A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.
Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.
The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.
A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).
The abundant submucosal mucous glands in the DUODENUM. These glands secrete BICARBONATE IONS; GLYCOPROTEINS; and PEPSINOGEN II.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.
An almost always malignant GLUCAGON-secreting tumor derived from the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS. It is characterized by a distinctive migratory ERYTHEMA; WEIGHT LOSS; STOMATITIS; GLOSSITIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; hypoaminoacidemia; and normochromic normocytic ANEMIA.
A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal MUCOSA, particularly in the glands of PYLORIC ANTRUM; DUODENUM; and ILEUM. These cells secrete mainly SEROTONIN and some neuropeptides. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain).
Bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. It is used frequently in the surgical management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as in physiologic studies of gastrointestinal secretion and motility.
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.
A group of autosomal dominant diseases characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors involving two or more ENDOCRINE GLANDS that secrete PEPTIDE HORMONES or AMINES. These neoplasias are often benign but can be malignant. They are classified by the endocrine glands involved and the degree of aggressiveness. The two major forms are MEN1 and MEN2 with gene mutations on CHROMOSOME 11 and CHROMOSOME 10, respectively.
Excision of the whole (total gastrectomy) or part (subtotal gastrectomy, partial gastrectomy, gastric resection) of the stomach. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.
A GASTRIN-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta ISLET CELLS, the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. This type of tumor is primarily located in the PANCREAS or the DUODENUM. Majority of gastrinomas are malignant. They metastasize to the LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and BONE but rarely elsewhere. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN 1).
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Endocrine cells which secrete GASTRIN, a peptide that induces GASTRIC ACID secretion. They are found predominantly in the GASTRIC GLANDS of PYLORIC ANTRUM in the STOMACH, but can also be found in the DUODENUM, nervous and other tissues.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.
The S-isomer of omeprazole.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief.
Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083)
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)
Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

Specificity of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: a prospective study and effects of false-positive localizations on management in patients with gastrinomas. (1/101)

Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) is being increasingly used both for localization and, in some cases, diagnosis of various diseases. There are no prospective studies of its specificity or occurrence of false-positive results and their effects on management. This study was designed to address both of these issues. METHODS: Over a 40-mo period, 146 consecutive patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) undergoing 480 SRS examinations were studied prospectively. Patients were admitted at least yearly and underwent SRS as well as conventional imaging studies (ultrasonography, CT, MRI) and angiography, if necessary. All admissions were assigned to one of five different clinical categories in which imaging studies had different purposes. SRS localizations were classified as true-positive or false-positive based on preset criteria. A false-positive result was determined to change clinical management based on five preset criteria. RESULTS: Of all SRS examinations, 12% resulted in a false-positive localization for a neuroendocrine tumor or its metastases, resulting in a sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 86% and positive and negative predictive values of 85% and 52%, respectively. Extra-abdominal false-positive localizations (2/3) were more common than intra-abdominal (1/3). Thyroid disease, breast disease and granulomatosis lung disease were the most frequent causes of extra-abdominal false-positive localizations. Accessory spleens, localization to previous operative sites, renal parapelvic cysts and various procedural aspects were the most frequent causes of intra-abdominal false-positive localizations. Of all SRS studies, 2.7% resulted in a false-positive result that altered management. CONCLUSION: False-positive SRS localization occurs in 1 of 10 patients with ZES. By having a thorough understanding of diseases or circumstances that result in false-positive localization and comparing the SRS result with the clinical context, the percentage of patients in whom false-positive localization results in altered management can be reduced to below 3% and the correct diagnosis made in almost every case.  (+info)

Mutations of the DPC4/Smad4 gene in neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors. (2/101)

Tumors of the endocrine pancreas are extremely rare, and molecular mechanisms leading to their development are not well understood. A candidate tumor suppressor gene, DPC4, located at 18q21, has recently been shown to be inactivated in half of pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. The close anatomical relationship of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas prompted us to determine the role of DPC4 in the tumorigenesis of 25 pancreatic islet cell tumors (11 insulinomas, nine non-functioning endocrine carcinomas, three gastrinomas, two vipomas). A mutation screening of the highly conserved COOH-terminal domain of DPC4 (exons 8-11) was performed by single-strand conformational variant (SSCP) analysis and a PCR-based deletion assay. Five of nine (55%) non-functioning endocrine pancreatic carcinomas revealed either point mutations, small intragenic deletions or homozygous deletion of DPC4 sequences compared to none of the insulinomas, gastrinomas or vipomas. These results suggest that DPC4 is an important target gene promoting tumorigenesis of non-functioning neuroendocrine pancreatic carcinomas.  (+info)

A novel germline mutation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene in a Japanese MEN1 patient and her daughter. (3/101)

Familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by tumors of the parathyroid, anterior pituitary and gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine tissues. The MEN1 gene has recently been cloned and its germline mutations have been considered to play an important role in the tumorigenesis of MEN1. We analyzed a Japanese MEN1 patient and her daughter for germline mutations of the MEN1 gene. The proband (60 y.o.) had primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) and gastrinoma, and her daughter (30 y.o.) had prolactinoma. Clinical examinations revealed no evidence of PHP in the daughter. We identified a novel heterozygous germline mutation (712 A del) at codon 201 in exon 3 of the MEN1 gene in the proband. Restriction digestion analysis revealed the same mutation pattern in her daughter. These findings suggest that this family has familial MEN1 including a rare case of MEN1 with a single lesion of the pituitary. Genetic examinations are useful as diagnostic tools for any rare or variant case of familial MEN1.  (+info)

Surgery to cure the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. (4/101)

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The role of surgery in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is controversial. To determine the efficacy of surgery in patients with this syndrome, we followed 151 consecutive patients who underwent laparotomy between 1981 and 1998. Of these patients, 123 had sporadic gastrinomas and 28 had multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with an imaged tumor of at least 3 cm in diameter. Tumor-localization studies and functional localization studies were performed routinely. All patients underwent surgery according to a similar operative protocol, and all patients who had surgery after 1986 underwent duodenotomy. RESULTS: The 151 patients underwent 180 exploratory operations. The mean (+/-SD) follow-up after the first operation was 8+/-4 years. Gastrinomas were found in 141 of the patients (93 percent), including all of the last 81 patients to undergo surgery. The tumors were located in the duodenum in 74 patients (49 percent) and in the pancreas in 36 patients (24 percent); however, primary tumors were found in lymph nodes in 17 patients (11 percent) and in another location in 13 patients (9 percent). The primary location was unknown in 24 patients (16 percent). Among the patients with sporadic gastrinomas, 34 percent were free of disease at 10 years, as compared with none of the patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. The overall 10-year survival rate was 94 percent. CONCLUSIONS: All patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome who do not have multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or metastatic disease should be offered surgical exploration for possible cure.  (+info)

Identical clonality of sporadic gastrinomas at multiple sites. (5/101)

Gastrinomas are neuroendocrine neoplasms that occur sporadically and in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). In MEN1, multiple gastrinomas have been shown to arise by independent clonal events (Debelenko, et al., Cancer Res., 57: 2238-2243, 1997). The purpose of the present study was to analyze clonality in 20 sporadic gastrinomas from eight patients in whom the tumor was present in at least two separate sites. A combination of methods was used to assess clonality, including MEN1 gene mutation analysis, loss of heterozygosity analysis of the MEN1 locus, and analysis of X-chromosome inactivation at the human androgen receptor locus (human androgen receptor analysis). In three patients, a somantic MEN1 gene mutation was detected in the tumor. Identical mutations were found in other tumors at different sites within the same patients. Human androgen receptor analysis in three informative patients and loss of heterozygosity analysis in five patients revealed identical clonal patterns in the tumors from multiple sites in each patient. We conclude that sporadic gastrinomas at multiple sites are monoclonal and that MEN1 gene alterations in gastrinomas occur before the development of tumor metastases.  (+info)

Immunohistochemical expression of chromogranins A and B, prohormone convertases 2 and 3, and amidating enzyme in carcinoid tumors and pancreatic endocrine tumors. (6/101)

Although chromogranin A (CgA) is widely distributed in neuroendocrine tumors, the distribution of chromogranin B (CgB) has not been elucidated. Hormones produced by tumors are sometimes prohormones and not necessarily bioactive hormones. Prohormones have to be processed into bioactive peptides by prohormone convertases (PCs), and some of them have to be amidated by peptidylglycine a-amidating monooxygenase (PGM). Whether PCs and PGM are present or not in tumors may explain why some tumors are functioning and some are nonfunctioning. We investigated 45 carcinoids and 16 pancreatic endocrine tumors. Of the carcinoids, CgA was expressed in most of the tumors, except for the rectal and ovarian carcinoids, which expressed CgB strongly. The expressions of PC2, PC3, and PGM were 31%, 100%, and 87%, respectively. In the pancreatic tumors, CgA was expressed in all tumors, whereas CgB was not expressed in any tumor. The expressions of PC2, PC3, and PGM were 63%, 88%, and 63%, respectively. PC3 was expressed in all of the functioning tumors but not in two of the four nonfunctioning tumors. PC2 and PGM were not expressed in three of the four nonfunctioning tumors. In conclusion, expression of CgA and CgB was different depending on the tumor location. High frequency of PCs and PGM may explain why even nonfunctioning tumors produce some inconspicuous peptides.  (+info)

Bilateral pituitary adenomas occurring with multiple endocrine neoplasia type one. (7/101)

We report a case of synchronous bilateral pituitary adenomas in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type one (MEN1). The patient was previously known to have a pancreatic gastrinoma and had first-degree relatives with MEN1. Both adenomas were concurrently revealed by high-resolution MR imaging of the pituitary gland as part of the investigation of the patient's severe, persistent headaches and elevated serum prolactin level.  (+info)

Survey of genetic alterations in gastrinomas. (8/101)

Gastrinomas are rare gastrin-secreting endocrine tumors that usually arise in the duodenum or pancreas and, if untreated, can cause severe peptic ulcers or metastatic disease. Although most tumors are sporadic they are especially common in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), and most studies of these tumors have focused on the role of the MEN1 gene. Although the gene is commonly altered in sporadic tumors, this finding is not universal, and it is highly likely that other genetic defects play a significant role. In the present study, an in-depth analysis of the DNA of eight tumors was carried out in an effort to localize these areas. The experiments consisted of an analysis of 400 microsatellite marker loci distributed evenly throughout the human genome, and the results were confirmed with comparative genomic hybridization. Whereas deletions encompassing the MEN1 gene were seen in two tumors, the most striking result was multiple large rearrangements on chromosome 1 in two of the tumors with hepatic metastases. In several instances, an individual tumor had abnormalities of every informative maker on a given chromosome, presumably as a result of aneuploidy affecting that chromosome. Such defects were only seen in the four large or aggressive tumors, and the total number of chromosomes affected in a tumor ranged from 1 to a high of 13 in a patient who had an unusually aggressive tumor This tumor also showed microsatellite instability, and this is the first report of such a defect in gastrinomas. This study implicates chromosome 1 defects, aneuploidy, and perhaps mismatch repair defects as importan features of gastrinomas; deletions involving the MEN1 gene were con firmed, but the rest of the genome was free of large deletions or amplifications.  (+info)

Gastrins are a group of hormones that are produced by G cells in the stomach lining. These hormones play an essential role in regulating gastric acid secretion and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract. The most well-known gastrin is known as "gastrin-17," which is released into the bloodstream and stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells in the stomach lining.

Gastrins are stored in secretory granules within G cells, and their release is triggered by several factors, including the presence of food in the stomach, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and vagus nerve stimulation. Once released, gastrins bind to specific receptors on parietal cells, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and the activation of enzymes that promote hydrochloric acid secretion.

Abnormalities in gastrin production can lead to several gastrointestinal disorders, including gastrinomas (tumors that produce excessive amounts of gastrin), which can cause severe gastric acid hypersecretion and ulcers. Conversely, a deficiency in gastrin production can result in hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid levels) and impaired digestion.

Duodenal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine that receives digestive secretions from the pancreas and bile duct. These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms include adenomas, leiomyomas, lipomas, and hamartomas. They are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or obstruction of the intestine.

Malignant neoplasms include adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids), lymphomas, and sarcomas. They are more aggressive and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, anemia, or bowel obstruction.

The diagnosis of duodenal neoplasms is usually made through imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, or endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities.

Calcium gluconate is a medical compound that is used primarily as a medication to treat conditions related to low calcium levels in the body (hypocalcemia) or to prevent calcium deficiency. It is also used as an antidote for treating poisoning from certain chemicals, such as beta-blockers and fluoride.

Calcium gluconate is a form of calcium salt, which is combined with gluconic acid, a natural organic acid found in various fruits and honey. This compound has a high concentration of calcium, making it an effective supplement for increasing calcium levels in the body.

In medical settings, calcium gluconate can be administered orally as a tablet or liquid solution, or it can be given intravenously (directly into a vein) by a healthcare professional. The intravenous route is typically used in emergency situations to quickly raise calcium levels and treat symptoms of hypocalcemia, such as muscle cramps, spasms, or seizures.

It's important to note that while calcium gluconate can be beneficial for treating low calcium levels, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as improper use or overdose can lead to serious side effects, including kidney damage and heart problems.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the development of tumors in various endocrine glands. These tumors can be benign or malignant and may lead to overproduction of hormones, causing a variety of symptoms. The three main endocrine glands affected in MEN1 are:

1. Parathyroid glands: Over 90% of individuals with MEN1 develop multiple parathyroid tumors (parathyroid hyperplasia), leading to primary hyperparathyroidism, which results in high levels of calcium in the blood.
2. Pancreas: Up to 80% of individuals with MEN1 develop pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). These tumors can produce and release various hormones, such as gastrin, insulin, glucagon, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), leading to specific clinical syndromes like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, hypoglycemia, or watery diarrhea.
3. Pituitary gland: Approximately 30-40% of individuals with MEN1 develop pituitary tumors, most commonly prolactinomas, which can cause menstrual irregularities, galactorrhea (milk production), and visual field defects.

MEN1 is caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene, located on chromosome 11, and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease-causing mutation from an affected parent. The diagnosis of MEN1 typically requires meeting specific clinical criteria or having a positive genetic test for a pathogenic MEN1 gene variant. Regular monitoring and early intervention are crucial in managing this condition to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Brunner glands, also known as submucosal glands of Brunner, are tubulo-acinar exocrine glands located in the submucosa of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. These glands secrete alkaline mucus that helps neutralize the acidic chyme (partially digested food) entering from the stomach, providing a more favorable environment for the enzymes involved in nutrient absorption and protecting the duodenal mucosa from acid-induced damage.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Secretin is a hormone that is produced and released by the S cells in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. It is released in response to the presence of acidic chyme (partially digested food) entering the duodenum from the stomach. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate-rich alkaline secretions, which help neutralize the acidity of the chyme and create an optimal environment for enzymatic digestion in the small intestine.

Additionally, secretin also promotes the production of watery fluids from the liver, which aids in the digestion process. Overall, secretin plays a crucial role in maintaining the pH balance and facilitating proper nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

An islet cell adenoma is a rare, typically benign tumor that develops in the islets of Langerhans, which are clusters of hormone-producing cells in the pancreas. The islets of Langerhans contain several types of cells, including beta cells that produce insulin, alpha cells that produce glucagon, and delta cells that produce somatostatin.

Islet cell adenomas can cause various endocrine disorders depending on the type of hormone-producing cells involved. For example, if the tumor consists mainly of beta cells, it may secrete excessive amounts of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Conversely, if the tumor is composed primarily of alpha cells, it may produce too much glucagon, resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and a condition known as glucagonoma.

Islet cell adenomas are usually slow-growing and small but can become quite large in some cases. They are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and hormone levels may be measured to determine the type of cells involved. Treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, medication to manage hormonal imbalances, and, in rare cases, radiofrequency ablation or embolization.

A glucagonoma is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the alpha cells of the pancreas, where the hormone glucagon is produced. This tumor can lead to an overproduction of glucagon, resulting in a characteristic syndrome known as the "glucagonoma syndrome."

The symptoms of glucagonoma syndrome may include:

1. A distinctive rash called necrolytic migratory erythema, which is characterized by red, swollen, and painful skin lesions that can affect various parts of the body.
2. Weight loss
3. Diabetes or high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
4. Anemia
5. Deep vein thrombosis (blood clots in the deep veins)
6. Depression and confusion
7. A decreased appetite
8. Fatigue and weakness
9. Diarrhea or steatorrhea (fatty stools)
10. High levels of amino acids, fatty acids, and zinc in the blood.

Glucagonomas are typically slow-growing tumors, but they can metastasize (spread) to other organs such as the liver, lymph nodes, and bones. Treatment options for glucagonoma may include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation therapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor the tumor's progression and manage any associated symptoms.

Enterochromaffin cells, also known as Kulchitsky cells or enteroendocrine cells, are a type of neuroendocrine cell found in the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are responsible for producing and secreting a variety of hormones and neuropeptides that play important roles in regulating gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and sensation.

Enterochromaffin cells are named for their ability to take up chromaffin stains, which contain silver salts and oxidizing agents that react with the catecholamines stored within the cells. These cells can be further classified based on their morphology, location within the gastrointestinal tract, and the types of hormones they produce.

Some examples of hormones produced by enterochromaffin cells include serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), histamine, gastrin, somatostatin, and cholecystokinin. Serotonin is one of the most well-known hormones produced by these cells, and it plays a critical role in regulating gastrointestinal motility and secretion, as well as mood and cognition.

Abnormalities in enterochromaffin cell function have been implicated in a number of gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, and gastroparesis. Additionally, mutations in genes associated with enterochromaffin cells have been linked to several inherited cancer syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).

A truncal vagotomy is a surgical procedure that involves the selective or complete division of the trunks of the vagus nerves. The vagus nerves are pairs of nerves that originate in the brainstem and extend down to the abdomen, providing parasympathetic nerve supply to various organs. In a truncal vagotomy, the vagus nerves are cut above the level of the diaphragm, which results in denervation of the stomach and parts of the digestive tract.

This procedure is typically performed as a treatment for peptic ulcers, as it reduces acid secretion in the stomach by interrupting the nerve supply that stimulates acid production. However, truncal vagotomy can also have side effects such as altered gastric motility and decreased intestinal secretions, which may lead to symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, or dumping syndrome.

It's important to note that there are different types of vagotomy procedures, including selective vagotomy and highly selective vagotomy, which aim to preserve some of the nerve supply to the stomach and minimize side effects. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the location and severity of the ulcer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse group of neoplasms that arise from cells of the neuroendocrine system, which is composed of dispersed neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, often in close association with nerves and blood vessels. These cells have the ability to produce and secrete hormones or hormone-like substances in response to various stimuli. NETs can occur in a variety of organs, including the lungs, pancreas, small intestine, colon, rectum, stomach, and thyroid gland, as well as in some less common sites such as the thymus, adrenal glands, and nervous system.

NETs can be functional or nonfunctional, depending on whether they produce and secrete hormones or hormone-like substances that cause specific symptoms related to hormonal excess. Functional NETs may give rise to a variety of clinical syndromes, such as carcinoid syndrome, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor syndrome (also known as Verner-Morrison or WDHA syndrome), and others. Nonfunctional NETs are more likely to present with symptoms related to the size and location of the tumor, such as abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, or bleeding.

The diagnosis of NETs typically involves a combination of imaging studies, biochemical tests (e.g., measurement of serum hormone levels), and histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained through biopsy or surgical resection. Treatment options depend on the type, location, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the presence or absence of functional symptoms. They may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and/or peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT).

Insulinoma is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the beta cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). These tumors produce and secrete excessive amounts of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels) even when the person hasn't eaten for a while. Insulinomas are typically slow-growing and benign (noncancerous), but about 10% of them can be malignant (cancerous) and may spread to other parts of the body. Common symptoms include sweating, confusion, dizziness, and weakness due to low blood sugar levels. The diagnosis is often confirmed through imaging tests like CT scans or MRI, and measuring insulin and C-peptide levels in the blood during a fasting test. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) is a group of inherited disorders characterized by the development of tumors in various endocrine glands, which can lead to overproduction of hormones. There are two main types: MEN type 1 and MEN type 2.

MEN type 1, also known as Wermer's syndrome, is caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene. It typically involves tumors in the parathyroid glands (leading to hyperparathyroidism), pancreas (often gastrinomas or insulinomas), and pituitary gland. Some individuals may also develop tumors in other organs, such as the adrenal glands, lungs, or thyroid gland.

MEN type 2, which includes MEN type 2A and MEN type 2B, is caused by mutations in the RET gene. MEN type 2A involves medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytomas (tumors of the adrenal glands), and parathyroid tumors. MEN type 2B includes MTC, pheochromocytomas, neuromas (nerve tissue tumors), and distinctive physical features such as a marfanoid habitus and mucosal neuromas.

Early detection and management of these tumors are crucial to prevent complications from hormone excess or tumor invasion. Regular screening and monitoring are recommended for individuals with MEN, even if they do not have symptoms. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the affected glands or tumors, along with medications to manage hormonal imbalances.

A Gastrectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of all or part of the stomach. This procedure can be total (complete resection of the stomach), partial (removal of a portion of the stomach), or sleeve (removal of a portion of the stomach to create a narrow sleeve-shaped pouch).

Gastrectomies are typically performed to treat conditions such as gastric cancer, benign tumors, severe peptic ulcers, and in some cases, for weight loss in individuals with morbid obesity. The type of gastrectomy performed depends on the patient's medical condition and the extent of the disease.

Following a gastrectomy, patients may require adjustments to their diet and lifestyle, as well as potential supplementation of vitamins and minerals that would normally be absorbed in the stomach. In some cases, further reconstructive surgery might be necessary to reestablish gastrointestinal continuity.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy, also known as the Whipple procedure, is a complex surgical operation that involves the removal of the head of the pancreas, the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), the gallbladder, and the distal common bile duct. In some cases, a portion of the stomach may also be removed. The remaining parts of the pancreas, bile duct, and intestines are then reconnected to allow for the digestion of food and drainage of bile.

This procedure is typically performed as a treatment for various conditions affecting the pancreas, such as tumors (including pancreatic cancer), chronic pancreatitis, or traumatic injuries. It is a major surgical operation that requires significant expertise and experience to perform safely and effectively.

A gastrinoma is a rare type of tumor that originates from the delta cells of the endocrine system, which are typically found in the pancreas and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). These tumors produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, leading to a condition known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is characterized by severe gastric acid hypersecretion, multiple and/or large peptic ulcers, diarrhea, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The excessive gastrin secreted by the gastrinoma stimulates the stomach to produce more acid, which can cause painful ulcers and other digestive issues.

Gastrinomas are often malignant (cancerous) and have a tendency to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver and lymph nodes. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with medications to manage acid production and prevent ulcers.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

Gastric acid, also known as stomach acid, is a digestive fluid produced in the stomach. It's primarily composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). The pH of gastric acid is typically between 1.5 and 3.5, making it a strong acid that helps to break down food by denaturing proteins and activating digestive enzymes.

The production of gastric acid is regulated by the enteric nervous system and several hormones. The primary function of gastric acid is to initiate protein digestion, activate pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin, and kill most ingested microorganisms. However, an excess or deficiency in gastric acid secretion can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis, ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Gastrin-secreting cells, also known as G cells, are endocrine cells that produce and release the hormone gastrin. These cells are primarily located in the antrum of the stomach, but they can also be found in the duodenum and pancreas. Gastrin stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells in the stomach, which aids in digestion by breaking down proteins and activating other digestive enzymes.

Gastrin secretion is regulated by several factors, including the presence of food in the stomach, particularly protein-rich foods, and the hormone gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which is released from the small intestine in response to nutrient absorption. Gastrin also plays a role in regulating gastric motility and mucosal growth.

Abnormalities in gastrin-secreting cells can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which is characterized by excessive gastrin production and severe gastric acid hypersecretion, leading to peptic ulcers and other digestive complications.

Duodenal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Here are some examples of duodenal diseases:

1. Duodenitis: This is inflammation of the duodenum, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. Duodenitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or chronic inflammation due to conditions like Crohn's disease.
2. Peptic ulcers: These are sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum, usually as a result of infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, bloating, and heartburn.
3. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the duodenum. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, weight loss, and blood in the stool.
4. Celiac disease: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine in response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the duodenum.
5. Duodenal diverticulosis: This is a condition in which small pouches form in the lining of the duodenum. While many people with duodenal diverticulosis do not experience symptoms, some may develop complications such as inflammation or infection.
6. Duodenal atresia: This is a congenital condition in which the duodenum does not form properly, leading to blockage of the intestine. This can cause symptoms such as vomiting and difficulty feeding in newborns.

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare digestive disorder that is characterized by the development of one or more gastrin-secreting tumors, also known as gastrinomas. These tumors are usually found in the pancreas and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Gastrinomas produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, which leads to the overproduction of stomach acid.

The increased stomach acid can cause severe peptic ulcers, often multiple or refractory to treatment, in the duodenum and jejunum (the second part of the small intestine). ZES may also result in diarrhea due to the excess acid irritating the intestines. In some cases, gastrinomas can be malignant and metastasize to other organs such as the liver and lymph nodes.

The diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome typically involves measuring serum gastrin levels and performing a secretin stimulation test. Imaging tests like CT scans, MRI, or endoscopic ultrasounds may be used to locate the tumors. Treatment usually includes medications to reduce stomach acid production (such as proton pump inhibitors) and surgery to remove the gastrinomas when possible.

Esomeprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Esomeprazole is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which the stomach produces too much acid. It is also used to promote healing of erosive esophagitis, a condition in which the esophagus becomes damaged by stomach acid.

Esomeprazole is available in delayed-release capsule and suspension forms, and it is typically taken once a day. It may be prescribed or taken over-the-counter. Common side effects of esomeprazole include headache, diarrhea, nausea, and stomach pain.

It's important to note that long-term use of PPIs like esomeprazole has been associated with an increased risk of certain health problems, such as bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection. As with any medication, it is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking esomeprazole.

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various biological processes in the human body. It is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium also contributes to the structural development of bones and teeth.

In medical terms, magnesium deficiency can lead to several health issues, such as muscle cramps, weakness, heart arrhythmias, and seizures. On the other hand, excessive magnesium levels can cause symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and muscle weakness. Magnesium supplements or magnesium-rich foods are often recommended to maintain optimal magnesium levels in the body.

Some common dietary sources of magnesium include leafy green vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, and dairy products. Magnesium is also available in various forms as a dietary supplement, including magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium glycinate.

Anti-ulcer agents are a class of medications that are used to treat and prevent ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. These medications work by reducing the production of stomach acid, neutralizing stomach acid, or protecting the lining of the stomach and duodenum from damage caused by stomach acid.

There are several types of anti-ulcer agents, including:

1. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): These medications block the action of proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. PPIs include drugs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole.
2. H-2 receptor antagonists: These medications block the action of histamine on the H-2 receptors in the stomach, reducing the production of stomach acid. Examples include ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine.
3. Antacids: These medications neutralize stomach acid and provide quick relief from symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion. Common antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide.
4. Protective agents: These medications form a barrier between the stomach lining and stomach acid, protecting the lining from damage. Examples include sucralfate and misoprostol.

Anti-ulcer agents are used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is important to take these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as they can have side effects and interactions with other medications.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that work to reduce gastric acid production by blocking the action of proton pumps in the parietal cells of the stomach. These drugs are commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and other conditions where excessive stomach acid is a problem.

PPIs include several different medications such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole. They are usually taken orally, but some PPIs are also available in intravenous (IV) form for hospital use.

By inhibiting the action of proton pumps, PPIs reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. They are generally considered safe and effective when used as directed, but long-term use may increase the risk of certain side effects, including bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection.

Magnesium Sulfate is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula MgSO4. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), commonly called Epsom salts. Magnesium sulfate is used medically as a vasodilator, to treat constipation, and as an antidote for magnesium overdose or poisoning. It is also used in the preparation of skin for esthetic procedures and in the treatment of eclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by seizures.

Magnesium deficiency, also known as hypomagnesemia, is a condition characterized by low levels of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, heart rhythm, bone strength, and immune system regulation.

Hypomagnesemia can occur due to various factors, such as poor dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes, chronic alcoholism, diabetes, certain medications (such as diuretics), and excessive sweating or urination. Symptoms of magnesium deficiency may include muscle cramps, tremors, weakness, heart rhythm abnormalities, seizures, and mental status changes.

It is important to note that mild magnesium deficiency may not cause any symptoms, and the diagnosis typically requires blood tests to measure magnesium levels. Treatment for hypomagnesemia usually involves oral or intravenous magnesium supplementation, along with addressing the underlying causes of the deficiency.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles is a class of chemical compounds that have both a pyridinylmethylsulfinyl group and a benzimidazole ring in their structure. Pyridinylmethylsulfinyl refers to a functional group consisting of a sulfinyl group (-S(=O)-) attached to a methyl group (-CH2-) that is, in turn, attached to a pyridine ring. Benzimidazoles are heterocyclic compounds containing a fused benzene and imidazole ring.

These types of compounds have been studied for their potential biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor properties. However, it's important to note that medical definitions typically refer to specific substances or classes of substances that have established clinical use or are under investigation for therapeutic purposes. As such, 2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles do not have a recognized medical definition in this sense.

Gastrinomas are located predominantly in the duodenum (70%) and pancreas (25%). Pancreatic gastrinomas are larger than their ... of gastrinomas are malignant and can metastasize to regional lymph nodes and liver. One fourth of gastrinomas are related to ... gastrinoma triangle). Most gastrinomas are sporadic (75-80%), whereas approximately 20-25% are associated with multiple ... Gastrinoma in the early stages will have signs and symptoms of indigestion or similar to irritable bowel disease (IBD) such as ...
Gastrinomas most commonly arise in the duodenum, pancreas or stomach.[citation needed] In 75% of cases Zollinger-Ellison ... About one-half to two-thirds of single gastrinomas are malignant tumors that most commonly spread to the liver and to lymph ... The syndrome is caused by a gastrinoma, a neuroendocrine tumor that secretes a hormone called gastrin. Too much gastrin in the ... Gastrinoma cells release gastrin in response to secretin stimulation, thereby providing a sensitive means of differentiation. ...
"Gastrinoma". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 22 July 2021. Grant CS (October 2005). "Insulinoma". Best Practice ... Functional tumors are often classified by the hormone most strongly secreted, for example: gastrinoma: the excessive gastrin ...
Moriura S, Ikeda S, Hirai M, Naiki K, Fujioka T, Yokochi K, Gotou S (September 1993). "Hepatic gastrinoma". Cancer. 72 (5): ...
Gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome), or rare gastrin-secreting tumors, also cause multiple and difficult-to-heal ulcers. ... "Gastrinoma Zollinger-Ellison-Syndrome". Endotext. PMID 25905301. "Peptic Ulcer Disease". Archived from the original on 13 ...
However, primary gastrinomas can also occur in the liver or extrahepatic bile ducts, commonly with metastasis to the local ... Passaro's triangle or gastrinoma triangle is a presumptive region in the abdomen between three points: Superior-porta hepatis ( ... "Gastrinoma triangle - Radiology Reference Article - Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 30 November 2018. Yagnik, ... Yang, Rong-Hsin; Chu, Yum-Kung (2015). "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Revelation of the gastrinoma triangle". Radiology Case ...
Diseases of the endocrine pancreas occur very infrequently; these include insulinomas, gastrinomas etc. Surgery for these ...
... often by a gastrinoma gastrin-producing tumor, mostly benign of the duodenum or the pancreas. To investigate for ... calcitonin Gastrinoma paraneoplastic oversecretion (see Role in disease) In the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastrin is produced ... "Sporadic versus hereditary gastrinomas of the duodenum and pancreas: distinct clinico-pathological and epidemiological features ... "Expression of human gastrin gene in normal and gastrinoma tissues". Gene. 50 (1-3): 345-52. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(86)90338-0. ...
"Isolation and characterization of the intact gastrin precursor from a gastrinoma". FEBS Letters. 210 (2): 185-8. doi:10.1016/ ...
Purification and Structural Characterization of Progastrin-derived Peptides from a Human Gastrinoma (PDF). THE JOURNAL OF ...
Insulinomas (largely benign) and gastrinomas are the most common types. For those with neuroendocrine cancers the number alive ...
In humans, an over production of this hormone by gastrinomas leads to Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Big Gastrin Responses to ... Both forms of gastrin have been isolated from human gastrinoma and hog antral mucosa. G34 is carboxy-amidated and can be ...
2005 Mungan, Z: Gastroenteropankreatik hormon ve peptidler (s:1-16), Gastrinoma (s:69-76). GEP NET gastroenteropankreatik ...
Pancreatic tumours involve the islet cells, giving rise to gastrinomas or insulinomas. In rare cases, adrenal cortex tumours ... Variations in the MEN1 gene can cause pituitary adenomas, hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, gastrinoma, ...
The radioactive octreotide attaches to tumor cells that have receptors for somatostatin (i.e. gastrinoma, glucagonoma, etc.). A ...
The most common functioning PanNETs are insulinomas and gastrinomas, named after the hormones they secrete. The nonfunctioning ...
Entero-pancreatic gastrinomas and thymic and bronchial carcinoids are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. ... of patients with MEN1 and gastrinoma FMTC = familial medullary thyroid cancer MEN 2B is sometimes known as MEN 3 and the ... and gastrinomas: prospective study of frequency and development of criteria with high sensitivity and specificity for MEN1". ...
... may be used for determining the possibility of gastrinomas associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasm syndromes (MEN ... higher levels of C-peptide together with the presence of a gastrinoma suggest that organs besides the stomach may harbor ... 1). Since a significant number of gastrinomas are associated with MEN involving other hormone producing organs (pancreas, ...
... which focuses on understanding the origin of gastrinomas. In 2002, Merchant and collaborators found that antibiotics did a ...
... including the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome of gastrinoma and the chronic hypoglycemia of insulinoma. It is also effective in ...
This is especially important in gastrinoma (the tumors in which there is an excessive secretion of gastrin), as this is one of ...
... carcinoma Small cell lung cancer Endocrine pancreatic tumors Non-functioning endocrine pancreatic tumors Insulinoma Gastrinoma ...
... gastrinoma MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.290.750 - glucagonoma MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.305 - carcinoma, lobular MeSH C04.557. ... gastrinoma MeSH C04.588.274.761.500.249 - glucagonoma MeSH C04.588.274.761.500.500 - somatostatinoma MeSH C04.588.274.761. ... gastrinoma MeSH C04.588.322.421.500.249 - glucagonoma MeSH C04.588.322.421.500.500 - somatostatinoma MeSH C04.588.322.421. ...
... gastrinoma MeSH C19.344.421.500.249 - glucagonoma MeSH C19.344.421.500.500 - somatostatinoma MeSH C19.344.421.500.750 - vipoma ...
... and by gastrinoma Polypeptide-p Pancreas List of human cell types derived from the germ layers Boel E, Schwartz TW, Norris KE, ...
... gastrinoma MeSH C06.301.761.500.249 - glucagonoma MeSH C06.301.761.500.500 - somatostatinoma MeSH C06.301.761.500.750 - vipoma ... gastrinoma MeSH C06.689.667.500.249 - glucagonoma MeSH C06.689.667.500.500 - somatostatinoma MeSH C06.689.667.500.750 - vipoma ...
Gastrinoma, NOS G cell tumor, NOS Gastrin cell tumor M8153/3 Gastinoma, malignant G cell tumor, malignant Gastrin cell tumor, ...
... pancreas Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a collection of findings in individuals with gastrinoma, ...
... gastrinoma - gastroenterologist - gastroesophageal junction - gastroesophageal reflux disease - gastrointestinal - ...
... chronic cough Barrett's esophagus Eosinophilic esophagitis Stress gastritis and ulcer prevention in critical care Gastrinomas ...
Gastrinomas are located predominantly in the duodenum (70%) and pancreas (25%). Pancreatic gastrinomas are larger than their ... of gastrinomas are malignant and can metastasize to regional lymph nodes and liver. One fourth of gastrinomas are related to ... gastrinoma triangle). Most gastrinomas are sporadic (75-80%), whereas approximately 20-25% are associated with multiple ... Gastrinoma in the early stages will have signs and symptoms of indigestion or similar to irritable bowel disease (IBD) such as ...
Duodenal wall gastrinomas have been identified in 40-50% of patients. ... A gastrinoma is a gastrin-secreting tumor that can occur in the pancreas, although it is most commonly found in the duodenum. ... Over 50% of gastrinomas are malignant and can metastasize to the regional lymph nodes and the liver. One fourth of gastrinomas ... encoded search term (Gastrinoma) and Gastrinoma What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Duodenal wall gastrinomas have been identified in 40-50% of patients. ... A gastrinoma is a gastrin-secreting tumor that can occur in the pancreas, although it is most commonly found in the duodenum. ... encoded search term (Gastrinoma) and Gastrinoma What to Read Next on Medscape ... associated gastrinomas, although also for sporadic tumors, because it results in the removal of the entire gastrinoma triangle ...
Learn about the veterinary topic of Insulinoma and Gastrinoma in Animals. Find specific details on this topic and related ... and gastrinoma Gastrin-secreting Islet Cell Tumors in Dogs and Cats Gastrinomas are functional tumors of the pa s that secrete ... Insulinoma and Gastrinoma in Animals By Robert J. Kemppainen , DVM, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, ...
Gastrinomas are a rare form of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Learn the symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment of ... Gastrinoma survival rate. Among people who have surgery to remove a gastrinoma that hasnt spread, the five-year survival rate ... Gastrinoma risk factors. If you have the following risk factors, the odds of developing gastrinomas increase but arent ... Gastrinomas generally occur in the small intestine or pancreas, and its possible for patients to develop multiple gastrinomas ...
Gastrinoma Triangle. Where is the gastrinoma triangle? What percentage of tumors occur in this area? The apex… ... Gastrinomas in the duodenal wall or pancreas may be enucleated, but solitary lesions in the pancreatic tail are often treated ... operative scheme for exploration, localization, and removal of gastrinoma. If no tumor is obvious on preoperative CT scan, and ... Biopsy of lymph nodes should be performed because, occasionally, the gastrinoma is localized to a solitary node. If ultrasound ...
Categories AIIMS MCQ, NEET Pattern Questions Tags DNB SS, Gastrinoma, NEET Q All are true about Nissens fundoplication except? ... Q) Which of the following does not form part of gastrinoma triangle. a) Pylorus ...
Gastrinoma - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... About half of patients have multiple gastrinomas and about half have multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome; half of gastrinomas ... Prognosis for Gastrinoma Five- and 10-year survival are > 90% when an isolated tumor is removed surgically vs 43% at 5 years ... Gastrinomas are a type of pancreatic endocrine tumor Overview of Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors Pancreatic endocrine tumors arise ...
Метки 2019, differential diagnosis of gastrinoma, gastrin, gastrinoma, I.V. Tereshchenko, malignant gastrinoma, neuroendocrine ... malignant gastrinoma TO THE QUESTION ABOUT DIAGNOSTICS GASTRINOM. 21.07.2022. от edit ... Recently it has been noted that gastrinoma is not always manifested by Zollinger ― Ellison syndrome. This can lead to untimely ...
Gastrinoma. Type of NET that usually starts in the pancreas or the upper part of the small bowel (duodenum), which may produce ...
Gastrinoma: A tumor that forms in the cells that produce gastrin, a hormone responsible for making the stomach release acid to ...
Insulinoma / Gastrinoma. *Carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid crisis. Outline the differential diagnosis of:. *Thyroid *Suppressed ...
Gastrinoma. Gastrin is a hormone that aids the digestion of food. When a tumor forms in gastrin-producing cells, it is known as ... gastrinoma.. *Insulinoma. Insulin helps control the amount of sugar, or glucose, in the bloodstream. When a tumor happens in ...
Gastrinomas. These tumors produce the hormone gastrin, which stimulates the stomach to release too much acid. Gastrinomas can ... In individuals with gastrinomas, peptic ulcers may keep coming back even after treatment. More than 50 percent of gastrinomas ... For example, gastrinomas (which cause an increase in stomach acid production) can be treated by drugs that block the production ... The symptoms caused by gastrinomas have been classified as a specific syndrome known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. (For more ...
Gastrinoma. Recommendations for gastrinoma treatment include the following:. * Manage gastric hypersecretion with proton pump ... What are the guidelines on the treatment of pancreatic gastrinoma?. What are the guidelines on the treatment of pancreatic ...
Gastrinoma: A malignant tumor located in the pancreas or duodenum, which is part of the small intestine. ...
Understanding the 10 Symptoms of Gastrinoma. 10 Alarming Symptoms of Gastric Volvulus Every Adult Should Be Aware Of ...
Villous adenoma, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma). Theres more to see -- the rest of this topic is available only to ...
Gastrinomas may also originate in the stomach and duodenum. Gastrinomas are associated with MEN1 in some patients. A very rare ... A type of malignant tumour of the endocrine pancreas is the gastrin-secreting tumour called a gastrinoma. The gastrin ...
... gastrinomas, and insulinomas; and cancerous tumors of the major airways in the lungs (bronchi) called bronchial carcinoids. ...
Indication: Gastrinoma Start date: 2010-06-10 Sandostatin LAR Dosage: 20 mg, every 4 weeks Indication: Gastrinoma Start date: ... Indication: Gastrinoma Start date: 2010-06-21 Sandostatin Dosage: 50 ug, unk Indication: Gastrinoma Start date: 2010-06-10 ... Indication: Gastrinoma Start date: 2010-06-21 Sandostatin LAR Dosage: 20 mg, qmo Possible Sandostatin side effects in female. ... Indication: Gastrinoma Start date: 2010-06-10 Sandostatin LAR Dosage: 20 mg, qmo Sandostatin LAR Dosage: 20 mg, every 4 weeks ...
Diagnosis of a gastrinoma in patients on proton pump inhibitor therapy. Lewis CJ , Dhillo WS , Meeran K , Todd JF ...
Pharmaceuticals Market report contains a holistic evaluation of the market including a comprehensive analysis of key segments, trends, drivers, competitive landscape, and factors that are playing a significant role in the market.
Hyper-response in gastrin secretion in response to secretin stimulation test, falsely suggesting gastrinoma.. ...
Gastrinoma tumor - gastrin and gastric acid output measures. *Insulinoma and other pancreatic tumors - chromogranin A, glucagon ... Gastrinoma (~40%) - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome *Peptic ulcer disease, recurrent diarrhea, abdominal pain ...
gastrinoma symptoms. *. ? acromegaly symptoms. *. ? all the above. *. Effects of growth hormone:. *. ? adipose tissue lipolysis ...
Hyper-response in gastrin secretion in response to secretin stimulation test, falsely suggesting gastrinoma. ...
Hyper-response in gastrin secretion in response to secretin stimulation test, falsely suggesting gastrinoma.. ...
This appears to be the first reported case of a "shift" from clinical gastrinoma to insulinoma possibly related to prolonged ... We describe an unusual patient who presented with full-blown metastasizing gastrinoma. He was treated with cimetidine for five ... Insulinoma after streptozotocin therapy for metastatic gastrinoma: natural history or iatrogenic complication?. J Clin ...
  • Gastrinomas are neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), usually located in the duodenum or pancreas, that secrete gastrin and cause a clinical syndrome known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). (wikipedia.org)
  • Sporadic tumors occurring in the pancreas tend to be solitary and have a greater malignant potential as compared to duodenal gastrinomas. (medscape.com)
  • The triad of nonbeta islet cell tumors of the pancreas (gastrinomas), hypergastrinemia, and severe ulcer disease was described by Zollinger and Ellison in 1955, hence the eponym Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) . (medscape.com)
  • Although rare, gastrinomas are the most common pancreatic islet cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • It has been reported that Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy affords the greatest probability for cure, particularly for multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I)-associated gastrinomas, although also for sporadic tumors, because it results in the removal of the entire gastrinoma triangle. (medscape.com)
  • Gastrin-secreting Islet Cell Tumors in Dogs and Cats Gastrinomas are functional tumors of the pa s that secrete the hormone gastrin. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: In this study we investigated the histopathological and molecular findings in the gastrointestinal wall of a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with malignant duodenal gastrinoma and multiple gastric ECL cell tumors, who additionally developed a signet-ring cell carcinoma of the stomach. (tum.de)
  • A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). (bvsalud.org)
  • Over 50% of gastrinomas are malignant and can metastasize to regional lymph nodes and liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gastrinomas may be in the pancreas or the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), and be either malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous). (cancercenter.com)
  • When working correctly, gastrin is released in small amounts after you eat, but gastrinomas may trigger a condition called Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, in which the stomach produces excess acid, ulcers, bleeding and severe reflux. (cancercenter.com)
  • Gastrinomas are a rare form of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET) that begins in the neuroendocrine cells of the pancreas. (cancercenter.com)
  • Gastrinomas in the duodenal wall or pancreas may be enucleated, but solitary lesions in the pancreatic tail are often treated by distal pancreatectomy. (seekhealthz.com)
  • Functional pancreatic NETs include the following: Gastrinoma: A tumor that forms in cells that make gastrin. (bookriff.com)
  • A large number of gastrinomas develop in the pancreas or duodenum, with near-equal frequency, and approximately 10% arise as primary neoplasms in lymph nodes of the pancreaticoduodenal region (gastrinoma triangle). (wikipedia.org)
  • A gastrinoma is a gastrin-secreting tumor usually found in the pancreas or duodenum. (medscape.com)
  • More than 80% of gastrinomas arise within the triangle defined as the confluence of the cystic and common bile duct superiorly, the second and third portions of the duodenum inferiorly, and the neck and body of the pancreas medially. (medscape.com)
  • An excess of gastrin can occur due to a gastrin-secreting tumour (gastrinoma, also known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) occurring within the small intestine (specifically within the upper part known as a duodenum ) or in the pancreas. (yourhormones.info)
  • Gastrinoma A gastrinoma is a tumor usually in the pancreas or duodenum (the first segment of the small intestine) that produces excessive levels of the hormone gastrin, which stimulates the stomach to. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Most gastrinomas are sporadic (75-80%), whereas approximately 20-25% are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1). (wikipedia.org)
  • One fourth of gastrinomas are related to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, peptic ulcer disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In many cases, gastrinoma is diagnosed based on the patient's history which is typically characterized by recurrent episodes of peptic ulcer disease or by severe reflux esophagitis and/or diarrhea or by acid-related symptoms which fail to respond to standard treatment regimens. (wikipedia.org)
  • The characteristic response in gastrinoma is a paradoxical increase in gastrin levels, the opposite of what occurs in patients with antral G-cell hyperplasia or typical peptic ulcer disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • PPIs are used to treat several conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ), Barrett's esophagus, dyspepsia , gastrinomas and other conditions that cause hypersecretion of acid, laryngopharyngeal reflux, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), prevention of stress gastritis, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Another test that can be conducted is the secretin stimulated test, which is useful in patients who have the sign and symptoms of gastrinoma but the gastrin levels are below (wikipedia.org)
  • Gastrinoma is suspected by history, particularly when symptoms are refractory to standard acid suppressant therapy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A Parathyroid-Gut Axis: Hypercalcemia and the Pathogenesis of Gastrinoma in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1. (cdc.gov)
  • A gastrinoma is a gastrin-producing tumor usually located in the pancreas or the duodenal wall. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gastrinomas occur in the pancreas or duodenal wall 80 to 90% of the time. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Five types of duodenal NETs can be distinguished as gastrinomas, somatostatinomas, clinically non-functioning NETs, duodenal gangliocytic paragangliomas, and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. (eur.nl)
  • To confirm the diagnosis of gastrinoma a series of blood tests must be made. (wikipedia.org)
  • 480 pmol/L) would establish the diagnosis of gastrinoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although gastrinomas can occur at any age, the initial clinical manifestation usually appears in people aged 30-50 years. (medscape.com)
  • Gastrinomas generally occur in the small intestine or pancreas, and it's possible for patients to develop multiple gastrinomas, which may potentially become cancerous. (cancercenter.com)
  • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) occurs when gastrinomas cause the stomach to produce too much acid. (cancercenter.com)
  • In gastrinomas, high levels of gastrin moving around the gut stimulate acid release, leading to stomach and small intestine ulcers (sores on the lining of the organs) that may burst. (yourhormones.info)
  • One fourth of gastrinomas are related to multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I and are associated with hyperparathyroidism and pituitary adenomas. (medscape.com)
  • However, it's known that an inherited genetic condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome causes 25 percent to 30 percent of all gastrinomas, according to The National Pancreas Foundation . (cancercenter.com)
  • Precursor lesions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-associated duodenal gastrinomas. (biochain.com)
  • When a gastrinoma is diagnosed it is important to consider a genetic condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). (yourhormones.info)
  • Biopsy of lymph nodes should be performed because, occasionally, the gastrinoma is localized to a solitary node. (seekhealthz.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Our immunohistochemical studies might suggest that the gastrinoma-associated excessive progastrin tissue concentrations led to diminished expression of E-cadherin within the gastric mucosa and promoted tumor development of a signet-ring cell carcinoma. (tum.de)
  • Surgery for gastrinoma: Short and long-term results]. (bvsalud.org)
  • The intraoperative use of a portable large field of view gamma camera (LFOVGC) and a handheld gamma detection probe (HGDP) may improve the localization and indium-111 ( 111 In)-pentetreotide-radioguided gastrinoma resection and removal in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Recently it has been noted that gastrinoma is not always manifested by Zollinger ― Ellison syndrome. (oncovestnik.ru)
  • Most are gastrinomas that cause Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. (gponline.com)
  • One of those tests is the serum gastrin level, which is the most reliable test for patients with gastrinoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Surgical resection of localized disease leads to a complete cure without any recurrence in 20-25% of patients with gastrinomas. (medscape.com)
  • L'étude portait sur 20 patients atteints d'un carcinome gastrique, 20 patients souffrant d'une gastrite à H. pylori et 20 personnes en tant que groupe témoin. (who.int)
  • Gibril F, Doppman JL, Reynolds JC et al (1998) Bone metastases in patients with gastrinomas: a prospective study of bone scanning, somatostatin receptor scanning, and magnetic resonance image in their detection, frequency, location, and effect of their detection on management. (springer.com)
  • Insulinomas and gastrinomas are the most common types of hormone secreting pNENs. (rarediseases.org)
  • In gastrinoma, GRP protein causes larger than normal amounts of gastrin secretion, which leads to hyperplasia of the parietal cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gastrinomas are more common in males than in females, with ratios from 1.5:1 to 2:1. (medscape.com)
  • When a tumor forms in gastrin-producing cells, it is known as gastrinoma. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • If you have the following risk factors, the odds of developing gastrinomas increase but aren't guaranteed. (cancercenter.com)
  • Gastrinomas usually are small ( 1 cm in diameter) and grow slowly. (msdmanuals.com)