Exposure of the root surface when the edge of the gum (GINGIVA) moves apically away from the crown of the tooth. This is common with advancing age, vigorous tooth brushing, diseases, or tissue loss of the gingiva, the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT and the supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).
Surgical reshaping of the gingivae and papillae for correction of deformities (particularly enlargements) and to provide the gingivae with a normal and functional form, the incision creating an external bevel. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real gross domestic product, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. (National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, www.nber.org/cycles.html, accessed 4/23/2009)
Oral tissue surrounding and attached to TEETH.
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
The labial frenum, also known as the frenulum of the lip, is a mucous membrane fold that attaches the inner surface of the upper or lower lip to the corresponding gum region, containing muscle fibers and blood vessels, which can vary in length and thickness, and may sometimes cause dental issues if it's too tight or short, referred to as a maxillary labial frenum or mandibular labial frenum respectively.
Dentin sensitivity is a short, sharp pain originating from exposed dentin in response to stimuli, typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic, or chemical changes in the oral environment.
Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
Techniques for enhancing and directing cell growth to repopulate specific parts of the PERIODONTIUM that have been damaged by PERIODONTAL DISEASES; TOOTH DISEASES; or TRAUMA, or to correct TOOTH ABNORMALITIES. Repopulation and repair is achieved by guiding the progenitor cells to reproduce in the desired location by blocking contact with surrounding tissue by use of membranes composed of synthetic or natural material that may include growth inducing factors as well.
A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.
Loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. Attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. It has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment.
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.
An index which scores the degree of dental plaque accumulation.
Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.
The anteriorly located rigid section of the PALATE.
Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.
Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth.
Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)
A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy.
'Gingival diseases' is a general term for conditions affecting the soft tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, primarily characterized by inflammation, bleeding, redness, or swelling, which can progress to periodontal disease if left untreated.
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
Removal of dental plaque and dental calculus from the surface of a tooth, from the surface of a tooth apical to the gingival margin accumulated in periodontal pockets, or from the surface coronal to the gingival margin.
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
Presentation devices used for patient education and technique training in dentistry.
Generalized or localized diffuse fibrous overgrowth of the gingival tissue, usually transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, but some cases are idiopathic and others produced by drugs. The enlarged gingiva is pink, firm, and has a leather-like consistency with a minutely pebbled surface and in severe cases the teeth are almost completely covered and the enlargement projects into the oral vestibule. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)
A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.
A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.
'Gingival neoplasms' are abnormal, uncontrolled growths of tissue originating from the gingiva, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), often manifesting as swellings, ulcerations, or masses within the oral cavity.
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.
Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical DIPLOPIA that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells.
Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).
The state of not being engaged in a gainful occupation.
Surgical excision of the gingiva at the level of its attachment, thus creating new marginal gingiva. This procedure is used to eliminate gingival or periodontal pockets or to provide an approach for extensive surgical interventions, and to gain access necessary to remove calculus within the pocket. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
A fibrillar collagen consisting of three identical alpha1(III) chains that is widely distributed in many tissues containing COLLAGEN TYPE I. It is particularly abundant in BLOOD VESSELS and may play a role in tissues with elastic characteristics.
A fibrillar collagen found widely distributed as a minor component in tissues that contain COLLAGEN TYPE I and COLLAGEN TYPE III. It is a heterotrimeric molecule composed of alpha1(V), alpha2(V) and alpha3(V) subunits. Several forms of collagen type V exist depending upon the composition of the subunits that form the trimer.
A mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of peptidyllysine, usually in protocollagen, to peptidylhydroxylysine. The enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of the cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. EC 1.14.11.4.

The oral effects of smokeless tobacco. (1/88)

Smokeless tobacco use has increased rapidly in North America. This form of tobacco use has many oral effects including leukoplakia, oral cancer, loss of periodontal support (recession), and staining of teeth and composite restorations. Systemic effects such as nicotine dependence, transient hypertension and cardiovascular disease may also result from smokeless tobacco use. This paper aims to guide dental practitioners in identifying oral lesions that occur due to the use of smokeless tobacco and also offer guidelines on how to counsel patients who express a desire to stop using smokeless tobacco products.  (+info)

Impact of tobacco use on periodontal status. (2/88)

This article reviews the effects of smoked and smokeless tobacco on periodontal status, including the impact of smoking on periodontal therapy and potential mechanisms for the adverse effects of tobacco on the periodontium. Approximately half of periodontitis cases have been attributed to either current or former smoking. Both cigar and cigarette smokers have significantly greater loss of bone height than nonsmokers, and there is a trend for pipe smokers to have more bone loss than nonsmokers. Unlike smokers, who experience widespread periodontal destruction, the most prevalent effects of smokeless tobacco are localized to the site of placement, in the form of gingival recession and white mucosal lesions. Smoking has an adverse effect on all forms of periodontal therapy, and up to 90 percent of refractory periodontitis patients are smokers. The pathogenesis of smoking-related periodontal destruction has been attributed to alterations in the microflora and/or host response. Some data indicates that smoking may increase levels of certain periodontal pathogens, but there is more evidence that smoking has a negative effect on host response, such as neutrophil function and antibody production. An encouraging finding is that periodontal disease progression slows in patients who quit smoking and that these individuals have a similar response to periodontal therapy as nonsmokers. The facts presented in this paper will assist dental health professionals in treatment-planning decisions and provide them with important information to share with patients who use tobacco products.  (+info)

The Orthoworld Specialist Practitioner Prize Cases 2000. (3/88)

This paper describes the orthodontic management of three diverse malocclusions that were awarded the Orthoworld Specialist Practitioner Prize (2000) and presented at the British Orthodontic Conference in Harrogate 2001.  (+info)

Gingival prostheses--a review. (4/88)

Gingival replacement is often a component of comprehensive prosthodontics. Gingival prostheses may be fixed or removable and may be made from acrylics, composite resins, silicones or porcelain-based materials. Undercuts or dental attachments are used to secure removable prostheses, which are esthetically pleasing and easy to maintain. This paper describes several clinical situations in which gingival prostheses were used effectively.  (+info)

A promising periodontal procedure for the treatment of adjacent gingival recession defects. (5/88)

Various clinical reports on the reconstruction of gingival recession defects have been published in the past decade. Several techniques have been used to achieve root coverage, including creation of free gingival grafts, laterally positioned flaps or semilunar coronally positioned flaps, as well as guided tissue regeneration and connective tissue grafting. This article focuses on the importance of connective tissue grafting, combined with a recent approach known as the tunnel procedure, in managing gingival recession defects with a single operation. This procedure originated in 1985 with an envelope design and a subepithelial connective tissue graft for single gingival recession defects and is used today for coverage of multiple adjacent gingival recession defects. Histological evaluation of such connective tissue grafts demonstrates periodontal regeneration in human subjects. Clinical trials have yielded good results, including early tissue healing because of increased blood supply, good esthetic results, excellent patient cooperation and avoidance of secondary periodontal plastic surgery. These benefits underline the appropriateness of this technique, which improves the success rate of connective tissue grafting and increases the amount of root coverage.  (+info)

Consensus-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of dentin hypersensitivity. (6/88)

These consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and management of dentin hypersensitivity were developed by a broadly constituted board of dentists and dental hygienists drawn from general dental practice, specialist practice, academia and research from across Canada, joined by 2 international dentists with subject matter expertise. The need for consensus recommendations was made evident by the lack of clear and robust evidence in the dental literature, as well as confusion about diagnosis and management demonstrated by an educational needs assessment survey. High prevalence of the condition, underdiagnosis and widespread availability of noninvasive, efficacious and inexpensive preventive treatment further underscored the need for direction. This paper outlines the key elements of the scientific basis for the causes, diagnosis and management of dentin hypersensitivity; where such evidence is deficient, the document relies on the compound experience of the board. A simple algorithm was developed to guide clinicians through the diagnostic process and assist them in determining appropriate case management. Finally, the board makes a series of recommendations to raise awareness, to improve dental education, to develop symbols for charting, to develop an index for case assessment and for further research.  (+info)

Unique creeping attachment after autogenous gingival grafting: case report. (7/88)

This case report describes a unique creeping attachment that developed mesiobucally on a deep, wide recession (3 mm) and extended along the remaining buccal recession (2 mm) of a maxillary first molar with a full-crown gold restoration subsequent to autogenous gingival grafting. Complete coverage of the root by this degree of creeping attachment on a restored multirooted tooth has not previously been reported in the dental literature.  (+info)

Does labial movement of lower incisors influence the level of the gingival margin? A case-control study of adult orthodontic patients. (8/88)

It has been suggested that proclination of the lower incisors results in gingival recession. Proclination is, however, a valuable alternative to extraction especially when considering facial aesthetics in adult patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the extent of labial movement of the lower incisors and the prevalence and severity of gingival recession in orthodontically treated adult patients. A retrospective case-control study based on the analysis of study-casts and intra-oral slides of 300 adult patients was carried out. One hundred and fifty pairs matched by age and sex were selected using simple random sampling. Recordings of gingival recession were made using casts as well as intra-oral slides. Dental displacement was measured on casts comparing the measurements before and after treatment. The intra-oral slide recordings of gingival recession were more reliable than the cast recordings. Although the difference in prevalence of individuals with gingival recession among cases and controls was statistically significant (P < 0.001), no significant difference in the mean recession value could be found between cases and controls (P > 0.10). The mean value of the extent of recession of the four lower incisors amounted to 0.36 mm for treated subjects and 0.22 mm for the controls. This mean difference of 0.14 mm between members of a pair was not clinically relevant. Faced with the alternative between extraction and labial movement of lower incisors the present study indicates that the latter is a valuable alternative leading to no clinically relevant deterioration of the periodontium.  (+info)

Gingival recession is the term used to describe the exposure of the root surface of a tooth as a result of the loss of gum tissue (gingiva) due to periodontal disease or improper oral hygiene practices. It can also occur due to other factors such as aggressive brushing, grinding or clenching of teeth, and misaligned teeth. Gingival recession is often characterized by red, swollen, or sensitive gums, and can lead to tooth sensitivity, decay, and even tooth loss if left untreated.

Gingivoplasty is a surgical procedure in dentistry that involves the reshaping or contouring of the gingiva (gums). This procedure is typically performed for aesthetic purposes, to improve the appearance of gums that are uneven or have an irregular shape. It can also be done to remove excess gum tissue that may be covering too much of a tooth, making it appear shorter than the other teeth.

Gingivoplasty is often recommended as a part of periodontal treatment to ensure the proper fit and function of dental restorations or to manage and prevent gum disease. The procedure involves removing and reshaping the gingival tissue to create a more aesthetically pleasing and healthy gum line.

It's important to note that while gingivoplasty can improve the appearance of the gums, it does not address any underlying issues related to gum disease or bone loss. Additional periodontal treatments may be necessary to address these concerns.

An economic recession is a significant decline in economic activity that spreads across the economy and lasts more than a few months. It is typically defined as a decrease in gross domestic product (GDP) for two or more consecutive quarters. A recession can also be characterized by high unemployment, declining retail sales, and falling industrial production. Recessions are usually caused by a combination of factors, including financial panics, monetary policy mistakes, and external shocks such as wars or natural disasters. The severity and duration of a recession can vary widely, with some being relatively mild and short-lived, while others can be more severe and prolonged. In general, recessions are a normal part of the business cycle and are typically followed by periods of economic expansion.

Gingiva is the medical term for the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and forms the margin of the dental groove, also known as the gum. It extends from the mucogingival junction to the base of the cervical third of the tooth root. The gingiva plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the teeth and maintaining oral health by providing a barrier against microbial invasion and mechanical injury.

A tooth root is the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jawbone and cannot be seen when looking at a person's smile. It is the lower portion of a tooth that typically has a conical shape and anchors the tooth to the jawbone through a periodontal ligament. The tooth root is covered by cementum, a specialized bone-like tissue, and contains nerve endings and blood vessels within its pulp chamber.

The number of roots in a tooth can vary depending on the type of tooth. For example, incisors typically have one root, canines may have one or two roots, premolars usually have one or two roots, and molars often have two to four roots. The primary function of the tooth root is to provide stability and support for the crown of the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing.

A labial frenum, also known as the frenulum of the lip, is a small fold of mucous membrane that attaches the inner surface of the upper or lower lip to the gums. The maxillary labial frenum connects the upper lip to the gums behind the upper front teeth, while the mandibular labial frenum connects the lower lip to the gums between the lower front teeth. In some cases, a thick or tight labial frenum can cause dental issues such as gaps between the front teeth or recession of the gums, and may require surgical intervention.

Dentin sensitivity is a common dental condition characterized by the short, sharp pain or discomfort in response to external stimuli, such as cold air, hot or cold foods and drinks, sweet or sour substances, and physical touch. This pain is typically caused by the exposure of dentin, the hard tissue beneath the tooth's enamel, due to receding gums, tooth decay, or other factors that wear down or damage the protective enamel layer.

When the dentin is exposed, the microscopic tubules within it become sensitive to temperature and pressure changes, allowing external stimuli to reach the nerve endings inside the tooth. This results in the characteristic pain or discomfort associated with dentin sensitivity. Dentin sensitivity can be managed through various treatments, including desensitizing toothpaste, fluoride applications, and dental restorations, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Connective tissue is a type of biological tissue that provides support, strength, and protection to various structures in the body. It is composed of cells called fibroblasts, which produce extracellular matrix components such as collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. These components give connective tissue its unique properties, including tensile strength, elasticity, and resistance to compression.

There are several types of connective tissue in the body, each with its own specific functions and characteristics. Some examples include:

1. Loose or Areolar Connective Tissue: This type of connective tissue is found throughout the body and provides cushioning and support to organs and other structures. It contains a large amount of ground substance, which allows for the movement and gliding of adjacent tissues.
2. Dense Connective Tissue: This type of connective tissue has a higher concentration of collagen fibers than loose connective tissue, making it stronger and less flexible. Dense connective tissue can be further divided into two categories: regular (or parallel) and irregular. Regular dense connective tissue, such as tendons and ligaments, has collagen fibers that run parallel to each other, providing great tensile strength. Irregular dense connective tissue, such as the dermis of the skin, has collagen fibers arranged in a more haphazard pattern, providing support and flexibility.
3. Adipose Tissue: This type of connective tissue is primarily composed of fat cells called adipocytes. Adipose tissue serves as an energy storage reservoir and provides insulation and cushioning to the body.
4. Cartilage: A firm, flexible type of connective tissue that contains chondrocytes within a matrix of collagen and proteoglycans. Cartilage is found in various parts of the body, including the joints, nose, ears, and trachea.
5. Bone: A specialized form of connective tissue that consists of an organic matrix (mainly collagen) and an inorganic mineral component (hydroxyapatite). Bone provides structural support to the body and serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions.
6. Blood: Although not traditionally considered connective tissue, blood does contain elements of connective tissue, such as plasma proteins and leukocytes (white blood cells). Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) in periodontics is a surgical procedure that aims to regenerate lost periodontal tissues, including the alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament, which have been destroyed due to periodontal disease. The goal of GTR is to restore the architectural relationship between these supporting structures and the tooth, thereby improving its prognosis and function.

The procedure involves placing a barrier membrane between the tooth root and the surrounding soft tissues, creating a protected space that allows for the selective growth of periodontal cells. The membrane acts as a physical barrier to prevent the ingrowth of epithelial cells and fibroblasts from the oral mucosa, which can interfere with the regeneration process.

The membrane can be either resorbable or non-resorbable, depending on the clinical situation and surgeon's preference. Resorbable membranes are made of materials that degrade over time, while non-resorbable membranes require a second surgical procedure for removal. The choice of membrane material and configuration depends on various factors such as the size and location of the defect, patient's medical history, and surgeon's experience.

GTR has been shown to be effective in treating intrabony defects, furcation involvements, and class II function defects, among others. However, its success depends on various factors such as patient selection, surgical technique, membrane type and placement, and postoperative care.

The Periodontal Index (PI) is not a current or widely used medical/dental term. However, in the past, it was used to describe a method for assessing and measuring the severity of periodontal disease, also known as gum disease.

Developed by Henry H. Klein and colleagues in 1978, the Periodontal Index was a scoring system that evaluated four parameters: gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, calculus (tartar) presence, and periodontal pocket depths. The scores for each parameter ranged from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating worse periodontal health. The overall PI score was the sum of the individual parameter scores, ranging from 0 to 12.

However, due to its limited ability to predict future disease progression and the introduction of more comprehensive assessment methods like the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE), the use of the Periodontal Index has become less common in dental practice and research.

Periodontal attachment loss (PAL) is a clinical measurement in dentistry that refers to the amount of connective tissue attachment between the tooth and its surrounding supportive structures (including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) that has been lost due to periodontal disease. It is typically expressed in millimeters and represents the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), which is the point where the tooth's crown meets the root, to the bottom of the periodontal pocket.

Periodontal pockets are formed when the gums detach from the tooth due to inflammation and infection caused by bacterial biofilms accumulating on the teeth. As the disease progresses, more and more of the supporting structures are destroyed, leading to increased pocket depths and attachment loss. This can eventually result in loose teeth and even tooth loss if left untreated.

Therefore, periodontal attachment loss is an important indicator of the severity and progression of periodontal disease, and its measurement helps dental professionals assess the effectiveness of treatment interventions and monitor disease status over time.

A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.

In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.

Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.

Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.

Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.

The dental plaque index (DPI) is a clinical measurement used in dentistry to assess the amount of dental plaque accumulation on a person's teeth. It was first introduced by Silness and Löe in 1964 as a method to standardize the assessment of oral hygiene and the effectiveness of oral hygiene interventions.

The DPI is based on a visual examination of the amount of plaque present on four surfaces of the teeth, including the buccal (cheek-facing) and lingual (tongue-facing) surfaces of both upper and lower first molars and upper and lower incisors. The examiner assigns a score from 0 to 3 for each surface, with higher scores indicating greater plaque accumulation:

* Score 0: No plaque detected, even after probing the area with a dental explorer.
* Score 1: Plaque detected by visual examination and/or probing but is not visible when the area is gently dried with air.
* Score 2: Moderate accumulation of soft deposits that are visible upon visual examination before air drying, but which can be removed by scraping with a dental explorer.
* Score 3: Abundant soft matter, visible upon visual examination before air drying and not easily removable with a dental explorer.

The DPI is calculated as the average score of all surfaces examined, providing an overall measure of plaque accumulation in the mouth. It can be used to monitor changes in oral hygiene over time or to evaluate the effectiveness of different oral hygiene interventions. However, it should be noted that the DPI has limitations and may not accurately reflect the presence of bacterial biofilms or the risk of dental caries and gum disease.

A surgical flap is a specialized type of surgical procedure where a section of living tissue (including skin, fat, muscle, and/or blood vessels) is lifted from its original site and moved to another location, while still maintaining a blood supply through its attached pedicle. This technique allows the surgeon to cover and reconstruct defects or wounds that cannot be closed easily with simple suturing or stapling.

Surgical flaps can be classified based on their vascularity, type of tissue involved, or method of transfer. The choice of using a specific type of surgical flap depends on the location and size of the defect, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise. Some common types of surgical flaps include:

1. Random-pattern flaps: These flaps are based on random blood vessels within the tissue and are typically used for smaller defects in areas with good vascularity, such as the face or scalp.
2. Axial pattern flaps: These flaps are designed based on a known major blood vessel and its branches, allowing them to cover larger defects or reach distant sites. Examples include the radial forearm flap and the anterolateral thigh flap.
3. Local flaps: These flaps involve tissue adjacent to the wound and can be further classified into advancement, rotation, transposition, and interpolation flaps based on their movement and orientation.
4. Distant flaps: These flaps are harvested from a distant site and then transferred to the defect after being tunneled beneath the skin or through a separate incision. Examples include the groin flap and the latissimus dorsi flap.
5. Free flaps: In these flaps, the tissue is completely detached from its original blood supply and then reattached at the new site using microvascular surgical techniques. This allows for greater flexibility in terms of reach and placement but requires specialized expertise and equipment.

Surgical flaps play a crucial role in reconstructive surgery, helping to restore form and function after trauma, tumor removal, or other conditions that result in tissue loss.

The hard palate is the anterior, bony part of the roof of the mouth, forming a vertical partition between the oral and nasal cavities. It is composed of the maxilla and palatine bones, and provides attachment for the muscles of the soft palate, which functions in swallowing, speaking, and breathing. The hard palate also contains taste buds that contribute to our ability to taste food.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Neodymium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60. Neodymium is a rare-earth metal that has been used in various industrial and technological applications, such as magnets, lasers, and glass coloration. It is not directly related to medical terminology or healthcare.

Root caries is a type of dental decay that occurs on the root surface of teeth, which is typically exposed due to gingival recession or periodontal disease. These caries lesions often progress rapidly because the root surface lacks the protective enamel layer and has more porous cementum that is susceptible to acid dissolution. Root caries are most commonly found in older adults, but can also occur in younger individuals with poor oral hygiene or who have orthodontic appliances or crowns that expose root surfaces. If left untreated, root caries can lead to tooth sensitivity, pain, infection, and even tooth loss.

Gingival overgrowth, also known as gingival hyperplasia or hypertrophy, refers to an abnormal enlargement or growth of the gum tissue (gingiva) surrounding the teeth. This condition can be caused by various factors, including poor oral hygiene, certain medications (such as phenytoin, cyclosporine, and calcium channel blockers), genetic predisposition, and systemic conditions like vitamin C deficiency or leukemia.

Gingival overgrowth can lead to several complications, such as difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene, which may result in periodontal disease, tooth decay, bad breath, and potential loss of teeth. In some cases, the enlarged gum tissue may also cause discomfort or pain during speaking, chewing, or brushing. Treatment for gingival overgrowth typically involves improving oral hygiene, adjusting medications if possible, and undergoing surgical procedures to remove the excess gum tissue. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings are essential in managing and preventing this condition.

Root planing is a dental procedure that involves the cleaning and smoothing of the root surfaces of teeth. It is typically performed as a part of periodontal therapy to treat and manage gum disease. The goal of root planing is to remove tartar, calculus, and bacterial toxins from the roots of teeth, which helps to promote the reattachment of the gums to the teeth and prevent further progression of periodontal disease. This procedure is usually performed under local anesthesia and may require multiple appointments depending on the severity of the case.

Gingival diseases are infections or inflammations that affect the gingiva, which is the part of the gum around the base of the teeth. These diseases can be caused by bacteria found in dental plaque and can lead to symptoms such as redness, swelling, bleeding, and receding gums. If left untreated, gingival diseases can progress to periodontal disease, a more serious condition that can result in tooth loss. Common types of gingival diseases include gingivitis and periodontitis.

Gingival hyperplasia is a condition characterized by an abnormal growth or enlargement of the gingiva (gum tissue). This condition can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infection, certain medications (such as phenytoin, cyclosporine, and nifedipine), systemic diseases (such as leukemia, vitamin C deficiency, and Crohn's disease), and genetic disorders.

The enlarged gum tissue can be uncomfortable, irritated, and prone to bleeding, especially during brushing or flossing. It may also make it difficult to maintain good oral hygiene, which can increase the risk of dental caries and periodontal disease. Treatment for gingival hyperplasia typically involves improving oral hygiene, controlling any underlying causes, and in some cases, surgical removal of the excess tissue.

The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:

1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.

These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.

Ophthalmologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed on the eye and its surrounding structures by trained medical professionals called ophthalmologists. These procedures aim to correct or improve vision, diagnose and treat eye diseases or injuries, and enhance the overall health and functionality of the eye. Some common examples of ophthalmologic surgical procedures include:

1. Cataract Surgery: This procedure involves removing a cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).
2. LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis): A type of refractive surgery that uses a laser to reshape the cornea, correcting nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
3. Glaucoma Surgery: Several surgical options are available for treating glaucoma, including laser trabeculoplasty, traditional trabeculectomy, and various drainage device implantations. These procedures aim to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) and prevent further optic nerve damage.
4. Corneal Transplant: This procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy donor cornea to restore vision and improve the eye's appearance.
5. Vitreoretinal Surgery: These procedures focus on treating issues within the vitreous humor (gel-like substance filling the eye) and the retina, such as retinal detachment, macular holes, or diabetic retinopathy.
6. Strabismus Surgery: This procedure aims to correct misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) by adjusting the muscles responsible for eye movement.
7. Oculoplastic Surgery: These procedures involve reconstructive, cosmetic, and functional surgeries around the eye, such as eyelid repair, removal of tumors, or orbital fracture repairs.
8. Pediatric Ophthalmologic Procedures: Various surgical interventions are performed on children to treat conditions like congenital cataracts, amblyopia (lazy eye), or blocked tear ducts.

These are just a few examples of ophthalmic surgical procedures. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual's condition and overall health.

Dental scaling is a professional dental cleaning procedure that involves the removal of plaque, tartar (calculus), and stains from the tooth surfaces. This is typically performed by a dentist or dental hygienist using specialized instruments called scalers and curettes. The procedure helps to prevent gum disease and tooth decay by removing bacterial deposits that can cause inflammation and infection of the gums. Dental scaling may be recommended as part of a routine dental check-up or if there are signs of periodontal disease, such as red, swollen, or bleeding gums. In some cases, local anesthesia may be used to numb the area and make the procedure more comfortable for the patient.

According to the American Academy of Periodontology, periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. These tissues include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky film that constantly forms on our teeth.

There are two major stages of periodontal disease:

1. Gingivitis: This is the milder form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) without loss of attachment to the teeth. The gums may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage can be reversed with proper dental care and improved oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease. In periodontitis, the inflammation extends beyond the gums and affects the deeper periodontal tissues, leading to loss of bone support around the teeth. Pockets filled with infection-causing bacteria form between the teeth and gums, causing further damage and potential tooth loss if not treated promptly.

Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking or using smokeless tobacco, genetic predisposition, diabetes, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or menopause), certain medications, and systemic diseases like AIDS or cancer. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are crucial for preventing periodontal disease and maintaining overall oral health.

Alveolar bone loss refers to the breakdown and resorption of the alveolar process of the jawbone, which is the part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This type of bone loss is often caused by periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can lead to the destruction of the structures that support the teeth.

In advanced stages of periodontal disease, the alveolar bone can become severely damaged or destroyed, leading to tooth loss. Alveolar bone loss can also occur as a result of other conditions, such as osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. Dental X-rays and other imaging techniques are often used to diagnose and monitor alveolar bone loss. Treatment may include deep cleaning of the teeth and gums, medications, surgery, or tooth extraction in severe cases.

An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.

Dental models are replicas of a patient's teeth and surrounding oral structures, used in dental practice and education. They are typically created using plaster or other materials that harden to accurately reproduce the shape and position of each tooth, as well as the contours of the gums and palate. Dental models may be used for a variety of purposes, including treatment planning, creating custom-fitted dental appliances, and teaching dental students about oral anatomy and various dental procedures. They provide a tactile and visual representation that can aid in understanding and communication between dentists, patients, and other dental professionals.

Gingival fibromatosis is a benign (non-cancerous) condition characterized by the excessive growth of gum (gingival) tissue. The overgrowth can affect one or both the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) and can lead to various dental and oral health issues, such as difficulty in chewing, speaking, and maintaining proper oral hygiene.

The etiology of gingival fibromatosis can be divided into two categories: hereditary and acquired. Hereditary gingival fibromatosis is often associated with genetic mutations, while acquired gingival fibromatosis can result from factors like chronic inflammation due to poor oral hygiene, certain medications (such as phenytoin, cyclosporine, or nifedipine), and systemic conditions (like leukemia).

The management of gingival fibromatosis typically involves surgical removal of the excess tissue. However, recurrence is common due to the condition's tendency for regrowth. Regular follow-ups with a dental professional are essential to monitor any potential regrowth and maintain good oral hygiene.

Periodontitis is a severe form of gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting your teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. The body's immune system fights the bacterial infection, which causes an inflammatory response. If the inflammation continues for a long time, it can damage the tissues and bones that support the teeth.

The early stage of periodontitis is called gingivitis, which is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed or flossed. When gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In addition to plaque, other factors that increase the risk of developing periodontitis include smoking or using tobacco products, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, a weakened immune system, and genetic factors.

Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and using an antimicrobial mouth rinse, can help prevent periodontitis. Treatment for periodontitis may include deep cleaning procedures, medications, or surgery in severe cases.

Exotropia is a type of ocular misalignment or strabismus, where one eye turns outward (towards the ear) while the other eye remains aligned straight ahead. This condition can be constant or intermittent and may result in limited or absent depth perception, double vision, and in some cases, amblyopia (lazy eye). Exotropia is typically diagnosed during childhood through a comprehensive eye examination by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Treatment options include eyeglasses, prism lenses, vision therapy, or surgery, depending on the severity and frequency of the misalignment.

Esotropia is a type of ocular misalignment, also known as strabismus, in which one eye turns inward toward the nose. This condition can be constant or intermittent and may result in double vision or loss of depth perception. Esotropia is often classified based on its cause, age of onset, and frequency. Common forms include congenital esotropia, acquired esotropia, and accommodative esotropia. Treatment typically involves corrective eyewear, eye exercises, or surgery to realign the eyes.

Gingival neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the gingiva, which are the part of the gums that surround the teeth. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms include conditions such as fibromas, papillomas, and hemangiomas, while malignant neoplasms are typically squamous cell carcinomas.

Gingival neoplasms can present with a variety of symptoms, including swelling, bleeding, pain, and loose teeth. They may also cause difficulty with chewing, speaking, or swallowing. The exact cause of these neoplasms is not always known, but risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, poor oral hygiene, and certain viral infections.

Diagnosis of gingival neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical examination, including a dental exam and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices can help to detect gingival neoplasms at an early stage and improve treatment outcomes.

Strabismus is a condition of the ocular muscles where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions. One eye may turn inward, outward, upward, or downward while the other one remains fixed and aligns normally. This misalignment can occur occasionally or constantly. Strabismus is also commonly referred to as crossed eyes or walleye. The condition can lead to visual impairments such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and depth perception problems if not treated promptly and effectively, usually through surgery, glasses, or vision therapy.

The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.

The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.

In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.

A gingival pocket, also known as a sulcus, is a small space or groove between the gum tissue (gingiva) and the tooth. It's a normal anatomical structure found in healthy teeth and gums, and it measures about 1-3 millimeters in depth. The purpose of the gingival pocket is to allow for the movement of the gum tissue during functions such as eating, speaking, and swallowing.

However, when the gums become inflamed due to bacterial buildup (plaque) or other factors, the pocket can deepen, leading to the formation of a pathological gingival pocket. Pathological pockets are typically deeper than 3 millimeters and may indicate the presence of periodontal disease. These pockets can harbor harmful bacteria that can cause further damage to the gum tissue and bone supporting the tooth, potentially leading to tooth loss if left untreated.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye. It innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps in depressing and rotating the eye downwards and outwards. Trochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and impair its function, leading to symptoms such as double vision (diplopia), vertical misalignment of the eyes, and difficulty with depth perception.

Trochlear nerve diseases can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, inflammation, infection, or tumors. Some common conditions that affect the trochlear nerve include:

1. Trochlear nerve palsy: This is a weakness or paralysis of the trochlear nerve, which can cause vertical and torsional diplopia, especially when looking downwards or to the side. It can be congenital or acquired due to trauma, compression, or other causes.
2. Aneurysm: Aneurysms in the vicinity of the trochlear nerve can compress or damage it, leading to palsy and diplopia.
3. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) due to infection or other causes can affect the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the cranial nerves. MS can cause demyelination of the trochlear nerve, leading to palsy and diplopia.
5. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy, which can affect any peripheral nerve, including the trochlear nerve.
6. Tumors: Space-occupying lesions in the brain or skull base, such as meningiomas, schwannomas, or pituitary adenomas, can compress the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.

The diagnosis of trochlear nerve diseases involves a thorough neurological examination, including assessment of eye movements and alignment. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be ordered to identify any structural lesions causing compression or damage to the nerve. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve surgical intervention, medication, or observation.

Diplopia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person sees two images of a single object. It is commonly known as double vision. This can occur due to various reasons, such as nerve damage or misalignment of the eyes. Diplopia can be temporary or chronic and can affect one or both eyes. If you're experiencing diplopia, it's essential to consult an eye care professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

Gingival hypertrophy is a condition characterized by an abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingiva (gum tissue). This can be caused due to various reasons such as inflammation from poor oral hygiene, certain medications like phenytoin and cyclosporine, or systemic conditions such as pregnancy, leukemia, and vitamin C deficiency.

The enlarged gums may appear swollen, red, and bleed easily. They can also cover the teeth, making cleaning difficult, which can further worsen the inflammation. Depending on the cause, treatment options may include improving oral hygiene, changing medications, or undergoing surgical procedures to remove the excess tissue.

Suture techniques refer to the various methods used by surgeons to sew or stitch together tissues in the body after an injury, trauma, or surgical incision. The main goal of suturing is to approximate and hold the edges of the wound together, allowing for proper healing and minimizing scar formation.

There are several types of suture techniques, including:

1. Simple Interrupted Suture: This is one of the most basic suture techniques where the needle is passed through the tissue at a right angle, creating a loop that is then tightened to approximate the wound edges. Multiple stitches are placed along the length of the incision or wound.
2. Continuous Locking Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed continuously through the tissue in a zigzag pattern, with each stitch locking into the previous one. This creates a continuous line of sutures that provides strong tension and support to the wound edges.
3. Running Suture: Similar to the continuous locking suture, this technique involves passing the needle continuously through the tissue in a straight line. However, instead of locking each stitch, the needle is simply passed through the previous loop before being tightened. This creates a smooth and uninterrupted line of sutures that can be easily removed after healing.
4. Horizontal Mattress Suture: In this technique, two parallel stitches are placed horizontally across the wound edges, creating a "mattress" effect that provides additional support and tension to the wound. This is particularly useful in deep or irregularly shaped wounds.
5. Vertical Mattress Suture: Similar to the horizontal mattress suture, this technique involves placing two parallel stitches vertically across the wound edges. This creates a more pronounced "mattress" effect that can help reduce tension and minimize scarring.
6. Subcuticular Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed just below the surface of the skin, creating a smooth and barely visible line of sutures. This is particularly useful in cosmetic surgery or areas where minimizing scarring is important.

The choice of suture technique depends on various factors such as the location and size of the wound, the type of tissue involved, and the patient's individual needs and preferences. Proper suture placement and tension are crucial for optimal healing and aesthetic outcomes.

Unemployment is an economic concept rather than a medical one. It refers to the situation where individuals who are actively seeking employment are unable to find work. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other medical bodies do not provide a specific medical definition for unemployment. However, unemployment can have significant impacts on both physical and mental health, leading to issues such as stress, anxiety, depression, and poor physical health.

A gingivectomy is a dental procedure that involves the surgical removal or reshaping of the gum tissue (gingiva) to improve the health and appearance of the teeth and gums. This procedure is typically performed when the gums have become swollen, inflamed, or infected due to periodontal disease, which can cause the gums to recede and expose the tooth roots. By removing the affected gum tissue, a gingivectomy can help to eliminate pockets of bacteria and promote healthy gum growth.

During the procedure, a dental surgeon will use local anesthesia to numb the area and then carefully cut away the excess gum tissue using specialized instruments. The surgeon may also smooth and reshape the remaining gum tissue to create a more even and aesthetically pleasing appearance. After the procedure, patients may experience some discomfort, swelling, or bleeding, but these symptoms can typically be managed with over-the-counter pain medications and careful oral hygiene practices.

It's important to note that while a gingivectomy can help to improve the health of the gums and teeth, it is not a substitute for good oral hygiene habits. Regular brushing, flossing, and dental checkups are essential for maintaining healthy teeth and gums over the long term.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of inherited disorders that affect connective tissues, which are the proteins and chemicals in the body that provide structure and support for skin, bones, blood vessels, and other organs. People with EDS have stretching (elastic) skin and joints that are too loose (hypermobile). There are several types of EDS, each with its own set of symptoms and level of severity. Some of the more common types include:

* Classical EDS: This type is characterized by skin that can be stretched far beyond normal and bruises easily. Affected individuals may also have joints that dislocate easily.
* Hypermobile EDS: This type is marked by joint hypermobility, which can lead to frequent dislocations and subluxations (partial dislocations). Some people with this type of EDS also have Marfan syndrome-like features, such as long fingers and a curved spine.
* Vascular EDS: This type is caused by changes in the COL3A1 gene and is characterized by thin, fragile skin that tears or bruises easily. People with vascular EDS are at risk of serious complications, such as arterial rupture and organ perforation.
* Kyphoscoliosis EDS: This type is marked by severe kyphoscoliosis (a forward curvature of the spine) and joint laxity. Affected individuals may also have fragile skin that tears or bruises easily.

EDS is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a person only needs to inherit one copy of the altered gene from either parent to develop the condition. However, some types of EDS are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, which means that a person must inherit two copies of the altered gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition.

There is no cure for EDS, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include physical therapy to strengthen muscles and improve joint stability, bracing to support joints, and surgery to repair damaged tissues or organs.

Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a group of disorders that involve the abnormal production and accumulation of abnormal connective tissues in various parts of the body. Connective tissues are the structural materials that support and bind other tissues and organs together. They include tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fat, and the material that fills the spaces between cells, called the extracellular matrix.

Connective tissue diseases can affect many different systems in the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and blood vessels. Some CTDs are autoimmune disorders, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy connective tissues. Others may be caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors.

Some examples of connective tissue diseases include:

* Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
* Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
* Scleroderma
* Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis
* Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
* Sjogren's syndrome
* Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
* Marfan syndrome
* Osteogenesis imperfecta

The specific symptoms and treatment of connective tissue diseases vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Treatment may include medications to reduce inflammation, suppress the immune system, or manage pain. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, and it is a major component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. Collagen provides structure and strength to these tissues and helps them to withstand stretching and tension. It is made up of long chains of amino acids, primarily glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which are arranged in a triple helix structure. There are at least 16 different types of collagen found in the body, each with slightly different structures and functions. Collagen is important for maintaining the integrity and health of tissues throughout the body, and it has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in various medical conditions.

Collagen Type III, also known as Collagen III Alpha 1 (COL3A1), is a type of collagen that is found in various connective tissues throughout the body. It is a fibrillar collagen that is produced by fibroblasts and is a major component of reticular fibers, which provide structural support to organs such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Collagen Type III is also found in the walls of blood vessels, the skin, and the intestinal tract.

Mutations in the COL3A1 gene can lead to a rare genetic disorder called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, which is characterized by fragile and elastic skin, easy bruising, and spontaneous rupture of blood vessels. Collagen Type III has been studied for its potential role in various other medical conditions, including fibrosis, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

Collagen Type V is a specific type of collagen, which is a protein that provides structure and strength to connective tissues in the body. Collagen Type V is found in various tissues, including the cornea, blood vessels, and hair. It plays a crucial role in the formation of collagen fibers and helps regulate the diameter of collagen fibrils. Mutations in the genes that encode for Collagen Type V can lead to various connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and osteogenesis imperfecta.

Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of collagen. The medical definition of this enzyme is:

"An enzyme that catalyzes the post-translational modification of specific lysine residues in procollagens and related proteins. This enzyme requires Fe2+, 2-oxoglutarate, molecular oxygen, and ascorbic acid as cofactors. It hydroxylates certain lysine residues to form hydroxylysine, which is essential for the stabilization of collagen triple helices and for the formation of covalent cross-links between individual collagen molecules. Mutations in this gene have been associated with several types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome."

The systematic name for this enzyme is "procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase (hydroxylating)." It is also known as "procollagen-lysine, lysine hydroxylase," or simply "LH." This enzyme is responsible for the hydroxylation of specific lysine residues in procollagens and related proteins during their biosynthesis. The hydroxylation reaction catalyzed by this enzyme involves the incorporation of a hydroxyl group (-OH) into the lysine side chain, resulting in the formation of hydroxylysine. This modification is essential for the proper folding and stabilization of collagen molecules, as well as for their subsequent cross-linking and assembly into extracellular matrix structures.

Defects or mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme can lead to various types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), a group of heritable connective tissue disorders characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, and tissue fragility.

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Associated with gingival recession. Fones (Fones Rotary): oldest toothbrushing technique, mainly recommended for children. ... Chrysanthakopoulos, Nikolaos Andreas (2011). "Aetiology and Severity of Gingival Recession in an Adult Population Sample in ... Löe H (1967). "The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems". Journal of Periodontology. 38 (6): Suppl: ... "Toothbrushing frequency as it relates to plaque development and gingival health". Journal of Periodontology. 44 (7): 396-405. ...
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Smokeless tobacco causes gingival recession and white mucosal lesions. Up to 90% of periodontitis patients who are not helped ...
Kumar, A.; Masamatti, S. S. (2013). "A new classification system for gingival and palatal recession". Journal of Indian Society ... Periodontal health and gingival health Gingival health on an intact periodontium Gingival health on a reduced periodontium i. ... commonly referred to as the measurement of gingival recession, is most often described using Miller's classification: Class I: ... Recession that does not extend to the mucogingival junction Class II: Recession that extends to or beyond the mucogingival ...
In case of under-developed curvature, gingival recession may result. In case of overdeveloped curvature, food will accumulate ...
Bone substitutes may be associated with less gingival recession than EMD." However, studies have shown that regardless of the ... less increase in gingival recession and more gain in hard tissue probing at re-entry surgery. However there is marked ... and gingival recession is the predominant lesion before 40 years, while periodontal pocketing is the principal mode of ... and a persistent metallic taste in the mouth Gingival recession, resulting in apparent lengthening of teeth. (This may also be ...
Oral trauma, including recession of gingival tissue and dental fracture and wear. Recession of gingival tissue affects 19% to ... ISBN 81-89093-10-X. Levin, Liran (June 2007). "Alveolar Bone Loss and Gingival Recession Due to Lip and Tongue Piercing". N Y ...
Repetitive irritation to the gingival margin can eventually cause recession of the gums. When the gums recede, the root surface ... Tooth brushing is the most common cause of dental abrasion, which is found to develop along the gingival margin, due to ... Zanatta FB, Bergoli AD, Werle SB, Antoniazzi RP (2011). "Biofilm removal and gingival abrasion with medium and soft ...
Recession of gingival tissue affects 19% to 68% of subjects with tongue ornaments. The alveolar tooth-bearing bone may also be ...
This gap has many causes including gingival recession, and gingival withdrawal post-orthodontic work. Interdental "black ... 4. Patient's age; the gingiva recede with aging which can cause an open gingival embrasure. 5. Periodontal disease and loss of ... Angularis nigra is generally only treated based on the aesthetic preference of the patient (although serious gum recession may ... Ikeda, T; Yamaguchi, M; Meguro, D; Kasai, K (2004). "Prediction and causes of open gingival embrasure spaces between the ...
This requires adequate thickness and width of gingival tissue at the base of the recession defect. A free gingival graft is a ... Exposure of the tooth root due to loss of keratinized tissue around the neck of a tooth is referred to as gingival recession. ... Gum grafting, also known as a gingival graft or periodontal plastic surgery, is a surgical procedure to reverse gum recession. ... Medicine portal Subepithelial connective tissue graft Gingival recession Periodontitis "Receding Gums Chandler, Gum Graft Tempe ...
When cementum is exposed through gingival recession, it quickly undergoes abrasion by mechanical friction because of its low ... This is often due to gingival recession and may be an indication of periodontal disease. The cementum joins the enamel to form ... The incidence of cemental caries increases in older adults as gingival decline occurs from either trauma or periodontal illness ...
Periodontal probe - used to measure gingival recession, which ascertains the stage of any periodontal disease. It has a blunted ... These include missing, rotated, and fractured teeth, probing depths of gingival recession, enamel hyperplasia or other enamel ... The probe is inserted into the gingival sulcus to measure its depth. Normal sulcus depth in the dog is < 3 mm and < 1 mm in ... They appear as an overgrowth of gingival or pulpal tissue. The lesions erode the dentin within a single tooth (or several ...
Gingival recession is when there is an apical movement of the gum margin away from the biting (occlusal) surface. It may ... The marginal gingiva is stabilized by the gingival fibers that have no bony support. The gingival margin, or free gingival ... Gingival retraction, in turn, may expose the dental neck and leave it vulnerable to the action of external stimuli, and may ... Gingival Recession - Causes and treatment Archived 2010-09-17 at the Wayback Machine JADA, Vol 138. http://jada.ada.org. Oct ...
Gingival recession is a related condition to decreased crown-to-root ratio, but referring to gingiva. These terms can also be ... Overlying the bone is the gingival soft tissue, which is, on average, about 1 millimeter in thickness. Because of this gingiva ...
Free gingival autograft is one of the more common techniques used for a gingival recession in areas of inadequate attached ... Srinivas BV, Rupa N, Halini Kumari KV, Rajender A, Reddy MN (August 2015). "Treatment of gingival recession using free gingival ... A shallow vestibule can also contribute towards gingival recession because of dissipation of the gingival attachment due to ... Conversely, coronally repositioned flaps for the treatment of gingival recession will lead to decreased vestibular depth which ...
This can present as painful, red and swollen tissues, especially at the gingival margin. As a result, gingival recession may ... Caries can be found at the root face or root surface where gingival recession has occurred. It is important to encourage ...
In certain cases where gingival recession has occurred, the junctional epithelium will attach to the cementum instead. The non- ... The gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular ... Gingival sulcus, also known as gingival crevice, refers to the space between the tooth surface and the sulcular epithelium. At ... After supra-gingival oral hygiene cleaning, plaque biofilm will quickly develop at the gingival margin and will enter the ...
However, it was only in 1985 that Langer proposed the SECT for root coverage following gingival recession. The SECT graft is a ... Currently, it is generally used to obtain root coverage following gingival recession, which was a later development by Burt ... Similar to the free gingival graft, the SECT graft can be described as a free autogenous graft. The term free describes how the ... Prepare the recipient site of tissue exhibiting recession by incising the gingivae Obtain the SECT from the donor site Secure ...
... saliva flow and function and recession. Gingival recession is a significant finding in older adults because the exposed root ... In 2015, 95.2% of Australians over the age of 75 had at least one site with gingival recession. Additionally, periodontal ...
Richman, C.S. "Is Gingival Recession a Consequence of an Orthdontic Tooth Size and/or Tooth Position Discrepancy? A Paradigm ... The risk of gum recession can increase following orthodontic treatment or dental implant treatment if bone volume is limited in ... Prior to the development of this index, orthodontists and dentists faced a serious risk of inducing iatrogenic gum recession ... Thin facial alveolar bone, including dehiscences or fenestrations, is considered a risk factor for gum recession. ...
May 2022). "Comparison of two types of xenogeneic matrices to treat single gingival recessions: A randomized clinical trial". ... To improve the gingival seal around the abutment collar, a narrowed collar on the abutment is used, referred to as platform ... Success or failure of implants depends primarily on the thickness and health of the bone and gingival tissues that surround the ... Since both can atrophy after tooth extraction, pre-prosthetic procedures such as sinus lifts or gingival grafts are sometimes ...
"Comparison of two types of xenogeneic matrices to treat single gingival recessions: A randomized clinical trial". Journal of ... A free gingival graft is a type of gingival grafting performed to correct acquired deficiencies of the gum tissue around teeth ... Gingival grafting Subepithelial connective tissue graft Santamaria, Mauro Pedrine; Rossato, Amanda; Miguel, Manuela Maria Viana ... Besides autologous tissues, xenogeneic collagen matrices are using for gingival augmentation after dental implantation. ...
As the gingiva loses attachment to the teeth due to gingival recession, the root surface becomes more visible in the mouth. If ... Thus, when root surfaces of teeth are exposed from gingival recession or periodontal disease, caries can develop more readily. ... The incidence of cemental caries increases in older adults as gingival recession occurs from either trauma or periodontal ... Plaque may also collect above or below the gingiva, where it is referred to as supra- or sub-gingival plaque, respectively. ...
... gingival recession, and loss of attachment in beagle dogs". Journal of Periodontal Research. 18 (4): 452-458. doi:10.1111/j. ... One of the main aims of dental food for dogs is to minimize plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. The oral cavity of ... Logan, E.I.; Finney, O.; Hefferren, J.J. (2002). "Effects of a Dental Food on Plaque Accumulation and Gingival Health in Dogs ... This bacteria buildup in plaque causes gingival inflammation and indirectly stimulates activation of the host immune system. ...
"Regenerative Potential of Enamel Matrix Protein Derivative and Acellular Dermal Matrix for Gingival Recession: A Systematic ... It is widely used in dental surgeries for gingival grafting, abdominal hernia repair, oculoplastic and orbital surgeries, and ...
Furthermore, in Class III malocclusions, mandibular anterior teeth are pushed labially which contributes to gingival recession ...
Aesthetics failures can also occur over a period of time including through wear of teeth, gingival recession or drifting of ... A study examined the gingival health around the fixed bridges after a 14-day - 6 month post insertion found the surfaces were ... Gopakumar A, Boyle EL (September 2013). "'A bridge too far'--the negative impact of a bridge prosthesis on gingival health and ... Ortolan SM, Viskić J, Stefancić S, Sitar KR, Vojvodić D, Mehulić K (March 2012). "Oral hygiene and gingival health in patients ...
Gingival recession, also known as gum recession and receding gums, is the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a loss ... Hereditary thin, fragile or insufficient gingival tissue predisposes to gingival recession. Dipping tobacco, which affects the ... "Gingival Recession: Review and Strategies in Treatment of Recession". Case Reports in Dentistry. 2012: 563421. doi:10.1155/2012 ... complete or near complete coverage of the recession area is achievable.[citation needed] Gingival Recession - Causes and ...
Results demonstrated that mRC of PPG + Coronally advanced flap (CAF) was 87.7% for localized gingival recession defects (GRDs) ... Primary outcomes were Recession depth Reduction (Rec Red), mean root coverage (mRC) and complete root coverage (CRC). Secondary ... A total of 8 RCTs and 2 case series (538 recession sites) were included based upon the predefined inclusion and exclusion ... Diagnostic reproducibility of the 2018 classification of gingival recession defects and gingival phenotype: a multicenter inter ...
... which can in turn worsen gingival inflammation. Heres how to break the cycle... ... Gingival recession is a strong risk factor for dentin hypersensitivity, ... While gingival recession does not cause dentin hypersensitivity, the loss of gingival tissue predisposes a patient to ... Gingival recession is a strong risk factor for dentin hypersensitivity. In turn, hypersensitivity can cause poor oral hygiene, ...
Patient presented a gingival recession in a maxillary canine. Tooth was in a buccally prominent position and soft keratinized ... At 3-year follow-up control, the free gingival margin was still stable at the postsurgery position, with a thicker biotype ... tissue apical to the recession was reduced but still present. A split-full-split thickness trapezoidal flap was designed. Root ... This case report described a modified bilaminar technique for treating a single gingival recession. ...
Having a spouse was associated with gingival recession. Conclusions: We observed association between gingival recession, and ... Inicio,Investigación,Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud (ICSA),Enfermedades y Alteraciones Bucales,Gingival recession and ... Gingival recession and associated factors in a homogeneous Mexican adult male population: a cross-sectional clinical ... Results: The mean number of sites with gingival recession per subject was 6.735.81; the prevalence was 87.6%. In the negative ...
CLICK ON PICTURE TO WATCH A VIDEO ON GINGIVAL RECESSION. CALL 704-696-2557 ...
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Riverton Utah Dentist provides information on gum recession with treatment options. Call 801-542-0267 ... Gum Recession Gum Recession. Gum recession is not only unsightly but can also lead to tooth sensitivity, root decay and erosion ... Gum recession can be the result of periodontal (gum) disease or can even occur in a completely healthy mouth. Common causes of ... The good news is that gum recession can be fixed but addressing the cause(s) is critical. Without addressing the causes of the ...
Gingival recession refers to a condition in which the gum tissue pulls away from the roots of the teeth, reducing the support ... Treatment for Gingival Recession. Early symptoms of gum disease include increased space between the gum tissue and the tooth ... Extreme recession leads to tooth loss as the teeth become loose and eventually fall out. If you have problems with your gums, ...
If you want detailed information on gum recession and its relationship with orthodontics, here we provide everything you need. ... the gingival recession rate was related to treatment with tooth extraction, as well as gingival biotype and gingival index ... Read on to find out more.Gingival recession, also known as gum recession, is the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a ... The gingival recession has direct causes and predisposing factors. Orthodontic treatment can prevent recession and even ...
In general, for every 1 mm of recession we see clinicall... ... Gingival recession starts when bone dehiscence (breaking-down ... Gingival recession starts when bone dehiscence (breaking-down of bony structure) occurs due to bone anatomy, tooth position, ... Gingival recession starts when bone dehiscence (breaking-down of bony structure) occurs due to bone anatomy, tooth position, ... Gingival recession starts when bone dehiscence (breaking-down of bony structure) occurs due to bone anatomy, tooth position, ...
Keywords : Gingival recession.; Malocclusion.; Orthodontics.; Periodontics.. · abstract in Portuguese · text in English · pdf ... Several etiological factors for gingival recession have been discussed in the literature, and the vestibular region of the ... Treatment of anterior crossbite and its influence on gingival recession. RGO, Rev. gaúch. odontol. (Online) [online]. 2014, vol ... demonstrate the influence of early treatment of anterior crossbite on the gingival margin level and risk of gingival recession ...
Turner W, Gillam D. The management of mucogingival conditions (gingival recession). In Eaton KA, Ower P, editors, Practical ... Turner, W., & Gillam, D. (2022). The management of mucogingival conditions (gingival recession). In K. A. Eaton, & P. Ower (Eds ... Turner, W & Gillam, D 2022, The management of mucogingival conditions (gingival recession). in KA Eaton & P Ower (eds), ... The management of mucogingival conditions (gingival recession). / Turner, Wendy; Gillam, David.. Practical periodontics . ed ...
... perinatal disease and other health issues from advancing to receding gums is to learn the potential causes of gum recession. ... Gingival grafting process. In order to help cover up a certain amount of the exposed enamel, a gingival grafting procedure will ... Free-gingival grafts. The free-gingival graft is more common in patients who have thin gums and involves taking gum tissue ... Gingival grafting, also known as gum grafting, is the procedure in which a periodontist removes gingival tissue from another ...
Treatment of gingival recession with collagen membranes. / Peacock, M. E.; Cuenin, M. F.; Mott, D. A. et al. In: General ... Peacock, M. E., Cuenin, M. F., Mott, D. A., & Hokett, S. D. (2001). Treatment of gingival recession with collagen membranes. ... Treatment of gingival recession with collagen membranes. In: General dentistry. 2001 ; Vol. 49, No. 1. pp. 94-97. ... Treatment of gingival recession with collagen membranes. General dentistry. 2001 Jan 1;49(1):94-97. ...
If advanced gum disease has resulted in gum recession, a procedure known as gingival flap surgery may be used to repair your ... When you have gingival flap surgery, our periodontist will make a small incision in your gums to separate them from your teeth ... Gingival flap surgery is often recommended to treat people who have moderate or advanced gum disease, or periodontitis, and ... Gingival flap surgery is one of the most effective treatments to restore healthy gums following infection. This surgery ...
Long-term development of gingival recession in orthodontically treated patients in comparison to untreated individuals ... Long-term development of gingival recession in orthodontically treated patients in comparison to untreated individuals ...
Acrogeria, aging skin; decrease of subcutaneous tissue in the face and extremities; gingival recession; hypermobile small ...
... of manual toothbrushes with different bristle designs in terms of cleaning efficacy and potential role on gingival recession.. ...
Results demonstrated that mRC of PPG + Coronally advanced flap (CAF) was 87.7% for localized gingival recession defects (GRDs) ... Clinical effectiveness of periosteal pedicle graft for the management of gingival recession defects-a systematic review and ... Primary outcomes were Recession depth Reduction (Rec Red), mean root coverage (mRC) and complete root coverage (CRC). Secondary ... A total of 8 RCTs and 2 case series (538 recession sites) were included based upon the predefined inclusion and exclusion ...
... coverage using the subepithelial connective tissue graft or the acellular dermal matrix for the treatment of gingival recession ... coverage using the subepithelial connective tissue graft or the acellular dermal matrix for the treatment of gingival recession ...
... class of gingival recession (according to Millers 1985 classification), number of teeth with gingival recession were examined. ... Even though gingival recession may occur without any symptoms it can give rise to pain from exposed dentine, patient concern ... The designation of educational program for periodontal health care is mandatory to decrease the risk of gingival recession ... Percentage, Severity and Etiologies of Clinically Visible Gingival Recession in Adult Population of Sangli District- A Pilot ...
Return to Article Details Treatment of Gingival Recession Class II Defect using Buccal Fat Pad versus Platelet Rich Fibrin ...
Decreased gingival recession length from baseline to six months. values were statistically significant (P , 0.05). Percentage ... Clinical evaluation of class ii and class iii gingival recession defects of maxillary posterior teeth treated with pedicled ... Ten systemically healthy patients with age ranging from 35 to 55 years with Class II and Class III gingival recession in the ... in the treatment of Class II and III gingival recession Materials and Methods: ...
In adults with gingival recessions, TUN had similar primary and secondary outcomes in comparison with CAF. Subgroup analyses by ... In adults with gingival recessions, TUN had similar primary and secondary outcomes in comparison with CAF. Subgroup analyses by ... In adults with gingival recessions, TUN had similar primary and secondary outcomes in comparison with CAF. Subgroup analyses by ... In adults with gingival recessions, TUN had similar primary and secondary outcomes in comparison with CAF. Subgroup analyses by ...
Gingival recession;. *Halitosis (bad breath); and. *Calculus accumulation.. One important abnormality is periodontal disease, ... Periodontal Examination Henry said structures relating to the periodontia include the gingiva (gums), gingival sulcus, ...
  • Several etiological factors for gingival recession have been discussed in the literature, and the vestibular region of the mandibular incisors is a critical anatomical area for the emergence of this condition. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biofilm accumulates at the gingival margin and causes inflammation of the gingiva, eventually leading to the destruction of the periodontal tissues. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • The main characteristic of the gingival recession is the apical migration of marginal gingiva as well as the fact that the latter is gradually displaced away from the cementoenamel junction, thereby exposing the root surface to the oral environment. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • Clinical parameters: Gingival index, Russell's periodontal index, simplified oral hygiene index, visible clinical attachment loss, width of attached gingiva, class of gingival recession (according to Millers 1985 classification), number of teeth with gingival recession were examined. (pkheartjournal.com)
  • Clinical parameters such as probing depth, recession length, and width of keratinized gingiva were recorded at baseline and at 6 months postoperatively, and weekly assessment was done at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and after 4 weeks for observations during the postoperative healing. (journalcra.com)
  • The hyperplastic gingiva alters the position of the gingival margin and results in a false or 'pseudo' pocket. (vin.com)
  • The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health. (thejcdp.com)
  • Dental positions which may cause a gingival recession in the incisors are modified, as well as muscles and soft tissue, in region, once the gingiva accompanies bone support order to prevent extractions (FRÄNKEL et al. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results demonstrated that mRC of PPG + Coronally advanced flap (CAF) was 87.7% for localized gingival recession defects (GRDs) and 84.83% for multiple GRDs. (nature.com)
  • Most if not all recession and soft tissue defects are multifactorial. (ardendentalcenter.com)
  • We systematically assessed the efficacy of tunnel technique (TUN) vs. coronally advanced flap (CAF) in the management of multiple gingival recession defects in adults. (edu.pe)
  • More RCTs with better design are needed to further characterize the effects of TUN vs. CAF in the treatment of multiple gingival recession defects. (edu.pe)
  • Results: Treated recession defects healed successfully without any significant postoperative complications. (journalcra.com)
  • The following is a case presentation of multiple adjacent recession defects. (thejcdp.com)
  • As an alternative, an acellular dermal matrix allograft was utilized to correct these gingival defects negating the requirement for a second palatal surgical procedure. (thejcdp.com)
  • Repair of gingival defects by a sliding flap operation. (thejcdp.com)
  • Teeth should be examined to evaluate possible dental decays, fractures, mobility, defects in restorations, gingival recession and bone loss with inspection, palpation and percussion. (medscape.com)
  • Gingival flap surgery is often recommended to treat people who have moderate or advanced gum disease, or periodontitis, and often after scaling and root planing (a non-surgical treatment) has been done first. (draveraperio.com)
  • Radiography, to identify and thus treat concurrent periodontitis, is mandatory for patients with gingival hyperplasia. (vin.com)
  • These conditions include gingivitis, periodontitis and gingival recession. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Gingival recession, also known as gum recession and receding gums, is the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a loss of gum tissue and/or retraction of the gingival margin from the crown of the teeth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The following signs and symptoms may indicate gum recession: Tooth mobility Dentin hypersensitivity (over-sensitive teeth) - short, sharp pain is triggered by hot, cold, sweet, sour, or spicy food and drink. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depending on the shape of the gum recession and the levels of bone around the teeth, areas of gum recession can be regenerated with new gum tissue using a variety of gum grafting "periodontal plastic surgery" procedures performed by a specialist in periodontics (a periodontist). (wikipedia.org)
  • Cairo F. Periodontal plastic surgery of gingival recessions at single and multiple teeth. (nature.com)
  • Common causes of gum recession are: inadequate or improper oral hygiene, periodontal (gum) disease, faulty dental restoration, crooked teeth, clinching and/or grinding teeth. (desertrosedental.com)
  • Gingival recession refers to a condition in which the gum tissue pulls away from the roots of the teeth, reducing the support given to your teeth. (blissdentalofdallas.com)
  • Extreme recession leads to tooth loss as the teeth become loose and eventually fall out. (blissdentalofdallas.com)
  • There is no evidence on the fact that orthodontic treatment alone might induce a gingival recession, although it might lead the affected teeth to be involved in situations that act as predisposing factors, allowing direct causes to act and, therefore, trigger recession. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • Read on to find out more.Gingival recession, also known as gum recession, is the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a loss of gum tissue and/or retraction of the gingival margin from the crown of the teeth. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • However, oral problems that occur if you do not look after your teeth properly while wearing your braces could contribute towards conditions that develop that will then cause your gums to recede.If you fail to brush your teeth properly when you are wearing braces, plaque can accumulate on the teeth and then move onto the gums, triggering the start of gum disease which could then lead to gum recession. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • Periodontal disease is the most common cause of gum recession and results from poor oral hygiene and bacterial infections that harm the gum tissue, along with the supporting bones of the teeth. (corderoperiodontics.com)
  • When you have gingival flap surgery, our periodontist will make a small incision in your gums to separate them from your teeth, lifting them back in the form of a flap. (draveraperio.com)
  • Conclusion: Pedicled buccal fat showed promising results as the treatment modality in the management of Class II and Class III gingival recession of maxillary posterior teeth. (journalcra.com)
  • On the other hand, in the group 2, this was observed only for the teeth 33, 42 and 43, suggesting that patients treated with RF-2 had more gingival recession than the control group. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cairo F, Nieri M, Pagliaro U. Efficacy of periodontal plastic surgery procedures in the treatment of localized facial gingival recessions. (nature.com)
  • 32 Furthermore, the emergence profile of implant restoration could also have an effect on the facial gingival tissue thickness. (researchgate.net)
  • 33 Over-contouring facial gingival profile of implant restoration had been shown to cause horizontal and vertical gingival tissue loss. (researchgate.net)
  • 33 On the other hand, horizontal and vertical facial gingival tissues are generally well preserved in implant restoration with under-contoured emergence profile. (researchgate.net)
  • The objective was to evaluate clinically gingival recession in a homogeneous Mexican adult male population and to determine the strength of association with related factors. (edu.mx)
  • In general, for every 1 mm of recession we see clinically, there is 1 mm loss of bone on the same root surface as a bony dehiscence. (ardendentalcenter.com)
  • Hence the present study is conducted to assess percentage, severity and possible etiologies of clinically visible gingival recession in adult population of sangli district. (pkheartjournal.com)
  • Gingivitis manifests clinically as swelling, reddening and often bleeding of the gingival margin. (vin.com)
  • This may involve repositioning of adjacent gum tissue to cover the recession (called a pedicle graft) or use of a free graft of gingival or connective tissue from the roof of the mouth (called a free gingival graft or a subepithelial connective tissue graft). (wikipedia.org)
  • The free-gingival graft is more common in patients who have thin gums and involves taking gum tissue directly from the roof of the mouth without creating a flap. (corderoperiodontics.com)
  • Kumar & Masamatti's classification system gives a comprehensive depiction of recession defect that can be used to include cases that cannot be classified according to present classifications. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 53-year-old male, not smoker, presenting a recession type 2 (RT2) gingival defect [ 18 ] in correspondence of the maxillary left canine, was referred for a periodontal evaluation (Figures 1 and 2 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Left maxillary canine presenting a RT2 gingival defect. (hindawi.com)
  • An important step to preventing perinatal disease and other health issues from advancing to receding gums is to learn the potential causes of gum recession. (corderoperiodontics.com)
  • With other potential causes of gum recession, there is an even greater need to treat the issue at the source instead of merely ignoring the symptoms. (corderoperiodontics.com)
  • Gum recession is not only unsightly but can also lead to tooth sensitivity, root decay and erosion, and even jeopardize the long-term health of the tooth. (desertrosedental.com)
  • Severe recessions can jeopardize the long term survival of the tooth. (cap-acp.ca)
  • Treatment of gingival recession has been a common practice in periodontics for years. (thejcdp.com)
  • Among these dentoalveolar effects, it is the lower incisors buccal tipping, that helps to improve the overjet, but may cause gingival recessions, especially when associated with other etiological factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • If advanced gum disease has resulted in gum recession, a procedure known as gingival flap surgery may be used to repair your oral health. (draveraperio.com)
  • Gingival flap surgery is one of the most effective treatments to restore healthy gums following infection. (draveraperio.com)
  • If scaling and root planing have not alleviated the infection in the gums, gingival flap surgery can make a big difference, and can also be done along with osseous (bone) surgery. (draveraperio.com)
  • For more information or to learn if you would benefit from gingival flap surgery to eliminate or reduce pockets of diseased gum tissue and help you restore your periodontal health, we invite you to give our practice a call today. (draveraperio.com)
  • The patient with uncomplicated gingivitis will have normal periodontal probing depths (1-3 mm in the dog and 0.5-1.0 mm in the cat) and show no evidence of gingival recession, furcation involvement or tooth mobility. (vin.com)
  • Gingival hyperplasia may be the result of plaque-induced inflammation (i.e., hyperplastic gingivitis). (vin.com)
  • Because the changes in the condition of the gums from one day to another are minimal, patients get used to the gums' appearance and tend not to notice the recession visually. (wikipedia.org)
  • Historically, the only way we had to fix receding gums was to cut a piece of tissue from the palate of the patient and sew it over the affected area of gum recession. (desertrosedental.com)
  • Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in female hormone levels during a woman's lifetime, such as in puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, can make gums more sensitive and more vulnerable to gum recession. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • Moreover, the prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic treatment is higher among patients who have undergone tooth extraction during orthodontic treatment, and among those who exhibit thin gingival biotype and high gingival index before orthodontic treatment.The treatment for receding gums depends on the underlying cause. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • Aggressive brushing that wears away the enamel much more quickly can also cause gum recession and damage the gums. (corderoperiodontics.com)
  • Gingival recession and associated factors in a homogeneous Mexican adult male population: a cross-sectional clinical investigation. (edu.mx)
  • Minaya-Sánchez M, Medina-Solís CE, Vallejos-Sánchez AA, Marquez-Corona ML, Pontigo-Loyola AP, Islas-Granillo H, Maupomé G. Gingival recession and associated factors in a homogeneous Mexican adult male population: a cross-sectional clinical investigation. (edu.mx)
  • more detailed knowledge about the relationship between the clinical presentation of gingival recession and assorted risk indicators may lead to improved patient monitoring, early intervention, and subsequent prevention. (edu.mx)
  • Conclusions: We observed association between gingival recession, and sociodemographic and clinical parameters. (edu.mx)
  • Secondary outcomes were clinical attachment level (CAL), keratinized tissue width (KTW), probing depth (PD), and recession coverage (REC). (edu.pe)
  • The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the utility of pedicled BFP (PBFP) in the treatment of Class II and III gingival recession Materials and Methods: Ten systemically healthy patients with age ranging from 35 to 55 years with Class II and Class III gingival recession in the maxillary molars were selected. (journalcra.com)
  • In a clinical trial, the gingival recession after using two different procedures was assessed by a three-dimensional analysis of the resulting gypsum models. (umich.edu)
  • It may exist with or without concomitant decrease in crown-to-root ratio (recession of alveolar bone). (wikipedia.org)
  • Gingival recession starts when bone dehiscence (breaking-down of bony structure) occurs due to bone anatomy, tooth position, orthodontic treatment, inflammatory processes, or occlusal trauma. (ardendentalcenter.com)
  • In turn, hypersensitivity can cause poor oral hygiene, biofilm accumulation, and further gingival inflammation. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • The presence and degree of gingival inflammation is assessed based on a combination of redness and swelling, as well as presence or absence of bleeding on gentle probing of the gingival sulcus. (vin.com)
  • Various indices can be used to give a numerical value to the degree of gingival inflammation present. (vin.com)
  • Nieri M, Pini Prato GP, Giani M, Magnani N, Pagliaro U, Rotundo R. Patient perceptions of buccal gingival recessions and requests for treatment. (nature.com)
  • Orthodontic treatment can prevent recession and even contribute to its treatment, with or without a periodontal approach, depending on the type and severity of gingival tissue damage. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • In this article, some orthodontic facts regarding the relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival recession have been addressed. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • Notably, the index of gingival recession increased after orthodontic treatment. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • the gingival recession rate was related to treatment with tooth extraction, as well as gingival biotype and gingival index before orthodontic treatment.Patients with these two types of low occlusal function are more likely to exhibit gingival recession after orthodontic treatment. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • In view of these aspects, the objective of this paper was to demonstrate the influence of early treatment of anterior crossbite on the gingival margin level and risk of gingival recession in the region of the incisors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Treatment of gingival recession with collagen membranes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The cases presented here demonstrate the treatment of gingival recession with a resorbable collagen membrane. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Treatment of gingival recession with collagen membranes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Utilization of grafts in the treatment of gingival recession. (thejcdp.com)
  • Patients need be educated about risk indicators for gingival recession as well as the preventive maneuvers that may be implemented to minimize its occurrence. (edu.mx)
  • Unfortunately, some studies have shown that there is a very small link between braces and gum recession that is putting some patients off of getting orthodontic braces. (luxedentalcaremd.com)
  • Due to increasing patients for a harmonious smile, a common concern in periodontology is solving gingival aesthetic problems, mainly gingival recession (GR), which has gained the status of discomfort in esthetic and cosmetic dentistry. (pkheartjournal.com)
  • Tooth was in a buccally prominent position and soft keratinized tissue apical to the recession was reduced but still present. (hindawi.com)
  • Gingival recession consists in the apical shift of the free gingival margin with the consequent exposure of the cementum enamel junction and the root surface [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Adherent keratinized tissue apical to the recession was still present with small but still adequate thickness and high to perform a CAF (Figure 3 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Longitudinal evaluation of free autogenous gingival grafts. (thejcdp.com)
  • This gingival loss may determine aesthetic problems, as well as dental hypersensitivity, noncarious cervical lesions, or radicular caries. (hindawi.com)
  • There are many possible causes for gingival recession: By far the most common cause is gum disease (periodontal disease). (wikipedia.org)
  • Inadequate biofilm control can in turn cause the advancement of periodontal disease and gingival tissue loss, which can then increase the risk or severity of dentin hypersensitivity. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • Even though gingival recession may occur without any symptoms it can give rise to pain from exposed dentine, patient concern about loss of the tooth, poor esthetics or root caries. (pkheartjournal.com)
  • While gingival recession does not cause dentin hypersensitivity, the loss of gingival tissue predisposes a patient to hypersensitivity and often occurs alongside it . (colgateprofessional.com)
  • Patient presented a gingival recession in a maxillary canine. (hindawi.com)
  • In order to help cover up a certain amount of the exposed enamel, a gingival grafting procedure will involve the periodontist removing a portion of gum tissue from the patient or taking donor gum tissue and placing over the area that needs it. (corderoperiodontics.com)
  • Gingival grafting, also known as gum grafting, is the procedure in which a periodontist removes gingival tissue from another area inside the mouth to help treat gum recession. (corderoperiodontics.com)
  • In the negative binomial regression model we observed that for (i) each year of age, and (ii) each percentage unit of increase in sites with plaque, and (iii) with suppuration, mean sites with gingival recession increased 2.9%, 1.0% and 13.0%, respectively. (edu.mx)
  • Romandini M, Soldini MC, Montero E, Sanz M. Epidemiology of mid-buccal gingival recessions in NHANES according to the 2018 World Workshop Classification System. (nature.com)
  • Hereditary thin, fragile or insufficient gingival tissue predisposes to gingival recession. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inadequate oral hygiene is a primary cause of gingival recessio n. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • The results of this study proved that neglecting oral hygiene is the most common cause behind increase the gingival recession among adolescents. (pkheartjournal.com)
  • Stay tuned for our next soft tissue blog post: "Treatments of Gingival Recession. (ardendentalcenter.com)
  • Gum recession is a common problem in adults over the age of 40, but it may also occur starting in adolescence, or around the age of 10. (wikipedia.org)
  • In adults with gingival recessions, TUN had similar primary and secondary outcomes in comparison with CAF. (edu.pe)
  • Dentin hypersensitivity and gingival recession: Breaking the cycle. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • Gingival recession is a strong risk factor for dentin hypersensitivity. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • In order to reduce the burden of both gingival recession and dentin hypersensitivity, dental professionals must implement prevention and management strategies in five key areas. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • There is not enough tissue on a patient's palate to cover so many spots of recession. (desertrosedental.com)
  • The entire procedure is done through a small pinhole using patented, specially designed instruments to gently move the patient's own tissue over the area of recession. (desertrosedental.com)
  • Untreated progressive recessions can lead to tooth loss. (cap-acp.ca)
  • People who smoke cigarettes or consume large quantities of tobacco products will also increase the risk of gum recession. (corderoperiodontics.com)
  • The designation of educational program for periodontal health care is mandatory to decrease the risk of gingival recession among population specially the adolescents. (pkheartjournal.com)
  • Gingival recession affects many of us as we grow older, but it can become a problem at any age. (zyris.com)
  • Various classifications have been proposed to classify gingival recession, Miller's classification system being the one that is most widely followed. (wikipedia.org)
  • A separate classification system for palatal recessions (PR) has been given. (wikipedia.org)
  • A new comprehensive classification system classifies recession on the basis of the position of interdental papilla and buccal/lingual/palatal recessions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Primary outcomes were Recession depth Reduction (Rec Red), mean root coverage (mRC) and complete root coverage (CRC). (nature.com)
  • In a healthy mouth, the gingival tissue covers and protects the cementum on the root of the tooth from acid attacks, erosion and abrasion. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • The potential of improved oral self-care to prevent a largely benign condition such as gingival recession is important, given the associated disorders that may ensue root exposure, such as root caries and root hypersensitivity. (edu.mx)
  • Periodontal therapy includes root planing, gingival flaps and targeted tissue regeneration. (vcahospitals.com)
  • Gum tissue breakdown, called recession , results in exposure of the root surface. (cap-acp.ca)
  • Cementum is much thinner and softer than enamel and is therefore less able to withstand these occurrences, so gingival recession can leave it vulnerable to loss, and at a much faster rate than that of enamel. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • There was a statistically significant decrease in length of recession. (journalcra.com)
  • One systemic review of the literature concluded that "The data to support or refute the association between tooth brushing and gingival recession are inconclusive," although aggressive or forceful brushing was not specifically addressed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Careful use of two different procedures for soft-tissue management did not cause permanent gingival recession. (umich.edu)
  • At 3-year follow-up control, the free gingival margin was still stable at the postsurgery position, with a thicker biotype corresponding to the grafted area, with no probing and a suitable aesthetic result. (hindawi.com)
  • The 100 dental cast models were analyzed at T1 and T2, with a digital caliper, measuring the distance from the incisal edge to the most concave portion of the gingival margin of lower incisors and canines. (bvsalud.org)