Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.
A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
The region between the sharp indentation at the lower third of the STOMACH (incisura angularis) and the junction of the PYLORUS with the DUODENUM. Pyloric antral glands contain mucus-secreting cells and gastrin-secreting endocrine cells (G CELLS).
GASTRITIS with HYPERTROPHY of the GASTRIC MUCOSA. It is characterized by giant gastric folds, diminished acid secretion, excessive MUCUS secretion, and HYPOPROTEINEMIA. Symptoms include VOMITING; DIARRHEA; and WEIGHT LOSS.
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
This is one of 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans and is also known as pepsinogen. (The other is PEPSINOGEN C.) This includes isozymogens Pg1-Pg5 (pepsinogens 1-5, group I or products of PGA1-PGA5 genes). This is the main pepsinogen found in urine.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
This is one of the 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans. It is found in prostate and seminal fluid whereas PEPSINOGEN A is not.
Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.
A species of HELICOBACTER that colonizes in the STOMACH of laboratory MICE; CATS; and DOGS. It is associated with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and mild GASTRITIS in CATS.
A species of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria found in the gastric mucosa that is associated with chronic antral gastritis. This bacterium was first discovered in samples removed at endoscopy from patients investigated for HELICOBACTER PYLORI colonization.
Rounded or pyramidal cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS. They secrete HYDROCHLORIC ACID and produce gastric intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein that binds VITAMIN B12.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.
A megaloblastic anemia occurring in children but more commonly in later life, characterized by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in which the laboratory and clinical manifestations are based on malabsorption of vitamin B 12 due to a failure of the gastric mucosa to secrete adequate and potent intrinsic factor. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.
A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. It has been associated with PEPTIC ULCER.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5.
Proenzymes secreted by chief cells, mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells, which are converted into pepsin in the presence of gastric acid or pepsin itself. (Dorland, 28th ed) In humans there are 2 related pepsinogen systems: PEPSINOGEN A (formerly pepsinogen I or pepsinogen) and PEPSINOGEN C (formerly pepsinogen II or progastricsin). Pepsinogen B is the name of a pepsinogen from pigs.
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.
The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID); PEPSINOGENS; INTRINSIC FACTOR; GASTRIN; MUCUS; and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.
A genus of long-legged, swift-moving felines (FELIDAE) from Africa (and formerly Asia) about the size of a small leopard.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.
A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Retrograde flow of duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the STOMACH.
The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
A variety of surgical reconstructive procedures devised to restore gastrointestinal continuity, The two major classes of reconstruction are the Billroth I (gastroduodenostomy) and Billroth II (gastrojejunostomy) procedures.
A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.
Gastric analysis for determination of free acid or total acid.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Surgical removal of the thymus gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.
Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.
Endocrine cells which secrete GASTRIN, a peptide that induces GASTRIC ACID secretion. They are found predominantly in the GASTRIC GLANDS of PYLORIC ANTRUM in the STOMACH, but can also be found in the DUODENUM, nervous and other tissues.

Precancerous lesions in two counties of China with contrasting gastric cancer risk. (1/308)

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and shows remarkable geographical variation even within countries such as China. Linqu County in Shandong Province of northeast China has a GC rate that is 15 times higher than that of Cangshan County in Shandong, even though these counties are within 200 miles of each other. METHOD: In order to evaluate the frequency of precancerous gastric lesions in Linqu and Cangshan Counties we examined 3400 adults in Linqu County and 224 adults in Cangshan County. An endoscopic examination with four biopsies was performed in each individual of the two populations. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia (DYS) was 30% and 15.1%, respectively, in Linqu compared to 7.9% and 5.6% in Cangshan (P < 0.01). Within these histological categories, advanced grades were found more often in Linqu than in Cangshan. The prevalences of IM and DYS were more common at each biopsy site in Linqu, where the lesions also tended to affect multiple sites. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the concept that IM and DYS are closely correlated with risks of GC and represent late stages in the multistep process of gastric carcinogenesis.  (+info)

KRAS mutations predict progression of preneoplastic gastric lesions. (2/308)

Eight hundred sixty-three subjects with atrophic gastritis were recruited to participate in an ongoing chemoprevention trial in Narino, Colombia. The participants were randomly assigned to intervention therapies, which included treatment to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection followed by daily dietary supplementation with antioxidant micronutrients in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. A series of biopsies of gastric mucosa were obtained according to a specified protocol from designated locations in the stomach for each participant at baseline (before intervention therapy) and at year three. A systematic sample of 160 participants was selected from each of the eight treatment combinations. DNA was isolated from each of these biopsies (n = 320), and the first exon of KRAS was amplified using PCR. Mutations in the KRAS gene were detected using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and confirmed by sequence analysis. Of all baseline biopsies, 14.4% (23 of 160) contained KRAS mutations. Among those participants with atrophic gastritis without metaplasia, 19.4% (6 of 25) contained KRAS mutations, indicating that mutation of this important gene is likely an early event in the etiology of gastric carcinoma. An important association was found between the presence of KRAS mutations in baseline biopsies and the progression of preneoplastic lesions. Only 14.6% (20 of 137) of participants without baseline KRAS mutations progressed from atrophic gastritis to intestinal metaplasia or from small intestinal metaplasia to colonic metaplasia; however, 39.1% (9 of 23) with baseline KRAS mutations progressed to a more advanced lesion after 3 years [univariate odds ratio (OR), 3.76 (P = 0.05); multivariate OR adjusted for treatment, 3.74 (P = 0.04)]. In addition, the specificity of the KRAS mutation predicted progression. For those participants with G-->T transversions at position 1 of codon 12 (GGT-->TGT), 19.4% (5 of 17) progressed (univariate OR, 2.4); however, 60.0% (3 of 5) of participants with G-->A transitions at position 1 of codon 12 (GGT-->AGT) progressed (univariate OR, 8.7; P = 0.004 using chi2 test).  (+info)

Quantitative assessment of gastric atrophy using the syntactic structure analysis. (3/308)

AIM: To assess the topographical relation between gastric glands, using the minimum spanning tree (MST), to derive both a model of neighbourhood and quantitative representation of the tissue's architecture, to assess the characteristic features of gastric atrophy, and to assess the grades of gastric atrophy. METHODS: Haematoxylin and eosin stained sections from corporal and antral biopsy specimens (n = 139) from normal patients and from patients with nonatrophic gastritis and atrophic gastritis of grades 1, 2, and 3 (Sydney system) were assessed by image analysis system (Prodit 5.2) and 11 syntactic structure features were derived. These included both line and connectivity features. RESULTS: Syntactic structure analysis was correlated with the semiquantitative grading system of gastric atrophy. The study showed significant reductions in the number of points and the length of MST in both body and antrum. The standard deviation of the length of MST was significantly increased in all grades of atrophy. The connectivity to two glands was the highest and most affected by the increased grade of atrophy. The reciprocal values of the Wiener, Randic, and Balaban indices showed significant changes in the volume of gland, abnormality in the shape of glands, and changes in irregularity and branching of the glands in both types of gastric mucosa. There was a complete separation in the MST, connectivity, and index values between low grade and high grade gastric atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Gastric atrophy was characterised by loss of the gland, variation in the volume, reduction in the neighbourhood, irregularity in spacing, and abnormality in the shape of the glands. (2) Syntactic structure analysis significantly differentiated minor changes in gastric gland (low grade atrophy) from high grade atrophy of clinical significance. (3) Syntactic structure analysis is a simple, fast, and highly reproducible technique and appears a promising method for quantitative assessment of atrophy.  (+info)

Review article: Helicobacter pylori and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-clinical implications and management. (4/308)

A significant proportion of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have Helicobacter pylori infection, but it is unclear whether or not H. pylori should be treated in this clinical setting. The aim of this review was to critically assess the relationship between H. pylori and GERD and its potential implications for the management of GERD. Data for this review were gathered from the following sources up to April 1998-the biomedical database MEDLINE, a detailed review of medical journals, and a review of abstracts submitted to relevant international meetings. On average, 40% of GERD patients carry H. pylori infection, with a reported infection prevalence ranging from 16% to 88%. To date, there has been no reported controlled trial of effective H. pylori therapy in GERD. GERD has been reported to develop de novo following the cure of H. pylori in peptic ulcer disease. In the presence of H. pylori, proton pump inhibitor therapy appears to accelerate the development of atrophic corpus gastritis, a potentially precancerous condition. Conversely, proton pump inhibitor therapy seems to become less effective after cure of H. pylori. The mechanisms underlying these important contrasting phenomena are poorly understood. The relationship between H. pylori and GERD is complex, and it is difficult to give definitive guidelines on the management of H. pylori infection in GERD. Controlled trials of H. pylori therapy in GERD are urgently needed, as well as further long-term data on both the natural history of gastric histopathological changes in the H. pylori-positive GERD patient treated with proton pump inhibitors, and the impact of H. pylori status on the clinical efficacy of antisecretory therapy. Pending these data, it is perhaps advisable to advocate cure of H. pylori in young patients with proton pump inhibitor-dependent GERD who, in the absence of anti-reflux surgery, are faced with the likelihood of long-term medical therapy.  (+info)

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases gastric acidity in patients with atrophic gastritis of the corpus-evaluation of 24-h pH monitoring. (5/308)

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that the eradication of Helicobacter pylori results in a gastric acid secretion which decreases to normal levels in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eradication of H. pylori in a 24-h study of gastric acidity in patients with atrophic gastritis of the corpus. METHODS: Intragastric acidity was measured by continuous 24-h pH monitoring, and the histology of the gastric antrum and corpus were evaluated in 14 H. pylori-positive patients with histologically proven atrophic gastritis of the corpus (10 men, 4 women; mean age, 57 years) before and 1 year after anti-H. pylori therapy. RESULTS: H. pylori was absent in 13 of 14 patients 1 year after treatment. Both gastritis and atrophy scores were significantly lower after eradication therapy (P < 0.01). The 24-h median pH and the percentage of 24-h pH readings above 4.0 units were significantly decreased after eradication therapy (from 5.12 +/- 0.36 to 2.69 +/- 0.21, and from 65.5 +/- 6.6% to 28.2 +/- 6.1%, P < 0.01, respectively.) CONCLUSION: Eradication of H. pylori increases 24-h gastric acidity in patients with atrophic gastritis of the corpus. Improvement of the histology of the gastric antrum and corpus may lead to the normalization of gastric acidity.  (+info)

Accuracy of screening for gastric cancer using serum pepsinogen concentrations. (6/308)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The characteristics of pepsinogen screening for gastric cancer were investigated to establish a suitable cut off point for identifying gastric cancer, using endoscopic diagnosis as the yardstick. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Serum pepsinogen concentrations were measured in 5113 subjects who were also screened for gastric cancer by endoscopy. The cut off point for pepsinogen was determined using receiver operator characteristics curves. RESULTS: The most suitable cut off point was a pepsinogen I concentration of less than 70 ng/ml and a ratio of pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II of less than 3. 0. Using this cut off point, the sensitivity and specificity of pepsinogen screening for gastric cancer were 84.6% and 73.5% respectively. All cases of gastric cancer in patients with severe atrophic gastritis were detected. However, two of four cases of gastric cancer in patients with mild atrophic gastritis were overlooked. In subjects with mild atrophic gastritis, when gastric cancer arises within the fundic gland region, the size of the lesion determines whether it is possible to detect cancer by serum pepsinogen screening. CONCLUSION: Pepsinogen screening has many advantages, including its suitability for combination with other screening methods because it is simple and inexpensive.  (+info)

Helicobacter pylori infection and atrophic gastritis in middle-aged Japanese residents of Sao Paulo and Lima. (7/308)

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection and atrophic gastritis (AG) are markedly more prevalent in Japan than in other industrialized countries, however, the reasons for such a high prevalence are not fully understood. To add to information on H. pylori infection and its association with AG, the authors studied Japanese living in less developed countries. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys were conducted of randomly selected Japanese residents aged 40-59 years in Sao Paulo, Brazil and Lima, Peru. Serum IgG antibody to H. pylori and pepsinogen I (PGI) and II (PGII) were measured as markers of AG. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori infection was similar in both populations, 77% (95% CI: 70-83) in Sao Paulo and 75% (95% CI: 65-82) in Lima, and was within the range of five populations in Japan from our previous study. However, the prevalence of AG, defined by PGI < 70 ng/ml and PGI/PGII < 3.0 was more prevalent among Japanese in Sao Paulo (39% [95% CI: 32-47]), than Japanese in Lima (18% [95% CI: 12-27]). This difference was not explained by sex, age, generation or H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: Helicobacter pylori infection among Japanese in less developed countries was similar to Japanese in Japan, although prevalence of AG varied. Factors other than H. pylori infection are important in the development of AG among Japanese.  (+info)

Plasma pancreatic polypeptide response to secretin. (8/308)

OBJECTIVE: Intravenously administered secretin stimulates pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release in patients with endocrine enteropancreatic tumors, but data in patients with nontumorous disorders are controversial. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the plasma PP pattern after secretin administration in healthy subjects and in patients with gastroduodenal diseases investigated for recurrent ulcer disease and/or hypergastrinemia. METHODS: Synthetic secretin was given as an intravenous bolus (2U/kg) in ten patients with Zollinger Ellison syndrome, ten with duodenal ulcer, ten with atropic gastritis and ten healthy volunteers. Blood samples were taken before and at regular intervals for 30min after secretin injection. Plasma PP and gastrin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Secretin promptly and significantly (P<0.01) increased PP plasma levels in all groups of subjects without any differences in peak values. There were no significant correlations between PP and gastrin plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS: Secretin at pharmacological doses is a powerful stimulus for PP release.  (+info)

Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and stress.

Gastritis can present with a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and bloating. In some cases, gastritis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. Depending on the severity and duration of inflammation, gastritis can lead to complications like stomach ulcers or even stomach cancer if left untreated.

There are two main types of gastritis: acute and chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly and may last for a short period, while chronic gastritis persists over time, often leading to atrophy of the stomach lining. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy and tissue biopsy to assess the extent of inflammation and rule out other potential causes of symptoms. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, or lifestyle modifications.

Atrophic gastritis is a condition characterized by the inflammation and atrophy (wasting away) of the stomach lining, specifically the mucous membrane called the gastric mucosa. This process involves the loss of glandular cells in the stomach, which can result in decreased acid production and potential vitamin B12 deficiency due to reduced intrinsic factor production. Atrophic gastritis can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune disorders, chronic bacterial infection (usually with Helicobacter pylori), and the use of certain medications such as proton pump inhibitors. It can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer, so regular monitoring is often recommended.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the global population. It is closely associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori infection is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated. The bacterium's spiral shape and flagella allow it to penetrate the mucus layer and adhere to the gastric epithelium, where it releases virulence factors that cause inflammation and tissue damage. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection can be made through various tests, including urea breath test, stool antigen test, or histological examination of a gastric biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and promote healing of the stomach lining.

Gastric mucosa refers to the innermost lining of the stomach, which is in contact with the gastric lumen. It is a specialized mucous membrane that consists of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle. The surface epithelium is primarily made up of mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells) and parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen.

The gastric mucosa has several important functions, including protection against self-digestion by the stomach's own digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The mucus layer secreted by the epithelial cells forms a physical barrier that prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from damaging the underlying tissues. Additionally, the bicarbonate ions secreted by the surface epithelial cells help neutralize the acidity in the immediate vicinity of the mucosa.

The gastric mucosa is also responsible for the initial digestion of food through the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. The intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

The gastric mucosa is constantly exposed to potential damage from various factors, including acid, pepsin, and other digestive enzymes, as well as mechanical stress due to muscle contractions during digestion. To maintain its integrity, the gastric mucosa has a remarkable capacity for self-repair and regeneration. However, chronic exposure to noxious stimuli or certain medical conditions can lead to inflammation, erosions, ulcers, or even cancer of the gastric mucosa.

Helicobacter infections are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which colonizes the stomach lining and is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. The infection can lead to chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer.

The spiral-shaped H. pylori bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid in their immediate vicinity. This allows them to adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the stomach, where they can cause inflammation (gastritis) and disrupt the normal functioning of the stomach.

Transmission of H. pylori typically occurs through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, and infection is more common in developing countries and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. The diagnosis of Helicobacter infections can be confirmed through various tests, including urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, or gastric biopsy with histology and culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and reduce stomach acidity.

The pyloric antrum is the distal part of the stomach, which is the last portion that precedes the pylorus and the beginning of the duodenum. It is a thickened, muscular area responsible for grinding and mixing food with gastric juices during digestion. The pyloric antrum also helps regulate the passage of chyme (partially digested food) into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter, which controls the opening and closing of the pylorus. This region is crucial in the gastrointestinal tract's motor functions and overall digestive process.

Hypertrophic gastritis is a relatively uncommon condition characterized by thickened folds in the stomach lining (gastric mucosa) due to an increase in the number of cells and/or the size of the cells. This chronic inflammatory condition can lead to atrophy of the glands, intestinal metaplasia, and an increased risk of developing gastric cancer. It is often associated with autoimmune disorders, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, or type A atrophic gastritis.

The condition can be asymptomatic or may present with symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and loss of appetite. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy with biopsy to assess the extent of inflammation and cellular changes in the stomach lining. Treatment usually includes proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid secretion, as well as addressing any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the development or progression of hypertrophic gastritis.

Metaplasia is a term used in pathology to describe the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type within a tissue or organ. It is an adaptive response of epithelial cells to chronic irritation, inflammation, or injury and can be reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed. Metaplastic changes are often associated with an increased risk of cancer development in the affected area.

For example, in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic exposure to stomach acid can lead to metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium, a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This metaplastic change is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

Gastroscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a gastroscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, through the mouth and into the digestive tract. The gastroscope allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

The procedure is usually performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, and it typically takes only a few minutes to complete. Gastroscopy can help diagnose various conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, stomach ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus. It can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsy or to treat certain conditions, such as bleeding or the removal of polyps.

Pepsinogen A is the inactive precursor form of the enzyme pepsin, which is produced in the stomach chief cells. Once exposed to acidic environment in the stomach, pepsinogen A is converted into its active form, pepsin. Pepsin plays a crucial role in digestion by breaking down proteins into smaller peptides. An elevated level of pepsinogen A in the blood may indicate damage to the stomach lining, such as that seen in gastritis or gastric cancer.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the stomach that can be benign or malignant. They include a wide range of conditions such as:

1. Gastric adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop from glandular cells in the stomach lining.
2. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): These are rare tumors that can be found in the stomach and other parts of the digestive tract. They originate from the stem cells in the wall of the digestive tract.
3. Leiomyomas: These are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the stomach wall.
4. Lipomas: These are benign tumors that develop from fat cells in the stomach wall.
5. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): These are tumors that develop from the neuroendocrine cells in the stomach lining. They can be benign or malignant.
6. Gastric carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the glandular cells in the stomach lining. They are the most common type of stomach neoplasm and include adenocarcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas, and others.
7. Lymphomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the immune cells in the stomach wall.

Stomach neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. The diagnosis of stomach neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

Achlorhydria is a medical condition characterized by the absence or near-absence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid is a digestive fluid that helps to break down food, particularly proteins, and also creates an acidic environment that prevents harmful bacteria from growing in the stomach.

Achlorhydria can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, autoimmune disorders, aging, or surgical removal of the stomach. Symptoms of achlorhydria may include indigestion, bloating, abdominal pain, and malabsorption of nutrients. If left untreated, it can lead to complications such as anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, and increased risk of gastrointestinal infections.

It is important to note that achlorhydria can be diagnosed through various tests, including a gastric acid analysis or a pH test. Treatment for achlorhydria may involve supplementing with hydrochloric acid or other digestive enzymes, modifying the diet, and addressing any underlying conditions.

Bile reflux is a condition in which bile flows backward from the small intestine into the stomach and sometimes into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, nausea, vomiting a greenish-yellow fluid (bile), and abdominal pain. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps to break down fats in the small intestine. Normally, a muscle called the sphincter of Oddi prevents bile from flowing backward into the stomach. However, if this muscle becomes weak or damaged, bile reflux can occur.

Bile reflux is different from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which occurs when stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus. Although both conditions can cause similar symptoms, such as heartburn and regurgitation, they require different treatments. Bile reflux can increase the risk of complications such as inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis), ulcers, and cancer of the esophagus. If left untreated, bile reflux can lead to serious health problems, so it is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms.

A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of the stomach. It's caused by a breakdown in the mucous layer that protects the stomach from digestive juices, allowing acid to come into contact with the stomach lining and cause an ulcer. The most common causes are bacterial infection (usually by Helicobacter pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications like internal bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

Gastrins are a group of hormones that are produced by G cells in the stomach lining. These hormones play an essential role in regulating gastric acid secretion and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract. The most well-known gastrin is known as "gastrin-17," which is released into the bloodstream and stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells in the stomach lining.

Gastrins are stored in secretory granules within G cells, and their release is triggered by several factors, including the presence of food in the stomach, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and vagus nerve stimulation. Once released, gastrins bind to specific receptors on parietal cells, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and the activation of enzymes that promote hydrochloric acid secretion.

Abnormalities in gastrin production can lead to several gastrointestinal disorders, including gastrinomas (tumors that produce excessive amounts of gastrin), which can cause severe gastric acid hypersecretion and ulcers. Conversely, a deficiency in gastrin production can result in hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid levels) and impaired digestion.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

Pepsinogen C is not typically referred to as a medical term. However, pepsinogens are proenzymes, or inactive forms, of the enzyme pepsin, which plays a crucial role in digesting proteins in the stomach. Pepsinogen C is one of the three types of pepsinogens (A, C, and F) found in the gastric mucosa.

Pepsinogen C is produced mainly by the chief cells in the fundic region of the stomach. Its primary function is to protect the gastric mucosa from self-digestion by remaining in an inactive state until it is converted into pepsin upon exposure to hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

While pepsinogen C has been studied in relation to gastric diseases, such as atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer, it is not commonly used as a clinical marker or diagnostic tool compared to pepsinogen I and pepsinogen II.

Stomach diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the stomach, a muscular sac located in the upper part of the abdomen and is responsible for storing and digesting food. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, loss of appetite, and bloating. Some common stomach diseases include:

1. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause pain, irritation, and ulcers.
2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
3. Peptic ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Stomach cancer: Abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the stomach, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
5. Gastroparesis: A condition where the stomach muscles are weakened or paralyzed, leading to difficulty digesting food and emptying the stomach.
6. Functional dyspepsia: A chronic disorder characterized by symptoms such as pain, bloating, and fullness in the upper abdomen, without any identifiable cause.
7. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A condition where eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the esophagus, causing inflammation and difficulty swallowing.
8. Stomal stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and small intestine, often caused by scar tissue or surgical complications.
9. Hiatal hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, causing symptoms such as heartburn and difficulty swallowing.

These are just a few examples of stomach diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the stomach. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions and preventing complications.

A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that develops in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. It is characterized by a break in the mucosal layer of the duodinal wall, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Duodenal ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between digestive acid and mucus production, which can be exacerbated by factors such as bacterial infection (commonly with Helicobacter pylori), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, smoking, and stress. Symptoms may include gnawing or burning abdominal pain, often occurring a few hours after meals or during the night, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications can be severe, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction of the duodenum. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, and treatment may include antibiotics (if H. pylori infection is present), acid-suppressing medications, lifestyle modifications, and potentially surgery in severe cases.

"Helicobacter felis" is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the stomachs of cats and other animals. It is closely related to "Helicobacter pylori," which is a well-known cause of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer in humans. "Helicobacter felis" has been associated with similar gastrointestinal diseases in cats and has been occasionally found in human stomachs, although its role in human pathogenesis is not as clearly established as that of "Helicobacter pylori."

Helicobacter heilmannii (previously known as Gastrospirillum hominis) is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that can be found in the stomach and is associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. It is one of several species of Helicobacter that can infect the stomach, along with H. pylori, which is a more common cause of these conditions. The infection by H. heilmannii is less common and its transmission routes are not well understood, but it is believed to be associated with close contact with animals, particularly dogs and cats. Its identification and diagnosis can be challenging due to difficulties in culturing the bacterium and detecting it in gastric biopsies.

Parietal cells, also known as oxyntic cells, are a type of cell found in the gastric glands of the stomach lining. They play a crucial role in digestion by releasing hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor into the stomach lumen. Hydrochloric acid is essential for breaking down food particles and creating an acidic environment that kills most bacteria, while intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Parietal cells are stimulated by histamine, acetylcholine, and gastrin to release their secretory products.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Duodenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine that receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach. The inflammation can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

Duodenitis can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. In some cases, the cause may remain unidentified, leading to a diagnosis of "non-specific duodenitis."

Treatment for duodenitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as eradicating H. pylori infection or discontinuing NSAID use. Acid-suppressing medications and antacids may also be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and promote healing of the duodenal lining. In severe cases, endoscopic procedures or surgery might be necessary to manage complications like bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

Pernicious anemia is a specific type of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia that is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein made in the stomach that is needed to absorb vitamin B12. The absence of intrinsic factor leads to poor absorption of vitamin B12 from food and results in its deficiency.

Vitamin B12 is essential for the production of healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. Without enough vitamin B12, the body cannot produce enough red blood cells, leading to anemia. Pernicious anemia typically develops slowly over several years and can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and a decreased appetite.

Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder, which means that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the stomach lining, leading to a loss of intrinsic factor production. It is more common in older adults, particularly those over 60 years old, and can also be associated with other autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Addison's disease.

Treatment for pernicious anemia typically involves vitamin B12 replacement therapy, either through oral supplements or injections of the vitamin. In some cases, dietary changes may also be recommended to ensure adequate intake of vitamin B12-rich foods such as meat, fish, poultry, and dairy products.

Dyspepsia is a medical term that refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, nausea, belching, and early satiety (feeling full quickly after starting to eat). It is also commonly known as indigestion. Dyspepsia can have many possible causes, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, gastritis, and functional dyspepsia (a condition in which there is no obvious structural or biochemical explanation for the symptoms). Treatment for dyspepsia depends on the underlying cause.

"Helicobacter" is a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the stomach. The most well-known species is "Helicobacter pylori," which is known to cause various gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. These bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid. Infection with "Helicobacter pylori" is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. It is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. In medicine, urease is often associated with certain bacterial infections, such as those caused by Helicobacter pylori, which can produce large amounts of this enzyme. The presence of urease in these infections can lead to increased ammonia production, contributing to the development of gastritis and peptic ulcers.

Pepsinogens are inactive precursor forms of the enzyme pepsin, which is produced in the stomach. They are composed of two types: Pepsinogen I (or gastric intrinsic factor) and Pepsinogen II. When exposed to acid in the stomach, these pepsinogens get converted into their active form, pepsin, which helps digest proteins in food. Measurement of pepsinogens in blood can be used as a diagnostic marker for certain stomach conditions, such as atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer.

Postgastrectomy syndromes refer to a group of clinical manifestations that can occur as complications or sequelae following a gastrectomy, which is the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach. These syndromes are relatively common and can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life.

There are several types of postgastrectomy syndromes, including:

1. Dumping syndrome: This occurs when the remaining portion of the stomach is unable to adequately regulate the passage of food into the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dizziness, and sweating.
2. Gastroparesis: This is a condition where the stomach is unable to empty properly due to decreased motility, leading to symptoms such as bloating, nausea, vomiting, and early satiety.
3. Nutritional deficiencies: Following gastrectomy, there can be malabsorption of certain nutrients, including vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and folate, leading to anemia, osteoporosis, and other health problems.
4. Afferent loop syndrome: This is a rare complication that occurs when the afferent loop, which carries digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver to the small intestine, becomes obstructed or narrowed, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.
5. Alkaline reflux gastritis: This occurs when the alkaline contents of the small intestine reflux into the remnant stomach, causing inflammation and ulceration.
6. Bile reflux: This is a condition where bile from the small intestine flows back into the stomach, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and heartburn.

Treatment of postgastrectomy syndromes depends on the specific type and severity of the syndrome, and may include dietary modifications, medication, or surgical intervention.

Gastric juice is a digestive fluid that is produced in the stomach. It is composed of several enzymes, including pepsin, which helps to break down proteins, and gastric amylase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates. Gastric juice also contains hydrochloric acid, which creates a low pH environment in the stomach that is necessary for the activation of pepsin and the digestion of food. Additionally, gastric juice contains mucus, which helps to protect the lining of the stomach from the damaging effects of the hydrochloric acid. The production of gastric juice is controlled by hormones and the autonomic nervous system.

A precancerous condition, also known as a premalignant condition, is a state of abnormal cellular growth and development that has a higher-than-normal potential to progress into cancer. These conditions are characterized by the presence of certain anomalies in the cells, such as dysplasia (abnormal changes in cell shape or size), which can indicate an increased risk for malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will eventually develop into cancer, and some may even regress on their own. However, individuals with precancerous conditions are often at a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical interventions, if necessary, can help manage this risk and potentially prevent or detect cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia in the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN)
2. Atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular hyperplasia in the breast
3. Actinic keratosis on the skin
4. Leukoplakia in the mouth
5. Barrett's esophagus in the digestive tract

Regular medical check-ups, screenings, and lifestyle modifications are crucial for individuals with precancerous conditions to monitor their health and reduce the risk of cancer development.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.

There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

'Campylobacter' is a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of animals, including birds and mammals. These bacteria are a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness worldwide, with Campylobacter jejuni being the most frequently identified species associated with human infection.

Campylobacter infection, also known as campylobacteriosis, typically causes symptoms such as diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. The infection is usually acquired through the consumption of contaminated food or water, particularly undercooked poultry, raw milk, and contaminated produce. It can also be transmitted through contact with infected animals or their feces.

While most cases of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting and resolve within a week without specific treatment, severe or prolonged infections may require antibiotic therapy. In rare cases, Campylobacter infection can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacterial bloodstream infection), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Preventive measures include proper food handling and cooking techniques, thorough handwashing, and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods.

Atrophy is a medical term that refers to the decrease in size and wasting of an organ or tissue due to the disappearance of cells, shrinkage of cells, or decreased number of cells. This process can be caused by various factors such as disuse, aging, degeneration, injury, or disease.

For example, if a muscle is immobilized for an extended period, it may undergo atrophy due to lack of use. Similarly, certain medical conditions like diabetes, cancer, and heart failure can lead to the wasting away of various tissues and organs in the body.

Atrophy can also occur as a result of natural aging processes, leading to decreased muscle mass and strength in older adults. In general, atrophy is characterized by a decrease in the volume or weight of an organ or tissue, which can have significant impacts on its function and overall health.

"Acinonyx" is a genus name that refers to a single species of big cat, the cheetah. The correct medical definition of "Acinonyx" is:

* Acinonyx jubatus: a large, slender wild cat that is known for its incredible speed and unique adaptations for running. It is the fastest land animal, capable of reaching speeds up to 60-70 miles per hour. The cheetah's body is built for speed, with long legs, a flexible spine, and a non-retractable claw that provides traction while running.

The cheetah's habitat ranges from the savannas of Africa to the deserts of Iran. It primarily hunts medium-sized ungulates, such as gazelles and wildebeest. The cheetah's population has been declining due to habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and illegal wildlife trade. Conservation efforts are underway to protect this iconic species and its habitat.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Anti-ulcer agents are a class of medications that are used to treat and prevent ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. These medications work by reducing the production of stomach acid, neutralizing stomach acid, or protecting the lining of the stomach and duodenum from damage caused by stomach acid.

There are several types of anti-ulcer agents, including:

1. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): These medications block the action of proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. PPIs include drugs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole.
2. H-2 receptor antagonists: These medications block the action of histamine on the H-2 receptors in the stomach, reducing the production of stomach acid. Examples include ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine.
3. Antacids: These medications neutralize stomach acid and provide quick relief from symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion. Common antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide.
4. Protective agents: These medications form a barrier between the stomach lining and stomach acid, protecting the lining from damage. Examples include sucralfate and misoprostol.

Anti-ulcer agents are used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is important to take these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as they can have side effects and interactions with other medications.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Gastric acid, also known as stomach acid, is a digestive fluid produced in the stomach. It's primarily composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). The pH of gastric acid is typically between 1.5 and 3.5, making it a strong acid that helps to break down food by denaturing proteins and activating digestive enzymes.

The production of gastric acid is regulated by the enteric nervous system and several hormones. The primary function of gastric acid is to initiate protein digestion, activate pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin, and kill most ingested microorganisms. However, an excess or deficiency in gastric acid secretion can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis, ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Amoxicillin is a type of antibiotic known as a penicillin. It works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form cell walls, which is necessary for their growth and survival. By disrupting this process, amoxicillin can kill bacteria and help to clear up infections.

Amoxicillin is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, ear infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. It is available as a tablet, capsule, chewable tablet, or liquid suspension, and is typically taken two to three times a day.

Like all antibiotics, amoxicillin should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, and it is important to take the full course of treatment as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which can make infections more difficult to treat in the future.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Omeprazole is defined as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric ulcers, and other conditions where reducing stomach acid is desired. It works by blocking the action of the proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. By inhibiting these pumps, omeprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, providing relief from symptoms such as heartburn and pain caused by excess stomach acid.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and oral suspension, and is typically taken once or twice a day, depending on the condition being treated. As with any medication, omeprazole should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully considered before use.

Duodenogastric reflux (DGR) is a medical condition in which the contents of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, flow backward into the stomach. This occurs when the pyloric sphincter, a muscle that separates the stomach and duodenum, fails to function properly, allowing the reflux of duodenal juice into the stomach.

Duodenogastric refluxate typically contains bile acids, digestive enzymes, and other stomach-irritating substances. Chronic DGR can lead to gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), ulcers, and other gastrointestinal complications. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and indigestion. Treatment usually involves medications that reduce acid production or neutralize stomach acid, as well as lifestyle modifications to minimize reflux triggers.

The gastric fundus is the upper, rounded portion of the stomach that lies above the level of the cardiac orifice and extends up to the left dome-shaped part of the diaphragm. It is the part of the stomach where food and liquids are first stored after entering through the esophagus. The gastric fundus contains parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen, a precursor to the digestive enzyme pepsin. It is also the site where the hormone ghrelin is produced, which stimulates appetite.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Endoscopy of the digestive system, also known as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, is a medical procedure that allows healthcare professionals to visually examine the inside lining of the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, called an endoscope. This procedure can help diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the digestive system, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer.

There are several types of endoscopy procedures that focus on different parts of the digestive tract:

1. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is often used to investigate symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, or bleeding in the upper GI tract.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure explores the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is commonly performed to screen for colon cancer, as well as to diagnose and treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, or polyps.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, this procedure examines the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum. It is often used as a screening tool for colon cancer and to investigate symptoms like rectal bleeding or changes in bowel habits.
4. Upper GI endoscopy: This procedure focuses on the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it. It is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as GERD, ulcers, and difficulty swallowing.
5. Capsule endoscopy: This procedure involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera that captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through. It can help diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.

Endoscopy is typically performed under sedation or anesthesia to ensure patient comfort during the procedure. The images captured by the endoscope are displayed on a monitor, allowing the healthcare provider to assess the condition of the digestive tract and make informed treatment decisions.

Gastroenterostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an anastomosis (a connection or junction) between the stomach and the small intestine, usually between the stomach's lesser curvature and the jejunum (the second part of the small intestine). This procedure is often performed to bypass a diseased or obstructed portion of the gastrointestinal tract, such as in the case of gastric ulcers, tumors, or other conditions that prevent normal digestion and absorption.

There are different types of gastroenterostomy procedures, including:
1. Billroth I (or "gastroduodenostomy"): The stomach is connected directly to the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
2. Billroth II (or "gastrojejunostomy"): The stomach is connected to the jejunum, bypassing the duodenum.
3. Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy: A more complex procedure in which a portion of the jejunum is separated and reconnected further down the small intestine, creating a Y-shaped configuration. This type of gastroenterostomy is often used in bariatric surgery for weight loss.

The choice of gastroenterostomy technique depends on the specific medical condition being treated and the patient's overall health status.

The Intrinsic Factor is a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach lining. It plays an essential role in the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the small intestine. After binding with vitamin B12, the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex moves through the digestive tract and gets absorbed in the ileum region of the small intestine. Deficiency in Intrinsic Factor can lead to Vitamin B12 deficiency disorders like pernicious anemia.

Gastric acidity determination is a medical test used to measure the amount of acid in the stomach. This test is often performed to diagnose or monitor conditions such as gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The test involves measuring the pH level of the stomach contents using a thin, flexible tube called a catheter that is passed through the nose and down into the stomach. In some cases, a small sample of stomach fluid may also be collected for further testing.

The normal range for gastric acidity is typically considered to be a pH level below 4. A higher pH level may indicate that the stomach is producing too little acid, while a lower pH level may suggest that it is producing too much. Based on the results of the test, healthcare providers can develop an appropriate treatment plan for the underlying condition causing abnormal gastric acidity.

Bismuth is a heavy, brittle, white metallic element (symbol: Bi; atomic number: 83) that is found in various minerals and is used in several industrial, medical, and household products. In medicine, bismuth compounds are commonly used as antidiarrheal and anti-ulcer agents due to their antibacterial properties. They can be found in medications like Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate. It's important to note that bismuth itself is not used medically, but its compounds have medical applications.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Thymectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the thymus gland. The thymus gland is a part of the immune system located in the upper chest, behind the sternum (breastbone), and above the heart. It is responsible for producing white blood cells called T-lymphocytes, which help fight infections.

Thymectomy is often performed as a treatment option for patients with certain medical conditions, such as:

* Myasthenia gravis: an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue. In some cases, the thymus gland may contain abnormal cells that contribute to the development of myasthenia gravis. Removing the thymus gland can help improve symptoms in some patients with this condition.
* Thymomas: tumors that develop in the thymus gland. While most thymomas are benign (non-cancerous), some can be malignant (cancerous) and may require surgical removal.
* Myasthenic syndrome: a group of disorders characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, similar to myasthenia gravis. In some cases, the thymus gland may be abnormal and contribute to the development of these conditions. Removing the thymus gland can help improve symptoms in some patients.

Thymectomy can be performed using various surgical approaches, including open surgery (through a large incision in the chest), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS, using small incisions and a camera to guide the procedure), or robotic-assisted surgery (using a robot to perform the procedure through small incisions). The choice of surgical approach depends on several factors, including the size and location of the thymus gland, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise.

Campylobacter infections are illnesses caused by the bacterium *Campylobacter jejuni* or other species of the genus *Campylobacter*. These bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of animals, particularly birds, and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.

The most common symptom of Campylobacter infection is diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe and may be bloody. Other symptoms may include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The illness usually lasts about a week, but in some cases, it can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Campylobacter infections are typically treated with antibiotics, but in mild cases, they may resolve on their own without treatment. Prevention measures include cooking meat thoroughly, washing hands and surfaces that come into contact with raw meat, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and untreated water, and handling pets, particularly birds and reptiles, with care.

Esophagitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the esophageal lining, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This inflammation can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, heartburn, and acid reflux.

Esophagitis can be caused by various factors, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), infection, allergies, medications, and chronic vomiting. Prolonged exposure to stomach acid can also cause esophagitis, leading to a condition called reflux esophagitis.

If left untreated, esophagitis can lead to complications such as strictures, ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Treatment for esophagitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and protecting the esophageal lining to promote healing.

Antacids are a type of medication that is used to neutralize stomach acid and provide rapid relief from symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach discomfort. They work by chemically reacting with the stomach acid to reduce its acidity. Antacids may contain one or more active ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.

Antacids are available over-the-counter in various forms, such as tablets, chewable tablets, liquids, and powders. They can provide quick relief from acid reflux and related symptoms; however, they may not be effective for treating the underlying cause of these symptoms. Therefore, if you experience frequent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Lymphocytosis is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the peripheral blood. A normal lymphocyte count ranges from 1,000 to 4,800 cells per microliter (μL) of blood in adults. Lymphocytosis is typically defined as a lymphocyte count greater than 4,800 cells/μL in adults or higher than age-specific normal values in children.

There are various causes of lymphocytosis, including viral infections (such as mononucleosis), bacterial infections, tuberculosis, fungal infections, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, allergies, and certain cancers like chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. It is essential to investigate the underlying cause of lymphocytosis through a thorough clinical evaluation, medical history, physical examination, and appropriate diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, imaging studies, or biopsies.

It's important to note that an isolated episode of mild lymphocytosis is often not clinically significant and may resolve on its own without any specific treatment. However, persistent or severe lymphocytosis requires further evaluation and management based on the underlying cause.

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Common gastrointestinal diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the retrograde movement of stomach contents into the esophagus, which can cause discomfort and symptoms. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach) relaxes inappropriately, allowing the acidic or non-acidic gastric contents to flow back into the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal reflux becomes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) when it is more severe, persistent, and/or results in complications such as esophagitis, strictures, or Barrett's esophagus. Common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and chronic cough or hoarseness.

Gastrin-secreting cells, also known as G cells, are endocrine cells that produce and release the hormone gastrin. These cells are primarily located in the antrum of the stomach, but they can also be found in the duodenum and pancreas. Gastrin stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells in the stomach, which aids in digestion by breaking down proteins and activating other digestive enzymes.

Gastrin secretion is regulated by several factors, including the presence of food in the stomach, particularly protein-rich foods, and the hormone gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which is released from the small intestine in response to nutrient absorption. Gastrin also plays a role in regulating gastric motility and mucosal growth.

Abnormalities in gastrin-secreting cells can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which is characterized by excessive gastrin production and severe gastric acid hypersecretion, leading to peptic ulcers and other digestive complications.

Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) is an inherited form of atrophic gastritis characterized by an immune response ... Type B gastritis primarily affects the antrum, and is more common with H. pylori infection. Some people with atrophic gastritis ... Those with autoimmune atrophic gastritis (Type A gastritis) are statistically more likely to develop gastric carcinoma, ... "Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis: Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease: Merck Manual Professional". MSD Manual ...
Atrophic gastritis can also cause intrinsic factor deficiency and anemia through damage to the parietal cells of the stomach ... Neumann WL, Coss E, Rugge M, Genta RM (2013). "Autoimmune atrophic gastritis--pathogenesis, pathology and management". (review ... Coati I, Fassan M, Farinati F, Graham DY, Genta RM, Rugge M (Nov 2015). "Autoimmune gastritis: Pathologist's viewpoint". ( ...
Atrophic gastritis is often a precursor to gastric cancer. Although the exact role of Helicobacter pylori infection in PA ... The diagnosis of atrophic gastritis type A should be confirmed by gastroscopy and stepwise biopsy. About 90% of individuals ... Autoimmune atrophic gastritis, is localised to the body of the stomach, where parietal cells are located. Antibodies to ... PA may be considered as an end stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis, a disease characterised by stomach atrophy and the ...
Pernicious anemia - can be autoimmune, due to atrophic gastritis. Heartburn is common during pregnancy having been reported in ...
A symptom of atrophic gastritis or of stomach cancer. Radiation therapy involving the stomach. Gastric bypass procedures such ... Atrophic gastritis Fundic gland polyposis Hyperchlorhydria Isopropamide Kohli, Divyanshoo R., Jennifer Lee, and Timothy R. Koch ... Treatment of gastritis that leads to pernicious anemia consists of parenteral vitamin B-12 injection. Associated immune- ... Comorbidities Autoimmune disorders are also linked to advancing age, specifically autoimmune gastritis, which is when the body ...
Any disruption that leads to the loss of parietal cells can lead to malabsorption, and includes atrophic gastritis, a condition ... Green TJ, Venn BJ, Skeaff CM, Williams SM (February 2005). "Serum vitamin B12 concentrations and atrophic gastritis in older ... Causes are usually related to conditions that give rise to malabsorption of vitamin B12 particularly autoimmune gastritis in ...
"Atrophic gastritis during long-term omeprazole therapy affects serum vitamin B12 levels". Alimentary Pharmacology and ...
Wallace died at home in Crawfordsville, on February 15, 1905, of atrophic gastritis. He was seventy-seven years old. Wallace is ... Deaths from gastritis, Governors of New Mexico Territory, Indiana lawyers, Republican Party Indiana state senators, Lincoln ...
... "mRNA expression of EGF receptor ligands in atrophic gastritis before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication". Medical ...
Pepsinogen levels in serum may serve as a biomarker for atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Correlation of serum pepsinogens and gastrin-17 with atrophic gastritis in gastroesophageal reflux patients: a matched-pairs ...
In addition, dogs with Lundehund Syndrome are predisposed to chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric neoplasms. A major issue ...
... atrophic gastritis) and are progressively replaced by mucous glands. Gastric ulcers may develop; it is unclear if they are the ... He described chronic gastritis as "Gastritide" and erroneously believed that gastritis was the cause of ascites, typhoid fever ... "Gastritis: Things you can do to ease gastritis". National Health Service. 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2021-08-29. Vakil, Nimish ( ... "Gastritis Symptoms". eMedicineHealth. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2008-11-18. "Gastritis". ...
People infected at an early age are likely to develop more intense inflammation that may be followed by atrophic gastritis with ... June 2006). "The complete genome sequence of a chronic atrophic gastritis Helicobacter pylori strain: evolution during disease ... H. pylori has been shown to increase the levels of COX2 in H. pylori positive gastritis. Chronic gastritis is likely to ... pylori with gastritis and, to a lesser extent, ulcers. To demonstrate H. pylori caused gastritis and was not merely a bystander ...
Other risk factors include diabetes, pernicious anemia, chronic atrophic gastritis, Menetrier's disease (hyperplastic, ... "Gastric Cancer Pre-Stage Detection and Early Diagnosis of Gastritis Using Serum Protein Signatures". Molecules. 27 (9): 2857. ...
When gastritis persists in a chronic state, it is associated with several diseases, including atrophic gastritis, pyloric ... Inflammation of the stomach by infection from any cause is called gastritis, and when including other parts of the ... Several GI diseases, especially those associated with malabsorption, can cause recurrent mouth ulcers, atrophic glossitis, and ...
He was the first person to give an accurate description of pernicious anaemia and to recognise that atrophic gastritis was a ... a description of atrophic gastritis, which is a distinctive feature of pernicious anaemia, and preceded Dr Thomas Addison's ... Combe's was the first accurate description and the first to link it to atrophic gastritis. In 1828 Combe published a paper in ...
In pernicious anemia, there is a lack of IF due to autoimmune atrophic gastritis, in which antibodies form against parietal ... Vitamin B12 deficiency is most commonly caused by malabsorption, but can also result from low intake, immune gastritis, low ...
Epidemiological studies have shown roles of cagA- positive H. pylori in the development of atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer ...
... atrophic gastritis. Autoimmunity is the main complication in people with CVID, appearing in some form in up to 50% of ...
A lack of intrinsic factor may arise from an autoimmune condition targeting the parietal cells (atrophic gastritis) that ...
... which are used to aid diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and atrophic gastritis from a blood sample. They are also ...
More serious side effects may include severe allergic reactions, a type of chronic inflammation known as atrophic gastritis, ...
... a late clinical stage of atrophic gastritis. In 1993, a more complete investigation on the stomach and thyroid was published, ... A large number of studies have indicated that most cases of peptic ulcers, and gastritis, in humans are caused by Helicobacter ... Thyrogastric syndrome This syndrome defines the association between thyroid disease and chronic gastritis, which was first ...
Gastric cancer develops within areas (field defects) of the stomach with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia: these ...
Atrophic gastritis, particularly in the elderly, will cause an inability to absorb B12 and can lead to deficiencies such as ...
The most common cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency is deficiency of the intrinsic factor (IF) usually due to atrophic gastritis, ...
... patients found to have atrophic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia, as well as first-degree relatives of patients with gastric ... Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols is a standard name for all treatment protocols for peptic ulcers and gastritis in the ... This treatment effectively cured his gastritis and eliminated the H. pylori infection. This is not the current eradication ... Barry Marshall treated his own gastritis, which developed following intentional ingestion of H. pylori culture. He used bismuth ...
... gastritis MeSH C06.405.205.697.394 - gastritis, atrophic MeSH C06.405.205.697.410 - gastritis, hypertrophic MeSH C06.405. ... gastritis MeSH C06.405.748.398.394 - gastritis, atrophic MeSH C06.405.748.398.410 - gastritis, hypertrophic MeSH C06.405. ...
... leukoplakia proliferative verrucous leukoplakia stomatitis nicotina Barrett's esophagus atrophic gastritis colon polyp Plummer- ...
His team found that cagA+ strains induced enhanced host responses, development of atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, and ...
Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) is an inherited form of atrophic gastritis characterized by an immune response ... Type B gastritis primarily affects the antrum, and is more common with H. pylori infection. Some people with atrophic gastritis ... Those with autoimmune atrophic gastritis (Type A gastritis) are statistically more likely to develop gastric carcinoma, ... "Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis: Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease: Merck Manual Professional". MSD Manual ...
... with a primary focus on atrophic gastritis due to chronic H. pylori infection. ... AGA issues new best practice advice on the diagnosis and management of atrophic gastritis, ... AGA issues new best practice advice on the diagnosis and management of atrophic gastritis, with a primary focus on atrophic ... Atrophic gastritis is defined as the loss of gastric glands, with or without metaplasia, in the setting of chronic inflammation ...
Discover the efficacy of the GastroPanel Blood kit in diagnosing and scoring gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori ... Assessing GastroPanel serum markers as a non-invasive method for the diagnosis of atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori ... Gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric disorders, including atrophic gastritis which can be ... Sipponen, P, Suovaniemi, O, Harkonen, M. and Palohei- mo, L.I. (2002) Diagnosis of atrophic gastritis from a serum sample. ...
Publication bias of the GastroPanel studies for atrophic gastritis of the antrum (AGA) and atrophic gastritis of the corpus ( ... Diagnosis of atrophic gastritis in the general population based on a combination of three non-invasive tests. Gut 51(suppl 11 ... Prevalence of atrophic gastritis in dyspeptic patients in Piedmont. A survey using the GastroPanel test. Clin Chem Lab Med 48: ... Prevalence of atrophic gastritis in different populations in Siberia on medical evidence of the serological survey. Klin Med ( ...
Atrophy of the gastric mucosa is the endpoint of chronic processes, such as chronic gastritis associated with He... ... Atrophic gastritis is a histopathologic entity characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa with loss of gastric ... associated atrophic gastritis or autoimmune atrophic gastritis or autoimmune atrophic gastritis carry an increased risk of ... Autoimmune atrophic gastritis. The development of chronic atrophic gastritis limited to corpus-fundus mucosa and marked diffuse ...
Lahner_Atrophic-Body-Gastritis_2017.pdf accesso aperto. Note: https://www.emjreviews.com/atrophic-body-gastritis-clinical- ... multifocal atrophic gastritis. In contrast with the classical perception of a silent condition, patients with atrophic body ... multifocal atrophic gastritis. In contrast with the classical perception of a silent condition, patients with atrophic body ... Atrophic body gastritis. clinical presentation, diagnosis, and outcome. Lahner Edith;Carabotti Marilia;Annibale Bruno 2017. ...
5.2 Atrophic Gastritis Atrophic gastritis has been noted occasionally in gastric corpus biopsies from patients treated long- ... 5.2 Atrophic Gastritis 5.3 Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea 5.4 Interaction with Clopidogrel 5.5 Bone Fracture 5.6 ... Atrophic gastritis has been noted with long-term omeprazole therapy (5.2) *PPI therapy may be associated with increased risk of ... Chronic (lasting a long time) inflammation of the stomach lining (Atrophic Gastritis). Using esomeprazole strontium for a long ...
... doi: 10.11847/zgggws2017-33-07-20 * ... Adamu MA,Weck MN,Gao L,et al.Incidence of chronic atrophic gastritis:systematic review and meta-analysis of follow-up studies[J ... Adamu MA,Weck MN,Rothenbacher D,et al.Incidence and risk factors for the development of chronic atrophic gastritis:five year ... WANG Nuan-feng, CHU Hai-kun, HUANG Shu-min.et al, . Clinical characteristics of chronic atrophic gastritis patients in ...
Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD ... read more and Overview of Gastritis Overview of Gastritis Gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa caused by any of ... The areas of atrophic gastritis in the body and fundus may manifest as metaplasia. Patients with AMAG have a 3-fold increased ... Patients with atrophic gastritis and gastric intestinal metaplasia who have an increased risk of gastric cancer may elect to ...
... Zullo A.;Germana B.;Galliani E ... Conclusion: The very high NPV of EndoFaster® might allow to safely rule out presence of atrophic gastritis, reducing the need ... Conclusion: The very high NPV of EndoFaster® might allow to safely rule out presence of atrophic gastritis, reducing the need ... Background: In patients with atrophic gastritis involving gastric body mucosa the pH value of gastric juice is distinctly ...
Learn about Atrophic Gastritis, its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, treatments, and home remedies in this ... Symptoms of Atrophic Gastritis. Atrophic Gastritis - Symptoms. Atrophic gastritis is a condition that occurs when the lining of ... Diagnosis of Atrophic Gastritis. Atrophic Gastritis - Diagnosis. Atrophic gastritis is a condition that occurs when the lining ... Types of Atrophic Gastritis. There are two main types of atrophic gastritis: autoimmune and non-autoimmune. Autoimmune atrophic ...
Two Cases of White Globe Appearance in Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis. Masaya Iwamuro , Takehiro Tanaka , ... , Hiroyuki Okada ...
Alcohol consumption and chronic atrophic gastritis: Population-based study among 9,444 older adults from Germany. / Gao, Lei; ... Gao L, Weck MN, Stegmaier C, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Alcohol consumption and chronic atrophic gastritis: Population-based ... Gao, L., Weck, M. N., Stegmaier, C., Rothenbacher, D., & Brenner, H. (2009). Alcohol consumption and chronic atrophic gastritis ... Gao, L, Weck, MN, Stegmaier, C, Rothenbacher, D & Brenner, H 2009, Alcohol consumption and chronic atrophic gastritis: ...
Weakened stomach lining (atrophic gastritis). *An autoimmune condition in which the bodys immune system attacks the actual ...
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis--pathogenesis, pathology and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Sep. 10(9):529-41. [ ... Gao L, Weck MN, Stegmaier C, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Alcohol consumption and chronic atrophic gastritis: population-based ... Analysis of whole genomic expression profiles of Helicobacter pylori related chronic atrophic gastritis with IL-1B-31CC/-511TT ... Weck MN, Gao L, Brenner H. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis: associations according to severity of ...
... less serious conditions such as gastritis and peptic ... ... Atrophic Gastritis. Atrophic gastritis is a common disorder in ... Atrophic gastritis is known to be a risk factor for stomach cancer and can be identified through endoscopy. ... less serious conditions such as gastritis and peptic ulcers. ... Gastritis - this is inflammation of the stomach lining. ...
This form of gastric carcinoma is more likely to involve the distal stomach and to occur in patients with atrophic gastritis ( ... and focal gastritis. Malignant stromal tumors may also cause confusion. Although linitis plastica is usually caused by gastric ...
Gastritis, Atrophic / drug therapy * Gastritis, Atrophic / immunology * Gastritis, Atrophic / microbiology* * Gastritis, ... At pretreatment and 4-6 weeks and on average 1 year after eradication therapy, the degree of gastritis and the status of H. ... Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastritis in relation to cagA: a prospective 1-year follow-up study ... Pretreatment degrees of gastritis activity, superficial epithelial damage, IM, and atrophy were significantly greater in ...
59 for chronic gastritis, 100 per 263 for atrophic gastritis, 129 for intestinal metaplasia and 263 for those with dysplasia [ ... Rustgi, S.D.; Ching, C.K.; Kastrinos, F.; Park, Y.H.; Kim, N. Review of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia as a ... In the case of PGL, possible outcomes based on mucosal histology findings may include chronic atrophic gastritis with or ... In China, studies showed atrophic gastritis to have a prevalence of 25.8%, with 17.7% endoscopically diagnosed, resulting in ...
Preliminary questions [24718] 24719 there is some evidence that chronic atrophic gastritis may be a factor in the development ... Chronic atrophic gastritis Factor Last reviewed for CCPS 16 July 2003. ... 24721 the veteran suffered from chronic atrophic gastritis where the chronic atrophic gastritis commenced at least five years ... the veteran suffered from chronic atrophic gastritis where the chronic atrophic gastritis commenced at least 15 years before ...
Smoking history was a risk factor for the prevalence of SGCs in patients with ESD for EGCs, and severe atrophic gastritis ... In the stratified analysis, severe atrophic gastritis assessed by pepsinogen was a risk factor in patients without Helicobacter ... In multivariate analysis, smoking history (odds ratio [OR], 1.93; p = 0.048) and severe atrophic gastritis assessed by ... Smoking history and severe atrophic gastritis assessed by pepsinogen are risk factors for the prevalence of synchronous gastric ...
Atrophic Gastritis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment. Medically reviewed by Justin Choi, MD. Atrophic gastritis is an inflammation ... Chronic Gastritis. Chronic gastritis occurs when your stomach lining becomes swollen or inflamed. Learn more about its causes ...
Diagnosing and Managing Atrophic Gastritis: Expert Review Related Conditions & Procedures. * Helicobacter pylori Infection ...
Chronic atrophic gastritis. *Eating large amounts of salted, smoked or pickled foods ...
What is atrophic gastritis? Atrophic Gastritis, characterized by chronic inflammation and thinning of the stomach mucus ... Atrophic Gastritis. Dr. Swati MD July 22, 2016 Diseases and Conditions, Vitamins No Comments ...
Atrophic gastritis, especially pernicious anemia. *Removal of part of the small intestine or part or all of the stomach ...
atrophic gastritis to gastric cancer; tangle, toggle, tackle with Korea red ginseng. J. Clin Biochem Nutr. 2010; 46(3): 195-204 ...
relationship to Atrophic Gastritis "Edema may be due to low levels of circulating proteins from poor protein digestion." ...
Atrophic Gastritis without Mention of Hemorrhage * Barretts Esophagus * Biliary Tract Disorders * Cholangitis ...
But atrophic gastritis is absent, so achlorhydria, parietal cell antibodies or IF antibodies are absent. Intrinsic factor ... When this process is disrupted by conditions like atrophic gastritis, celiac disease, small bowel resection etc, B12 deficiency ... cell mass in atrophic gastritis". Gut. 13 (5): 349-51. doi:10.1136/gut.13.5.349. PMC 1412218. PMID 5036089.. CS1 maint: ... ATPase are concordantly targeted by parietal cell autoantibodies associated with autoimmune gastritis". Autoimmunity. 16 (4): ...
  • Gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric disorders, including atrophic gastritis which can be diagnosed based on levels of serum biomarkers like Gastrin and Pepsinogen. (scirp.org)
  • We therefore examined the efficacy of a serological-based method namely GastroPanel Blood kit, in diagnosing and scoring gastritis associated to Helicobacter pylori infection. (scirp.org)
  • Kokkola, A., Rautelin, H. and Puolakkainen, P. (1998) Positive result in serology indicates active Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with atrophic gastritis. (scirp.org)
  • 2005) Invasive and non invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori-associated atrophic gastritis: A comparative study. (scirp.org)
  • Atrophic gastritis (AG) and its causative etiological agent Helicobacter pylori (HP) are well-established precursors of non-cardiac GC ( 6 - 9 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Atrophy of the gastric mucosa is the endpoint of chronic processes, such as chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, other unidentified environmental factors, and autoimmunity directed against gastric glandular cells. (medscape.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori chronic active gastritis (Genta stain, 20X). (medscape.com)
  • This pattern of atrophy is observed both in Helicobacter pylori-associated atrophic gastritis and autoimmune gastritis. (medscape.com)
  • Schematic representation of Helicobacter pylori-associated patterns of gastritis. (medscape.com)
  • Patterns of atrophic gastritis associated with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune gastritis. (medscape.com)
  • To date, no universally accepted criteria are available to define autoimmune gastritis and to distinguish this clinical entity from chronic, Helicobacter pylori-driven, multifocal atrophic gastritis. (uniroma1.it)
  • Helicobacter pylori Infection Helicobacter pylori is a common gastric pathogen that causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and low-grade gastric lymphoma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Moderate alcohol consumption has been suggested to facilitate elimination of Helicobacter pylori infection which is a key risk factor for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and gastric cancer. (nebraska.edu)
  • Gao L, Weck MN, Nieters A, Brenner H. Inverse association between a pro-inflammatory genetic profile and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity among patients with chronic atrophic gastritis: enhanced elimination of the infection during disease progression? (medscape.com)
  • Analysis of whole genomic expression profiles of Helicobacter pylori related chronic atrophic gastritis with IL-1B-31CC/-511TT genotypes. (medscape.com)
  • Background and study aims The aim of this study was to elucidate the differences in image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) findings between Helicobacter - pylori -associated and autoimmune gastritis. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Helicobacter - pylori -associated gastritis and autoimmune gastritis are two major types of chronic atrophic gastritis [ 1 ]. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori Infection Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) infection is a bacterial infection that causes stomach inflammation ( gastritis), peptic ulcer disease, and certain types of stomach cancer. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Infectious gastritis not caused by Helicobacter pylori is rare. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The purpose of this Clinical Practice Update Expert Review is to provide clinicians with guidance on the diagnosis and management of atrophic gastritis, a common preneoplastic condition of the stomach, with a primary focus on atrophic gastritis due to chronic Helicobacter pylori infection-the most common. (bvsalud.org)
  • Type A gastritis primarily affects the fundus (body) of the stomach and is more common with pernicious anemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although autoimmune atrophic gastritis impairs iron and vitamin B12 absorption, iron deficiency is detected at a younger age than pernicious anemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Individuals with autoimmune gastritis may develop pernicious anemia because of extensive loss of parietal cell mass and anti-intrinsic factor antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • A frequent clinical presentation of atrophic body gastritis is pernicious anaemia, considered an autoimmune condition, arising from vitamin B12 malabsorption as a consequence of intrinsic factor deficiency. (uniroma1.it)
  • Explain how pernicious anemia may develop from chronic gastritis. (brainmass.com)
  • Involvement of the corpus, fundus, and gastric antrum, with progressive development of gastric atrophy as a result of loss of gastric glands and partial replacement of gastric glands by intestinal-type epithelium, or intestinal metaplasia (represented by the blue areas in the diagram) characterize multifocal atrophic gastritis. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with gland atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia distributed multifocally, including to the lesser curvature of the corpus and fundus, have a phenotype called multifocal atrophic gastritis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Risk of gastric adenocarcinoma is higher among patients who have multifocal atrophic gastritis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Atrophic gastritis is defined as the loss of gastric glands, with or without metaplasia, in the setting of chronic inflammation mainly due to H. pylori infection or autoimmunity. (gastro.org)
  • Be aware that the presence of intestinal metaplasia on gastric histology almost invariably implies the diagnosis of atrophic gastritis. (gastro.org)
  • Recognize typical endoscopic subtle features of atrophic gastritis, which include pale appearance of gastric mucosa, increased visibility of vasculature due to thinning of the gastric mucosa, and loss of gastric folds, and, if with concomitant intestinal metaplasia, light blue crests and white opaque fields. (gastro.org)
  • The areas of atrophic gastritis in the body and fundus may manifest as metaplasia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 0.001), but only patients with H. pylori -associated gastritis showed a higher grade of intestinal metaplasia ( P = 0.022). (thieme-connect.com)
  • It can cause stomach conditions such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia that can later form cancerous lesions. (medicinenet.com)
  • Nonerosive gastritis is characterized by changes in the stomach lining that range from wasting away (atrophy) of the stomach lining to transformation of stomach tissue into another type of intestinal tissue (metaplasia). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Gastric cancer is the fourth commonest ently reported that H. pylori eradication were subjected to routine history and malignant disorder and the second com- can lead to a regression of acute gastritis clinical examination, fol owed by an monest cause of cancer-related death and intestinal metaplasia, and that such upper gastrointestinal endoscopic ex- worldwide [1]. (who.int)
  • 95% CI: 1.4-7.5), as well as high salt intake, family history of gastric cancer, gastric ulcer and histological atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia of body were associated with higher risk of gastric cancer. (who.int)
  • The 2 main causes of atrophic gastritis result in distinct topographic types of gastritis, which can be distinguished histologically. (medscape.com)
  • Discrimination of these two types of gastritis is important to understand the risk of different diseases that may develop in patients with atrophic gastritis. (thieme-connect.com)
  • There are 2 main types of gastritis in dogs. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • Type B gastritis primarily affects the antrum, and is more common with H. pylori infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Environmental metaplastic atrophic gastritis (EMAG) is due to environmental factors, such as diet and H. pylori infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • AGA issues new best practice advice on the diagnosis and management of atrophic gastritis, with a primary focus on atrophic gastritis due to chronic H. pylori infection. (gastro.org)
  • These results suggest that diagnosis of atrophic gastritis and H. pylori infection obtained with an optional serological method (GastroPanel) is in a strong agreement with the biopsy findings, and thus can be a useful non endoscopic assessment of stomach mucosal atrophy in patients with dyspepsia. (scirp.org)
  • 2 Clearly, the sooner the H. pylori infection is detected and eradicated the better, but if H. pylori infection and chronic gastritis are not detected until after endoscopy has been performed and biopsy samples taken it is still worthwhile treating the infection. (ueg.eu)
  • A proportion of the population acquired H. pylori infection and became ill with gastritis, duodenal ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis, or gastric cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa of the stomach, leading to a loss of gastric glandular cells and their eventual replacement by intestinal and fibrous tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atrophic gastritis is a histopathologic entity characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa with loss of gastric glandular cells and replacement by intestinal-type epithelium, pyloric-type glands, and fibrous tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Inflammation mostly limited to the antrum characterizes antral-predominant gastritis. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic atrophic gastritis , inflammation of your stomach lining over a long time. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Gastritis means inflammation of the gastrointestinal lining. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • In addition, chronic diagnostic test for follow-up of patients cy and for biochemical determination inflammation associated with the infec- with H. pylori gastritis and were able of tissue COX-2 activity using COX tion leads to damage in proteins, the to predict the risk of development of Activity Assay Kit (Cayman Chemical production of reactive oxygen species stomach cancer. (who.int)
  • We advise a coordinated effort between gastroenterologists and pathologists to improve the consistency of documenting the extent and severity of atrophic gastritis, particularly if marked atrophy is present. (gastro.org)
  • Atrophic body gastritis is a chronic disorder characterised by atrophy of the oxyntic glands leading to reduced gastric acid and intrinsic factor secretion. (uniroma1.it)
  • The classical endoscopic findings for autoimmune gastritis are corpus mucosal atrophy and minimal mucosal change in the antrum. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Recent research has shown that autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) is a result of the immune system attacking the parietal cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) is an inherited form of atrophic gastritis characterized by an immune response directed toward parietal cells and intrinsic factor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis is an inherited autoimmune disease that attacks parietal cells, resulting in hypochlorhydria and decreased production of intrinsic factor. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients with autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) have antibodies to parietal cells and their components (which include intrinsic factor and the proton pump H + ,K + -ATPase). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Regardless of the etiology, the diagnosis of atrophic gastritis should be confirmed by histopathology. (gastro.org)
  • A Panel of Serum Biomarkers (GastroPanel®) in Non-invasive Diagnosis of Atrophic Gastritis. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies on GP in diagnosis of atrophic gastritis (AG). (iiarjournals.org)
  • The timely diagnosis of atrophic body gastritis is important, as this condition puts patients at an increased risk of gastric cancer and other Type 1 carcinoids that may lead to micronutrient deficiencies crucial for erythropoiesis. (uniroma1.it)
  • Szabo IL, Cseko K, Czimmer J, Mozsik G. Diagnosis of gastritis - Review from early pathological evaluation to present day management. (medscape.com)
  • Sepulveda AR, Patil M. Practical approach to the pathologic diagnosis of gastritis. (medscape.com)
  • 80 % micromucosal pattern had sensitivity of 71 % (95 % CI: 29 %-96 %) and specificity of 100 % (95 % CI: 88 % to 100 %) for diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis. (thieme-connect.com)
  • In atrophic body gastritis, the presence of parietal cells and/or intrinsic factor autoantibodies, and autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease or Type 1 diabetes mellitus, are often observed. (uniroma1.it)
  • Weck published a study supporting their hypothesis that the association between H pylori and chronic atrophic gastritis was greatly underestimated due to clearance of the infection in advanced stages of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Atrophic gastritis is an autoimmune gastropathy in which there is destruction of gastric parietal cells. (ima.org.il)
  • In contrast with the classical perception of a silent condition, patients with atrophic body gastritis may complain of a spectrum of gastrointestinal symptoms, ranging from dyspepsia as early satiety, postprandial fullness, and epigastric pain, to gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms such as regurgitation and heartburn. (uniroma1.it)
  • There are several symptoms of stomach cancer but these symptoms are also experienced when folk have other, less serious conditions such as gastritis and peptic ulcers. (selfgrowth.com)
  • But if your dog has any symptoms for longer than a week, it could be chronic gastritis or a sign of other illnesses. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • In addition, many patients and some clinicians use the term 'chronic gastritis' to describe symptoms, mostly those of dyspepsia. (ueg.eu)
  • When symptoms of gastritis do occur, they include abdominal pain or discomfort and sometimes nausea or vomiting. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Symptomatic patients are mostly females and signs of atrophic gastritis are those associated with iron deficiency: fatigue, restless legs syndrome, brittle nails, hair loss, impaired immune function, and impaired wound healing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Supplementation of folic acid in deficient patients can improve the histopathological findings of chronic atrophic gastritis and reduce the incidence of gastric cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 1 ] Patients with chronic atrophic gastritis develop low gastric acid output and hypergastrinemia, which may lead to enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical characteristics of chronic atrophic gastritis patients in Heilongjiang province[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2017, 33(7): 1109-1111. (zgggws.com)
  • Background: In patients with atrophic gastritis involving gastric body mucosa the pH value of gastric juice is distinctly increased, so that pH assessment would allow predict this precancerous lesion. (unipg.it)
  • This form of gastric carcinoma is more likely to involve the distal stomach and to occur in patients with atrophic gastritis (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Smoking history and severe atrophic gastritis assessed by pepsinogen are risk factors for the prevalence of synchronous gastric cancers in patients with gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients and methods Seven H. pylori -naïve, 21 patients with H. pylori -associated gastritis and seven with autoimmune gastritis were enrolled. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Results Fifteen of 21 (71 %) H. pylori -associated gastritis patients exhibited medium-to-large atrophic mucosa at the corpus lesser curvature. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Here we address these mistakes and some of the others that are frequently made when managing patients with chronic gastritis. (ueg.eu)
  • The study participants comprised 20 patients with gastric carcinoma, 20 patients with positive H. pylori - associated gastritis and 20 individuals as the control group. (who.int)
  • L'étude portait sur 20 patients atteints d'un carcinome gastrique, 20 patients souffrant d'une gastrite à H. pylori et 20 personnes en tant que groupe témoin. (who.int)
  • Des échantillons de muqueuse ont été prélevés grâce à une biopsie antrale sur 136 patients dyspeptiques consécutifs pour lesquels un diagnostic d'ulcère gastro-duodénal avait été établi par endoscopie à l'hôpital général de Bassora (Basra) en Iraq. (who.int)
  • H pylori- associated atrophic gastritis is usually a multifocal process that involves both the antrum and oxyntic mucosa of the gastric corpus and fundus, whereas autoimmune gastritis essentially is restricted to the gastric corpus and fundus. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic gastritis is a common condition that occurs when an inflammatory infiltrate is present in the gastric mucosa. (ueg.eu)
  • Those with autoimmune atrophic gastritis (Type A gastritis) are statistically more likely to develop gastric carcinoma, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and achlorhydria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Individuals who develop gastric carcinoma and gastric ulcers usually present with this pattern of gastritis. (medscape.com)
  • Individuals with peptic ulcers usually develop this pattern of gastritis, and it is the most frequent pattern in Western countries. (medscape.com)
  • Although the inflammatory infiltrate itself may not cause a disease per se, in some cases gastritis will evolve into atrophic gastritis, ulcers or gastric cancer. (ueg.eu)
  • Some people with atrophic gastritis may be asymptomatic. (wikipedia.org)
  • H pylori- associated atrophic gastritis is frequently asymptomatic, but individuals with this disease are at increased risk of developing gastric carcinoma, which may decrease following H pylori eradication. (medscape.com)
  • When this process is disrupted by conditions like atrophic gastritis, celiac disease, small bowel resection etc, B12 deficiency ensues. (wikidoc.org)
  • We describe a 51-year-old man with atrophic gastritis, severe B12 deficiency and hyperhomocystein-emia. (ima.org.il)
  • See if vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is present after a person has been diagnosed with atrophic gastritis . (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Acute gastritis in dogs is the most common. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • However, even if your dog is out of sorts and gastritis lasts for a week, it's still known as acute gastritis. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • He may end up eating molds, fungi, spoiled or raw food, leftovers, cat litter, or other things that can lead to acute gastritis. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • If your dog has acute gastritis, he should recover within a day or so. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • Acute gastritis in dogs passes quickly so usually no treatment is needed. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • Erosive gastritis typically develops suddenly (called acute erosive gastritis) but may develop slowly (called chronic erosive gastritis), usually in people who are otherwise healthy. (merckmanuals.com)
  • 24722 - the veteran has established the causal connection between the chronic atrophic gastritis and VEA service for the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the stomach. (dva.gov.au)
  • 24721 the veteran suffered from chronic atrophic gastritis where the chronic atrophic gastritis commenced at least five years before the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the stomach. (dva.gov.au)
  • Atrophic gastritis is known to be a risk factor for stomach cancer and can be identified through endoscopy. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Adamu MA,Weck MN,Rothenbacher D,et al.Incidence and risk factors for the development of chronic atrophic gastritis:five year follow-up of a population-based cohort study[J].International Journal of Cancer,2011,128(7):1652-1658. (zgggws.com)
  • Adamu MA,Weck MN,Gao L,et al.Incidence of chronic atrophic gastritis:systematic review and meta-analysis of follow-up studies[J].European Journal of Epidemiology,2010,25(7):439-448. (zgggws.com)
  • Dyspepsia is a symptom that affects a large part of the general population, and it can be caused by numerous diverse conditions, including chronic gastritis. (ueg.eu)
  • International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. (medscape.com)
  • At pretreatment and 4-6 weeks and on average 1 year after eradication therapy, the degree of gastritis and the status of H. pylori were assessed by culture and histopathology. (nih.gov)
  • Erosive gastritis is more severe than nonerosive gastritis. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Erosive gastritis is commonly caused by alcohol, stress resulting from severe illness, and irritants such as medications, especially aspirin and other NSAIDs. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Atrophic gastritis is a condition that occurs when the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed and thinned out. (thewomenshealthmagazine.com)
  • Atrophic gastritis is a condition that occurs when the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed and damaged, leading to a reduction in the number of cells that produce digestive enzymes and acid. (thewomenshealthmagazine.com)
  • This type of atrophic gastritis is often associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes. (thewomenshealthmagazine.com)
  • Conclusions IEE findings of the gastric corpus differed between H. pylori -associated and autoimmune gastritis, suggesting different pathogenesis of the two diseases. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Autoimmune atrophic gastritis is caused by the immune system attacking the cells in the stomach lining, while environmental atrophic gastritis is caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as alcohol, tobacco, and certain medications. (thewomenshealthmagazine.com)
  • Autoimmune atrophic gastritis is caused by the body's immune system attacking the cells in the stomach that produce acid and enzymes. (thewomenshealthmagazine.com)
  • People with atrophic gastritis are also at increased risk for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Introduction to Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease involve damage to the lining of the stomach or duodenum (the first segment of the small intestine). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Medications and supplements may also cause gastritis in dogs, but there are some supplements like probiotics that can alleviate them. (dogsnaturallymagazine.com)
  • Gao L, Weck MN, Stegmaier C, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Alcohol consumption and chronic atrophic gastritis: population-based study among 9,444 older adults from Germany. (medscape.com)
  • However, it is often difficult to diagnose autoimmune gastritis by white-light endoscopy alone. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Therefore a potential benefit pathologically to confirm the presence cells, which leads to abnormal differen- could be expected if we had a feasible or absence of gastritis and/or malignan- tiation of cells [3]. (who.int)