Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Rare, slow-growing, benign intraventricular tumors, often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. The tumors are classified histologically as ependymomas and demonstrate a proliferation of subependymal fibrillary astrocytes among the ependymal tumor cells. (From Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997 Feb;99(1):17-22)
A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.
A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Facial neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the facial region, which can be benign or malignant, originating from various cell types including epithelial, glandular, connective tissue, and neural crest cells.
Neoplasms located in the brain ventricles, including the two lateral, the third, and the fourth ventricle. Ventricular tumors may be primary (e.g., CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS and GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL), metastasize from distant organs, or occur as extensions of locally invasive tumors from adjacent brain structures.
Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
A particular zone of tissue composed of a specialized microenvironment where stem cells are retained in a undifferentiated, self-renewable state.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.
Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
Cells with high proliferative and self renewal capacities derived from adults.
Glial cell derived tumors arising from the optic nerve, usually presenting in childhood.
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.
A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.
Conferences, conventions or formal meetings usually attended by delegates representing a special field of interest.
A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.
Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Primary and metastatic (secondary) tumors of the brain located above the tentorium cerebelli, a fold of dura mater separating the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM from the cerebral hemispheres and DIENCEPHALON (i.e., THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS and related structures). In adults, primary neoplasms tend to arise in the supratentorial compartment, whereas in children they occur more frequently in the infratentorial space. Clinical manifestations vary with the location of the lesion, but SEIZURES; APHASIA; HEMIANOPSIA; hemiparesis; and sensory deficits are relatively common features. Metastatic supratentorial neoplasms are frequently multiple at the time of presentation.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.
Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)
Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.
Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.

Intramedullary subependymoma occupying the right half of the thoracic spinal cord--case report. (1/20)

A 37-year-old female presented with a rare spinal subependymoma manifesting as progressive weakness of her right lower extremity over an 8-month period. She had a 10-year history of back pain and urinary disturbance. Magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse enlargement of the spinal cord from T-2 to T-7 on the T1-weighted images. The enlarged spinal cord was divided into two compartments by a vertical septum-like structure on the T2-weighted images. The tumor occupied the right half of the thoracic spinal cord, and was totally removed through a laminectomy from T-2 to T-7. The histological diagnosis of the resected specimen was subependymoma. Subependymomas are slow-growing tumors usually found in the ventricular system. Spinal subependymomas are difficult to distinguish from other intramedullary spinal tumors based on neuroradiological findings. Subependymomas are surgically curable tumors, so if the tumor is well demarcated and a subependymoma is indicated, an attempt should be made to totally remove the tumor.  (+info)

Subependymomas in children: a report of five cases including two with osseous metaplasia. (2/20)

Subependymomas are highly differentiated slow growing gliomas. They are one of the few gliomas which are biologically benign. They are extremely rare in children. However, after going through the histopathology records of our department of fourteen years (1983-1997) we found that five (20%) cases of subependymomas have been diagnosed in children out of a total of twenty-six subependymomas. Two of our cases showed the presence of osseous metaplasia, a hitherto undescribed finding.  (+info)

Supratentorial extraventricular ependymal neoplasms: a clinicopathologic study of 32 patients. (3/20)

BACKGROUND: Published research on the clinicopathologic features of extraventricular ependymal neoplasms of the cerebral hemispheres has been scant. METHODS: Thirty-two archival cases were studied to investigate the prognostic impact of clinicopathologic parameters including flow cytometry, the proliferation (Ki-67) labeling index, and p53 expression. RESULTS: Among these 32 cases were 2 subependymomas, 19 ependymomas, and 11 anaplastic ependymomas. No significant gender predilection was observed, and 45% of patients were in their second or third decade of life. The left cerebral hemisphere was 1.5 times more commonly involved. On available imaging studies, lesions were often cystic, with or without a mural nodule. Tumors expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (87%), S-100 protein (77%), cytokeratin (43%), and epithelial membrane antigen (17%). Ki-67 proliferation index paralleled tumor grade. Immunoreactivity for p53 protein was observed in the 2 cases of subependymoma, in 10 of 11 anaplastic ependymomas, and in 6 of 17 ependymomas. Flow cytometry performed in 27 tumors revealed diploidy in 20 cases and aneuploidy in 4 cases (3 anaplastic and 1 classic ependymomas), with S-phase fraction ranging from 0.2-9.7. Eleven subjects were additionally treated with radiotherapy, and 3 with chemotherapy. Follow up was available in 25 (78%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that there is no significant relation between histopathology, Ki-67 proliferation index, p53 immunolabeling, tumor ploidy, and biologic behavior.  (+info)

Identification of relevant prognostic histopathologic features in 69 intracranial ependymomas, excluding myxopapillary ependymomas and subependymomas. (4/20)

BACKGROUND: The results of attempts to identify histopathologic parameters that contribute to the clinical outcome of patients with ependymomas have been controversial. This may be due to the relative rareness of ependymomas. Furthermore, in many investigations, myxopapillary ependymomas and subependymomas were included and may have confounded results, because those tumors should be considered clinicopathologic entities distinct from the other ependymomas. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the influence of the histologic subtype of ependymoma and of individual histologic features on the outcome of 69 patients with ependymomas was investigated. Myxopapillary ependymomas, subependymomas, and ependymomas with spinal localizations were excluded from the analysis. The ependymomas were subdivided into cellular, papillary, clear cell, and tanycytic subtypes. The study extended over a period of 30 years. RESULTS: No differences in clinical outcome between the four histologic subtypes of ependymomas were revealed. Neither tumor localization (either infratentorial or supratentorial), patient age, nor gender affected survival. The survival of patients who underwent complete tumor resection differed significantly from that of patients who underwent partial resection. In univariate analysis, the features of nuclear atypia, the mitotic index, and the MIB-1 labeling index (LI) significantly influenced survival. With regard to survival, the presence of microcysts, blood vessel density, and the feature of vascular hyalinization demonstrated a trend but did not reach significance. In multivariate analysis, only the mitotic index and the MIB-1 LI were identified as factors with independent prognostic significance (P = 0.027 and P = 0.023, respectively). Both proliferation indices were correlated strongly with each other. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the univariate analysis indicated that, for patients with intracranial ependymoma, nuclear atypia, the mitotic index, and the MIB-1 LI significantly influenced survival. In the multivariate analysis, the mitotic index and the MIB-1 LI were the only features that had independent prognostic significance. Because both showed strong correlations, only one of them should be included in a grading scheme for intracranial ependymomas.  (+info)

Subependymoma of the cerebellopontine angle and prepontine cistern in a 15-year-old adolescent boy. (5/20)

SUMMARY: A case of cerebellopontine angle and prepontine cistern subependymoma in a 15-year-old adolescent boy is presented with a review of the literature. Apparent diffusion coefficient values for subependymoma are reported. Differential considerations for the unusual location of this rare tumor are discussed.  (+info)

Genome-wide analysis of subependymomas shows underlying chromosomal copy number changes involving chromosomes 6, 7, 8 and 14 in a proportion of cases. (6/20)

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Imaging appearance of subependymoma: a rare tumor of the cord. (7/20)

Subependymoma of the cord are rare tumors with very few cases described in the literature. They represent a diagnostic dilemma as far as imaging and histopathology is concerned. They are biologically benign with low proliferative index, hence postoperative prognosis is very good. We present a case of a 42-year-old male patient with an intramedullary Subependymoma located within the central canal of thoracic region cord. On imaging with T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences it mimicked syringohydromyelia, however, on heavily T2-weighted images the tumor located within the central canal could be delineated. The tumor was excised with complete recovery.  (+info)

Regression of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma with rapamycin in tuberous sclerosis complex. (8/20)

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A glioma is a type of tumor that originates from the glial cells in the brain. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for nerve cells (neurons) within the central nervous system, including providing nutrients, maintaining homeostasis, and insulating neurons.

Gliomas can be classified into several types based on the specific type of glial cell from which they originate. The most common types include:

1. Astrocytoma: Arises from astrocytes, a type of star-shaped glial cells that provide structural support to neurons.
2. Oligodendroglioma: Develops from oligodendrocytes, which produce the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers.
3. Ependymoma: Originate from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain and spinal cord.
4. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): A highly aggressive and malignant type of astrocytoma that tends to spread quickly within the brain.

Gliomas can be further classified based on their grade, which indicates how aggressive and fast-growing they are. Lower-grade gliomas tend to grow more slowly and may be less aggressive, while higher-grade gliomas are more likely to be aggressive and rapidly growing.

Symptoms of gliomas depend on the location and size of the tumor but can include headaches, seizures, cognitive changes, and neurological deficits such as weakness or paralysis in certain parts of the body. Treatment options for gliomas may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The ependyma is a type of epithelial tissue that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These cells are specialized glial cells that help to form the blood-brain barrier, regulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and provide support and protection for the nervous tissue.

Ependymal cells have a cuboidal or columnar shape and possess numerous cilia on their apical surface, which helps to circulate CSF within the ventricles. They also have tight junctions that help to form the blood-brain barrier and prevent the passage of harmful substances from the blood into the CSF.

In addition to their role in maintaining the integrity of the CNS, ependymal cells can also differentiate into other types of cells, such as neurons and glial cells, under certain conditions. This property has made them a topic of interest in regenerative medicine and the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous (benign) tumors to grow in many parts of the body. These tumors can affect the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, eyes, and lungs. The signs and symptoms of TSC can vary widely, depending on where the tumors develop and how severely a person is affected.

The condition is caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, which regulate a protein that helps control cell growth and division. When these genes are mutated, the protein is not produced correctly, leading to excessive cell growth and the development of tumors.

TSC is typically diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, medical imaging, and genetic testing. Treatment for TSC often involves a multidisciplinary approach, with specialists in neurology, dermatology, cardiology, nephrology, pulmonology, and ophthalmology working together to manage the various symptoms of the condition. Medications, surgery, and other therapies may be used to help control seizures, developmental delays, skin abnormalities, and other complications of TSC.

Astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor that arises from astrocytes, which are star-shaped glial cells in the brain. These tumors can occur in various parts of the brain and can have different grades of malignancy, ranging from low-grade (I or II) to high-grade (III or IV). Low-grade astrocytomas tend to grow slowly and may not cause any symptoms for a long time, while high-grade astrocytomas are more aggressive and can grow quickly, causing neurological problems.

Symptoms of astrocytoma depend on the location and size of the tumor but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, difficulty speaking or swallowing, changes in vision or behavior, and memory loss. Treatment options for astrocytomas include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The prognosis for astrocytoma varies widely depending on the grade and location of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient.

Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.

Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

The lateral ventricles are a pair of fluid-filled cavities located within the brain. They are part of the ventricular system, which is a series of interconnected spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The lateral ventricles are situated in the left and right hemispheres of the brain and are among the largest of the ventricles.

Each lateral ventricle has a complex structure and can be divided into several parts:

1. Anterior horn: This is the front part of the lateral ventricle, located in the frontal lobe of the brain.
2. Body: The central part of the lateral ventricle, which is continuous with the anterior horn and posterior horn.
3. Posterior horn: The back part of the lateral ventricle, located in the occipital lobe of the brain.
4. Temporal horn: An extension that projects into the temporal lobe of the brain.

The lateral ventricles are lined with ependymal cells, which produce cerebrospinal fluid. CSF circulates through the ventricular system, providing buoyancy and protection to the brain, and is eventually absorbed into the bloodstream. Abnormalities in the size or shape of the lateral ventricles can be associated with various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, or neurodegenerative diseases.

The cerebral ventricles are a system of interconnected fluid-filled cavities within the brain. They are located in the center of the brain and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection to the brain by cushioning it from impacts and helping to maintain its stability within the skull.

There are four ventricles in total: two lateral ventricles, one third ventricle, and one fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricles are located in each cerebral hemisphere, while the third ventricle is located between the thalami of the two hemispheres. The fourth ventricle is located at the base of the brain, above the spinal cord.

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through narrow passageways called the interventricular foramen. From there, it flows into the fourth ventricle through another narrow passageway called the cerebral aqueduct. CSF then leaves the fourth ventricle and enters the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord, where it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the size or shape of the cerebral ventricles can indicate underlying neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of CSF) or atrophy (shrinkage) of brain tissue. Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are often used to assess the size and shape of the cerebral ventricles in clinical settings.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

A subependymal glioma is a rare, typically slow-growing type of brain tumor that develops in the lining of the fluid-filled spaces (ventricles) within the brain. These tumors are formed from glial cells, which are supportive cells that help nerve cells function.

Subependymal gliomas are often associated with a genetic disorder called tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), and they account for about 10-15% of all brain tumors in TSC patients. These tumors usually appear as small, nodular growths on the walls of the ventricles, particularly near the region where the ventricles connect to the lower part of the brain (the brainstem).

Although subependymal gliomas are generally slow-growing, they can cause symptoms by obstructing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles. This obstruction can lead to an increase in intracranial pressure and a condition called hydrocephalus, which may require surgical intervention to alleviate. Symptoms of subependymal gliomas can include headaches, vomiting, seizures, balance problems, and developmental delays.

Treatment options for subependymal gliomas depend on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the presence of any associated symptoms. In some cases, these tumors may not require treatment if they are small and asymptomatic. However, if the tumor is causing obstruction or symptoms, surgical removal or other treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be necessary. Regular follow-up with imaging studies is essential to monitor the growth and development of subependymal gliomas in TSC patients.

A choristoma is a type of growth that occurs when normally functioning tissue is found in an abnormal location within the body. It is not cancerous or harmful, but it can cause problems if it presses on surrounding structures or causes symptoms. Choristomas are typically congenital, meaning they are present at birth, and are thought to occur due to developmental errors during embryonic growth. They can be found in various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, eye, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.

Angiofibroma is a benign tumor that most commonly occurs in the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the nose) in adolescents and young adults, particularly males. It is composed of blood vessels and fibrous tissue. Angiofibromas are also known as juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas because they often occur in young people and originate in the nasopharynx.

These tumors can cause symptoms such as nosebleeds, nasal congestion, and difficulty breathing through the nose. In some cases, they may also cause hearing problems or double vision. Angiofibromas are typically treated with surgery to remove the tumor. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases.

It is important to note that angiofibroma is a specific type of tumor that has distinct characteristics and is treated differently from other types of tumors. If you have any concerns about this condition or if you are experiencing symptoms that you think may be related to an angiofibroma, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Facial neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the tissues of the face. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Facial neoplasms can occur in any of the facial structures, including the skin, muscles, bones, nerves, and glands.

Benign facial neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples include papillomas, hemangiomas, and neurofibromas. While these tumors are usually harmless, they can cause cosmetic concerns or interfere with normal facial function.

Malignant facial neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and invasive. They can spread to other parts of the face, as well as to distant sites in the body. Common types of malignant facial neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

Treatment for facial neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you notice any unusual growths or changes in the skin or tissues of your face.

Cerebral ventricle neoplasms refer to tumors that develop within the cerebral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces in the brain. These tumors can arise from various types of cells within the ventricular system, including the ependymal cells that line the ventricles, choroid plexus cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid, or other surrounding tissues.

Cerebral ventricle neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location, such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision changes, imbalance, weakness, or difficulty with mental tasks. The treatment options for these tumors may include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the type and extent of the tumor. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are a type of undifferentiated cells found in the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. They have the ability to self-renew and generate the main types of cells found in the nervous system, such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. NSCs are capable of dividing symmetrically to increase their own population or asymmetrically to produce one stem cell and one differentiated cell. They play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, and have the potential to be used in regenerative medicine and therapies for neurological disorders and injuries.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

A hamartoma is a benign tumor-like growth that is composed of an unusual mixture of cells and tissues that are normally found in the affected area. These growths can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most commonly found in the skin, lungs, and brain. Hamartomas are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). They are usually harmless, but in some cases, they may cause symptoms or complications depending on their size and location. In general, hamartomas do not require treatment unless they are causing problems.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division between the sac and its surrounding tissue, that contains fluid, air, or semisolid material. Cysts can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, internal organs, and bones. They can be caused by various factors, such as infection, genetic predisposition, or blockage of a duct or gland. Some cysts may cause symptoms, such as pain or discomfort, while others may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment for cysts depends on the type and location of the cyst, as well as whether it is causing any problems. Some cysts may go away on their own, while others may need to be drained or removed through a surgical procedure.

A stem cell niche is a specific microenvironment in which stem cells reside, interact with surrounding cells and receive molecular signals that regulate their self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This specialized niche provides the necessary conditions for maintaining the undifferentiated state of stem cells and controlling their fate decisions. The components of a stem cell niche typically include various cell types (such as supporting cells, immune cells, and blood vessels), extracellular matrix proteins, signaling molecules, and physical factors like oxygen tension and mechanical stress. Together, these elements create a unique microenvironment that helps to preserve the functional integrity and potential of stem cells for tissue repair, regeneration, and homeostasis.

Astrocytes are a type of star-shaped glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They play crucial roles in supporting and maintaining the health and function of neurons, which are the primary cells responsible for transmitting information in the CNS.

Some of the essential functions of astrocytes include:

1. Supporting neuronal structure and function: Astrocytes provide structural support to neurons by ensheathing them and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which helps regulate the entry and exit of substances into the CNS.
2. Regulating neurotransmitter levels: Astrocytes help control the levels of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft (the space between two neurons) by taking up excess neurotransmitters and breaking them down, thus preventing excessive or prolonged activation of neuronal receptors.
3. Providing nutrients to neurons: Astrocytes help supply energy metabolites, such as lactate, to neurons, which are essential for their survival and function.
4. Modulating synaptic activity: Through the release of various signaling molecules, astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength and plasticity, contributing to learning and memory processes.
5. Participating in immune responses: Astrocytes can respond to CNS injuries or infections by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which help recruit immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
6. Promoting neuronal survival and repair: In response to injury or disease, astrocytes can become reactive and undergo morphological changes that aid in forming a glial scar, which helps contain damage and promote tissue repair. Additionally, they release growth factors and other molecules that support the survival and regeneration of injured neurons.

Dysfunction or damage to astrocytes has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is a type of intermediate filament protein that is primarily found in astrocytes, which are a type of star-shaped glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). These proteins play an essential role in maintaining the structural integrity and stability of astrocytes. They also participate in various cellular processes such as responding to injury, providing support to neurons, and regulating the extracellular environment.

GFAP is often used as a marker for astrocytic activation or reactivity, which can occur in response to CNS injuries, neuroinflammation, or neurodegenerative diseases. Elevated GFAP levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood can indicate astrocyte damage or dysfunction and are associated with several neurological conditions, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Alexander's disease.

Glioblastoma, also known as Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is a highly aggressive and malignant type of brain tumor that arises from the glial cells in the brain. These tumors are characterized by their rapid growth, invasion into surrounding brain tissue, and resistance to treatment.

Glioblastomas are composed of various cell types, including astrocytes and other glial cells, which make them highly heterogeneous and difficult to treat. They typically have a poor prognosis, with a median survival rate of 14-15 months from the time of diagnosis, even with aggressive treatment.

Symptoms of glioblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor but may include headaches, seizures, nausea, vomiting, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in personality or behavior, and weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.

Standard treatment for glioblastoma typically involves surgical resection of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide. However, despite these treatments, glioblastomas often recur, leading to a poor overall prognosis.

The olfactory bulb is the primary center for the sense of smell in the brain. It's a structure located in the frontal part of the brain, specifically in the anterior cranial fossa, and is connected to the nasal cavity through tiny holes called the cribriform plates. The olfactory bulb receives signals from olfactory receptors in the nose that detect different smells, processes this information, and then sends it to other areas of the brain for further interpretation and perception of smell.

Neuroglia, also known as glial cells or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the nervous system. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers, and provide structural support. They also play a role in the immune response of the central nervous system. Some types of neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons (nerve cells) are generated in the brain. It occurs throughout life in certain areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus and subventricular zone, although the rate of neurogenesis decreases with age. Neurogenesis involves the proliferation, differentiation, and integration of new neurons into existing neural circuits. This process plays a crucial role in learning, memory, and recovery from brain injury or disease.

A cerebral hemorrhage, also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke that results from bleeding within the brain tissue. It occurs when a weakened blood vessel bursts and causes localized bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can increase pressure in the skull, damage nearby brain cells, and release toxic substances that further harm brain tissues.

Cerebral hemorrhages are often caused by chronic conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which weakens the walls of blood vessels over time. Other potential causes include trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, illicit drug use, and brain tumors. Symptoms may include sudden headache, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, loss of balance, and altered level of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and manage cerebral hemorrhage through imaging techniques, supportive care, and possible surgical interventions.

Adult stem cells, also known as somatic stem cells, are undifferentiated cells found in specialized tissues or organs throughout the body of a developed organism. Unlike embryonic stem cells, which are derived from blastocysts and have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body (pluripotency), adult stem cells are typically more limited in their differentiation potential, meaning they can only give rise to specific types of cells within the tissue or organ where they reside.

Adult stem cells serve to maintain and repair tissues by replenishing dying or damaged cells. They can divide and self-renew over time, producing one daughter cell that remains a stem cell and another that differentiates into a mature, functional cell type. The most well-known adult stem cells are hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to all types of blood cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into various connective tissue cells such as bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle.

The potential therapeutic use of adult stem cells has been explored in various medical fields, including regenerative medicine and cancer therapy. However, their limited differentiation capacity and the challenges associated with isolating and expanding them in culture have hindered their widespread application. Recent advances in stem cell research, such as the development of techniques to reprogram adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have opened new avenues for studying and harnessing the therapeutic potential of these cells.

An Optic Nerve Glioma is a type of brain tumor that arises from the glial cells (supportive tissue) within the optic nerve. It is most commonly seen in children, particularly those with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). These tumors are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms, especially if they are small. However, as they grow larger, they can put pressure on the optic nerve, leading to vision loss or other visual disturbances. In some cases, these tumors can also affect nearby structures in the brain, causing additional neurological symptoms. Treatment options may include observation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.

"Cell count" is a medical term that refers to the process of determining the number of cells present in a given volume or sample of fluid or tissue. This can be done through various laboratory methods, such as counting individual cells under a microscope using a specialized grid called a hemocytometer, or using automated cell counters that use light scattering and electrical impedance techniques to count and classify different types of cells.

Cell counts are used in a variety of medical contexts, including hematology (the study of blood and blood-forming tissues), microbiology (the study of microscopic organisms), and pathology (the study of diseases and their causes). For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a routine laboratory test that includes a white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, and platelet count. Abnormal cell counts can indicate the presence of various medical conditions, such as infections, anemia, or leukemia.

Sirolimus is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called immunosuppressants. It is also known as rapamycin. Sirolimus works by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a protein that plays a key role in cell growth and division.

Sirolimus is primarily used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, such as kidneys, livers, and hearts. It works by suppressing the activity of the immune system, which can help to reduce the risk of the body rejecting the transplanted organ. Sirolimus is often used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs, such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors.

Sirolimus is also being studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of other conditions, including cancer, tuberous sclerosis complex, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the safety and efficacy of sirolimus in these contexts.

It's important to note that sirolimus can have significant side effects, including increased risk of infections, mouth sores, high blood pressure, and kidney damage. Therefore, it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a synthetic thymidine analog that can be incorporated into DNA during cell replication. It is often used in research and medical settings as a marker for cell proliferation or as a tool to investigate DNA synthesis and repair. When cells are labeled with BrdU and then examined using immunofluorescence or other detection techniques, the presence of BrdU can indicate which cells have recently divided or are actively synthesizing DNA.

In medical contexts, BrdU has been used in cancer research to study tumor growth and response to treatment. It has also been explored as a potential therapeutic agent for certain conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, where promoting cell proliferation and replacement of damaged cells may be beneficial. However, its use as a therapeutic agent is still experimental and requires further investigation.

The term "Congresses as Topic" refers to large, formal meetings that are held to discuss and exchange information on a specific topic or field, usually academic or professional in nature. In the context of medical science, a congress is an event where healthcare professionals, researchers, and experts gather to present and discuss the latest research, developments, and innovations in their field. Medical congresses can cover a wide range of topics, including specific diseases, treatments, medical specialties, public health issues, or healthcare policies. These events often include keynote speeches, panel discussions, workshops, poster sessions, and networking opportunities for attendees. Examples of well-known medical congresses are the annual meetings of the American Medical Association, the American Heart Association, and the European Society of Cardiology.

TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) Serine-Threonine Kinases are a family of conserved protein kinases that play crucial roles in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism in response to various environmental cues such as nutrients, growth factors, and energy status. They are named after their ability to phosphorylate serine and threonine residues on target proteins.

Mammalian cells express two distinct TOR kinases, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have different protein compositions and functions. mTORC1 is rapamycin-sensitive and regulates cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism by phosphorylating downstream targets such as p70S6 kinase and 4E-BP1, thereby controlling protein synthesis, autophagy, and lysosome biogenesis. mTORC2 is rapamycin-insensitive and regulates cell survival, cytoskeleton organization, and metabolism by phosphorylating AGC kinases such as AKT and PKCα.

Dysregulation of TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Therefore, targeting TOR kinases has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these diseases.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Tumor suppressor proteins are a type of regulatory protein that helps control the cell cycle and prevent cells from dividing and growing in an uncontrolled manner. They work to inhibit tumor growth by preventing the formation of tumors or slowing down their progression. These proteins can repair damaged DNA, regulate gene expression, and initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis) if the damage is too severe for repair.

Mutations in tumor suppressor genes, which provide the code for these proteins, can lead to a decrease or loss of function in the resulting protein. This can result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the formation of tumors and cancer. Examples of tumor suppressor proteins include p53, Rb (retinoblastoma), and BRCA1/2.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), stem cells are "initial cells" or "precursor cells" that have the ability to differentiate into many different cell types in the body. They can also divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as the person or animal is still alive.

There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which come from human embryos, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues throughout the body. Embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body, while adult stem cells have more limited differentiation potential.

Stem cells play an essential role in the development and repair of various tissues and organs in the body. They are currently being studied for their potential use in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the properties and capabilities of these cells before they can be used safely and effectively in clinical settings.

A seizure is an uncontrolled, abnormal firing of neurons (brain cells) that can cause various symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, altered awareness, or changes in behavior. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors including epilepsy, brain injury, infection, toxic substances, or genetic disorders. They can also occur without any identifiable cause, known as idiopathic seizures. Seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.

Mitosis is a type of cell division in which the genetic material of a single cell, called the mother cell, is equally distributed into two identical daughter cells. It's a fundamental process that occurs in multicellular organisms for growth, maintenance, and repair, as well as in unicellular organisms for reproduction.

The process of mitosis can be broken down into several stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane is completely disassembled, and the mitotic spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at their centromeres.

During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, an imaginary line equidistant from the two spindle poles. In anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and move toward opposite poles of the cell. Finally, in telophase, new nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes decondense and become less visible.

Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, a process that divides the cytoplasm of the mother cell into two separate daughter cells. The result of mitosis and cytokinesis is two genetically identical cells, each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original parent cell.

Brain stem neoplasms refer to tumors that originate in the brainstem, which is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can arise from various types of cells within the brainstem, such as nerve cells, glial cells (which support and protect nerve cells), or cells that make up blood vessels.

Brain stem neoplasms are relatively rare, accounting for about 2% of all primary brain tumors. They can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location, including headache, vomiting, double vision, difficulty swallowing, facial weakness, and problems with balance and coordination. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the type, location, and extent of the tumor.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

Cell movement, also known as cell motility, refers to the ability of cells to move independently and change their location within tissue or inside the body. This process is essential for various biological functions, including embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses, and cancer metastasis.

There are several types of cell movement, including:

1. **Crawling or mesenchymal migration:** Cells move by extending and retracting protrusions called pseudopodia or filopodia, which contain actin filaments. This type of movement is common in fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells during tissue invasion and metastasis.
2. **Amoeboid migration:** Cells move by changing their shape and squeezing through tight spaces without forming protrusions. This type of movement is often observed in white blood cells (leukocytes) as they migrate through the body to fight infections.
3. **Pseudopodial extension:** Cells extend pseudopodia, which are temporary cytoplasmic projections containing actin filaments. These protrusions help the cell explore its environment and move forward.
4. **Bacterial flagellar motion:** Bacteria use a whip-like structure called a flagellum to propel themselves through their environment. The rotation of the flagellum is driven by a molecular motor in the bacterial cell membrane.
5. **Ciliary and ependymal movement:** Ciliated cells, such as those lining the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes, have hair-like structures called cilia that beat in coordinated waves to move fluids or mucus across the cell surface.

Cell movement is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and adhesion molecules, which enable cells to respond to environmental cues and navigate through tissues.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Dacarbazine is a medical term that refers to a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is an alkylating agent, which means it works by modifying the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Dacarbazine is often used to treat malignant melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and soft tissue sarcomas.

The drug is typically administered intravenously in a hospital or clinic setting, and the dosage and schedule may vary depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health and response to treatment. Common side effects of dacarbazine include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakness or fatigue. More serious side effects, such as low white blood cell counts, anemia, and liver damage, may also occur.

It is important for patients receiving dacarbazine to follow their doctor's instructions carefully and report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly. Regular monitoring of blood counts and other laboratory tests may be necessary to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

'Tumor cells, cultured' refers to the process of removing cancerous cells from a tumor and growing them in controlled laboratory conditions. This is typically done by isolating the tumor cells from a patient's tissue sample, then placing them in a nutrient-rich environment that promotes their growth and multiplication.

The resulting cultured tumor cells can be used for various research purposes, including the study of cancer biology, drug development, and toxicity testing. They provide a valuable tool for researchers to better understand the behavior and characteristics of cancer cells outside of the human body, which can lead to the development of more effective cancer treatments.

It is important to note that cultured tumor cells may not always behave exactly the same way as they do in the human body, so findings from cell culture studies must be validated through further research, such as animal models or clinical trials.

Antineoplastic agents, alkylating, are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that work by alkylating (adding alkyl groups) to DNA, which can lead to the death or dysfunction of cancer cells. These agents can form cross-links between strands of DNA, preventing DNA replication and transcription, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Examples of alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and cisplatin. While these drugs are designed to target rapidly dividing cancer cells, they can also affect normal cells that divide quickly, such as those in the bone marrow and digestive tract, leading to side effects like anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and nausea/vomiting.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Supratentorial neoplasms refer to tumors that originate in the region of the brain located above the tentorium cerebelli, which is a dual layer of dura mater (the protective outer covering of the brain) that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. This area includes the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland. Supratentorial neoplasms can be benign or malignant and may arise from various cell types such as neurons, glial cells, meninges, or blood vessels. They can cause a variety of neurological symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth.

Neoplasm grading is a system used by pathologists to classify the degree of abnormality in cells that make up a tumor (neoplasm). It provides an assessment of how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. The grade helps doctors predict the prognosis and determine the best treatment options.

Neoplasm grading typically involves evaluating certain cellular features under a microscope, such as:

1. Differentiation or degree of maturity: This refers to how closely the tumor cells resemble their normal counterparts in terms of size, shape, and organization. Well-differentiated tumors have cells that look more like normal cells and are usually slower growing. Poorly differentiated tumors have cells that appear very abnormal and tend to grow and spread more aggressively.

2. Mitotic count: This is the number of times the tumor cells divide (mitosis) within a given area. A higher mitotic count indicates a faster-growing tumor.

3. Necrosis: This refers to areas of dead tissue within the tumor. A significant amount of necrosis may suggest a more aggressive tumor.

Based on these and other factors, pathologists assign a grade to the tumor using a standardized system, such as the Bloom-Richardson or Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading systems for breast cancer or the Fuhrman grading system for kidney cancer. The grade usually consists of a number or a range (e.g., G1, G2, G3, or G4) or a combination of grades (e.g., low grade, intermediate grade, and high grade).

In general, higher-grade tumors have a worse prognosis than lower-grade tumors because they are more likely to grow quickly, invade surrounding tissues, and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. However, neoplasm grading is just one aspect of cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. Other factors, such as the stage of the disease, location of the tumor, patient's overall health, and specific molecular markers, are also considered when making treatment decisions.

"Nude mice" is a term used in the field of laboratory research to describe a strain of mice that have been genetically engineered to lack a functional immune system. Specifically, nude mice lack a thymus gland and have a mutation in the FOXN1 gene, which results in a failure to develop a mature T-cell population. This means that they are unable to mount an effective immune response against foreign substances or organisms.

The name "nude" refers to the fact that these mice also have a lack of functional hair follicles, resulting in a hairless or partially hairless phenotype. This feature is actually a secondary consequence of the same genetic mutation that causes their immune deficiency.

Nude mice are commonly used in research because their weakened immune system makes them an ideal host for transplanted tumors, tissues, and cells from other species, including humans. This allows researchers to study the behavior of these foreign substances in a living organism without the complication of an immune response. However, it's important to note that because nude mice lack a functional immune system, they must be kept in sterile conditions and are more susceptible to infection than normal mice.

Neoplasm transplantation is not a recognized or established medical procedure in the field of oncology. The term "neoplasm" refers to an abnormal growth of cells, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous). "Transplantation" typically refers to the surgical transfer of living cells, tissues, or organs from one part of the body to another or between individuals.

The concept of neoplasm transplantation may imply the transfer of cancerous cells or tissues from a donor to a recipient, which is not a standard practice due to ethical considerations and the potential harm it could cause to the recipient. In some rare instances, researchers might use laboratory animals to study the transmission and growth of human cancer cells, but this is done for scientific research purposes only and under strict regulatory guidelines.

In summary, there is no medical definition for 'Neoplasm Transplantation' as it does not represent a standard or ethical medical practice.

Gliosarcoma is a rare and aggressive type of brain tumor that arises from glial cells, which are the supportive cells in the brain. It is a subtype of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor in adults.

Gliosarcoma is characterized by the presence of both glial and sarcomatous components, with the latter resembling mesenchymal tissue such as bone, cartilage, or muscle. The tumor typically grows rapidly and can invade surrounding brain tissue, making it difficult to completely remove with surgery.

The exact cause of gliosarcoma is not known, but risk factors may include exposure to ionizing radiation, certain genetic conditions, and a history of other types of brain tumors. Symptoms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness, numbness, or changes in vision, speech, or behavior.

Treatment for gliosarcoma typically involves surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. However, despite aggressive treatment, the prognosis for patients with gliosarcoma is generally poor, with a median survival time of less than one year.

Neoplasm invasiveness is a term used in pathology and oncology to describe the aggressive behavior of cancer cells as they invade surrounding tissues and organs. This process involves the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion, increased motility and migration, and the ability of cancer cells to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the production of enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Invasive neoplasms are cancers that have spread beyond the original site where they first developed and have infiltrated adjacent tissues or structures. This is in contrast to non-invasive or in situ neoplasms, which are confined to the epithelial layer where they originated and have not yet invaded the underlying basement membrane.

The invasiveness of a neoplasm is an important prognostic factor in cancer diagnosis and treatment, as it can indicate the likelihood of metastasis and the potential effectiveness of various therapies. In general, more invasive cancers are associated with worse outcomes and require more aggressive treatment approaches.

Neoplastic gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and other molecules from genes in neoplastic cells, or cells that are part of a tumor or cancer. In a normal cell, gene expression is tightly regulated to ensure that the right genes are turned on or off at the right time. However, in cancer cells, this regulation can be disrupted, leading to the overexpression or underexpression of certain genes.

Neoplastic gene expression regulation can be affected by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and signals from the tumor microenvironment. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes (genes that promote cancer growth and development) or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (genes that prevent cancer).

Understanding neoplastic gene expression regulation is important for developing new therapies for cancer, as targeting specific genes or pathways involved in this process can help to inhibit cancer growth and progression.

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+, producing NADH or NADPH respectively. This reaction occurs in the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which is a crucial metabolic pathway in the cell's energy production and biosynthesis of various molecules. There are three isoforms of IDH found in humans: IDH1 located in the cytosol, IDH2 in the mitochondrial matrix, and IDH3 within the mitochondria. Mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 have been associated with several types of cancer, such as gliomas and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), leading to abnormal accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate, which can contribute to tumorigenesis.

Nimustine is a medical term for a specific anti-cancer drug, also known as a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent. Its chemical name is nimustine hydrochloride and it belongs to the class of alkylating agents. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Nimustine is used in the treatment of various types of cancers, including brain tumors and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The drug is administered intravenously under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have serious side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, and hair loss. It is important for patients to be closely monitored during treatment with nimustine and to receive appropriate supportive care to manage these side effects.

It's worth noting that the use of nimustine should be based on a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical condition, the type and stage of cancer, and other factors. The decision to use this drug should be made by a qualified healthcare professional in consultation with the patient.

Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.

Central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms refer to a group of abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the brain or spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their growth can compress or disrupt the normal functioning of surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue.

Benign CNS neoplasms are slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause significant problems if they grow large enough to put pressure on vital structures within the brain or spinal cord. Malignant CNS neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue. They may also spread to other parts of the CNS or, rarely, to other organs in the body.

CNS neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain or spinal cord, including nerve cells, glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), and supportive tissues such as blood vessels. The specific type of CNS neoplasm is often used to help guide treatment decisions and determine prognosis.

Symptoms of CNS neoplasms can vary widely depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis, vision or hearing changes, balance problems, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality. Treatment options for CNS neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Lewis PD (March 1968). "Mitotic activity in the primate subependymal layer and the genesis of gliomas". Nature. 217 (5132): 974 ...
... optic nerve glioma MeSH C04.557.465.625.600.380.290 - ependymoma MeSH C04.557.465.625.600.380.290.390 - glioma, subependymal ... optic nerve glioma MeSH C04.557.470.670.380.290 - ependymoma MeSH C04.557.470.670.380.290.390 - glioma, subependymal MeSH ... optic nerve glioma MeSH C04.557.580.625.600.380.290 - ependymoma MeSH C04.557.580.625.600.380.290.390 - glioma, subependymal ... optic nerve glioma MeSH C04.588.805.040 - acanthoma MeSH C04.588.805.578 - sebaceous gland neoplasms MeSH C04.588.805.776 - ...
... with piloid features 1.4.3 Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 1.4.4 Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma 1.4.5 Chordoid glioma 1.4.6 ... 1.2.4 Diffuse low-grade glioma, MAPK pathway-altered 1.3 Pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas 1.3.1 Diffuse midline glioma ... H3 K27-altered 1.3.2 Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant 1.3.3 Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3-wildtype and ... 1.1 Adult-type diffuse gliomas 1.1.1 Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant 1.1.2 Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p/19q-codeleted 1.1.3 ...
... differentials include the following: Meningioma, Chordoid glioma, Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor, ... Subependymal giant cell tumor, Choroid plexus tumors, Medulloblastoma. The prognosis of patients has been significantly ... of all intracranial neoplasms in children and are the third most prevalent congenital brain tumors after teratomas and gliomas ...
M9382/3 Mixed glioma oligoastrocytoma Anaplastic oligoastrocytoma M9383/1 Subepyndymoma Subependymal glioma Subependymal ... malignant Glioma, NOS (except nasal glioma, not neoplastic) M9381/3 Gliomatosis cerebri ... sarcoma M9442/1 gliofibroma M9442/3 gliosarcoma Glioblastoma with sarcomatous component M9444/1 Chordoid glioma Chordoid glioma ... NOS Astrocytic glioma Astroglioma Diffuse astrocytoma Astrocytoma, low grade Diffuse astocytoma, low grade Cystic astrocytoma ...
"Glioma - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Buckner, Jan C.; Brown, Paul D.; O'Neill, Brian P.; Meyer, Fredric B.; Wetmore, ... subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma), that often are clearly outlined on diagnostic images ... Glioma - Symptoms and causes. "The new WHO Classification of Tumors affecting the Central Nervous System" by Stephen B. Tatter ... Long-time U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) died of malignant glioma. University of Texas sniper Charles Whitman, who killed ...
In a study of fifteen patients, it identified subependymal nodules projecting into the lateral ventricles in twelve patients, ... "glioma gangliocellulare cerebri congenitum". 1881 Bourneville and Édouard Brissaud examined a four-year-old boy at La Bicêtre. ... subependymal nodules) and small tumours in the kidneys (angiomyolipomas). 1885 French physicians Félix Balzer and Pierre Eugène ... and distinguished a known astrocytoma from benign subependymal nodules in one patient. 1987 MR imaging was found to be capable ...
Bloch O (2015). "Immunotherapy for Malignant Gliomas". Current Understanding and Treatment of Gliomas. Cancer Treatment and ... Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, Subependymoma, Trilateral retinoblastoma. A medical team generally assesses the treatment ... Brainstem gliomas have the poorest prognosis of any form of brain cancer, with most patients dying within one year, even with ... Gliomas with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations respond better to chemotherapy than those without the mutation. Loss of chromosome arms 1p ...
... brainstem glioma - brain stem tumor - brain tumor - BRCA1 - BRCA2 - breakthrough pain - breast cancer in situ - breast density ... subependymal - suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid - subglottis - subset analysis - subtenon - sucralfate - sulfonamide - sulindac ... visual pathway glioma - VNP20009 - VNP40101M - von Hippel-Lindau disease - voriconazole - vorozole - vulvar cancer - VX 853 - ... mixed glioma - MLN2704 - modafinil - modality - modified radical mastectomy - Mohs surgery - molar pregnancy - molecular risk ...
Optic pathway gliomas are seen in 15-20% of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. They most often arise during childhood. ... There are several types of brain lesions that can be found in TSC including subependymal nodules (SENs), cortical tubers and ... cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) SergottRC (2007-03-23). "Optic pathway gliomas in neurofibromatosis-1: ... "Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: diagnosis, screening, and treatment. Recommendations from the International Tuberous ...
There are also multipotent progenitors in subependymal tissue that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and generate ... Oligodendrocyte precursor cells and C6 glioma cells produce metalloproteinase, which is shown to inactivate a type of ...
While it remains to be definitely proven whether the SVZ stem cells are the cell of origin for brain tumors such as gliomas, ... "Contributions to Drug Resistance in Glioblastoma Derived from Malignant Cells in the Sub-Ependymal Zone". Cancer Research. 75 ( ... there is strong evidence that suggests increased tumor aggressiveness and mortality in those patients whose high-grade gliomas ...
Glioma, Subependymal* / diagnostic imaging * Glioma, Subependymal* / pathology * Glioma, Subependymal* / surgery * Humans * ...
Subependymal Glioma. T-cell lymphoma. T-Cell, Cutaneous Lymphoma. T-Cell, Peripheral Lymphoma ...
... in children and young adults with low-grade glioma brain tumors. Learn more.. ... Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. *Ependymoma. *Histone H3 K27M/K28M or G34/G35-mutant ... We are using mirdametinib because it is in a drug class that seems to be effective in treating low-grade glioma. It is also ... SJ901: Study of Mirdametinib as a Treatment for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Low-Grade Glioma Phase 1/2 ...
Lewis PD (March 1968). "Mitotic activity in the primate subependymal layer and the genesis of gliomas". Nature. 217 (5132): 974 ...
No multifocal disease or subependymal tumor spread. PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:. Age:. - 18 and over. Performance status:. - ... in patients with recurrent resectable supratentorial malignant glioma.. - Determine the toxic effects of this drug when ... Histologically confirmed supratentorial malignant glioma (grade 3 or 4). - Anaplastic astrocytoma. - Glioblastoma multiforme. ... day 1. Patients with histologically confirmed malignant glioma receive interleukin-13. PE38QQR immunotoxin via continuous ...
... subependymal giant cell astrocytoma) distinct from the diffuse gliomas. [35] ... Low-grade gliomas, mixed gliomas, and oligodendrogliomas. Semin Oncol. 1994 Apr. 21(2):236-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... change of the once called diffuse pontine glioma with midline glioma) stress the need for new studies and statistics focusing ... Glioma Groups Based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT Promoter Mutations in Tumors. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 25. 372 (26):2499-508. [QxMD ...
Subependymal gliomas. Neurosurg Rev. 1979. 2: 79-86. 21. Smith AB, Smirniotopoulos JG, Horkanyne-Szakaly I. From the radiologic ... The subependymal plate, a cell layer that is similar in structure to the periventricular germinal cell matrix of infants, which ... Current treatment of low grade gliomas. Memo. 2012. 5: 223-7. 26. Wang Y, Xiong J, Chu SG, Liu Y, Cheng HX, Wang YF. Rosette- ... Similar to other symptomatic low grade gliomas, RGNTs can be suitable candidates for surgical resection and the vast majority ...
deliver treatment or tumor involving both hemispheres or with subependymal/cerebral. spinal fluid (CSF) dissemination. 6. Tumor ... A Staged Phase 1 Study of the Treatment of Malignant Glioma With G207, a Genetically Engineered HSV-1, Followed by Radiation ... A Staged Phase 1 Study of the Treatment of Malignant Glioma With G207, a Genetically Engineered HSV-1, Followed by Radiation ...
Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3-wildtype, and IDH-wildtype. IDH-wildtype, H3-wildtype, PDGFRA, MYCN, EGFR ( ... Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3-wildtype, and IDH-wildtype. IDH-wildtype, H3-wildtype, PDGFRA, MYCN, EGFR ( ...
Subependymal glioma (morphologic abnormality). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Subependymal glioma (morphologic abnormality ...
Label: chordoid glioma Synonyms: chordoid glioma Alternative IDs: als API: GO SPARQL: GO ...
Glioma (2,991). *Glioma, Subependymal (45). *Gliomatosis Cerebri (14). *Gliosarcoma (495). *Gliosis (9) ...
Low grade gliomas are the most common brain tumor in children. Tandem duplication involving the KIAA1549 and the BRAF kinase ... genes results in a gene fusion that has been recently characterized in a subset of low grade glioma While there is no clear ... the current study we examine the prevalence of KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusion in pediatric patients diagnosed with low grade glioma ... subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) and low grade glioneuronal tumors (LGGNs) [2]. LGG tumors are generally associated ...
Subependymal Glioma Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Cerebellopontine Angle Medicine & Life Sciences 81% ...
Childhood secondary high-grade glioma (high-grade glioma that is preceded by a low-grade glioma) is uncommon (2.9% in a study ... These children are at risk of developing subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, cortical tubers, and subependymal nodules. ... No pediatric low-grade gliomas with the BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion transformed to a high-grade glioma, whereas low-grade gliomas with ... Gliomas arise from glial cells that are present in the brain and spinal cord. Gliomas are named according to their ...
A glioma originating in the optic nerve or optic chiasm. ... subependymal nodules, cortical tubers, and subependymal giant ... Glioma, Optic; Glioma, Optic Nerve; Gliomas, Optic; Gliomas, Optic Nerve; Optic Glioma; Optic Gliomas; Optic Nerve Glioma; ... Glioma*Optic nerve glioma*Optic nerve astrocytoma*Recurrent Childhood Optic Nerve Astrocytoma ... subependymal nodules, cortical tubers, and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas [SEGAs], seizures, intellectual disability / ...
NeuroepithelialGliomaEpendymomaGlioma, Subependymal. All MeSH CategoriesDiseases CategoryNeoplasmsNeoplasms by Histologic Type ... NeuroepithelialGliomaEpendymomaGlioma, Subependymal. All MeSH CategoriesDiseases CategoryNeoplasmsNeoplasms by Histologic Type ... Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign ...
Ventricular tumors may be primary (e.g., CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS and GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL), metastasize from distant organs, ...
Subependymal giant cell tumor. *Wilms tumor (bilateral only). *Or a cancer of adulthood (e.g., colorectal, ovarian) ... Optic glioma. *Osteosarcoma. *Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor. *Small cell carcinoma of ovary ...
Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirurgia , Glioma/genética , Glioma/cirurgia , Histonas/genética , ... Tumor dissemination to the leptomeninges (n = 8) and subependymal layer (n = 3) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The authors ... Glioma/diagnóstico por imagem , Glioma/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Tálamo ... Imaging characteristics of adult H3 K27M-mutant gliomas. Qiu, Tianming; Chanchotisatien, Apisara; Qin, Zhiyong; Wu, Jinsong; Du ...
Common features include cortical tubers, subependymal nodules (SENs), subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs), facial ... targeted cytotoxins for gliomas. Surg Neurol Int. 2011 Jan 14. 2:2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. ... Everolimus for subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 4. 363(19):1801-11. [QxMD ... Congenital subependymal giant cell astrocytomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Childs Nerv Syst. 2014 Sep 17. [ ...
Gliomas - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional Version ... Grade I: Pilocytic astrocytomas and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (most common in tuberous sclerosis Tuberous Sclerosis ... Diffuse midline gliomas In patients with diffuse midline gliomas, radiation therapy may be used to slow disease progression, ... Diffuse midline gliomas are high-grade (WHO grade III to IV) astrocytic tumors that primarily affect children. These tumors ...
They may be also involved in glioma angiogenesis via miRNA-526b-3p/MMP2 pathway and RNA-binding proteins [ 254 , 255 ]. Circ- ... Results: Most glioblastoma (81%), oligodendroglioma (71%), sub-ependymal giant cell astrocytoma (80%) and pleomorphic ... Gliomas are among the most frequent primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by increased new vessel ... Therefore, the objective of the study was to present the role of various proangiogenic factors in glioma angiogenesis as well ...
Gliomas constitute fifty percent of the brain tumours and sixty percent of all gliomas are glioblastoma multiforme. Meningiomas ... are not related to any identifiable risk factors except for irradiation and some hereditary syndromes like subependymal giant ...
... tumors with the exception of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Patients must have two-dimensional measurable tumor ,= 1 cm^2 ... It is not yet known whether selumetinib works better in treating patients with NF1-associated low-grade glioma compared to ... For patients with optic pathway gliomas (OPGs): * Newly-diagnosed patients with OPG are eligible if there are neurologic ... A Study of the Drugs Selumetinib versus Carboplatin/Vincristine in Patients with Neurofibromatosis and Low-Grade Glioma ...
Retrospectively investigate the differences in outcomes of 118 adult-type diffuse gliomas patients between these two treatment ... Treatment target volume had no effect on the outcome in patients with adult-type diffuse gliomas. And there was no difference ... Radiation therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for adult-type diffuse gliomas, but recurrences are inevitable. Our study ... and subependymal (28.1 months and 10.3 months) (p = 0.480 and p = 0.598), respectively. ...
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma. Oligodendroglial and Miscellaneous Tumors. Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q ... Diffuse Midline Glioma, H3K27M-Mutant. Astrocytic Tumors, Localized. Pilocytic Astrocytoma. Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma ...
BGB-290 and Temozolomide in Treating Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2-Mutant Grade I-IV Glioma... ... ONC206 for Treatment of Newly Diagnosed, Recurrent Diffuse Midline Gliomas, and Other Recurrent... ...
nasal glioma. *nasal dermal sinus. *cerebral hemispheres* holoprosencephaly/septo-optic dysplasia spectrum *septo-optic ... subependymal heterotopia. * subcortical heterotopia (not including band heterotopia). *marginal glioneuronal heterotopia. * ...
  • This subset comprises juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA), pilomyxoid astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), and subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma (SEGA). (medscape.com)
  • Most of the tumours encountered are not related to any identifiable risk factors except for irradiation and some hereditary syndromes like subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, cerebellar haemangioblastoma, meningioma, Schwannoma of 7th cranial nerve. (jebmh.com)
  • World Health Company (Who all) quality I actually astrocytomas include pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and subependymal large cell astrocytoma (SEGA). (health-ground.com)
  • Pediatric low-grade glioma tumors are the most common central nervous system tumor in children. (stjude.org)
  • However, information learned from this study may help future patients with low-grade glioma tumors. (stjude.org)
  • The main goal of this study is to test the experimental drug mirdametinib in hopes of finding a treatment that may be effective against low-grade glioma brain tumors in children, adolescents and young adults. (stjude.org)
  • In the last few years, as mentioned, a great shift in our understanding of these tumors occurred and the standard diagnostic evaluation of gliomas must now include a molecular assessment of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations and codeletion of chromosome arms 1p and 19q to be considered complete. (medscape.com)
  • Less common but potentially more serious manifestations include optic nerve and other central nervous system gliomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, scoliosis, tibial dysplasia, vasculopathy, and gastrointestinal, endocrine, or pulmonary disease. (nih.gov)
  • Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. (nih.gov)
  • Gliomas are primary tumors that originate in brain parenchyma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • General references Gliomas are primary tumors that originate in brain parenchyma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • PAs are a distinct histologic and biologic subset of gliomas that account for approximately 5.1% of all these tumors. (hindawi.com)
  • Subependymal giant cell tumors may occur in children and adults who have a condition called tuberous sclerosis . (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Gliomas are groups of tumors that arise from the glia. (quantumday.com)
  • Low-grade astrocytomas are, by definition, slow growing, and patients survive much longer than those with high-grade gliomas. (medscape.com)
  • The term is largely used in brain tumor imaging follow-up, especially for high-grade gliomas (e.g. glioblastoma ), and is observed after combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy ( Stupp protocol ) in about 30% of patients. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Gliomas constitute fifty percent of the brain tumours and sixty percent of all gliomas are glioblastoma multiforme. (jebmh.com)
  • The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and tolerability of VBI-1901 in subjects with recurrent malignant gliomas (glioblastoma, or GBM). (ucsd.edu)
  • The case of a 56-year-old man is described in the article "Subependymal spread of recurrent glioblastoma detected with the intraoperative use of 5-aminolevulinic acid. (quantumday.com)
  • Determine the concentration of interleukin-13 PE38QQR immunotoxin that produces histologic evidence of toxicity to tumor and the corresponding toxic effects of this drug when administered via continuous intratumoral infusion prior to second resection in patients with recurrent resectable supratentorial malignant glioma. (knowcancer.com)
  • Astrocytomas are one type of glioma, a tumor that forms from neoplastic transformation of the so-called supporting cells of the brain, the glia or neuroglia. (medscape.com)
  • Low grade gliomas are the most common brain tumor in children. (springeropen.com)
  • Selumetinib is a drug that works by blocking some enzymes that low-grade glioma tumor cells need for their growth. (vicc.org)
  • The most common type of brain tumor is glioma. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Neuroimaging studies could not detect the presence of abnormal neoplastic tissue at the level of the midline basal subependymal region of the third ventricle, in the midbrain, and in the pineal gland in any of these 4 patients, thus apparently excluding the diffusion of a firstly unilateral thalamic tumor to the contralateral thalamus. (nih.gov)
  • The cancerous tumor, called a glioma, starts in the brain or the spine. (quantumday.com)
  • Using the blue light, the surgeons were able to detect tumor cells along the lining of the right lateral ventricle, in the ependymal and subependymal regions. (quantumday.com)
  • According to the authors, MRI is unable to clearly delineate diffuse tumor infiltrating the ependyma and subependymal zone lining the lateral ventricle. (quantumday.com)
  • Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) , also known as diffuse midline glioma (DMG). (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • GD2-CAR T cell therapy for H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and other H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) are universally lethal paediatric central nervous system tumours1. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Common features include cortical tubers, subependymal nodules (SENs), subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs), facial angiofibromas, hypomelanotic spots known as Fitzpatrick patches (ash-leaf spots), cardiac rhabdomyomas, and renal angiomyolipomas. (medscape.com)
  • this metabolite can modify DNA methylation of normal neural and glial progenitor cells causing them to produce neoplastic glioma cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tandem duplication involving the KIAA1549 and the BRAF kinase genes results in a gene fusion that has been recently characterized in a subset of low grade glioma While there is no clear evidence that the KIAA1549 - BRAF gene fusion has an effect on prognosis, it is an attractive target for therapy development and as a diagnostic tool. (springeropen.com)
  • Allergic conditions and risk of glioma and meningioma in the CERENAT case-control study. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Gliomas arise from the glial cell lineage from which astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells originate. (medscape.com)
  • SJ901 is a multi-arm, phase 1/2 dose-escalation/dose-finding and early efficacy study of the brain-penetrant inhibitor, mirdametinib in patients with pediatric low-grade glioma (pLGG). (stjude.org)
  • Phase 1 of this trial will evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of mirdametinib when dosed continuously in patients with progressive or relapsed low-grade glioma. (stjude.org)
  • Resection (all patients): Patients undergo maximal resection (en bloc, if feasible) followed by placement of 2-3 peritumoral catheters (4 days after completion of pre-resection infusion for the initial cohorts of patients and at study entry for subsequent cohorts of patients). (knowcancer.com)
  • In the current study we examine the prevalence of KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusion in pediatric patients diagnosed with low grade glioma in the Egyptian population and its relationship to clinical and histological subtypes. (springeropen.com)
  • It is not yet known whether selumetinib works better in treating patients with NF1-associated low-grade glioma compared to standard therapy with carboplatin and vincristine. (vicc.org)
  • Retrospectively investigate the differences in outcomes of 118 adult-type diffuse gliomas patients between these two treatment plans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment target volume had no effect on the outcome in patients with adult-type diffuse gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oligodendrogliomas (WHO grade II) are among the slowest-growing gliomas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These gliomas are graded I to IV depending on how advanced the disease is. (quantumday.com)
  • Hundreds of current clinical trials attempt to develop new drugs for adult-type diffuse gliomas, but RT remains one of the few viable therapy options to improve both local control and survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Emerging concepts in glioma biology: implications for clinical protocols and rational treatment strategies. (beds.ac.uk)
  • We previously discovered that the disialoganglioside GD2 is highly expressed on H3K27M-mutant glioma cells and demonstrated promising preclinical efficacy of GD2-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells2, providing the rationale for a first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT04196413). (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • BGB-290 and Temozolomide in Treating Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2-Mutant Grade I-IV Glioma. (ucsfbenioffchildrens.org)
  • This phase III trial studies if selumetinib works just as well as the standard treatment with carboplatin/vincristine (CV) for subjects with NF1-associated low grade glioma (LGG), and to see if selumetinib is better than CV in improving vision in subjects with LGG of the optic pathway (vision nerves). (vicc.org)
  • A glioma originating in the optic nerve or optic chiasm. (nih.gov)
  • Optic nerve gliomas , which usually start in the optic nerve. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • We are using mirdametinib because it is in a drug class that seems to be effective in treating low-grade glioma. (stjude.org)
  • Machine Learning Models for Classifying High- and Low-Grade Gliomas: A Systematic Review and Quality of Reporting Analysis. (yale.edu)
  • Radiation therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for adult-type diffuse gliomas, but recurrences are inevitable. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the last few years, as mentioned, a great shift in our understanding of these tumors occurred and the standard diagnostic evaluation of gliomas must now include a molecular assessment of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations and codeletion of chromosome arms 1p and 19q to be considered complete. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Low-grade gliomas are tumors that exhibit glial differentiation and which, by definition, lack high-grade findings. (medscape.com)
  • The category of low-grade glioma excludes the so-called neuroepithelial and mixed glial-neuronal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Children with this syndrome may have optic gliomas or other gliomas of the brain or spinal cord, or neurofibromas (benign tumors of peripheral nerves). (cancer.org)
  • Subependymal giant cell tumors are a well-known manifestation of tuberous sclerosis, affecting 5-15% of patients with the condition 8 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Subependymal giant cell tumors are often asymptomatic. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Histologically, subependymal nodules and subependymal giant cell tumors are essentially indistinguishable, and the distinction lies in the potential for growth and mass effect 5 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The tumors are classified histologically as ependymomas and demonstrate a proliferation of subependymal fibrillary astrocytes among the ependymal tumor cells. (nih.gov)
  • Ependymoma tumors are gliomas that are unpredictable. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Gliomas are primary tumors that originate in brain parenchyma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • General references Gliomas are primary tumors that originate in brain parenchyma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is also linked to an increased risk of meningiomas , as well as spinal cord gliomas or ependymomas . (cancer.org)
  • Ependymomas are a type of glioma, and are most commonly found in children. (thebraintumourcharity.org)
  • 5. A novel magnetic resonance imaging segmentation technique for determining diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma tumor volume. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Advanced ADC Histogram, Perfusion, and Permeability Metrics Show an Association with Survival and Pseudoprogression in Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: A Report from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium. (nih.gov)
  • A glioma is a tumor that originates in the cells supporting and nourishing brain neural tissue (glial cells). (encyclopedia.com)
  • Tumor suppressive miRNA-34a suppresses cell proliferation and tumor growth of glioma stem cells by targeting Akt and Wnt signaling pathways. (genescells.ru)
  • Glioblastoma is the most common glioma with high mortality and poor prognosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Omuro A., DeAngelis L.M. Glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas: a clinical review. (genescells.ru)
  • We report the frequency of IDH mutations in a large cohort of nearly 1550 patients, EGFR amplifications in almost 1900 IDH-wildtype glioblastomas, and histone mutations in 70 adult gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Supratentorial low-grade glioma is a heterogeneous group of brain tumours, accounting for roughly 10-15% of all adult primary intracranial tumours.Because of the relatively slow growth rate of low-grade gliomas, a long expected survival is not unreasonable. (checkorphan.org)
  • Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult murine subependymal zone balance their self-renewal capacity and glial identity with the potential to generate neurons during the lifetime. (farinaslab.com)
  • Because cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 reportedly regulates proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the subependymal neurogenic niche of the adult mouse brain, but can also have effects on gene expression, we decided to molecularly analyze its role in adult neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. (farinaslab.com)
  • The landscape of current research on pediatric diffuse midline glioma: a quantitative analysis of shifts, leaders, and future avenues. (amedeo.com)
  • 13. Preclinical evaluation of convection-enhanced delivery of liposomal doxorubicin to treat pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and thalamic high-grade glioma. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Diffusion tensor imaging suggests extrapontine extension of pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. (nih.gov)
  • this metabolite can modify DNA methylation of normal neural and glial progenitor cells causing them to produce neoplastic glioma cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 16. Nimotuzumab and radiotherapy for treatment of newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG): a phase III clinical study. (nih.gov)
  • Gliomas arise from the glial cell lineage from which astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells originate. (medscape.com)
  • An astrocyte is a type of glial cell and is sometimes called a glioma. (shyamhemoncclinic.com)
  • Gliomas grow from a type of brain cell called a glial cell. (thebraintumourcharity.org)
  • Even with grossly total removal, the infiltrative feature of gliomas often leaves behind some microscopic tumours. (checkorphan.org)
  • 1. Conventional and Advanced Imaging of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. (nih.gov)
  • 2. Phase I trial of convection-enhanced delivery of IL13-Pseudomonas toxin in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. (nih.gov)
  • 7. T2-weighted images are superior to other MR image types for the determination of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma intratumoral heterogeneity. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Leptomeningeal and subependymal seeding of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: a case report. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: Time for Cautious Optimism. (nih.gov)
  • 10. Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas: treatments and controversies. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Epigenetic Targeted Therapy for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Robot-Assisted Stereotactic Biopsy of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: A Single-Center Experience. (nih.gov)
  • 18. The international diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma registry: an infrastructure to accelerate collaborative research for an orphan disease. (nih.gov)
  • The microscopic residual tumours might increase the incidence of local relapse and allow adjuvant therapy to play a role in the management of low-grade gliomas. (checkorphan.org)
  • The rvSIB-IMRT for high-grade gliomas resulted in comparable PFS and tolerable toxicity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Brain stem glioma: A brain stem glioma forms in the brain stem, which is the part of the brain connected to the spinal cord. (shyamhemoncclinic.com)
  • Grading of a glioma is based on the histopathologic evaluation of surgical specimens. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we identify RNA-binding protein MEX3A as a post-transcriptional regulator of a set of stemness associated transcripts at critical transitions in the subependymal neurogenic lineage. (farinaslab.com)
  • Biopsy of diffuse midline glioma is safe and impacts targeted therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (amedeo.com)
  • This study aims to demonstrate that the efficacy of treatment with selumetinib as measured by event-free survival (EFS) is non-inferior compared to treatment with carboplatin/vincristine (CV) in previously-untreated low-grade glioma (LGG) not associated with BRAFV600E mutations or systemic neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). (mayo.edu)
  • Radiation resistance is one of the large challenges in the treatment of glioma. (bvsalud.org)