polyps are benign and do not cause any symptoms. However, if they become large enough, they may cause problems such as bleeding, obstruction, or discomfort. Treatment typically involves removing the polyp through a surgical procedure.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Cholecystokinin A (CCK-A) receptor is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK is a peptide hormone that is released by cells in the duodenum in response to food intake, particularly fat and protein. The binding of CCK to the CCK-A receptor triggers several physiological responses, including contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine.

The CCK-A receptor is also found in the central nervous system, where it plays a role in regulating satiety and feeding behavior. Activation of the CCK-A receptor in the brain can lead to a decrease in food intake, making it a potential target for the development of anti-obesity drugs.

In summary, the Cholecystokinin A (CCK-A) receptor is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), and plays a role in regulating several physiological responses including gallbladder contraction, relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, satiety and feeding behavior.

Jejunal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Some examples of jejunal diseases include:

1. Jejunal inflammation or infection (jejunitis)
2. Crohn's disease, which can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract including the jejunum
3. Intestinal lymphoma, a type of cancer that can develop in the small intestine
4. Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes damage to the small intestine when gluten is consumed
5. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which can occur due to various reasons including structural abnormalities or motility disorders of the jejunum
6. Meckel's diverticulum, a congenital condition where a small pouch protrudes from the wall of the intestine, usually located in the ileum but can also affect the jejunum
7. Intestinal strictures or obstructions caused by scarring, adhesions, or tumors
8. Radiation enteritis, damage to the small intestine caused by radiation therapy for cancer treatment.

The diagnosis and management of jejunal diseases depend on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, dietary modifications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Duodenal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Here are some examples of duodenal diseases:

1. Duodenitis: This is inflammation of the duodenum, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. Duodenitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or chronic inflammation due to conditions like Crohn's disease.
2. Peptic ulcers: These are sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum, usually as a result of infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, bloating, and heartburn.
3. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the duodenum. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, weight loss, and blood in the stool.
4. Celiac disease: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine in response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the duodenum.
5. Duodenal diverticulosis: This is a condition in which small pouches form in the lining of the duodenum. While many people with duodenal diverticulosis do not experience symptoms, some may develop complications such as inflammation or infection.
6. Duodenal atresia: This is a congenital condition in which the duodenum does not form properly, leading to blockage of the intestine. This can cause symptoms such as vomiting and difficulty feeding in newborns.

Biological pigments are substances produced by living organisms that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, resulting in the perception of color. These pigments play crucial roles in various biological processes such as photosynthesis, vision, and protection against harmful radiation. Some examples of biological pigments include melanin, hemoglobin, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids.

Melanin is a pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes in animals, including humans. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that contains a porphyrin ring with an iron atom at its center, which gives blood its red color and facilitates oxygen transport. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria that absorbs light during photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Carotenoids are orange, yellow, or red pigments found in fruits, vegetables, and some animals that protect against oxidative stress and help maintain membrane fluidity. Flavonoids are a class of plant pigments with antioxidant properties that have been linked to various health benefits.

Bile duct diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the bile ducts, which are tiny tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are several types of bile duct diseases, including:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This occurs when stones form in the common bile duct, causing blockage and leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, and fever.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection of the bile ducts that can cause inflammation, pain, and fever. It can occur due to obstruction of the bile ducts or as a complication of other medical procedures.
3. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the bile ducts in the liver, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.
4. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC): This is another autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, leading to liver damage and potential liver failure.
5. Bile Duct Cancer: Also known as cholangiocarcinoma, this is a rare form of cancer that affects the bile ducts and can cause jaundice, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
6. Benign Strictures: These are narrowing of the bile ducts that can occur due to injury, inflammation, or surgery, leading to blockage and potential infection.

Symptoms of bile duct diseases may include jaundice, abdominal pain, fever, itching, dark urine, and light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may involve medication, surgery, or other medical interventions.

The cystic duct is a short tube that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. The cystic duct allows bile to flow from the gallbladder into the common bile duct when it is needed for digestion. It is a part of the biliary system and plays an important role in the digestive process.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of cholesterol in the body. It is found in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells and catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, which is a key rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.

The reaction catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase is as follows:

HMG-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ → mevalonic acid + CoA + 2 NADP+

This enzyme is the target of statin drugs, which are commonly prescribed to lower cholesterol levels in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Statins work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, thereby reducing the production of cholesterol in the body.

Common bile duct diseases refer to conditions that affect the common bile duct, a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. Some common examples of common bile duct diseases include:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This is the presence of stones (calculi) in the common bile duct, which can cause blockage, inflammation, and infection.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection or inflammation of the common bile duct, often caused by obstruction due to stones, tumors, or strictures.
3. Common bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma): This is a rare but aggressive cancer that arises from the cells lining the common bile duct.
4. Biliary strictures: These are narrowing or scarring of the common bile duct, which can be caused by injury, inflammation, or surgery.
5. Benign tumors: Non-cancerous growths in the common bile duct can also cause blockage and other symptoms.

Symptoms of common bile duct diseases may include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine or light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

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... is a rare form of small bowel obstruction caused by an impaction of a gallstone within the lumen of the small ... Bouveret's syndrome refers to reverse gallstone ileus where the gallstone propagates proximally and causes gastric outlet ... Such a gallstone enters the bowel via a cholecysto-enteric fistula. The presence of large stones, >2.5 cm in diameter, within ... Rarely, gallstone ileus may recur if the underlying fistula is not treated. First described by Thomas Bartholin in 1654, the ...
Risk factors for gallstones include birth control pills, pregnancy, a family history of gallstones, obesity, diabetes, liver ... Abdominal ultrasonography showing gallstones, wall thickening and fluid around the gall bladder Gallstones and biliary sludge, ... With these direct connections, gallstones can pass from the gallbladder to the intestines. Gallstones can get trapped in the ... The greatest risk factor for cholecystitis is gallstones. Risk factors for gallstones include female sex, increasing age, ...
"Gallstones". NDDIC. July 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2010-08-13. Raloff J (2013-09-23). "Birth ... which can lead to gallstones. Progestins found in certain formulations of oral contraceptive pills can limit the effectiveness ...
"Gallstones". NIDDK. November 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2017. Bardakcioglu, Ovunc; Khan, Ashraf; Aldridge, Christopher; Chen, ... Extirpation of the gallbladder, known as a cholecystectomy, may be used as a treatment for recurrent gallstones or ...
"Gallstones". www.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved 13 May 2016. Samer El Hayek; Lynn Bitar; Layal H. Hamdar; Fadi G. Mirza; Georges ...
In the developed world, 10 to 15% of adults have gallstones. Of those with gallstones, biliary colic occurs in 1 to 4% each ... The most common form is cholesterol gallstones. Other forms include calcium, bilirubin, pigment, and mixed gallstones. Other ... a gallstone can become impacted in the ileocecal valve that joins the caecum and the ileum, causing gallstone ileus (mechanical ... Gallstones are detected with a specificity and sensitivity of greater than 95% with ultrasound.[page needed] Further signs on ...
This also increases the risk of cholesterol gallstone formation. Inhibition of CYP7A1 is thought to be involved in or ... Genetic variations in CYP7A1 influence its expression and thus may affect the risk of gallstone disease and gallbladder cancer ... Paumgartner G, Sauerbruch T (Nov 1991). "Gallstones: pathogenesis". Lancet. 338 (8775): 1117-21. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91972 ... Deficiency of this enzyme will increase the possibility of cholesterol gallstones. Disruption of CYP7A1 from classic bile acid ...
If the patient must have the gallbladder removed for gallstones, the surgeon may choose to proceed with the surgery, and obtain ... Common bile duct stone, also known as choledocholithiasis, is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct (CBD) (thus ... Treatment is removal of the gallstone from the bile duct using ERCP or an intraoperative cholangiogram. In these procedures, a ... Studies have shown that 10% of those with gallstones will develop symptoms within 5 years of diagnosis, and 20% within 20 years ...
"Health Guide: Gallstones". New York Times. San Francisco Bay Area Regional Water Quality Control Board Integrated Basin ... MTBE is injected directly into the gallbladder to dissolve gallstones. MTBE is used in organic chemistry as a relatively ... "Oral and contact dissolution of gallstones". Am. J. Surg. 165 (4): 427-30. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(05)80934-1. PMID 8480875. " ...
With RPC, the gallstones found within the biliary system are made of calcium bilirubinate or pigmented calcium. Calcium ... Miyake, H; Johnston, CG (1968). "Gallstones: ethnological studies". Digestion. 1 (4): 219-28. doi:10.1159/000196857. PMID ... usually in the absence of gallstones and with regions of segmental liver atrophy, particularly the lateral aspect of the left ...
5, 105 - Gallstones. Ausgewählte Kapitel der Klinischen Symptomatologie und Diagnostik, (four volumes); Three parts translated ...
Gallstones are more common in pregnant women due to elevated hormones and cholesterol levels, which block the bile duct and ... Gallstones in the gallbladder, known as cholelithiasis, are the most common finding and may progress to cholecystitis, ... Gallstones can be removed using acid or shock waves in litholytic therapy and lithotripsy, respectively. Alternatively, ... Right-upper quadrant ultrasound is adopted primarily for its high sensitivity and specificity in detecting gallstones and ...
A cholesterol crystal is a solid, crystalline form of cholesterol found in gallstones and atherosclerosis. Gallstones occurring ... Dowling RH (2000). "Review: pathogenesis of gallstones". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 14 (Suppl 2): 39-47. doi: ...
"Gallstones - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 7 August 2021. "Gallstones - Diagnosis and treatment". www.mayoclinic ... Gallstones is a common disease in which one or more stones form in the gallbladder or biliary tract. Most people are ... Having gallstones is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer which although quite uncommon is rapidly fatal if not diagnosed early ...
5 F's: Fat Female Fair (gallstones more common in Caucasians) Fertile (premenopausal- increased estrogen is thought to increase ... p. 6. "Clinical Cases Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)". University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 May 2015. Mega List of Mnemonics for ... Idiopathic/Infection/Ischaemic Gallstones Ethanol Trauma Steroids/surgery Mumps/malnutrition/mechanical obstruction/metabolic ...
Those who advocate it claim that it is possible to remove not only the well-known gallstones from the gallbladder, but also the ... In two cases, chemical analysis of supposed gallstones that were excreted in the course of a gallbladder flush showed that ... When scientifically analyzed, the "gallstones" produced by a group of patients were found to contain no cholesterol, bilirubin ... Sies, CW; Brooker, J (2005). "Could these be gallstones?". Lancet. 365 (9468): 1388. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66373-8. PMID ...
His theory of bacterial gallstone production however has gained little support although viable bacteria have been found within ... Anonymous (1906). "The etiology of gallstones". Journal of the American Medical Association. XLVI (4): 278. doi:10.1001/jama. ... Galippe recovered bacteria from gallstones and hypothesized that they were produced by bacteria. ... "The frequency of live bacteria in gallstones". HPB. 6 (1): 28-32. doi:10.1080/13651820310025192. PMC 2020648. PMID 18333042. ...
... the presence of gallstones. Obstruction can occur when gallstones may be too large to pass through the CBD into the duodenum.[ ... Gallstone disease is considered to be one of the most common digestive diseases. It is prevalent regardless of ethnicity with ... "Definition & Facts for Gallstones , NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2020-04 ... A CDD allows for the passage of any retained gallstones, such as impacted stones, or stones where endoscopic treatments of ...
Chronic hemolysis leads to an increased excretion of bilirubin into the biliary tract, which in turn may lead to gallstones. ... Trotman, BW (1991). "Pigment gallstone disease". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 20 (1): 111-26. doi:10.1016/S0889- ... such as gallstones and pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to the general signs of anemia. General ... "Hemolytic Jaundice and Gallstones". Gastroenterology. 78 (4): 821-830. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(80)90690-3. PMID 7353766. Schrier ...
His autopsy revealed many gallstones. Despite the resistance of the populace of Lyon to moving his remains from that city, he ...
Gallstones are diagnosed using ultrasound. When a symptomatic gallstone occurs, it is often managed by waiting for it to be ... Gallstones form when the bile is saturated, usually with either cholesterol or bilirubin. Most gallstones do not cause symptoms ... The first descriptions of gallstones appear to have been in the Renaissance, perhaps because of the low incidence of gallstones ... the cause of jaundice is unlikely to be gallstones. The first surgical removal of a gallstone (cholecystolithotomy) was in 1676 ...
"Mandela Has Surgery for Gallstones". The New York Times. 15 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. ... before being re-admitted for a lung infection and gallstone removal in December 2012. After a successful medical procedure in ...
"Chenotherapy for Gallstone Dissolution, II. Induced Changes in Bile Composition and Gallstone Response". JAMA. 239 (12): 1138- ... This is why chenodeoxycholic acid, and not cholic acid, can be used to treat gallstones (because decreasing bile acid synthesis ... Iser JH, Dowling H, Mok HY, Bell GD (August 1975). "Chenodeoxycholic acid treatment of gallstones. A follow-up report and ...
It forms a calcium salt in the gallbladder, which can exceed its solubility and create precipitates that resemble gallstones on ... Biliary sludge Kirejczyk, W. M.; Crowe, H. M.; MacKay, I. M.; Quintiliani, R; Cronin, E. B. (1992). "Disappearing "gallstones ... Lemberg, Daniel; Day, Andrew S; Wyeth, Barry (2005). "Biliary colic: Is it gallstones?". Journal of Paediatrics and Child ... Biliary pseudolithiasis is an unusual complication of ceftriaxone where the drug complexes with calcium and mimics gallstones. ...
Gallstones are very common but 50-80% of people with gallstones are asymptomatic and do not need surgery; their stones are ... Biliary colic, or pain caused by gallstones, occurs when a gallstone temporarily blocks the bile duct that drains the ... It is the most common complication of gallstones; 90-95% of acute cholecystitis is caused by gallstones blocking drainage of ... Before this, surgical therapy for symptomatic gallstones was limited to cholecystostomy, or gallstone removal. Langenbuch's ...
... cholesterol crystallises and is the major constituent of most gallstones (lecithin and bilirubin gallstones also occur, but ... François Poulletier de la Salle first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1769. In 1815, chemist Michel ... Marschall HU, Einarsson C (June 2007). "Gallstone disease". Journal of Internal Medicine. 261 (6): 529-542. doi:10.1111/j.1365- ... the crystalized substance from human gallstones ...] Olson RE (February 1998). "Discovery of the lipoproteins, their role in ...
Bouchier, I (1971). "Gallstone Formation". The Lancet. 297 (7702): 711-5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91985-4. PMID 4101424. ... Gallstone Formation 1972 J.Stewart Cameron, Brights Disease Today 1973 Michael Rutter, Development of Infantile Autism 1974 ...
Helps to dissolve kidney and gallstones. Controls mucus status. It has been proven to be very suitable for blood clotting and ...
This procedure can be used to determine whether gallstones are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding the gallbladder. MRCP has ... MRCP is used to diagnose gallstones. It can also diagnose choledochal cysts very reliably. Besides providing information ...
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) form when substances in bile harden. Stones that block bile ducts can cause gallbladder attacks. ... Gallstones form when substances in bile harden. Gallstone attacks usually happen after you eat. Signs of a gallstone attack may ... Gallstones (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) * Gallstones (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and ... Dieting and Gallstones (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) Also in Spanish ...
Gallstones as seen on plain X-ray Large gallstone as seen on CT A normal gallbladder on ultrasound with bowel peristalsis ... Gallstones are more common among women than men and occur more commonly after the age of 40. Gallstones occur more frequently ... Gallstone disease refers to the condition where gallstones are either in the gallbladder or common bile duct. The presence of ... Most people with gallstones (about 80%) are asymptomatic. However, when a gallstone obstructs the bile duct and causes acute ...
Chances are if you are reading this that you have been diagnosed with Gallstones.. When suffering from gallstones you tend to ... Knowing the composition of gallstones, brings about the solutions for dissolving them.. Gallstones are essentially composed of ... You should expect now for the gallstones to pass out of your system on the third day.. Foods to include that will support the ... The best natural remedy known so far for gallstones, is extra virgin olive oil. There are two methods of use with olive oil. ...
Gallstones News and Research. RSS Gallstones are small, pebble-like substances that develop in the gallbladder. The gallbladder ... How do gallstones form? The human body is known to produce stones in various locations, most commonly in the kidneys, the ... Gallstones form when liquid stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone-like material. The liquid-called bile-helps ... Gallstone formation may be driven by neutrophils Neutrophils generate sticky webs of DNA called neutrophil extracellular traps ...
Doing lots of exercise drastically cuts the risk of developing painful gallstones, UK researchers have found. ...
Men who drink two to three cups of coffee a day have a 4% lower risk of developing gallstones than those who do not drink ... More coffee, fewer gallstones BMJ 1999; 318 :1646 doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7199.1646e ... More coffee, fewer gallstones. BMJ 1999; 318 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7199.1646e (Published 19 June 1999) Cite this ...
Gallstones are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder (see the image below). ... Cholelithiasis is the medical term for gallstone disease. ... Cholesterol gallstones. More than 80% of gallstones in the ... Complications of gallstones: the Mirizzi syndrome, gallstone ileus, gallstone pancreatitis, complications of "lost" gallstones ... Cholesterol gallstones, black pigment gallstones, and brown pigment gallstones have different pathogeneses and different risk ...
Generally, only persons with symptoms related to the presence of gallstones (e.g., steady, nonparoxysmal pain lasting four to ... six hours located in the upper abdomen) or complications (such as acute cholecystitis or gallstone pancreatitis) warrant ... cholecystectomy is considered the most cost-effective management strategy in the treatment of symptomatic gallstones. Medical ... Many patients with gallstones can be managed expectantly. ... The British-Italian Gallstone Study group. Aliment Pharmacol ...
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Although gallstone disease and heart disease share many risk factors, a new analysis finds that, even without these, gallstones ... Gallstones and heart disease. The risk factors for gallstones and heart disease are very similar; they include obesity, ... Gallstones links to heart disease run deeper than previously thought.. Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the ... Gallstones are thought to be produced due to an imbalance in the makeup of bile. - a digestive aid produced by the liver and ...
Gallstones and kidney stones have similarities and differences. Both types of stones can be very painful and may need surgery. ... Gallstones form in a range of sizes. Some gallstones are as small as a grain of rice, while others are as large as a golf ball ... Can you prevent gallstones?. Theres no proven way to prevent gallstones, but you can reduce your risk. You can do this by ... Gallstones are deposits of digestive fluid that harden in your gallbladder. Some people have one gallstone at a time, while ...
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Gallstones often dont cause any symptoms, but they can lead to pain in your upper abdomen. Read more about gallstones, ... Types of gallstone. There are three main types of gallstone.. *Cholesterol gallstones form if you have too much cholesterol in ... Symptoms of gallstones. Most people with gallstones dont have any symptoms. Sometimes, gallstones are found if you have a scan ... Can gallstones go away without surgery?. Small gallstones may occasionally just be passed out of your body (in poo), without ...
Hepatic secretions of biliary lipids were estimated in 43 patients with and without cholesterol gallstones. Studies were ... Mechanisms of Lithogenic Bile Formation in American Indian Women with Cholesterol Gallstones. ... Mechanisms of Lithogenic Bile Formation in American Indian Women with Cholesterol Gallstones. ...
... gallstones@onelist.com Mailing-List: gallstones@onelist.com Subject: [gallstones] Clueless in Stones From: [email protected] Hi all ... gallstones@onelist.com From: [email protected] Mailing-List: list gallstones@onelist.com; contact Subject: [gallstones] It WORKED ... She suspected gall stones and sent me for an ultra sound. The lab report confirmed it. I had one gallstone in the neck of the ... Subject: Re: Gallstone Treatment from Dr. Mercolas website Hi, I did the Gallstone cleanse on the weekend. I got some good ...
5 facts about gallstones. One in ten adults in the UK suffer from gallstones. Gallstones are lumps of solid material that form ...
Gallstones form due to mainly dietary reasons. Looking closer at a gallstone, we can find that it is actually made up of ... There are two types of gallstones:. *Cholesterol Stones - The most common type of gallstone. Mostly made of hardened ... The majority of individuals with gallstones do not have any symptoms. However, 20% of patients with gallstones report intense ... Cholesterol stones are the most common type of gallstone to develop, occurring in approximately 80% of patients with gallstones ...
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Learn about Gallstones, find a doctor, complications, outcomes, recovery and follow-up care for Gallstones. ... Gallstones. Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder attack; Biliary colic; Gallstone attack; Biliary calculus: gallstones chenodeoxycholic ... Gallstones can be as small as a grain of sand, or as big as a golf ball. Youre more likely to get gallstones if youre over ... Gallstones are more common in women than in men, and they may run in families. So, how do you know if you have gallstones? Well ...
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Research Area: Gallstones. Frequent nut consumption and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Tsai, C-J., M.F. Leitzmann ... Background: Gallstone disease is a major source of morbidity in the developed countries. Nuts are rich in several compounds ... Health Study who were 30-55 y old in 1980 and had no history of gallstone disease. As part of the Nurses Health Study, the ... that may protect against gallstone disease. Objective: The association between nut intake and cholecystectomy was examined in a ...
Learn about ways to prevent gallstones through diet, safe weight loss, and physical activity. ... Learn about how doctors treat gallstones, usually with surgery. ... Treatment for Gallstones. How do health care professionals ... Even with treatment, gallstones can return. Therefore, you may have to be regularly treated for gallstones for a very long time ... How can I help prevent gallstones?. You can help prevent gallstones by ...
... Mol Cell Biochem. 2013 May;377(1-2):219-27. doi ... Patients with gallstones had elevated levels of serum RBP4, FG, TC, TG, ALT, and AST, and had decreased HDL-C levels compared ... The incidences of gallstone formation were 0/8 (group C), 7/8 (group G), and 2/8 (group M) (p , 0.01). Group G had ... Part 1 Twenty-four male C57/B6 mice were randomly divided into a normal control group (group C, n = 8), a gallstone group ( ...
... World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16( ... Successful endoscopic treatment of colonic gallstone ileus using electrohydraulic lithotripsy. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16( ...
Gallstones can be painful and bothersome, but there are many ways to treat them that dont involve surgery. The seven most ... Medical Involvement of Gallstones to Health. Gallstones are made up of cholesterol or bile salts that have hardened. They can ... Gallstones can be less likely to happen if you eat a diet low in fat, cholesterol, and sweets. Also, eating more fibre and ... Gallstones can be painful and bothersome, but there are many ways to treat them that dont involve surgery. The seven most ...
But it depends on your gallstones. Read about medicine to treat gallstones and possible side effects. ... You may be able to take medicine to dissolve gallstones. ... gallstones can come back once you stop treatment. Side effects ... This is because rapid weight loss can cause gallstones to grow.. Diet and gallstones. You should adopt a healthy and balanced ... You can take medicine to dissolve your gallstones. But only if your gallstones are small and dont contain calcium. ...
Gallstones can also cause nausea, vomiting, gas and extreme pain in the upper abdomen. Gallstones can even signal the presence ... Even fatty kinds of nuts should not be eaten when you have gallstones. Other foods to avoid for gallstones are artificial ... In fact, each year more than 500,000 Americans have to undergo gallstone surgery. Large gallstones can also cause infections ... These crystals are called gallstones. Gallstones can block essential digestive bile, produced by the gallbladder, from reaching ...
TITLE: Gallstones and biliary sludge. DESCRIPTION: A-58-year old patient with multiple colicky pain was referred for a standard ... In the displayed image, multiple hyperechoic structures with posterior shadowing (gallstones) and biliary sludge are shown.. ...
  • The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones, and choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of migrated gallstones within bile ducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1995, the Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis reported that initially asymptomatic patients with gallstones had a 25.8 percent probability of developing symptoms within 10 years. (aafp.org)
  • Cholelithiasis involves the presence of gallstones (see the image below), which are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gallstones (cholelithiasis) constitute a major health burden with high costs related to surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), generally indicated for symptomatic gallstones. (lu.se)
  • While there are more than 30 different conditions or lifestyle choices that contribute to the formation of gallstones or cholelithiasis, the medical profession (excluding researchers) is still teaching the 4 "F's" to their medical students, namely: female, forty, fertile and fat. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • Gallstones may require the removal of the gallbladder. (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones are a common reason to go to the ER, because a person with this condition may require immediate removal of the gallbladder. (eastcoopermedctr.com)
  • After the removal of the gallbladder the gallstone symptoms should be completely gone. (megahowto.com)
  • Because there is no medication to treat gallstones, surgical removal of the gallbladder may be your only treatment option. (sharp.com)
  • The chances increase for women who have had multiple pregnancies, have a family history of gallstones, are of Hispanic or Native American descent, are obese or have experienced rapid weight loss. (sharp.com)
  • How do health care professionals treat gallstones? (nih.gov)
  • Also, some medicines used to treat gallstones can have side effects, which you should talk to your doctor about before starting any treatment. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • 7) Shockwave lithotripsy − Shockwave lithotripsy is another way to treat gallstones. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • At the UVM Medical Center, our team focuses on prevention, teamwork, technology & trusted expertise to diagnose and treat gallstones. (uvmhealth.org)
  • How do doctors treat gallstones? (msdmanuals.com)
  • To treat gallstones that cause pain, doctors may do surgery to remove your gallbladder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gallstones may be suspected based on symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Generally, only persons with symptoms related to the presence of gallstones (e.g., steady, nonparoxysmal pain lasting four to six hours located in the upper abdomen) or complications (such as acute cholecystitis or gallstone pancreatitis) warrant surgical intervention. (aafp.org)
  • According to a 1992 National Institutes of Health consensus conference on gallstones, 5 10 percent of patients with gallstones will develop symptoms in the first five years after diagnosis. (aafp.org)
  • What are the symptoms of gallstones? (healthline.com)
  • It's possible to have gallstones without experiencing symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones only need treatment if they're causing symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • Since gallstones frequently recur, gallbladder removal surgery is sometimes a good option for people with severe symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • Most people don't get any symptoms from gallstones and so don't need treatment. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Most people with gallstones don't have any symptoms. (bupa.co.uk)
  • If this happens, gallstone symptoms may then include the following. (bupa.co.uk)
  • The majority of individuals with gallstones do not have any symptoms. (freedrinkingwater.com)
  • Symptoms usually occur when the stones block one of the biliary ducts or gallstones may be discovered upon routine x-ray or abdominal CT study. (mountsinai.org)
  • Many people with gallstones do not have any symptoms. (mountsinai.org)
  • If your gallstones are not causing symptoms, you probably don't need treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Gallstones are a common digestive problem that comes with a number of painful signs and symptoms. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Very tiny gallstones are usually harmless but they can grow large enough to cause symptoms with indigestion as well as pain and bloating that is common gastrointestinal ailments. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • If you are experiencing symptoms of gallstones it is important to get a medical evaluation for a correct diagnosis. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • A healthy diet won't cure gallstones or completely end your symptoms. (hse.ie)
  • Gallstones that are not causing symptoms generally do not require further evaluation. (gi.org)
  • Symptoms arise when a gallstone blocks the flow of bile out of the gallbladder or through the bile ducts. (gi.org)
  • The diagnosis of gallstones is suspected when symptoms of right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting occur. (gi.org)
  • In some cases, gallstones may not reveal symptoms, this is known as silent stones. (twinester.com)
  • Medical practitioners recommend treatment methods based on the cause and intensity of the symptoms of gallstones. (twinester.com)
  • Below are six universal symptoms which indicate the presence of gallstones in the body. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Some symptoms may be relieved naturally depending on the size and severity of your gallstones. (megahowto.com)
  • While most people who have gallstones experience some pain, others don't experience any symptoms at all. (sharp.com)
  • Gallstones often cause no signs or gallbladder symptoms. (uvmhealth.org)
  • Most gallstones don't cause symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • You may have symptoms if gallstones irritate your gallbladder or block the tube that leads from the gallbladder to the intestine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gallstones that don't cause symptoms usually don't need to be treated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cholecystectomy may also cause symptoms to resolve if they were caused by gallstones that are too small to be detected by ultrasonography. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The ered, of which 16 (61.5%) had one or more sensitivity of ultrasonography in diagnosing symptoms suggestive of gallstone disease, gallbladder stones is comparable to magnetic and only 10 (38.5%) were asymptomatic. (who.int)
  • The presence of gallstones in the common bile duct is called choledocholithiasis, from the Greek choledocho- (χοληδόχος, 'bile-containing', from chol- + docho-, 'duct') + lith- + -iasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Complications from gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), obstructive jaundice, and infection in bile ducts (cholangitis). (wikipedia.org)
  • An inflamed gallbladder (cholecystitis), infected material trapped within the common bile duct (cholangitis), or a stone blocking outflow of pancreatic juice (gallstone pancreatitis) can result in fever, chills, severe abdominal pain or jaundice. (gi.org)
  • Acute Cholecystitis: The condition in which the gallstones block the bile duct leading to blockage of bile flow. (twinester.com)
  • This medical exhibit illustrates a radiographic cholangiogram procedure used to test for gallstones (cholecystitis). (smartimagebase.com)
  • If a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct, acute cholecystitis can occur, with distension of the gallbladder wall and possible necrosis and spillage of bile. (medscape.com)
  • Your chance of getting gallstones increases as you get older, especially once you're over 40. (bupa.co.uk)
  • To lower the chance of getting gallstones in the future, it is also good to keep a healthy weight and work out regularly. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Gallstones formed mainly from cholesterol are termed cholesterol stones, and those formed mainly from bilirubin are termed pigment stones. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United States, cholesterol stones are the most common type of gallstone, with pigmented stones occurring less often. (aafp.org)
  • Both gallstones and kidney stones can be very painful. (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones are deposits of digestive fluid, while kidney stones are crystals formed from chemicals in the urine. (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones and kidney stones are common health conditions with similar names. (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones and kidney stones are very different stones. (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones are stones that develop in your gallbladder. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Mixed gallstones are a combination of cholesterol and pigmented stones. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Testimonials from archives of [email protected] PART I ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ From: [email protected] Message: 1 Date: Mon, 13 Dec 1999 22:07:39 EST From: [email protected] Subject: Re: liver cleanse i just completed a liver cleanse and I got out about 500 stones. (curezone.com)
  • Cholesterol Stones - The most common type of gallstone. (freedrinkingwater.com)
  • Cholesterol stones are the most common type of gallstone to develop, occurring in approximately 80% of patients with gallstones. (freedrinkingwater.com)
  • Doctors use nonsurgical treatments for gallstones only in special situations, like if you have cholesterol stones and you have a serious medical condition that prevents surgery. (nih.gov)
  • Pure cholesterol stones are hypoattenuating to bile, and other gallstones are isodense to bile and these may not be clearly identified on CT scan. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The distribution of gallstone types in children differs from the adult population, with cholesterol stones being the most common type of stone in adults and black pigment stones being the most common type in children. (medscape.com)
  • Black pigment stones make up 48% of gallstones in children. (medscape.com)
  • Calcium carbonate stones, which are rare in adults, are more common in children, accounting for 24% of gallstones in children. (medscape.com)
  • These account for most gallstones in adults but make up only about 21% of stones in children. (medscape.com)
  • Brown pigment stones are rare, accounting for only 3% of gallstones in children, and form in the presence of biliary stasis and bacterial infection. (medscape.com)
  • The remaining portion of gallstones in children consists of protein-dominant stones, which make up about 5% of gallstones in these patients. (medscape.com)
  • Cases were matched (12) based on age, sex and location of stones to randomly select non-anaemia patients with gallstones (controls). (bvsalud.org)
  • The bile components that form gallstones include cholesterol, bile salts, and bilirubin. (wikipedia.org)
  • If one or more gallstones block the bile ducts and cause bilirubin to leak into the bloodstream and surrounding tissue, jaundice and itching may also occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gallstones are essentially composed of cholesterol or bilirubin and become solidified through excess bile that remains in the gallbladder along with calcium salts and water. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Pigmented gallstones form from calcium salts and bilirubin in your bile. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Bilirubin gallstones are more common in Asia and Africa but are seen in diseases that damage red blood cells such as sickle cell anemia. (gi.org)
  • Gallstones can be defined as the deposition of excessive bile, bilirubin or cholesterol in the bile duct. (twinester.com)
  • According to Harvard Health publications, 80% of gallstones are developed as a result of excessive cholesterol deposition while the rest are formed due to deposition of calcium or bilirubin. (twinester.com)
  • When the gallbladder fails to break down the excess bilirubin, pigment gallstones are formed. (twinester.com)
  • Gallstones are hard deposits located in it, which range in size, and may consist of cholesterol, salt, or bilirubin. (worldtruth.tv)
  • In this process, if any gallstones escape from the gallbladder into the ducts, you feel pain in the area where the gallbladder is located, i.e., the upper right abdomen. (selfgrowth.com)
  • However, when gallstones lodge in ducts, they can cause a blockage. (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones are collections of cholesterol, bile pigment or a combination of the two, which can form in the gallbladder or within the bile ducts of the liver. (gi.org)
  • If gallstones form in the biliary system they can cause blockage of the bile ducts, which normally drain bile from the gallbladder and liver. (gi.org)
  • Occasionally the gallstones can also block the flow of digestive enzymes from the pancreas because both the bile ducts and pancreas ducts drain through the same small opening (called the Ampulla of Vater) which is held tight by a small circular muscle (called the Sphincter of Oddi). (gi.org)
  • Small gallstones leave the gallbladder and its draining ducts, and then pass out of the body through the intestines. (sharp.com)
  • Gallstones are made from cholesterol and other substances found in bile and can block ducts requiring treatment. (uvmhealth.org)
  • Lastly, gallstones may obstruct biliary ducts. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • Gallstones may have blocked the ducts, then passed through before they were detected. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are 2 types of gallstones: cholesterol (most common) and pigment. (uvmhealth.org)
  • Thirty-million Americans suffer from gallstones, most of which are usually tiny, but sometimes golf ball size crystallized pellets form in the gallbladder. (freedrinkingwater.com)
  • One in ten adults in the UK suffer from gallstones. (britishlivertrust.org.uk)
  • Unfortunately, numerous people suffer from gallstones, but they experience no signs or develop allergic reactions such as rashes. (worldtruth.tv)
  • Most people with gallstones (about 80%) are asymptomatic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Perhaps people with gallstones - or people with a disturbed cholesterol balance - absorb vitamin E less easily. (ergo-log.com)
  • What is the treatment for gallstones? (healthline.com)
  • The usual treatment for gallstones is surgery to remove the gallbladder . (nih.gov)
  • The treatment for gallstones that obstruct the common bile duct is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or surgery. (gi.org)
  • In the past, poor diets and bad food preparations have caused more and more people to develop gallstones and gallbladder problems. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Women between the ages of 20 and 60 are three times more likely to develop gallstones than men. (sharp.com)
  • Pain from symptomatic gallstones may range from mild to severe and can steadily increase over a period lasting from 30 minutes to several hours. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the most cost-effective management strategy in the treatment of symptomatic gallstones. (aafp.org)
  • Weight loss patterns also are associated with symptomatic gallstones. (aafp.org)
  • Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder - an organ that sits below the liver. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Gallstones are thought to be produced due to an imbalance in the makeup of bile - a digestive aid produced by the liver and concentrated in the gallbladder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Gallstones form in the gallbladder and are typically connected to overall digestive health and liver function. (healthline.com)
  • Large gallstones can also cause infections and instructions in the pancreas and liver. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • During this time, the gallstones leave the liver through the channels. (worldtruth.tv)
  • Gallstones are deposits of digestive fluid that harden in your gallbladder . (healthline.com)
  • Gallstones can block essential digestive bile, produced by the gallbladder, from reaching the small intestines. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Gallstones are brownish compounds found in the body due to abnormal solidification of digestive fluids. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Pigment gallstones are not uncommon among patients with chronic haemolytic anaemia . (bvsalud.org)
  • If you haven't been diagnosed as yet a simple ultrasound could confirm whether or not gallstones are present in your gallbladder. (selfgrowth.com)
  • You may only discover you have gallstones when you have a test, such as an ultrasound of your abdomen (tummy) for some other reason. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Generally transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) is considered to be the most useful test to detect gallstones. (wikidoc.org)
  • The initial imaging study of choice in patients with suspected gallstones is a transabdominal ultrasound of the right upper quadrant . (wikidoc.org)
  • Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of gallstones. (wikidoc.org)
  • In patients who complain of biliary colic but have not shown evidence of gallstones on ultrasound , the examination is usually repeated a few weeks later. (wikidoc.org)
  • Many times gallstones are found by chance on an abdominal x-ray or ultrasound done for other reasons. (gi.org)
  • An abdominal ultrasound examination is a quick, sensitive, and relatively inexpensive method of detecting gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct. (gi.org)
  • Ultrasound is considered the gold standard for detecting gallstones. (radiopaedia.org)
  • A total of 34 cases had positive findings amination was performed on each person of gallstone disease by ultrasound (4 cases for detection of gallstone disease. (who.int)
  • Pregnant women produce extra progesterone, which puts them at greater risk for gallstones. (news-medical.net)
  • Who is at risk for gallstones? (gi.org)
  • The oil will seep through the pores of your skin that have been expanded with the heat and begin to dissolve the gallstones. (selfgrowth.com)
  • This helps to dissolve the gallstones because of the acidity of the apple cider vinegar. (megahowto.com)
  • Oxidant mechanisms play a role in the formation of gallstones. (ergo-log.com)
  • Worse, if bile sits in the gallbladder for a long time, it may cause calcification of the gallbladder or the formation of gallstones. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • Interestingly, in the second analysis, Dr. Qi also found that individuals with gallstones who were otherwise healthy (not obese, normal blood pressure , and non-diabetic) still had a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease than those who were diabetic, obese, and had high blood pressure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Gallstones within the ampulla of Vater can obstruct the exocrine system of the pancreas and can result in pancreatitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pancreatitis in ethnic minorities is linked to very high levels of triglycerides and the risk is further increased by alcohol abuse and gallstones, according to a study published in the journal Endocrine Practice. (news-medical.net)
  • Patients with gallstone pancreatitis should have a laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the same hospitalization. (aafp.org)
  • This results in inflammation of the pancreas and is known as gallstone pancreatitis. (gi.org)
  • If gallstones migrate from the gallbladder into the cystic duct and main biliary ductal system, further complications can occur, such as choledocholithiasis, biliary obstruction with or without cholangitis, and gallstone pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Gallstone disease is a major cause pain, pancreatitis or any other diseases, and of morbidity, and sometimes mortality, family history of diseases, especially gall- throughout the world. (who.int)
  • However, 20% of patients with gallstones report intense pain in the upper abdomen and in the back between the shoulder blades. (freedrinkingwater.com)
  • Gallstones can also cause nausea, vomiting, gas and extreme pain in the upper abdomen. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Gallstone may lead to other complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder, blockage of the bile or pancreatic duct, or even gallbladder cancer. (freedrinkingwater.com)
  • Many patients with gallstones can be managed expectantly. (aafp.org)
  • In a multivariate analysis 1 of more than 900 patients, researchers identified a family history of cholecystectomy in a first-degree relative and obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] greater than 30 kg per m 2 ) as strong risk factors for symptomatic gallstone disease with a relative risk of 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 3.0) and 3.7 (95% CI, 2.3 to 5.3), respectively. (aafp.org)
  • Watchful waiting is indicated for most patients with asymptomatic gallstones. (aafp.org)
  • The majority of asymptomatic patients with gallstones will remain asymptomatic for many years. (aafp.org)
  • In a randomized clinical study 7 comparing surgery with observation for patients with symptomatic, noncomplicated gallstone disease, approximately 20 percent of patients in the observation group had recurrent biliary pain requiring hospital admission. (aafp.org)
  • Patients with the lithogenic state or asymptomatic gallstones have no abnormal findings on physical examination. (medscape.com)
  • Our results suggest that patients with gallstone disease should be monitored closely based on a careful assessment of both gallstone and heart disease risk factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hepatic secretions of biliary lipids were estimated in 43 patients with and without cholesterol gallstones. (jci.org)
  • Part 2 Metabolism indices, including serum RBP4, FG, TC, TG, HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of 110 human cholesterol gallstone patients and 73 healthy controls were collected for further analysis. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with gallstones had elevated levels of serum RBP4, FG, TC, TG, ALT, and AST, and had decreased HDL-C levels compared to those of healthy controls. (nih.gov)
  • Patients should know that this treatment doesn't work for all kinds of gallstones, so it's important to talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of this procedure before going through with it. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Both observational and causal MR estimates based on large prospective cohorts support an increased risk of kidney cancer in patients with gallstones. (lu.se)
  • Our findings provide solid evidence for the compelling need to diagnostically rule out kidney cancer before and during gallbladder removal, to prioritize kidney cancer screening in patients undergoing cholecystectomy and aged 30-39 years, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms linking gallstones and kidney cancer in future studies. (lu.se)
  • Patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital with haemolytic anaemia and subsequent gallstones from January 2012 to December 2022 were included. (bvsalud.org)
  • Signs of a gallstone attack may include nausea, vomiting, or pain in the abdomen, back, or just under the right arm. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A characteristic symptom of a gallstone attack is the presence of colic-like pain in the upper-right side of the abdomen, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is because rapid weight loss can cause gallstones to grow. (hse.ie)
  • There is no guaranteed way to prevent gallstones, but there are many things you can do to lower the risk. (freedrinkingwater.com)
  • How can I help prevent gallstones? (nih.gov)
  • We prospectively studied nut (peanuts, other nuts, and peanut butter) consumption in relation to the risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of 80 718 women from the Nurses' Health Study who were 30-55 y old in 1980 and had no history of gallstone disease. (nuthealth.org)
  • The association between gallstones and cholecystectomy and kidney cancer is controversial. (lu.se)
  • We comprehensively investigated this association, considering age at cholecystectomy and time from cholecystectomy to kidney cancer diagnosis, and assessed the causal effect of gallstones on kidney cancer risk by Mendelian randomization (MR). (lu.se)
  • Ultrason- had already had cholecystectomy and 30 ography remains the method of choice for had gallstones). (who.int)
  • A doctor can use shock wave lithotripsy to blast gallstones into small pieces. (nih.gov)
  • With newer endoscopic techniques and electrohydraulic lithotripsy, there has been increasing success with endoscopic retrieval of the impacted gallstones. (sages.org)
  • Sometimes doctors use ERCP to remove a gallstone that is stuck in the common bile duct. (nih.gov)
  • At the UVM Medical Center, gallstones are diagnosed and treated with advanced technologies, such as ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography). (uvmhealth.org)
  • But as neat as they look rattling in that jar, gallstones are indeed painful. (freedrinkingwater.com)
  • Gallstones can be painful and bothersome, but there are many ways to treat them that don't involve surgery. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Being diligent to improve your diet and avoiding the bad foods for gallstones can prevent painful gallbladder attacks. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Gallstones in themselves do not cause pain most of the time but complications like these can be very painful. (gallbladderattack.com)
  • Normally a balance of bile salts, lecithin and cholesterol keep gallstones from forming. (mountsinai.org)
  • Gallstones are made up of cholesterol or bile salts that have hardened. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • When suffering from gallstones you tend to have severe pain in the upper right abdomen soon after a meal. (selfgrowth.com)
  • The most common gallstones symptom is pain in the middle or right side of the upper part of your tummy (abdomen), just under your ribs. (bupa.co.uk)
  • CT scan of the upper abdomen showing multiple gallstones. (mountsinai.org)
  • Having gallstones in your gallbladder can cause a considerable amount of pain in your abdomen and lower back areas. (eastcoopermedctr.com)
  • A surgeon removes the gallbladder and gallstones through several small incisions in the abdomen. (sharp.com)
  • Female gender, older age, obesity, high blood cholesterol levels, treatment with estrogen containing medications, rapid weight loss, diabetes and pregnancy are all risk factors for developing cholesterol gallstones. (gi.org)
  • however, recent experiments with PON3 knockout mice show them to be susceptible to obesity, gallstone formation and atherosclerosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Gallstones are most common among older adults, women, overweight people, Native Americans and Mexican Americans. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gallstones are more common among women than men and occur more commonly after the age of 40. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gallstone disease refers to the condition where gallstones are either in the gallbladder or common bile duct. (wikipedia.org)
  • Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of one or more gallstones in the common bile duct (CBD). (medscape.com)
  • Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) showing 5 gallstones in the common bile duct (arrows). (medscape.com)
  • Gallstones are a common health problem that can make you feel a lot of pain and discomfort. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Gallstones are a common health problem that affects 10-15 percent of people. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • In the United States, the most common type of gallstones are made of cholesterol. (gi.org)
  • A gallstone in the common bile duct is called choledocholithiasis and may cause intermittent or constant discomfort. (gi.org)
  • Gallstones are a common condition that can get worse if not managed. (eastcoopermedctr.com)
  • The truth is that gallbladder surgery is one of the most common surgeries, and if you have gallstones and are worried about the outcome if you have surgery, then you've come to the right place. (flurl.com)
  • Part 1 Twenty-four male C57/B6 mice were randomly divided into a normal control group (group C, n = 8), a gallstone group (group G, n = 8), and a medication group (group M, n = 8). (nih.gov)
  • Medication may aid in dissolving gallstones, but in more urgent scenarios, surgery may be needed. (eastcoopermedctr.com)
  • Moderate cases of gallstones can be treated with medication. (twinester.com)
  • This medication helps dissolve small gallstones. (megahowto.com)
  • Gallstones form when substances in bile harden. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gallstones develop if the chemicals that make up your bile become imbalanced and form lumps which then harden. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Here I am referring here to Natural Therapy solutions as a form of treatment that will dissolve your gallstones out of your system without the stress, tension and any harmful side effects that may occur because of surgery. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Fortunately, Naturopathic medicine is foundationally a nutrition based form of therapy therefore is aware of what foods that can and can't be consumed in order to dissolve gallstones naturally. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Gallstones form when liquid stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone-like material. (news-medical.net)
  • How do gallstones form? (news-medical.net)
  • Gallstones form in a range of sizes. (healthline.com)
  • It's not always clear what causes gallstones to form. (healthline.com)
  • Cholesterol gallstones form if you have too much cholesterol in your bile. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Gallstones form due to mainly dietary reasons. (freedrinkingwater.com)
  • Gallstones are hard deposits that form inside the gallbladder. (mountsinai.org)
  • This in turn can create a condition in which gallstones form. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Bouveret's Syndrome is a rare form of gallstone ileus in which an impaction of a gallstone in the duodenum results in a gastric outlet obstruction. (sages.org)
  • Gallstones are solid material that can form in the gallbladder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These substances are more likely to form gallstones if your gallbladder is lazy and doesn't empty bile normally. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, surgical interventions are recommended in the acute cases of gallstones. (twinester.com)
  • Surgical interventions might not be necessary for all the cases of gallstones. (twinester.com)
  • 1) Medicines − Most of the time, surgery is the best way to get rid of gallstones, but there are also some treatments that don't involve surgery. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • A severe case of gallstones usually requires surgery to remove them. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • In fact, each year more than 500,000 Americans have to undergo gallstone surgery. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • According to the medical profession, the only cure for gallstones is surgery. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Surgery can be very costly but prevented if you choose avoid eating the above foods for gallstones. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Here are 6 proven steps on how to dissolve gallstones without surgery. (harcourthealth.com)
  • What Can You Expect After Having Gallstone Surgery? (flurl.com)
  • Many people around the globe have had surgery - and most of these individuals are having gallstone surgery as we speak. (flurl.com)
  • Sometimes, when your condition is not an emergency and surgery would be risky, doctors may give you medicines to try to break up and slowly dissolve your gallstones. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In developed countries, 10-15% of adults experience gallstones. (wikipedia.org)
  • This guideline covers diagnosing and managing gallstone disease in adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gallstones may block the flow of bile for a long time, or leave your gallbladder and cause problems in your bile duct and pancreas. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Home remedies have been hyped as brilliant cures to gallstones especially Apple Cider Vinegar. (harcourthealth.com)