An enlarged THYROID GLAND with at least 50% of the gland situated behind the STERNUM. It is an unusual presentation of an intrathoracic goiter. Substernal goiters frequently cause compression on the TRACHEA leading to deviation, narrowing, and respiratory symptoms.
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).
Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal narrowing or constriction of the lumen of the trachea, which can lead to respiratory distress and other related symptoms.
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.
A plastic operation on the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A form of IODINE deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the THYROID GLAND in a significantly large fraction of a POPULATION GROUP. Endemic goiter is common in mountainous and iodine-deficient areas of the world where the DIET contains insufficient amount of iodine.
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Agents that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones.

Fatal haematemesis due to benign retrosternal goitre. (1/28)

The development of a goitre in the retrosternal space may result in many different symptoms due to local compression. We describe a case in which such a goitre resulted in full-thickness ulceration of the oesophagus, which presented as a fatal haematemesis. We believe that such a complication has not been previously reported.  (+info)

Substernal goiter: an unusual cause of respiratory failure after coronary artery bypass grafting. (2/28)

Substernal goiter can cause extrathoracic upper airway obstruction. Since cardiopulmonary bypass results in a systemic inflammatory response syndrome characterized by an increase in capillary permeability and edematous changes in many tissues including the thyroid gland, an existing nonobstructive substernal goiter may become obstructive postoperatively. We describe the case of a patient with an asymptomatic substernal goiter who required urgent thyroidectomy for tracheal obstruction after elective coronary artery bypass grafting. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the 1st such case reported in the English-language medical literature. This case illustrates that, in cases of acute postoperative respiratory failure after open heart surgery, tracheal obstruction caused by enlarged substernal goiter should be considered in the differential diagnosis.  (+info)

Surgical management of substernal goitre: local experience. (3/28)

OBJECTIVES: To examine the presentation, workup, and surgical complications of substernal goitre. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Regional hospital, Hong Kong. PATIENTS: Twenty-four mostly elderly patients (mean age, 60.1 years) who underwent thyroidectomy for substernal goitres between 2000 and 2003 (substernal goitres were defined as those having either a caudal mass transgressing the fourth thoracic vertebra or having more than 50% of their overall mass residing within the thorax). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptoms, histopathological diagnoses, morbidities, and complications. RESULTS: Dyspnoea was the most common symptom (n=8, 33%). Three (12.5%) patients presented with acute airway obstruction; however, 13 (54.2%) were asymptomatic apart from the presence of cervical masses. Computed tomographic scans were performed on all but two patients. Malignancy was present in 12.6% of patients, or 16.8% if occult papillary carcinoma is included. Partial or full sternotomies were performed in two (8.3%) patients. Complications included recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (n=1, 2.7% of nerves at risk), transient hypoparathyroidism (n=2, 13.3% of patients at risk), haematoma (n=1, 2.7%), pneumonia (n=1, 2.7%), and wound infection (n=1, 2.7%). There was no operative mortality or permanent hypoparathyroidism. The complication rate was significantly lower in the asymptomatic patients (P=0.033 by Fisher's exact test); clinicopathological parameters were otherwise statistically comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is rarely any mortality in thyroidectomy for substernal goitre, and the morbidity is also very low, especially in asymptomatic patients. In the absence of contra-indications, substernal goitre should be treated with early surgery rather than having it run the risk of acute airway distress or cancer.  (+info)

Retrosternal thyroid goiter: 15 years experience. (4/28)

BACKGROUND: Thyroidectomy for goiter is a common surgical procedure performed in most hospitals in Israel. Both general and ear, nose and throat surgeons are familiar with thyroidectomy for cervical goiters. In about 1-15% of thyroidectomies, the goiter is intrathoracic and requires somewhat different management. This topic has not been reviewed in the literature recently. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical presentation, preoperative workup, surgical complications and risk of malignancy in retrosternal goiters. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 75 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for retrosternal goiter in the General Thoracic Surgical Department of our institution during a 15 year period, January 1990 to January 2005. RESULTS: All the patients (41 women and 34 men) were symptomatic at presentation, with choking and dyspnea being the most common complaint. Computerized tomography scan of the neck and chest were obtained before the operation in 71 patients (95%). Ten patients (13%) had a previous partial thyroidectomy. A cervical approach was used in 68 patients (91%). Seven patients (9%) required median sternotomy to complete the operation. One patient (1.3%) died from postoperative respiratory failure. Transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy occurred in 5 patients (7%) and permanent RLNP in 3 (4%). The incidence of transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism was 10% and 2.6% respectively. Sixty-six lesions (88%) were benign and 9 (12%) were malignant. CONCLUSIONS: Choking and dyspnea are the most common presenting symptoms of retrosternal goiter. CT scan is an important component of the preoperative evaluation and operative planning. Surgical removal of the thyroid is the treatment of choice and most patients have symptomatic improvement following the operation. Since a substernal thyroidectomy may be technically different from cervical thyroidectomy, a surgical team familiar with its unique pitfalls should perform the procedure.  (+info)

Intrathoracic goiter and invasive thymoma: rare concomitant presentation. (5/28)

We present a rare situation in which two mediastinal tumors of different topology and histology were found during the resection of an extensive mediastinal tumor in an asymptomatic patient. Different histologies within the same mass have been reported, although, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of different tumors at distinct locations. Thymomas and intrathoracic goiters account for a large proportion of the tumors found in the mediastinum. When feasible, surgical resection plays a fundamental role in effecting a cure. In order to identify concomitant lesions and perform a complete resection, detailed surgical exploration is required.  (+info)

Atrial septal defect and retrosternal toxic goitre operated in the same session: a case report. (6/28)

In this study, we present a 55-year-old female patient who suffered from atrial septal defect (ASD) and retrosternal toxic goitre simultaneously. The patient had been treated with a 300 mg/day dose of propylthiouracil for 20 days prior to operation. This patient has been operated on for both disorders and has recovered.  (+info)

Peak expiratory flow in the detection of retrosternal goitre. (7/28)

In 24 patients where the lower border of a cervical goitre was poorly defined, the value of simple lung function tests in the prediction of the presence of a retrosternal goitre was assessed. At operation there were nine patients with retrosternal extension (Group I) and 15 without (Group II). The preoperative PEF ratio (observed to predicted) was significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.004) with a positive predictive value of 90% for a retrosternal goitre. This difference was abolished after thyroidectomy. There was a significant improvement in PEF in patients with retrosternal goitres after thyroidectomy (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that the preoperative measurement of PEF is a simple method of detecting the retrosternal extension of a cervical goitre.  (+info)

Novel thoracoscopic approach to posterior mediastinal goiters: report of two cases. (8/28)

 (+info)

Substernal goiter refers to an enlarged thyroid gland that extends below the sternum or breastbone. It is also known as a retrosternal goiter. This condition can cause compression of surrounding structures such as the trachea and esophagus, leading to symptoms like difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, and cough. Substernal goiters may be asymptomatic or may require treatment, including surgery, to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

Goiter is a medical term that refers to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck below the larynx or voice box. It produces hormones that regulate your body's metabolism, growth, and development.

Goiter can vary in size and may be visible as a swelling at the base of the neck. It can be caused by several factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, thyroid cancer, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. Depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the goiter, treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal narrowing of the trachea (windpipe), which can lead to difficulty breathing. This narrowing can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, scarring, or the growth of abnormal tissue in the airway. Symptoms may include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort, particularly during physical activity. Treatment options for tracheal stenosis depend on the severity and underlying cause of the condition and may include medications, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, or surgical interventions such as laser surgery, stent placement, or tracheal reconstruction.

A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. Goiters can be either diffuse (uniformly enlarged) or nodular (lumpy with distinct nodules). Nodular goiter refers to a thyroid gland that has developed one or more discrete lumps or nodules while the remaining tissue is normal or may also be diffusely enlarged.

Nodular goiters can be classified into two types: multinodular goiter and solitary thyroid nodule. Multinodular goiter consists of multiple nodules in the thyroid gland, while a solitary thyroid nodule is an isolated nodule within an otherwise normal or diffusely enlarged thyroid gland.

The majority of nodular goiters are benign and do not cause symptoms. However, some patients may experience signs and symptoms related to compression of nearby structures (such as difficulty swallowing or breathing), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The evaluation of a nodular goiter typically includes a physical examination, imaging studies like ultrasound, and sometimes fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine the nature of the nodules and assess the risk of malignancy. Treatment options depend on various factors, including the size and number of nodules, the presence of compressive symptoms, and the patient's thyroid function.

Esophagoplasty is a surgical procedure that involves reconstructing or reshaping the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This procedure may be performed to treat various conditions such as esophageal atresia (a birth defect in which the esophagus does not develop properly), esophageal stricture (narrowing of the esophagus), or esophageal cancer.

During an esophagoplasty, a surgeon may use tissue from another part of the body, such as the stomach or colon, to reconstruct the esophagus. The specific technique used will depend on the individual patient's needs and the nature of their condition.

It is important to note that esophagoplasty is a complex surgical procedure that carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and complications related to anesthesia. Patients who undergo this procedure may require extensive postoperative care and rehabilitation to recover fully.

Endemic goiter refers to a condition of abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that is prevalent in a particular geographic area due to deficiency of iodine in the diet or drinking water. The lack of iodine leads to decreased production of thyroid hormones, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to grow and attempt to increase hormone production. This results in the visible enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. Endemic goiter is preventable through iodine supplementation in the diet or through iodized salt.

Esophageal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or constriction of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This narrowing can make it difficult to swallow food and liquids, leading to symptoms such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), pain or discomfort while swallowing, regurgitation, and weight loss.

Esophageal stenosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Scarring or fibrosis due to prolonged acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
2. Radiation therapy for cancer treatment
3. Ingestion of corrosive substances
4. Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus
5. Esophageal tumors or cancers
6. Surgical complications

Depending on the underlying cause and severity of the stenosis, treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, dilation procedures to widen the narrowed area, or surgery to remove the affected portion of the esophagus. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any difficulty swallowing or other symptoms related to esophageal stenosis.

Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the thyroid gland is removed. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

There are different types of thyroidectomy procedures, including:

1. Total thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid gland.
2. Partial (or subtotal) thyroidectomy: Removal of a portion of the thyroid gland.
3. Hemithyroidectomy: Removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat benign solitary nodules or differentiated thyroid cancer.

Thyroidectomy may be recommended for various reasons, such as treating thyroid nodules, goiter, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or thyroid cancer. Potential risks and complications of the procedure include bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures like the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve, and hypoparathyroidism or hypothyroidism due to removal of or damage to the parathyroid glands or thyroid gland, respectively. Close postoperative monitoring and management are essential to minimize these risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Iodine is an essential trace element that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones in the body. These hormones play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Iodine can be found in various foods such as seaweed, dairy products, and iodized salt. In a medical context, iodine is also used as an antiseptic to disinfect surfaces, wounds, and skin infections due to its ability to kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

The thyroid gland is a major endocrine gland located in the neck, anterior to the trachea and extends from the lower third of the Adams apple to the suprasternal notch. It has two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus, and sometimes a pyramidal lobe. This gland plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body through the production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4) and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate, and the production of protein, while calcitonin helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood. The function of the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Graves' disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It results when the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. This can result in a variety of symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The exact cause of Graves' disease is unknown, but it is more common in women and people with a family history of the disorder. Treatment may include medications to control hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

Myxedema is not a term used in modern medicine to describe a specific medical condition. However, historically, it was used to refer to the severe form of hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland that doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. In hypothyroidism, various body functions slow down, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and dry skin.

Myxedema specifically refers to the physical signs of severe hypothyroidism, including swelling (edema) and thickening of the skin, particularly around the face, hands, and feet, as well as a puffy appearance of the face. The term myxedema coma was used to describe a rare but life-threatening complication of long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism, characterized by altered mental status, hypothermia, and other systemic manifestations.

Nowadays, healthcare professionals use more precise medical terminology to describe these conditions, such as hypothyroidism or myxedematous edema, rather than the outdated term myxedema.

Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an excessive production and release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, leading to an increased metabolic rate in various body systems. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, produces two main thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating many bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, energy levels, and mood.

In hyperthyroidism, the elevated levels of T3 and T4 can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, increased appetite, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Some common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease (toxic multinodular goiter), and thyroiditis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the symptoms and prevent potential complications associated with this condition.

Leg dermatoses is a general term that refers to various skin conditions affecting the legs. This can include a wide range of inflammatory, infectious, or degenerative diseases that cause symptoms such as redness, itching, scaling, blistering, or pigmentation changes on the leg skin. Examples of specific leg dermatoses include stasis dermatitis, venous eczema, contact dermatitis, lichen planus, psoriasis, and cellulitis among others. Accurate diagnosis usually requires a thorough examination and sometimes a biopsy to determine the specific type of dermatosis and appropriate treatment.

Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as Graves' eye disease or thyroid eye disease, is an autoimmune condition that affects the eyes. It often occurs in individuals with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). However, it can also occur in people without Graves' disease.

In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the immune system attacks the tissue behind the eyes, causing inflammation and enlargement of the muscles, fatty tissue, and connective tissue within the orbit (eye socket). This leads to symptoms such as:

1. Protrusion or bulging of the eyes (exophthalmos)
2. Redness and swelling of the eyelids
3. Double vision (diplopia) due to restricted eye movement
4. Pain and discomfort, especially when looking up, down, or sideways
5. Light sensitivity (photophobia)
6. Tearing and dryness in the eyes
7. Vision loss in severe cases

The treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy depends on the severity of the symptoms and may include medications to manage inflammation, eye drops or ointments for dryness, prisms to correct double vision, or surgery for severe cases.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Antithyroid agents are a class of medications that are used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. These medications work by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. There are several types of antithyroid agents available, including:

1. Propylthiouracil (PTU): This medication works by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. It also reduces the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), another thyroid hormone, in peripheral tissues.
2. Methimazole: This medication works similarly to propylthiouracil by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. However, it does not affect the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues.
3. Carbimazole: This medication is converted to methimazole in the body and works similarly to block the production of thyroid hormones.

Antithyroid agents are usually taken orally, and their effects on thyroid hormone production begin within a few hours after ingestion. However, it may take several weeks for patients to notice an improvement in their symptoms. These medications can have side effects, including rash, hives, and joint pain. In rare cases, they can cause liver damage or agranulocytosis, a condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells.

It is important to note that antithyroid agents do not cure hyperthyroidism; they only treat the symptoms by reducing thyroid hormone production. Therefore, patients may need to take these medications for several months or even years, depending on their individual circumstances. In some cases, surgery or radioactive iodine therapy may be recommended as alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism.

2005;140(1) 49; Compression syndromes caused by substernal goitres. Anders HJ, Postgrad Med J. 1998;74(872) 327. "Graves' ... Goitre (enlarged thyroid). If the thyroid grows large enough, it may compress the recurrent laryngeal nerve, producing vocal ... Although it is true that in most patients ophthalmopathy, goiter, and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis appear more or less ... goitre and pretibial myxedema. These clinical manifestations can involve virtually every system in the body. The mechanisms ...
... a clinical sign that increases the suspicion of a substernal goiter in patients. Tiberius: A Study in Resentment (1956) - ...
The mediastinum is frequently the site of involvement of various tumors: Anterior mediastinum: substernal thyroid goiters, ...
... goiter, endemic MeSH C19.874.283.501 - goiter, nodular MeSH C19.874.283.601 - goiter, substernal MeSH C19.874.283.605 - Graves ... lingual goiter MeSH C19.874.788.800 - thyroid nodule MeSH C19.874.871.102 - thyroiditis, autoimmune MeSH C19.874.871.102.500 - ... disease MeSH C19.874.283.605.500 - Graves' ophthalmopathy MeSH C19.874.283.802 - lingual goiter MeSH C19.874.397.370 - Graves' ...
Although the sign is most commonly described in patients with substernal goiters where the goiter "corks off" the thoracic ... Abu-Shama Y and Cuny T. Pemberton's Sign in a Patient with a Goiter. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:e31. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1712263. A ... Pemberton, HS (1946). "Sign of submerged goitre". Lancet. 248 (6423): 509. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(46)91790-4. Wallace, C; ... Pemberton, HS (1946). "Sign of submerged goitre". Lancet. 248 (6423): 509. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(46)91790-4. Basaria, S; ...
The frequency with which large goiters are encountered in the United States has progressively declined over the past several ... encoded search term (Substernal Goiter (Retrosternal Goiter)) and Substernal Goiter (Retrosternal Goiter) What to Read Next on ... The pathophysiology of goiters is well described in the Medscape Drugs and Diseases article Nontoxic Goiter. Substernal goiters ... 2] The wide range in reported incidence is largely due to variation in the definition of substernal goiter. Substernal goiters ...
A retrosternal goitre occurs when the thyroid enlarges downwards into the chest. ... "crossed substernal goitre". In endemic goitre areas 20%of the population over 70 years old will have a retrosternal goitre. ... What is a Retrosternal (sub-sternal) Goitre?. A retrosternal goitre occurs when the thyroid enlarges downwards into the chest. ... Retrosternal goitres are more likely to be left sided.Very rarely a left sided cervical goitre descends into the right side of ...
2005;140(1) 49; Compression syndromes caused by substernal goitres. Anders HJ, Postgrad Med J. 1998;74(872) 327. "Graves ... Goitre (enlarged thyroid). If the thyroid grows large enough, it may compress the recurrent laryngeal nerve, producing vocal ... Although it is true that in most patients ophthalmopathy, goiter, and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis appear more or less ... goitre and pretibial myxedema. These clinical manifestations can involve virtually every system in the body. The mechanisms ...
Substernal goiter. *Thyroidectomy. References. 1. Lo C, Kwok F, Yuen P. A prospective evaluation of recurrent laryngeal nerve ... Thomusch O, Sekulla C, Walls G, Machens A, Dralle H. Intraoperative neuromonitoring of surgery for benign goiter. Amer J Surg. ...
Differential Diagnosis Multinodular Goiter Hashimotos Thyroiditis Cancer Lymphoma Solitary Thyroid Nodule Substernal Goiter ... Substernal Goiters Short neck Stocky build Usually incidental finding by CXR or CT Many times treated unsuccessfully for asthma ... Upon completion of this lecture the students will be able to: Understand the concept of diffuse and multinodular goiter and ...
Goiter and Multinodular Goiter (including substernal goiter) - enlargement of the whole thyroid or multiple nodules on the ... Hyperthyroidism - overactive thyroid, which can be caused by Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, or a toxic nodule ...
The aim of this study is to specify the procedures for exploration and surgical management of substernal goiters.,br /,,strong, ... A cervico-thoracic CT performed in 85% of cases confirmed the diagnosis of substernal goiters. The cervical approach has been ... substernal goiter, thyroidectomy, laryngeal nerve palsy, hypoparathoidism.,/p,. 2015-03-11T00:00:00+00:00. Copyright (c) https ... Substernal goiters become rare due to the earlier diagnosis of thyroid nodules. They currently present fewer therapeutic ...
Ive already had surgery on my thyroid which in included the huge substernal goiter so I do know some of the dangers. My scar ...
Substernal Goiter. Endocrine DiseasesBy Artur Kh.. 31.12.2022. Substernal goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, in ... Diffuse Euthyroid Goiter. Endocrine DiseasesBy Artur Kh.. 31.12.2022. Diffuse euthyroid goiter is compensatory hypertrophy and ... The cause of pathology are the same factors that cause other types of goiter: iodine deficiency, hereditary predisposition, ... Graves disease (diffuse toxic goiter) is a disease caused by hypertrophy and hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, accompanied ...
subtotal has less risk of RLN injury.4) a- superior and inferior thyroid arteriesb- innominate arteryc- substernal goiter ... substernal secondary goiterb-substernal primary goiterc- mediastinal thyroid tissue ... 1) good for young pts, small goiters and mild T3/T4 elevation2) PTU3) Radioactive Iodine (131 I)4) inhibits peroxidases and ... 1) cold nodules, toxic adenomas or multinodular goiter unresponsive to medical therapy, pregnant pts not controlled with PTU, ...
Outcomes of trans-cervical surgical management for massive substernal Thyroid goiters; a community hospital experience. Magid ... Pediatric and neonatal thyroid disorder, Genetics of thyroid disease, Iodine deficiency, goiter-hypothyroidism-neurological ...
Asymptomatic Substernal Goiter Reaching the Diaphragm By: Lars J Hansen, Christoffer H Hahn, Waldemar Trolle VOLUME 10 World ...
Hyperthyroidism with small diffuse or nodular goiter, small u... ... Goiter is a benign enlargement of the thyroid.. *Family goiter ... particularly in case of substernal extension. If bleeding occurs, there may be sudden pain and rapid expansion. The disorder ... Toxic multinodular goiter. It is usually overadded to long-standing non-toxic multinodular goiter. Nodules are composed of ... In diffuse goiter, the familial type improves with thyroxine. Drug-induced goiter forces to interrupt contact with the harmful ...
... substernal goiter, surgeon inexperience, and malabsorptive conditions. Medical and surgical strategies to minimize ...
... such as neoplasms or substernal goiter. There is no low-cost alternative (eg, ultrasonography) for screening or surveillance. ... Substernal back or neck pain may occur. Pressure on the trachea, esophagus, or superior vena cava can result in the following ...
There was a positive correlation between goiter size and preoperative shortness of breath (P = .02). The presence of substernal ... Females and patients with a positive family history of goiter have an increased risk of goiter recurrence. ... CONCLUSIONS: Goiter size is associated with increasing symptoms. Tracheal compression but not deviation was related to ... The surgical management of goiter: Part I. Preoperative evaluation.. Jennifer J Shin, Hermes C Grillo, Doug Mathisen, Mark R ...
Endocrine: goiter;. Gastrointestinal: bowel irregularity, constipation aggravated, dyspepsia, dysphagia, dysplasia GI, ... Body as a Whole: abdomen enlarged, allergic reaction, asthenia, back pain, chest pain, substernal chest pain, facial edema, ...
Endocrine: goiter;. Gastrointestinal: bowel irregularity, constipation aggravated, dyspepsia, dysphagia, dysplasia GI, ... Body as a Whole: abdomen enlarged, allergic reaction, asthenia, back pain, chest pain, substernal chest pain, facial edema, ...
Symptomatic Nodules and Goiter *Substernal Goiter *Hyperfunctioning Nodules *Graves Disease *Surgery Including Lymph Node ...
Substernal goiter. *Tracheal cystadenoma. Theres more to see -- the rest of this topic is available only to subscribers. ...
KEYWORDS: Cervico-mediastinal goiter; Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy; Substernal goiter; Thyroid surgery; Total thyroidectomy ... We describe a case of a 17-year-old girl who presented with a goiter secondary to severe Graves disease and a 2-month history ... We describe a case of a 17-year-old girl who presented with a goiter secondary to severe Graves disease and a 2-month history ... We describe a case of a 17-year-old girl who presented with a goiter secondary to severe Graves disease and a 2-month history ...
Findings: -Large right adrenal lesion -Isointense to liver on in-phase scan -Hypointense to liver (signal loss) on out-of-phase scan ...
The thyroid gland may become so enlarged that it becomes a substernal (retrosternal) goiter. ... Goiter (CT) - Ganzer Fall bei Radiopaedia Knipe, H. Goiter (CT). Case study, Radiopaedia.org. (accessed on 22 Oct 2022) https ... Goiter - gigantic - Ganzer Fall bei Radiopaedia Bickle, I. Goiter - gigantic. Case study, Radiopaedia.org. (accessed on 22 Oct ... Gigantic goiter - Ganzer Fall bei Radiopaedia Bickle, I. Gigantic goiter. Case study, Radiopaedia.org. (accessed on 22 Oct 2022 ...
... sub-sternal) Goitre? , What is a simple (non-toxic) Goitre? , What is a Somatostatinoma? , What is a Thyroid nodule? , What is ... Substernal Thyroid Goiter , sudden illness or infection , Sudden weight loss, even when appetite and diet remain the same , ... Toxic Multinodular Goitre , Toxic Nodular Goiter , transmitter that indicates an endocrine influence on nerves or the influence ... Gestational Diabetes, Goiters, Graves Disease, Growth Disorders, Growth Hormone Deficiency. * Hashimotos Thyroiditis, Hurthle ...
Substernal Goiter -- 9. Modified Neck Dissection for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer -- Part III. Adrenal -- 10. Open ...
Large substernal goiter. Three major types of thyroidectomy: 1. Total thyroidectomy- *. This is removal of all thyroid tissue ...
10 Substernal Goiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155. 11 Ultrasound ... recurrent goiter, and neck masses. Ultrasound-guided minimally invasive techniques, such as fine-needle aspiration biopsy, ...
Endemic goiter is defined as thyroid enlargement that occurs in more than 10% of a population, and sporadic goiter is a result ... A nontoxic goiter is a diffuse or nodular enlargement of the thyroid gland that does not result from an inflammatory or ... Management of substernal goiter. Laryngoscope. 1998 Nov. 108(11 Pt 1):1611-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Sporadic goiter is the most common cause of nontoxic goiter in the United States. The incidence of sporadic nontoxic goiter has ...
Substernal goiters and sternotomy. Laryngoscope. 2009; 199:683-688.. 26. Randolph GW. Surgery of cervical and substernal goiter ... Substernal goiters and sternotomy. Laryngoscope. 2009; 199:683-688.. 30. Cohen JP. Substernal goiters and sternotomy. ... Management of a substernal goiter. Laryngoscope. 1998;108 (11 pt 1):1611-1617.. 19. Mussi A., Ambrogi MC, Iacconi P., Spinelli ... Substernal goiter: when is a sternotomy required? Journal of Surgical Research. 2015; 199: 121-125.. 23. Cho HT., Cohen JP., ...
Endocrine System: rare: goiter, hypothyroidism.. Hemic and Lymphatic System: rare: lymphadenopathy, leukopenia, petechia, ... chest pain substernal. ...
  • 3. Mack E. Management of patients with substernal goiters. (esmed.org)
  • Hyperthyroidism with small diffuse or nodular goiter, small uni or multinodular goiter, asymptomatic and benign, hypothyroidism presents a good response to medical treatment. (teknon.es)
  • Toxic multinodular goiter. (teknon.es)
  • It is usually overadded to long-standing non-toxic multinodular goiter. (teknon.es)
  • This process results in multiple nodules (multinodular or adenomatous goiter). (medscape.com)
  • Technetium-99m (99mTc) thyroid scan of a large, nontoxic multinodular goiter. (medscape.com)
  • This technetium-99m (99mTc) thyroid scan shows hot and cold nodules in a multinodular goiter. (medscape.com)
  • Solitary intrathyroidal metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma in a toxic substernal multinodular goiter. (uninsubria.it)
  • The risk of malignancy is the same in a patient with a nodular goiter as with a solitary nodule. (medscape.com)
  • Areas of autonomy with excess thyroid hormone secretion in a large nodular goiter. (medscape.com)
  • Both sides of the thyroid might also favor nodular goiter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The structure of the thyroid glands in this way changes and is called nodular goiter. (vimfay.com)
  • So we wanted to determine whether this was indeed the case nationally as well as whether there were any deleterious effects [from late presentation], and we found significant disparities in substernal thyroidectomy. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, led by Ambria Moten, MD, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, investigators set out to compare patients undergoing thyroidectomy for substernal vs nonsubsternal goiters in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 110,889 patients were included in the analysis, the great majority of whom had undergone nonsubsternal thyroidectomy (5525 substernal and 105,364 nonsubsternal). (medscape.com)
  • After adjustment for multiple confounding factors, black patients were 78% more likely and Hispanic patients 19% more likely to undergo substernal thyroidectomy compared with white patients. (medscape.com)
  • More Medicare patients had substernal thyroidectomy - 37.6% compared with 24.1% for those who were treated for nonsubsternal goiter. (medscape.com)
  • And regarding age, for each year of increase in patient age, there was a 2.4% increase in the odds of having a substernal goiter thyroidectomy. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who underwent substernal thyroidectomy were also more likely to require emergency admission, stay longer in the hospital, and have a higher comorbidity index than those who underwent nonsubsternal thyroidectomy. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers calculated patient safety indicators for the different groups and found significant disparities: for example, the risk of hemorrhage or hematoma following a substernal procedure was 77% higher than it was following a nonsubsternal thyroidectomy. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric and neonatal thyroid disorder, Genetics of thyroid disease, Iodine deficiency, goiter-hypothyroidism-neurological dysfunction, Cell biology of the thyrocyte, Nuclear and extranuclear actions of thyroid hormones, Brain-pituitary-thyroid regulation, Animal models of thyroid disease. (hilarispublisher.com)
  • When urinary iodide falls below 25 micrograms per gram of creatinine, a palpable goiter occurs in 40-90% of the population, hypothyroidism occurs in 30-50% of the population, and cretinism occurs in 1-10% of the population. (medscape.com)
  • Generally, the development of palpable thyroid nodules and goiter progressively increases with age. (medscape.com)
  • The pathophysiology of goiters is well described in the Medscape Drugs and Diseases article Nontoxic Goiter . (medscape.com)
  • A nontoxic goiter is a diffuse or nodular enlargement of the thyroid gland that does not result from an inflammatory or neoplastic process and is not associated with abnormal thyroid function . (medscape.com)
  • Clinically, the natural history of a nontoxic goiter is growth, nodule production, and functional autonomy. (medscape.com)
  • Sporadic goiter is the most common cause of nontoxic goiter in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Cases were seldom reported as primary ectopic substernal thyroid cancer, especially those with severe local invasion and tracheal relapse. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prevalence of goiter varies widely depending on the level of iodine deficiency. (pacs.de)
  • Studies have shown that iodine supplementation can eliminate cretinism and is highly effective in the prevention of endemic goiter. (medscape.com)
  • The seminal studies by David Marine, MD, in 1917 demonstrated the reduction in goiter among adolescent girls in Ohio from 20% to 5% by iodine supplementation. (medscape.com)
  • This adequate iodine intake in the United States eliminates the most common cause of endemic goiter in most populations. (medscape.com)
  • In some parts of the world, goiters develop because of a lack of iodine in peoples' diets . (browardcenta.com)
  • However, in the United States where iodine is added to salt, goiters are most often caused by other problems. (browardcenta.com)
  • A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck, and in much of the world goiters are caused by a lack of iodine , but in the United States, where salt is enriched with iodine, they tend to develop due to a number of factors, which may include an overactive thyroid (Graves' disease), an underactive thyroid (Hashimoto's disease), family history, or differences in anatomy. (medscape.com)
  • Other pathologies such as hyperthyroidism refractory to medical treatment, large and / or symptomatic goiter and thyroid cancer are surgical treatment. (teknon.es)
  • A single or multiple nodules, Graves' disease , and hyperthyroidism can all lead to the development of a goiter. (browardcenta.com)
  • Substernal goiters grow slowly but steadily over time, extending below the clavicles into the upper chest, and there are a number of associated signs and symptoms, including dyspnea, dysphagia, hyperthyroidism , hoarseness, the sensation of a mass in the throat, superior vena cava syndrome , and chylothorax due to thoracic duct compression. (medscape.com)
  • Substernal goiters can remain asymptomatic for many years. (medscape.com)
  • Malignancy usually must be ruled out when substernal goiters are discovered in asymptomatic individuals, although fine-needle aspiration is often difficult or inadvisable in this location. (medscape.com)
  • For these reasons, many authors have advocated surgical removal of all substernal goiters, even when these goiters are asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • The correct management of asymptomatic retrosternal goiters is unclear and very controversial. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • In contrast the aggressive surgical group state that all patients without medical co-morbidity with an asymptomatic retrosternal goitre should be operated on! (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • There are no controlled trials of the management of asymptomatic retrosternal goitre. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Mr Lynn's approach to the asymptomatic retrosternal goitre is very much a halfway house of the apposing views. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Mr Lynn's cynicism is borne out by a study from Melbourne Australia that confirmed that only 16.6% of retrosternal goitres were asymptomatic.In the past too much reliance has been placed on the structural impact of the retrosternal goitre and not enough on its physiological effect. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Substernal goiters are largely considered to result from the descent of a cervical goiter with the primary blood supply remaining in the neck, primarily from the inferior thyroid artery. (medscape.com)
  • There are two schools of thought.The conservative surgical group argues that the incidence of cancer is no higher than cervical goitres ( a maximum of 3.7 new cases per 1000) and this risk is not in the uncomplicated case an indication for surgery. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • The conservative surgeon also points out that a study in New York State of over a thousand operations for retrosternal goitre demonstrated a 14 fold mortality as compared to that in cervical goitre and a significantly greater risk of damage to the parathyroids,recurrent laryngeal nerve and of major bleeding. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Using intra-operative nerve monitoring and the " toboggan technique" of the charismatic late French surgeon Charles Proye he is convinced that in his hands retrosternal goitre has a no higher incidence of nerve damage than cervical goitre.Likewise the damage rate to the parathyroids using intra-operative parathyroid hormone measurement and where necessary parathyroid autotransplantation is most likely not significantly higher than for cervical goitres. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • SUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of 200 consecutive thyroidectomies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria for cervical or substernal goiter. (qxmd.com)
  • Despite the declining frequency of goiter diagnoses in the United States, substernal goiter remains a significant consideration in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses, particularly those located in the anterior mediastinum. (medscape.com)
  • A retrosternal goitre occurs when the thyroid enlarges downwards into the chest.Although the great majority of retrosternal goitres are extensions from the neck, pure intrathoracic goitres do occur. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • In endemic goitre areas 20%of the population over 70 years old will have a retrosternal goitre. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • The definition of a retrosternal goitre varies with respective authors, there are four major definitions. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • #4.Goldenburg and co-worker as early as 1957 defined a retrosternal goitre as one reaching the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • The generally accepted definition is the one by Candela .The natural history of retrosternal goitre is of a slow relentless increase in size,often presenting as an incidental finding on a chest xray in the fifth or sixth decade of life. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • The management of a retrosternal goitre associated with airway obstuction,swallowing problems or major obstruction of arteries or veins is surgical and is not controversial. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Mr Lynn has never had a death from surgery for a retrosternal goitre. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • All patients in whom there is the suggestion of compromise of the trachea or bronchi by a retrosternal goitre should have a physiological flow volume loop performed so as to differentiate long standing asthma from upper airways obstuction due to a retrosternal goitre. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Look for congestion of the face, cyanosis and distress in a retrosternal goitre. (medicosnotes.com)
  • Endemic goiter is defined as thyroid enlargement that occurs in more than 10% of a population, and sporadic goiter is a result of environmental or genetic factors that do not affect the general population. (medscape.com)
  • Table salt has been supplemented in the United States since the 1920s for the prevention of cretinism and endemic goiter. (medscape.com)
  • Typically, substernal goiters descend to one side of the trachea or the other, causing tracheoesophageal deviation to the contralateral side. (medscape.com)
  • Centrally located substernal goiters may compress the trachea between the sternum and spine, usually displacing the esophagus. (medscape.com)
  • Occasionally, substernal goiters may extend into the posterior mediastinum behind the trachea or even into the posterior thoracic cavity. (medscape.com)
  • Such goiters may extend between the trachea and esophagus, significantly displacing these structures or greatly distorting the normal relationship of the recurrent laryngeal nerve with the trachea. (medscape.com)
  • The histopathology varies with etiology and age of the goiter. (medscape.com)
  • Substernal goiter: when is a sternotomy required? (esmed.org)
  • 17. Casella C., Pata G., Cappelli C., Salerni B. Preoperative predictors of sternotomy need in mediastinal goiter management. (esmed.org)
  • Surgical management of mediastinal goiters: when is a sternotomy required? (esmed.org)
  • Females and patients with a positive family history of goiter have an increased risk of goiter recurrence. (qxmd.com)
  • Consequently, incidental discovery of these goiters is not uncommon, for example, on routine chest radiography. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, he has distension of his left external jugular vein, facial erythema (when compared with his shoulder), and cutaneous varicosities of venous blood draining from his head into his chest because of jugular obstruction from his goiter. (medscape.com)
  • In some people, the goiter will start to grow down into the chest. (browardcenta.com)
  • In this goiter form, the thyroid glands grow abnormally into the chest cavity of the person. (vimfay.com)
  • Significant disparities exist in the presentation and outcomes of patients with goiters in the United States, with minority ethnic groups, men, and older patients more likely to present with untreated goiters that have become so large they extend into the chest, meaning they are more difficult to remove, a nationally representative analysis shows. (medscape.com)
  • Further chapters focus on such topics as ultrasound examination after thyroid surgery and ultrasound diagnosis of parathyroid disease, recurrent goiter, and neck masses. (libreriastudium.it)
  • Goiter (rarely thyromegaly ) refers to enlargement of the thyroid gland . (pacs.de)
  • The objective of the surgeon who should indicate thyroid surgery should be in cases of non-response to medical treatment, cases that present symptoms, are usually large goiters (dysphagia, airway obstruction, etc.) and thyroid cancer. (teknon.es)
  • In some cases, thyroid surgery is the best goiter treatment option . (browardcenta.com)
  • The study is the first to report such disparities in untreated goiters and was published online in the American Journal of Surgery . (medscape.com)
  • Intrathoracic goiter causing obstruction. (medscape.com)
  • HIGGINS, K.. Review: The Management of an Intrathoracic Goiter. (esmed.org)
  • When goiters are located in the anterosuperior mediastinum, the recurrent laryngeal nerve is not typically displaced from the tracheoesophageal groove. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, uniform follicular epithelial hyperplasia (diffuse goiter) is present, with an increase in thyroid mass. (medscape.com)
  • CT scanning with contrast enhancement is the modality of choice, but MRA can be used to demonstrate the anatomy and aneurysmal size and to exclude lesions that can mimic aneurysms, such as neoplasms or substernal goiter. (mhmedical.com)
  • The exact type of treatment is based on the cause of the goiter and the patient's preferences. (browardcenta.com)
  • Finally, note that goiters extending into the posterior thoracic cavity are extrapleural and behind the lung, which also makes anterior exposure more difficult. (medscape.com)
  • A substernal goiter, also known as a retrosternal goiter, is an enlarged thyroid gland that grows inferiorly and passes through the thoracic inlet into the thoracic cavity. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] A substernal goiter is generally defined as a thyroid mass that has 50% or more of its volume located below the thoracic inlet. (medscape.com)
  • Substernal goiters most commonly descend into the anterosuperior mediastinum. (medscape.com)
  • Goiters located in the posterior mediastinum or posterior thoracic cavity may also be complicated by a relatively normal location of the great vessels, making anterior exposure more difficult. (medscape.com)
  • 5. Kacprzak G., Karas J., Rzechonek A., Blaskiak P. Retrosternal goiter localized in the mediastinum: surgical approach and operative difficulties. (esmed.org)
  • The surgical management of goiter: Part I. Preoperative evaluation. (qxmd.com)
  • The following null hypotheses have been tested: 1) there is no correlation between goiter size and preoperative symptoms, 2) there is no correlation between preoperative neck imaging abnormalities and preoperative symptoms, and 3) there are no predictors for goiter recurrence. (qxmd.com)
  • There was a positive correlation between goiter size and preoperative shortness of breath (P = .02). (qxmd.com)
  • Surgical management of cervico-mediastinal goiters: Our experience and review of the literature. (esmed.org)
  • Conversely, while symptoms of substernal goiter can often develop slowly over many years, serious symptoms, such as airway compromise, can develop precipitously with little or no advance warning. (medscape.com)
  • sometimes they are caused by thyroidal conditions, such as Graves' ophthalmopathy, goitre and pretibial myxedema. (wikipedia.org)
  • 6. Patel K., Parsons C. Forgotten goiter: Diagnosis and management. (esmed.org)
  • When symptoms arise, they are usually related to compression and compromise of adjacent structures from continued growth of the goiter within the bony confines of the thoracic cavity. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Symptoms of substernal goiter typically develop slowly and insidiously over long periods. (medscape.com)
  • Goiter size is associated with increasing symptoms. (qxmd.com)
  • What Are the Symptoms of Goiter? (browardcenta.com)
  • Substernal back or neck pain may occur. (mhmedical.com)
  • Sporadic goiter does not usually occur in people before puberty, and it does not have a peak incidence. (medscape.com)
  • The frequency with which large goiters are encountered in the United States has progressively declined over the past several decades. (medscape.com)
  • Ectopic substernal thyroid is a rare symptom of thyroid disease that entirely results from the developmental defects at early stages of thyroid embryogenesis and during its descent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Surgical approach to mediastinal goiter: An update based on a retrospective cohort study. (esmed.org)
  • Les complications orbitaires et endocrâniennes des sinusites aiguës infectieuses posent un problème diagnostique et thérapeutique Le but de notre travail est de proposer un algorithme de prise en charge de ces complications à travers une revue de littérature Les sinusites de la base du crâne (frontal, sphénoïdal et éthmoïdal) sont les plus fréquents en cause de complications endocrâniennes. (ajol.info)
  • Les complications orbitaires sont traitées par des antibiotiques visant les bactéries en cause avec des indications chirurgicales selon la classification scannographique de Chandler. (ajol.info)
  • 2. Huins C.T, Georgalas C., Mehrzad H., Tolley N.S. A new classification system for retrosternal goiters based on a systematic review of its complications and management. (esmed.org)
  • A family history of goiter increases the risk of developing goiter. (browardcenta.com)
  • In contrast, Asian patients were 18% less likely to undergo a substernal procedure compared with white patients, while females were 14% less likely than males to be candidates for a substernal approach. (medscape.com)
  • The thyroid gland may become so enlarged that it becomes a substernal (retrosternal) goiter . (pacs.de)