The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.
An immunological attack mounted by a graft against the host because of tissue incompatibility when immunologically competent cells are transplanted to an immunologically incompetent host; the resulting clinical picture is that of GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE.
Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.
The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
Immunological rejection of tumor tissue/cells following bone marrow transplantation.
Immunological rejection of leukemia cells following bone marrow transplantation.
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.
Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.
A class of ciliate protozoa. Characteristics include the presence of a well developed oral apparatus and oral cilia being clearly distinct from somatic cilia.
The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.
The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from different individuals. This contrasts with MOSAICISM in which the different cell populations are derived from a single individual.
A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887)
Device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.
Identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant DONORS and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Conditions in which there is histological damage to the lower epidermis along with a grouped chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the papillary dermis disturbing the interface between the epidermis and dermis. LICHEN PLANUS is the prototype of all lichenoid eruptions. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p398)
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
Allelic alloantigens often responsible for weak graft rejection in cases when (major) histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. In the mouse they are coded by more than 500 genes at up to 30 minor histocompatibility loci. The most well-known minor histocompatibility antigen in mammals is the H-Y antigen.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Genetic loci responsible for the encoding of histocompatibility antigens other than those encoded by the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX. The antigens encoded by these genes are often responsible for graft rejection in cases where histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. The location of some of these loci on the X and Y chromosomes explains why grafts from males to females may be rejected while grafts from females to males are accepted. In the mouse roughly 30 minor histocompatibility loci have been recognized, comprising more than 500 genes.
Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
An organism whose body contains cell populations of different genotypes as a result of the TRANSPLANTATION of donor cells after sufficient ionizing radiation to destroy the mature recipient's cells which would otherwise reject the donor cells.
An organism that, as a result of transplantation of donor tissue or cells, consists of two or more cell lines descended from at least two zygotes. This state may result in the induction of donor-specific TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE.
The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts.
Preparative treatment of transplant recipient with various conditioning regimens including radiation, immune sera, chemotherapy, and/or immunosuppressive agents, prior to transplantation. Transplantation conditioning is very common before bone marrow transplantation.
The properties of a pathogen that makes it capable of infecting one or more specific hosts. The pathogen can include PARASITES as well as VIRUSES; BACTERIA; FUNGI; or PLANTS.
'Skin diseases' is a broad term for various conditions affecting the skin, including inflammatory disorders, infections, benign and malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities, and degenerative diseases, which can cause symptoms such as rashes, discoloration, eruptions, lesions, itching, or pain.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)
CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.
Transplantation of STEM CELLS collected from the fetal blood remaining in the UMBILICAL CORD and the PLACENTA after delivery. Included are the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.
Irradiation of the whole body with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. It is applicable to humans or animals but not to microorganisms.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
Polyester polymers formed from terephthalic acid or its esters and ethylene glycol. They can be formed into tapes, films or pulled into fibers that are pressed into meshes or woven into fabrics.
The vein which drains the foot and leg.
Transfer of MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS).
The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Surgical insertion of BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESES to repair injured or diseased blood vessels.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
The vessels carrying blood away from the capillary beds.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.
Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation.
Measure of histocompatibility at the HL-A locus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two individuals are mixed together in tissue culture for several days. Lymphocytes from incompatible individuals will stimulate each other to proliferate significantly (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) whereas those from compatible individuals will not. In the one-way MLC test, the lymphocytes from one of the individuals are inactivated (usually by treatment with MITOMYCIN or radiation) thereby allowing only the untreated remaining population of cells to proliferate in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens.
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.
Transplantation of stem cells collected from the peripheral blood. It is a less invasive alternative to direct marrow harvesting of hematopoietic stem cells. Enrichment of stem cells in peripheral blood can be achieved by inducing mobilization of stem cells from the BONE MARROW.
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.
The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Organs, tissues, or cells taken from the body for grafting into another area of the same body or into another individual.
Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.
The transfer of STEM CELLS from one individual to another within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or between species (XENOTRANSPLANTATION), or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). The source and location of the stem cells determines their potency or pluripotency to differentiate into various cell types.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Cell separation is the process of isolating and distinguishing specific cell types or individual cells from a heterogeneous mixture, often through the use of physical or biological techniques.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Surgical union or shunt between ducts, tubes or vessels. It may be end-to-end, end-to-side, side-to-end, or side-to-side.

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency. (1/3885)

BACKGROUND: Since 1968 it has been known that bone marrow transplantation can ameliorate severe combined immunodeficiency, but data on the long-term efficacy of this treatment are limited. We prospectively studied immunologic function in 89 consecutive infants with severe combined immunodeficiency who received hematopoietic stem-cell transplants at Duke University Medical Center between May 1982 and September 1998. METHODS: Serum immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte phenotypes and function were assessed and genetic analyses performed according to standard methods. Bone marrow was depleted of T cells by agglutination with soybean lectin and by sheep-erythrocyte rosetting before transplantation. RESULTS: Seventy-seven of the infants received T-cell-depleted, HLA-haploidentical parental marrow, and 12 received HLA-identical marrow from a related donor; 3 of the recipients of haploidentical marrow also received placental-blood transplants from unrelated donors. Except for two patients who received placental blood, none of the recipients received chemotherapy before transplantation or prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease. Of the 89 infants, 72 (81 percent) were still alive 3 months to 16.5 years after transplantation, including all of the 12 who received HLA-identical marrow, 60 of the 77 (78 percent) who were given haploidentical marrow, and 2 of the 3 (67 percent) who received both haploidentical marrow and placental blood. T-cell function became normal within two weeks after transplantation in the patients who received unfractionated HLA-identical marrow but usually not until three to four months after transplantation in those who received T-cell-depleted marrow. At the time of the most recent evaluation, all but 4 of the 72 survivors had normal T-cell function, and all the T cells in their blood were of donor origin. B-cell function remained abnormal in many of the recipients of haploidentical marrow. In 26 children (5 recipients of HLA-identical marrow and 21 recipients of haploidentical marrow) between 2 percent and 100 percent of B cells were of donor origin. Forty-five of the 72 children were receiving intravenous immune globulin. CONCLUSIONS: Transplantation of marrow from a related donor is a life-saving and life-sustaining treatment for patients with any type of severe combined immunodeficiency, even when there is no HLA-identical donor.  (+info)

Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. (2/3885)

In H2-M- mice, the presence of a single peptide, CLIP, bound to MHC class II molecules generates a diverse repertoire of CD4+ cells. In these mice, typical self-peptides are not bound to class II molecules, with the result that a very high proportion of H2-M- CD4+ cells are responsive to the various peptides displayed on normal MHC-compatible APC. We show here, however, that such "self" reactivity is controlled by low-affinity CD4+ cells. These cells give spectacularly high proliferative responses but are virtually unreactive in certain other assays, e.g., skin graft rejection; responses to MHC alloantigens, by contrast, are intense in all assays. Possible explanations for why thymic selection directed to a single peptide curtails self specificity without affecting alloreactivity are discussed.  (+info)

Risk factors for severe hemorrhagic cystitis following BMT. (3/3885)

Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a common toxicity of preparative regimens for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Severe HC often requires prolonged and expensive hospitalization, and occasionally can result in death. To investigate the risk factors for severe HC, we conducted a retrospective study among 1908 patients who received BMTs at the University of Minnesota during 1974 to 1993. A previous report from our institution reported on 977 of these patients. We identified all patients with genitourinary complication within 100 days post-BMT from the BMT database. Medical charts for these patients were reviewed to determine whether the patient had HC and also the grade of HC. A total of 208 HC cases were identified during the study period. Of them, 92 patients had severe HC, an incidence of 5% (95% CI = 4-6%). We found that grade II-IV graft-versus-host disease (RR = 2.56; 95% CI = 1.43-4.56), use of busulfan (RR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.35-5.35), and age at transplant (RR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.27-3.81, for age of 10-30 compared to age of 0-9) were related to an increased risk of HC. In contrast, transplant year was inversely associated with the risk of HC (trend test, P < 0.01). We did not find any significant difference in HC with the use of prophylactic Mesna.  (+info)

Nephrotic syndrome as a clinical manifestation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a marrow transplant recipient after cyclosporine withdrawal. (4/3885)

GVHD is one of the most frequent complications of BMT and recently nephrotic syndrome (NS) has been described as a manifestation of chronic GVHD. Here, we present an AA patient who developed NS 1 year after BMT when cyclosporine was stopped. Renal biopsy showed focal sclerosis associated with membranous deposits. He also had other clinical manifestations of chronic GVHD: sicca-like syndrome and colestasis. After 15 days of CsA therapy, he experienced a remarkable improvement in the NS and GVHD as a whole. We comment on immunological mechanisms that could be involved in the pathogenesis of this manifestation.  (+info)

T cell subsets in experimental lupus nephritis: modulation by bacterial superantigen. (5/3885)

Chronic graft-vs-host disease (GvH), induced by injection of DBA/2 lymphocytes into (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 hybrids, is a murine model for lupus nephritis, associated with a Th2-dependent polyclonal B cell activation. The development of glomerulosclerosis in this model is preceded by a glomerular influx of LFA-1+ T cells. We investigated whether exposure to bacterial superantigen would modulate the course of this autoimmune syndrome. Injection of the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in mice has been shown to induce the activation of TcRVbeta8+ T cells. Within 2 weeks after GvH induction, mice were injected twice with 20 microg of SEB and the following parameters were examined: cytokine and Ig profile, proteinuria and renal pathology. The second SEB injection induced in GvH mice an increased release of both interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) as compared with control F1 mice. No differences were observed in IL-2 production. SEB-treated GvH mice demonstrated a delayed onset of proteinuria. Histological analysis of the kidney showed that SEB-challenged GvH mice displayed significantly more interstitial inflammation and mesangial proliferation together with more IgG2a deposits in glomeruli than non-injected GvH mice. From these results, we conclude that GvH mice are more responsive to SEB in terms of cytokine production and that bacterial infection can modulate the course of this renal disease from a membranous to a more proliferative type of nephropathy.  (+info)

High dose chemotherapy with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide as conditioning regimen for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission. (6/3885)

We explored the combination of busulfan/cyclophosphamide/etoposide as conditioning regimen prior to bone marrow transplantation in 31 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission. The preparative regimen consisted of 16 mg/kg busulfan, 30-60 mg/kg VP-16, and 120 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. With a median follow-up of 30.5 months (range, 5-60 months), 25 patients are alive in continuous complete remission. Estimated disease-free survival at 5 years is 80.5%. Death was due to transplant-related toxicity (graft-versus-host disease and cytomegalovirus infection, graft-versus-host disease and pneumonia, sepsis and mucositis, respectively). None of the patients have relapsed. As demonstrated by the results of this analysis, the conditioning regimen busulfan/cyclophosphamide/etoposide is effective and well tolerated in patients with AML in first complete remission. Main nonhematological toxicities were mucositis and hepatotoxicity. The low mortality and relapse rate appears to justify allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for patients with AML in first complete remission who have an HLA-identical donor. Whether this regimen offers a substantial improvement in disease-free and overall survival over presently used regimens warrants further investigation.  (+info)

Long-term follow-up of high-risk allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplant recipients: graft-versus-host disease and transplant-related mortality. (7/3885)

PURPOSE: To determine the risks of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and transplant-related mortality after allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell (PBSC) transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between December 1994 and July 1996, 50 consecutive patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies in first remission or relapse received high-dose therapy followed by transplantation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized, allogeneic PBSCs collected from HLA-identical siblings. GVHD prophylaxis included cyclosporine and corticosteroids. RESULTS: As of April 1, 1998, 18 patients (36%+/-13%) survived with a median follow-up period of 767 days (range, 602 to 1,127 days). The actuarial probability of grades 2-4 acute GVHD was 0.37+/-0.14 (95% confidence interval). Of 36 assessable patients, 26 (72%+/-15%) developed chronic GVHD. The actuarial probability of chronic GVHD 2 years after transplantation was 0.87+/-0.15. Of 14 progression-free survivors, 11 (79%+/-22%) have active, chronic GVHD. All 11 patients require ongoing immunosuppression, and nearly two thirds have extensive disease. Thirteen patients died as a result of transplant-related mortality (26%+/-12%), six (12%) before and seven (14%) after day +100. CONCLUSION: We observed a high risk of chronic GVHD after allogeneic PBSC transplantation, which compromised the performance status of most long-term survivors and resulted in a relatively high risk of late transplant-related mortality. Approximately 75% of transplant-related deaths were associated with GVHD; thus, reduction in transplant-related mortality after allogeneic PBSC transplantation will require more effective strategies for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of GVHD.  (+info)

Comparative outcomes of T-cell-depleted and non-T-cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia: impact of donor lymphocyte infusion. (8/3885)

PURPOSE: Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) can restore complete remission in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who have relapsed after T-cell-depleted (TCD) allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The existence of salvage treatment for patients with DLI after TCD allogeneic BMT prompted an evaluation of overall outcome after CD6+ -TCD allogeneic BMT for patients treated during the time when DLI has been available. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of outcomes of 46 patients who underwent TCD allogeneic BMT for stable-phase CML and compared these outcomes with those of 40 patients who underwent non-TCD allogeneic BMT. All subjects were patients at one of two neighboring institutions during a period when DLI was available. All patients received marrow from HLA-identical sibling donors, underwent similar myeloablative regimens, and had similar pretreatment characteristics. RESULTS: After BMT, the TCD group had a lower incidence of grade 2 to 4 acute (15% v 37%, P = .026) and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (18% v 42%, P = .024) than did the non-TCD group. The 1-year treatment-related mortality rates for the TCD group and the non-TCD group were 13% and 29%, respectively (P = .07). The estimated 3-year probability of relapse (cytogenetic or hematologic) was higher for patients in the TCD group than for patients in the non-TCD group (62% v 24%, P = .0003). Twenty-three patients (20 in the TCD group and three in the non-TCD group) received and were assessable for response to DLI. After DLI, 17 of 20 patients in the TCD group and two of three patients in the non-TCD group achieved complete remission. Donor lymphocyte infusion induced GVHD in nine of 23 patients. Thirty (65%) of 46 patients in the TCD group and 27 (69%) of 39 assessable patients in the non-TCD group remained alive without evidence of disease. The estimated 3-year overall survival rates were similar for the TCD group and the non-TCD group (72% v 68%, respectively; P = .38). At last follow-up, there was no difference in the overall prevalence of GVHD or the proportion of patients requiring immunosuppressive agents between groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the combination of T-cell depletion and post-BMT DLI is a viable treatment option for patients undergoing allogeneic BMT for CML and should be prospectively compared with traditional forms of GVHD prophylaxis.  (+info)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a condition that can occur after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), where the donated immune cells (graft) recognize the recipient's tissues (host) as foreign and attack them. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs, particularly the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver.

Acute GVHD typically occurs within 100 days of transplantation and is characterized by symptoms such as rash, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction. Chronic GVHD, on the other hand, can occur after 100 days or even years post-transplant and may present with a wider range of symptoms, including dry eyes and mouth, skin changes, lung involvement, and issues with mobility and flexibility in joints.

GVHD is a significant complication following allogeneic HSCT and can have a substantial impact on the patient's quality of life and overall prognosis. Preventative measures, such as immunosuppressive therapy, are often taken to reduce the risk of GVHD, but its management remains a challenge in transplant medicine.

A "Graft versus Host Reaction" (GVHR) is a condition that can occur after an organ or bone marrow transplant, where the immune cells in the graft (transplanted tissue) recognize and attack the recipient's (host's) tissues as foreign. This reaction occurs because the donor's immune cells (graft) are able to recognize the host's cells as different from their own due to differences in proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs).

The GVHR can affect various organs, including the skin, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. Symptoms may include rash, diarrhea, jaundice, and respiratory distress. The severity of the reaction can vary widely, from mild to life-threatening.

To prevent or reduce the risk of GVHR, immunosuppressive drugs are often given to the recipient before and after transplantation to suppress their immune system and prevent it from attacking the graft. Despite these measures, GVHR can still occur in some cases, particularly when there is a significant mismatch between the donor and recipient HLAs.

Homologous transplantation is a type of transplant surgery where organs or tissues are transferred between two genetically non-identical individuals of the same species. The term "homologous" refers to the similarity in structure and function of the donated organ or tissue to the recipient's own organ or tissue.

For example, a heart transplant from one human to another is an example of homologous transplantation because both organs are hearts and perform the same function. Similarly, a liver transplant, kidney transplant, lung transplant, and other types of organ transplants between individuals of the same species are also considered homologous transplantations.

Homologous transplantation is in contrast to heterologous or xenogeneic transplantation, where organs or tissues are transferred from one species to another, such as a pig heart transplanted into a human. Homologous transplantation is more commonly performed than heterologous transplantation due to the increased risk of rejection and other complications associated with xenogeneic transplants.

Graft survival, in medical terms, refers to the success of a transplanted tissue or organ in continuing to function and integrate with the recipient's body over time. It is the opposite of graft rejection, which occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it, leading to its failure.

Graft survival depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the donor and recipient, the type and location of the graft, the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, and the overall health of the recipient. A successful graft survival implies that the transplanted tissue or organ has been accepted by the recipient's body and is functioning properly, providing the necessary physiological support for the recipient's survival and improved quality of life.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure in which damaged or destroyed bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. The main types of BMT are autologous, allogeneic, and umbilical cord blood transplantation.

In autologous BMT, the patient's own bone marrow is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy their cancerous bone marrow.

In allogeneic BMT, bone marrow from a genetically matched donor is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders who have failed other treatments.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation involves using stem cells from umbilical cord blood as a source of healthy bone marrow. This type of BMT is often used in children and adults who do not have a matched donor for allogeneic BMT.

The process of BMT typically involves several steps, including harvesting the bone marrow or stem cells from the donor, conditioning the patient's body to receive the new bone marrow or stem cells, transplanting the new bone marrow or stem cells into the patient's body, and monitoring the patient for signs of engraftment and complications.

BMT is a complex and potentially risky procedure that requires careful planning, preparation, and follow-up care. However, it can be a life-saving treatment for many patients with blood disorders or cancer.

The "Graft vs Tumor Effect" is a term used in the field of transplantation medicine, particularly in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It refers to the anti-tumor activity exhibited by donor immune cells (graft) against residual malignant cells (tumor) in the recipient's body.

After HSCT, the donor's immune system is reconstituted in the recipient's body. If the donor and recipient are not identical, there may be differences in their major and minor histocompatibility antigens, which can lead to a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues. However, these same donor immune cells can also recognize and target any residual tumor cells in the recipient's body, leading to a graft vs tumor effect.

This effect can contribute to the elimination of residual malignant cells and reduce the risk of relapse, particularly in hematological malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma. However, it is important to balance this effect with the risk of GVHD, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, strategies such as donor selection, graft manipulation, and immunosuppressive therapy are used to optimize the graft vs tumor effect while minimizing GVHD.

The "Graft versus Leukemia (GvL) Effect" is a term used in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to describe a desirable outcome where the donor's immune cells (graft) recognize and attack the recipient's leukemia cells (host). This effect occurs when the donor's T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and other immune cells become activated against the recipient's malignant cells.

The GvL effect is often observed in patients who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), where the donor and recipient are not genetically identical. The genetic disparity between the donor and recipient creates an environment that allows for the recognition of host leukemia cells as foreign, triggering an immune response against them.

While the GvL effect can be beneficial in eliminating residual leukemia cells, it can also lead to complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's healthy tissues. Balancing the GvL effect and minimizing GvHD remains a significant challenge in allo-HSCT.

Graft occlusion in the context of vascular surgery refers to the complete or partial blockage of a blood vessel that has been surgically replaced or repaired with a graft. The graft can be made from either synthetic materials or autologous tissue (taken from another part of the patient's body).

Graft occlusion can occur due to various reasons, including:

1. Thrombosis: Formation of a blood clot within the graft, which can obstruct blood flow.
2. Intimal hyperplasia: Overgrowth of the inner lining (intima) of the graft or the adjacent native vessel, causing narrowing of the lumen and reducing blood flow.
3. Atherosclerosis: Deposition of cholesterol and other substances in the walls of the graft, leading to hardening and narrowing of the vessel.
4. Infection: Bacterial or fungal infection of the graft can cause inflammation, weakening, and ultimately occlusion of the graft.
5. Mechanical factors: Kinking, twisting, or compression of the graft can lead to obstruction of blood flow.

Graft occlusion is a significant complication following vascular surgery, as it can result in reduced perfusion to downstream tissues and organs, leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen supply) and potential tissue damage or loss.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is a medical procedure where hematopoietic stem cells (immature cells that give rise to all blood cell types) are transplanted into a patient. This procedure is often used to treat various malignant and non-malignant disorders affecting the hematopoietic system, such as leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, aplastic anemia, inherited immune deficiency diseases, and certain genetic metabolic disorders.

The transplantation can be autologous (using the patient's own stem cells), allogeneic (using stem cells from a genetically matched donor, usually a sibling or unrelated volunteer), or syngeneic (using stem cells from an identical twin).

The process involves collecting hematopoietic stem cells, most commonly from the peripheral blood or bone marrow. The collected cells are then infused into the patient after the recipient's own hematopoietic system has been ablated (or destroyed) using high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. This allows the donor's stem cells to engraft, reconstitute, and restore the patient's hematopoietic system.

HSCT is a complex and potentially risky procedure with various complications, including graft-versus-host disease, infections, and organ damage. However, it offers the potential for cure or long-term remission in many patients with otherwise fatal diseases.

Oligohymenophorea is a class within the phylum Ciliophora, which includes protozoans commonly known as ciliates. This group is characterized by having a complex ciliary structure called an undulating membrane and a reduced number of oral primordia (hence the name "oligo" meaning few and "hymenophorea" referring to the oral apparatus).

Members of Oligohymenophorea are diverse, ranging from free-living species found in various aquatic environments to parasitic forms that infect animals. Some well-known examples include Tetrahymena, Paramecium, and Ichthyophthirius (the causative agent of "white spot" disease in freshwater fish).

It's important to note that the classification of ciliates has undergone significant revisions in recent years due to advances in molecular biology and ultrastructural studies. As a result, some sources may use different names or classifications for this group.

A lymphocyte transfusion is not a standard medical practice. However, the term "lymphocyte transfusion" generally refers to the infusion of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, from a donor to a recipient. This procedure is rarely performed and primarily used in research or experimental settings, such as in the context of adoptive immunotherapy for cancer treatment.

In adoptive immunotherapy, T lymphocytes (a subtype of lymphocytes) are collected from the patient or a donor, activated, expanded in the laboratory, and then reinfused into the patient to enhance their immune response against cancer cells. This is not a common procedure and should only be performed under the guidance of experienced medical professionals in specialized centers.

It's important to note that lymphocyte transfusions are different from stem cell or bone marrow transplants, which involve the infusion of hematopoietic stem cells to reconstitute the recipient's entire blood and immune system.

Aplastic anemia is a medical condition characterized by pancytopenia (a decrease in all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) due to the failure of bone marrow to produce new cells. It is called "aplastic" because the bone marrow becomes hypocellular or "aplastic," meaning it contains few or no blood-forming stem cells.

The condition can be acquired or inherited, with acquired aplastic anemia being more common. Acquired aplastic anemia can result from exposure to toxic chemicals, radiation, drugs, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders. Inherited forms of the disease include Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, easy bruising or bleeding, frequent infections, and fever. Treatment options for aplastic anemia depend on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause. They may include blood transfusions, immunosuppressive therapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Chimerism is a medical term that refers to the presence of genetically distinct cell populations within an individual. This phenomenon can occur naturally or as a result of a medical procedure such as a stem cell transplant. In natural chimerism, an individual may have cells with different genetic compositions due to events that occurred during embryonic development, such as the fusion of two fertilized eggs (also known as "twinning") or the exchange of cells between twins in utero.

In the context of a stem cell transplant, chimerism can occur when a donor's stem cells engraft and begin to produce new blood cells in the recipient's body. This can result in the presence of both the recipient's own cells and the donor's cells in the recipient's body. The degree of chimerism can vary, with some individuals showing complete chimerism (where all blood cells are derived from the donor) or mixed chimerism (where both the recipient's and donor's cells coexist).

Monitoring chimerism levels is important in stem cell transplantation to assess the success of the procedure and to detect any potential signs of graft rejection or relapse of the original disease.

Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide, specifically a non-absorbable sugar, used in the treatment of chronic constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It works as an osmotic laxative by drawing water into the large intestine, promoting bowel movements and softening stool. In the case of hepatic encephalopathy, lactulose is metabolized by colonic bacteria to produce acidic byproducts that lower the pH in the gut, which helps prevent the absorption of harmful substances like ammonia into the bloodstream.

A blood vessel prosthesis is a medical device that is used as a substitute for a damaged or diseased natural blood vessel. It is typically made of synthetic materials such as polyester, Dacron, or ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) and is designed to mimic the function of a native blood vessel by allowing the flow of blood through it.

Blood vessel prostheses are used in various surgical procedures, including coronary artery bypass grafting, peripheral arterial reconstruction, and the creation of arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis access. The choice of material and size of the prosthesis depends on several factors, such as the location and diameter of the vessel being replaced, the patient's age and overall health status, and the surgeon's preference.

It is important to note that while blood vessel prostheses can be effective in restoring blood flow, they may also carry risks such as infection, thrombosis (blood clot formation), and graft failure over time. Therefore, careful patient selection, surgical technique, and postoperative management are crucial for the success of these procedures.

Histocompatibility testing, also known as tissue typing, is a medical procedure that determines the compatibility of tissues between two individuals, usually a potential donor and a recipient for organ or bone marrow transplantation. The test identifies specific antigens, called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), found on the surface of most cells in the body. These antigens help the immune system distinguish between "self" and "non-self" cells.

The goal of histocompatibility testing is to find a donor whose HLA markers closely match those of the recipient, reducing the risk of rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue. The test involves taking blood samples from both the donor and the recipient and analyzing them for the presence of specific HLA antigens using various laboratory techniques such as molecular typing or serological testing.

A high degree of histocompatibility between the donor and recipient is crucial to ensure the success of the transplantation procedure, minimize complications, and improve long-term outcomes.

Lichenoid eruptions are skin reactions that resemble the appearance of lichen, a type of slow-growing fungus. These eruptions are characterized by flat, scaly bumps (papules) and rough, discolored patches (plaques) on the skin. They can be caused by various factors, including medications, medical conditions, or as a reaction to certain chemicals or substances that come into contact with the skin.

The term "lichenoid" refers to the resemblance of these eruptions to lichen, which is characterized by its distinctive appearance and growth pattern. Lichenoid eruptions can occur anywhere on the body but are most commonly found on sun-exposed areas such as the arms, legs, and trunk.

The exact cause of lichenoid eruptions can vary, but they are often associated with an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells. This can lead to inflammation, redness, itching, and other symptoms associated with these eruptions. Treatment for lichenoid eruptions typically involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, as well as managing symptoms with topical medications or other therapies.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Rhamnose is a naturally occurring sugar or monosaccharide, that is commonly found in various plants and some fruits. It is a type of deoxy sugar, which means it lacks one hydroxyl group (-OH) compared to a regular hexose sugar. Specifically, rhamnose has a hydrogen atom instead of a hydroxyl group at the 6-position of its structure.

Rhamnose is an essential component of various complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates found in plant cell walls, such as pectins and glycoproteins. It also plays a role in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and is used in the production of some antibiotics.

In medical contexts, rhamnose may be relevant to research on bacterial infections, plant-derived medicines, or the metabolism of certain sugars. However, it is not a commonly used term in clinical medicine.

Minor histocompatibility antigens (miHA) are proteins that exist in cells which can stimulate an immune response, particularly in the context of transplantation. Unlike major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, which are highly polymorphic and well-known to trigger strong immune responses, miHA are generally less variable and may not be as immediately apparent to the immune system.

Minor histocompatibility antigens can arise from differences in genetic sequences that code for proteins outside of the MHC region. These differences can result in the production of altered or unique peptides that can be presented on the surface of cells via MHC molecules, where they may be recognized as foreign by the immune system.

In the context of transplantation, the recipient's immune system may recognize and attack donor tissues expressing these miHA, leading to graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This is particularly relevant in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), where the transferred stem cells can differentiate into various cell types, including immune cells that may recognize and attack the recipient's tissues.

Understanding miHA and their role in transplant rejection has led to the development of strategies to minimize graft rejection and GVHD, such as T-cell depletion or targeted therapies against specific miHA.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.

Minor histocompatibility loci (MHL) refer to the genetic regions, excluding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), that contain genes encoding antigens capable of inducing an immune response. These antigens are present in various tissues and cells of the body and can be recognized as foreign by the immune system. In the context of transplantation, MHL mismatches between a donor and recipient can lead to graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) even when MHC matching has been achieved.

MHL antigens are typically peptides derived from proteins that result from polymorphisms in the genes encoding them. These peptides are presented on the cell surface by MHC molecules, allowing T cells to recognize and respond to them. Since there are many more minor histocompatibility loci than major histocompatibility loci, finding a donor who is fully matched at both MHL and MHC levels is extremely challenging.

In summary, minor histocompatibility loci are genetic regions outside the major histocompatibility complex that contain genes encoding antigens capable of inducing an immune response. These antigens can contribute to transplant rejection or GVHD in cases where there is a mismatch between donor and recipient.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is not inherently a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with significant uses in the medical field. Medically, PTFE is often referred to by its brand name, Teflon. It is a synthetic fluoropolymer used in various medical applications due to its unique properties such as high resistance to heat, electrical and chemical interaction, and exceptional non-reactivity with body tissues.

PTFE can be found in medical devices like catheters, where it reduces friction, making insertion easier and minimizing trauma. It is also used in orthopedic and dental implants, drug delivery systems, and sutures due to its biocompatibility and non-adhesive nature.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

A radiation chimera is not a widely used or recognized medical term. However, in the field of genetics and radiation biology, a "chimera" refers to an individual that contains cells with different genetic backgrounds. A radiation chimera, therefore, could refer to an organism that has become a chimera as a result of exposure to radiation, which can cause mutations and changes in the genetic makeup of cells.

Ionizing radiation, such as that used in cancer treatments or nuclear accidents, can cause DNA damage and mutations in cells. If an organism is exposed to radiation and some of its cells undergo mutations while others do not, this could result in a chimera with genetically distinct populations of cells.

However, it's important to note that the term "radiation chimera" is not commonly used in medical literature or clinical settings. If you encounter this term in a different context, I would recommend seeking clarification from the source to ensure a proper understanding.

A transplantation chimera is a rare medical condition that occurs after an organ or tissue transplant, where the recipient's body accepts and integrates the donor's cells or tissues to such an extent that the two sets of DNA coexist and function together. This phenomenon can lead to the presence of two different genetic profiles in one individual.

In some cases, this may result in the development of donor-derived cells or organs within the recipient's body, which can express the donor's unique genetic traits. Transplantation chimerism is more commonly observed in bone marrow transplants, where the donor's immune cells can repopulate and establish themselves within the recipient's bone marrow and bloodstream.

It is important to note that while transplantation chimerism can be beneficial for the success of the transplant, it may also pose some risks, such as an increased likelihood of developing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues.

Histocompatibility is the compatibility between tissues or organs from different individuals in terms of their histological (tissue) structure and antigenic properties. The term is most often used in the context of transplantation, where it refers to the degree of match between the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and other proteins on the surface of donor and recipient cells.

A high level of histocompatibility reduces the risk of rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue by the recipient's immune system, as their immune cells are less likely to recognize the donated tissue as foreign and mount an attack against it. Conversely, a low level of histocompatibility increases the likelihood of rejection, as the recipient's immune system recognizes the donated tissue as foreign and attacks it.

Histocompatibility testing is therefore an essential part of organ and tissue transplantation, as it helps to identify the best possible match between donor and recipient and reduces the risk of rejection.

Transplantation conditioning, also known as preparative regimen or immunoablative therapy, refers to the use of various treatments prior to transplantation of cells, tissues or organs. The main goal of transplantation conditioning is to suppress the recipient's immune system, allowing for successful engraftment and minimizing the risk of rejection of the donor tissue.

There are two primary types of transplantation conditioning: myeloablative and non-myeloablative.

1. Myeloablative conditioning is a more intensive regimen that involves the use of high-dose chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both. This approach eliminates not only immune cells but also stem cells in the bone marrow, requiring the recipient to receive a hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) from the donor to reconstitute their blood and immune system.
2. Non-myeloablative conditioning is a less intensive regimen that primarily targets immune cells while sparing the stem cells in the bone marrow. This approach allows for mixed chimerism, where both recipient and donor immune cells coexist, reducing the risk of severe complications associated with myeloablative conditioning.

The choice between these two types of transplantation conditioning depends on various factors, including the type of transplant, patient's age, overall health, and comorbidities. Both approaches carry risks and benefits, and the decision should be made carefully by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals in consultation with the patient.

Host specificity, in the context of medical and infectious diseases, refers to the tendency of a pathogen (such as a virus, bacterium, or parasite) to infect and cause disease only in specific host species or individuals with certain genetic characteristics. This means that the pathogen is not able to establish infection or cause illness in other types of hosts. Host specificity can be determined by various factors such as the ability of the pathogen to attach to and enter host cells, replicate within the host, evade the host's immune response, and obtain necessary nutrients from the host. Understanding host specificity is important for developing effective strategies to prevent and control infectious diseases.

Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.

Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.

The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

Histocompatibility antigens, also known as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), are proteins found on the surface of most cells in the body. They play a critical role in the immune system's ability to differentiate between "self" and "non-self" cells. Histocompatibility antigens are encoded by a group of genes called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

There are two main types of histocompatibility antigens: class I and class II. Class I antigens are found on almost all nucleated cells, while class II antigens are primarily expressed on immune cells such as B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These antigens present pieces of proteins (peptides) from both inside and outside the cell to T-cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune response.

When foreign peptides are presented to T-cells by histocompatibility antigens, it triggers an immune response aimed at eliminating the threat. This is why histocompatibility antigens are so important in organ transplantation - if the donor's and recipient's antigens do not match closely enough, the recipient's immune system may recognize the transplanted organ as foreign and attack it.

Understanding the role of histocompatibility antigens has been crucial in developing techniques for matching donors and recipients in organ transplantation, as well as in diagnosing and treating various autoimmune diseases and cancers.

Immunosuppression is a state in which the immune system's ability to mount an immune response is reduced, compromised or inhibited. This can be caused by certain medications (such as those used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs), diseases (like HIV/AIDS), or genetic disorders. As a result, the body becomes more susceptible to infections and cancer development. It's important to note that immunosuppression should not be confused with immunity, which refers to the body's ability to resist and fight off infections and diseases.

Vascular patency is a term used in medicine to describe the state of a blood vessel (such as an artery or vein) being open, unobstructed, and allowing for the normal flow of blood. It is an important concept in the treatment and management of various cardiovascular conditions, such as peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, and deep vein thrombosis.

Maintaining vascular patency can help prevent serious complications like tissue damage, organ dysfunction, or even death. This may involve medical interventions such as administering blood-thinning medications to prevent clots, performing procedures to remove blockages, or using devices like stents to keep vessels open. Regular monitoring of vascular patency is also crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments and adjusting care plans accordingly.

Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates from the bone marrow - the soft, inner part of certain bones where new blood cells are made. It is characterized by an abnormal production of white blood cells, known as leukocytes or blasts. These abnormal cells accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a decrease in red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and healthy white blood cells (leukopenia).

There are several types of leukemia, classified based on the specific type of white blood cell affected and the speed at which the disease progresses:

1. Acute Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress rapidly, with symptoms developing over a few weeks or months. They involve the rapid growth and accumulation of immature, nonfunctional white blood cells (blasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) - Originates from lymphoid progenitor cells, primarily affecting children but can also occur in adults.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) - Develops from myeloid progenitor cells and is more common in older adults.

2. Chronic Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress slowly, with symptoms developing over a period of months to years. They involve the production of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells that can accumulate in large numbers in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - Affects B-lymphocytes and is more common in older adults.
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Originates from myeloid progenitor cells, characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia chromosome. It can occur at any age but is more common in middle-aged and older adults.

Treatment options for leukemia depend on the type, stage, and individual patient factors. Treatments may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

Regulatory T-lymphocytes (Tregs), also known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T-cells that play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases. They function to suppress the activation and proliferation of other immune cells, thereby regulating the immune response and preventing it from attacking the body's own tissues.

Tregs constitutively express the surface markers CD4 and CD25, as well as the transcription factor Foxp3, which is essential for their development and function. They can be further divided into subsets based on their expression of other markers, such as CD127 and CD45RA.

Tregs are critical for maintaining self-tolerance by suppressing the activation of self-reactive T cells that have escaped negative selection in the thymus. They also play a role in regulating immune responses to foreign antigens, such as those encountered during infection or cancer, and can contribute to the immunosuppressive microenvironment found in tumors.

Dysregulation of Tregs has been implicated in various autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, as well as in cancer and infectious diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate Treg function is an important area of research with potential therapeutic implications.

Cord blood stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure that involves the infusion of stem cells derived from the umbilical cord blood into a patient. These stem cells, specifically hematopoietic stem cells, have the ability to differentiate into various types of blood cells, including red and white blood cells and platelets.

Cord blood stem cell transplantation is often used as a treatment for patients with various malignant and non-malignant disorders, such as leukemia, lymphoma, sickle cell disease, and metabolic disorders. The procedure involves collecting cord blood from the umbilical cord and placenta after the birth of a baby, processing and testing it for compatibility with the recipient's immune system, and then infusing it into the patient through a vein in a process similar to a blood transfusion.

The advantages of using cord blood stem cells include their availability, low risk of transmission of infectious diseases, and reduced risk of graft-versus-host disease compared to other sources of hematopoietic stem cells, such as bone marrow or peripheral blood. However, the number of stem cells in a cord blood unit is generally lower than that found in bone marrow or peripheral blood, which can limit its use in some patients, particularly adults.

Overall, cord blood stem cell transplantation is an important and promising area of regenerative medicine, offering hope for patients with a wide range of disorders.

Whole-Body Irradiation (WBI) is a medical procedure that involves the exposure of the entire body to a controlled dose of ionizing radiation, typically used in the context of radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The purpose of WBI is to destroy cancer cells or suppress the immune system prior to a bone marrow transplant. It can be delivered using various sources of radiation, such as X-rays, gamma rays, or electrons, and is carefully planned and monitored to minimize harm to healthy tissues while maximizing the therapeutic effect on cancer cells. Potential side effects include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection due to decreased white blood cell counts.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Hematologic neoplasms, also known as hematological malignancies, are a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal blood cells or bone marrow cells. These disorders can originate from the myeloid or lymphoid cell lines, which give rise to various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hematologic neoplasms can be broadly classified into three categories:

1. Leukemias: These are cancers that primarily affect the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. They result in an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells, which interfere with the normal functioning of the blood and immune system. There are several types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers that develop from the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system responsible for fighting infections. Lymphomas can affect lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. The two main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
3. Myelomas: These are cancers that arise from the plasma cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. Multiple myeloma is the most common type of myeloma, characterized by an excessive proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to the production of abnormal amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins (M proteins) and bone destruction.

Hematologic neoplasms can have various symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and bone pain. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the disease and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a deceased or living donor is implanted into a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or permanent kidney failure. The new kidney takes over the functions of filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, producing urine, and maintaining the body's electrolyte balance.

The transplanted kidney is typically placed in the lower abdomen, with its blood vessels connected to the recipient's iliac artery and vein. The ureter of the new kidney is then attached to the recipient's bladder to ensure proper urine flow. Following the surgery, the patient will require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ by their immune system.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polyethylene Terephthalates" is not a medical term. It is a type of polymer used in the manufacturing of various products, such as plastic bottles and textile fibers. Medically, you might encounter the abbreviation "PET" or "PET scan," which stands for "Positron Emission Tomography." A PET scan is a type of medical imaging that provides detailed pictures of the body's interior. If you have any medical terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

The saphenous vein is a term used in anatomical description to refer to the great or small saphenous veins, which are superficial veins located in the lower extremities of the human body.

The great saphenous vein (GSV) is the longest vein in the body and originates from the medial aspect of the foot, ascending along the medial side of the leg and thigh, and drains into the femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction, located in the upper third of the thigh.

The small saphenous vein (SSV) is a shorter vein that originates from the lateral aspect of the foot, ascends along the posterior calf, and drains into the popliteal vein at the saphenopopliteal junction, located in the popliteal fossa.

These veins are often used as conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery due to their consistent anatomy and length.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation (MSCT) is a medical procedure that involves the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle. These cells can be obtained from various sources, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, or dental pulp.

In MSCT, MSCs are typically harvested from the patient themselves (autologous transplantation) or from a donor (allogeneic transplantation). The cells are then processed and expanded in a laboratory setting before being injected into the patient's body, usually through an intravenous infusion.

MSCT is being investigated as a potential treatment for a wide range of medical conditions, including degenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, and tissue injuries. The rationale behind this approach is that MSCs have the ability to migrate to sites of injury or inflammation, where they can help to modulate the immune response, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue repair and regeneration.

However, it's important to note that while MSCT holds promise as a therapeutic option, more research is needed to establish its safety and efficacy for specific medical conditions.

A blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which blood or its components are transferred from one individual (donor) to another (recipient) through a vein. The donated blood can be fresh whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, or cryoprecipitate, depending on the recipient's needs. Blood transfusions are performed to replace lost blood due to severe bleeding, treat anemia, support patients undergoing major surgeries, or manage various medical conditions such as hemophilia, thalassemia, and leukemia. The donated blood must be carefully cross-matched with the recipient's blood type to minimize the risk of transfusion reactions.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Blood vessel prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure in which an artificial blood vessel, also known as a vascular graft or prosthetic graft, is inserted into the body to replace a damaged or diseased native blood vessel. The prosthetic graft can be made from various materials such as Dacron (polyester), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), or bovine/human tissue.

The implantation of a blood vessel prosthesis is typically performed to treat conditions that cause narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, or traumatic injuries. The procedure may be used to bypass blocked arteries in the legs (peripheral artery disease), heart (coronary artery bypass surgery), or neck (carotid endarterectomy). It can also be used to replace damaged veins for hemodialysis access in patients with kidney failure.

The success of blood vessel prosthesis implantation depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the location and extent of the vascular disease, and the type of graft material used. Possible complications include infection, bleeding, graft thrombosis (clotting), and graft failure, which may require further surgical intervention or endovascular treatments.

Inbred strains of mice are defined as lines of mice that have been brother-sister mated for at least 20 consecutive generations. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the mice of an inbred strain are genetically identical to one another, with the exception of spontaneous mutations.

Inbred strains of mice are widely used in biomedical research due to their genetic uniformity and stability, which makes them useful for studying the genetic basis of various traits, diseases, and biological processes. They also provide a consistent and reproducible experimental system, as compared to outbred or genetically heterogeneous populations.

Some commonly used inbred strains of mice include C57BL/6J, BALB/cByJ, DBA/2J, and 129SvEv. Each strain has its own unique genetic background and phenotypic characteristics, which can influence the results of experiments. Therefore, it is important to choose the appropriate inbred strain for a given research question.

Infection is defined medically as the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites within the body, which can lead to tissue damage, illness, and disease. This process often triggers an immune response from the host's body in an attempt to eliminate the infectious agents and restore homeostasis. Infections can be transmitted through various routes, including airborne particles, direct contact with contaminated surfaces or bodily fluids, sexual contact, or vector-borne transmission. The severity of an infection may range from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening, depending on factors such as the type and quantity of pathogen, the host's immune status, and any underlying health conditions.

CD8 antigens are a type of protein found on the surface of certain immune cells called cytotoxic T lymphocytes or cytotoxic T cells. These cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response, which is the specific and targeted response of the immune system to foreign substances (antigens) that invade the body.

CD8 antigens help cytotoxic T cells recognize and respond to infected or abnormal cells, such as those that have been infected by a virus or have become cancerous. When a cytotoxic T cell encounters a cell displaying a specific antigen bound to a CD8 molecule, it becomes activated and releases toxic substances that can kill the target cell.

CD8 antigens are also known as cluster of differentiation 8 antigens or CD8 receptors. They belong to a larger family of proteins called major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) molecules, which present antigens to T cells and play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

The small intestine is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum). It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

1. Duodenum: This is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine, approximately 10 inches long. It receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach and begins the process of further digestion with the help of various enzymes and bile from the liver and pancreas.
2. Jejunum: The jejunum is the middle section, which measures about 8 feet in length. It has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds (plicae circulares), finger-like projections called villi, and microvilli on the surface of the absorptive cells (enterocytes). These structures increase the intestinal surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
3. Ileum: The ileum is the longest and final section of the small intestine, spanning about 12 feet. It continues the absorption process, mainly of vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients. At the end of the ileum, there is a valve called the ileocecal valve that prevents backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.

The primary function of the small intestine is to absorb the majority of nutrients, electrolytes, and water from ingested food. The mucosal lining of the small intestine contains numerous goblet cells that secrete mucus, which protects the epithelial surface and facilitates the movement of chyme through peristalsis. Additionally, the small intestine hosts a diverse community of microbiota, which contributes to various physiological functions, including digestion, immunity, and protection against pathogens.

Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. They have a lower pressure than arteries and contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Veins have a thin, flexible wall with a larger lumen compared to arteries, allowing them to accommodate more blood volume. The color of veins is often blue or green due to the absorption characteristics of light and the reduced oxygen content in the blood they carry.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.

Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.

Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.

Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a severe complication that can occur after an organ transplant, such as a lung or heart transplant. It refers to the early functional impairment of the grafted organ that is not due to surgical complications, rejection, or recurrence of the original disease.

In the case of lung transplants, PGD is defined as the evidence of poor oxygenation and stiffness in the lungs within the first 72 hours after the transplant. It is typically caused by inflammation, injury to the blood vessels, or other damage to the lung tissue during the transplant procedure or due to pre-existing conditions in the donor organ.

PGD can lead to serious complications, including respiratory failure, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after transplantation. Treatment may include supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation and medications to support lung function, as well as strategies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the grafted organ.

Lymphocyte depletion is a medical term that refers to the reduction in the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the body. Lymphocytes play a crucial role in the immune system, as they help to fight off infections and diseases.

Lymphocyte depletion can occur due to various reasons, including certain medical treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, immune disorders, viral infections, or bone marrow transplantation. This reduction in lymphocytes can make a person more susceptible to infections and diseases, as their immune system is weakened.

There are different types of lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, and lymphocyte depletion can affect one or all of these types. In some cases, lymphocyte depletion may be temporary and resolve on its own or with treatment. However, in other cases, it may be more prolonged and require medical intervention to manage the associated risks and complications.

A Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed (LCTM) is not a standardized medical test with a universally accepted definition. However, in some contexts, it may refer to a laboratory procedure where both T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are cultured together from a sample of peripheral blood or other tissues. This test is sometimes used in research or specialized diagnostic settings to evaluate the immune function or to study the interactions between T-cells and B-cells in response to various stimuli, such as antigens or mitogens.

The test typically involves isolating lymphocytes from a sample, adding them to a culture medium along with appropriate stimulants, and then incubating the mixture for a period of time. The resulting responses, such as proliferation, differentiation, or production of cytokines, can be measured and analyzed to gain insights into the immune function or dysfunction.

It's important to note that LCTM is not a routine diagnostic test and its use and interpretation may vary depending on the specific laboratory or research setting.

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.

The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

Immunologic cytotoxicity refers to the damage or destruction of cells that occurs as a result of an immune response. This process involves the activation of immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which release toxic substances, such as perforins and granzymes, that can kill target cells.

In addition, antibodies produced by B cells can also contribute to immunologic cytotoxicity by binding to antigens on the surface of target cells and triggering complement-mediated lysis or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by activating immune effector cells.

Immunologic cytotoxicity plays an important role in the body's defense against viral infections, cancer cells, and other foreign substances. However, it can also contribute to tissue damage and autoimmune diseases if the immune system mistakenly targets healthy cells or tissues.

Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation (PBSCT) is a medical procedure that involves the transplantation of stem cells, which are immature cells found in the bone marrow that can develop into different types of blood cells. In PBSCT, these stem cells are collected from the peripheral blood instead of directly from the bone marrow.

The process begins with mobilization, where a growth factor medication is given to the donor to stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood. After several days, the donor's blood is then removed through a procedure called apheresis, where the stem cells are separated and collected while the remaining blood components are returned to the donor.

The collected stem cells are then infused into the recipient's bloodstream, where they migrate to the bone marrow and begin to repopulate, leading to the production of new blood cells. This procedure is often used as a treatment for various malignant and non-malignant disorders, such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and aplastic anemia.

PBSCT offers several advantages over traditional bone marrow transplantation, including faster engraftment, lower risk of graft failure, and reduced procedure-related morbidity. However, it also has its own set of challenges, such as the potential for increased incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and the need for more stringent HLA matching between donor and recipient.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), BCR-ABL positive is a specific subtype of leukemia that originates in the bone marrow and involves the excessive production of mature granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. It is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, which is formed by a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This gene encodes for an abnormal protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The presence of this genetic abnormality is used to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment decisions.

Host-pathogen interactions refer to the complex and dynamic relationship between a living organism (the host) and a disease-causing agent (the pathogen). This interaction can involve various molecular, cellular, and physiological processes that occur between the two entities. The outcome of this interaction can determine whether the host will develop an infection or not, as well as the severity and duration of the illness.

During host-pathogen interactions, the pathogen may release virulence factors that allow it to evade the host's immune system, colonize tissues, and obtain nutrients for its survival and replication. The host, in turn, may mount an immune response to recognize and eliminate the pathogen, which can involve various mechanisms such as inflammation, phagocytosis, and the production of antimicrobial agents.

Understanding the intricacies of host-pathogen interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. This knowledge can help identify new targets for therapeutic interventions, inform vaccine design, and guide public health policies to control the spread of infectious agents.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

A transplant is a medical procedure where an organ or tissue is removed from one person (the donor) and placed into another person (the recipient) for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ or tissue with a healthy functioning one. The transplanted organ or tissue can come from a deceased donor, a living donor who is genetically related to the recipient, or a living donor who is not genetically related to the recipient.

Transplantation is an important medical intervention for many patients with end-stage organ failure or severe tissue damage, and it can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity. However, transplantation is a complex and risky procedure that requires careful matching of donor and recipient, rigorous evaluation and preparation of the recipient, and close monitoring and management of the transplanted organ or tissue to prevent rejection and other complications.

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), is a surgical procedure used to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with severe coronary artery disease. This condition occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques.

During CABG surgery, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted, or attached, to the coronary artery, creating a new pathway for oxygen-rich blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed portion of the artery and reach the heart muscle. This bypass helps to restore normal blood flow and reduce the risk of angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, and other symptoms associated with coronary artery disease.

There are different types of CABG surgery, including traditional on-pump CABG, off-pump CABG, and minimally invasive CABG. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the patient's overall health, the number and location of blocked arteries, and the presence of other medical conditions.

It is important to note that while CABG surgery can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with severe coronary artery disease, it does not cure the underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, smoking cessation, and medication therapy, are essential for long-term management and prevention of further progression of the disease.

Stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure where stem cells, which are immature and unspecialized cells with the ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types, are introduced into a patient. The main purpose of this procedure is to restore the function of damaged or destroyed tissues or organs, particularly in conditions that affect the blood and immune systems, such as leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia, and inherited metabolic disorders.

There are two primary types of stem cell transplantation: autologous and allogeneic. In autologous transplantation, the patient's own stem cells are collected, stored, and then reinfused back into their body after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy the diseased cells. In allogeneic transplantation, stem cells are obtained from a donor (related or unrelated) whose human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type closely matches that of the recipient.

The process involves several steps: first, the patient undergoes conditioning therapy to suppress their immune system and make space for the new stem cells. Then, the harvested stem cells are infused into the patient's bloodstream, where they migrate to the bone marrow and begin to differentiate and produce new blood cells. This procedure requires close monitoring and supportive care to manage potential complications such as infections, graft-versus-host disease, and organ damage.

A reoperation is a surgical procedure that is performed again on a patient who has already undergone a previous operation for the same or related condition. Reoperations may be required due to various reasons, such as inadequate initial treatment, disease recurrence, infection, or complications from the first surgery. The nature and complexity of a reoperation can vary widely depending on the specific circumstances, but it often carries higher risks and potential complications compared to the original operation.

Graft rejection is an immune response that occurs when transplanted tissue or organ (the graft) is recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells to attack and destroy the graft. This results in the failure of the transplant and the need for additional medical intervention or another transplant. There are three types of graft rejection: hyperacute, acute, and chronic. Hyperacute rejection occurs immediately or soon after transplantation due to pre-existing antibodies against the graft. Acute rejection typically occurs within weeks to months post-transplant and is characterized by the infiltration of T-cells into the graft. Chronic rejection, which can occur months to years after transplantation, is a slow and progressive process characterized by fibrosis and tissue damage due to ongoing immune responses against the graft.

Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.

Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.

Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.

Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

CD4-positive T-lymphocytes, also known as CD4+ T cells or helper T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. They express the CD4 receptor on their surface and help coordinate the immune system's response to infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria.

CD4+ T cells recognize and bind to specific antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages. Once activated, they can differentiate into various subsets of effector cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, each with distinct functions in the immune response.

CD4+ T cells are particularly important in the immune response to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which targets and destroys these cells, leading to a weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The number of CD4+ T cells is often used as a marker of disease progression in HIV infection, with lower counts indicating more advanced disease.

Lymphocyte activation is the process by which B-cells and T-cells (types of lymphocytes) become activated to perform effector functions in an immune response. This process involves the recognition of specific antigens presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages.

The activation of B-cells leads to their differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies, while the activation of T-cells results in the production of cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ T-cells) that can directly kill infected cells or helper T-cells (CD4+ T-cells) that assist other immune cells.

Lymphocyte activation involves a series of intracellular signaling events, including the binding of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of cytokines, which ultimately result in the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions. The activation process is tightly regulated to prevent excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can lead to autoimmunity or chronic inflammation.

Cell separation is a process used to separate and isolate specific cell types from a heterogeneous mixture of cells. This can be accomplished through various physical or biological methods, depending on the characteristics of the cells of interest. Some common techniques for cell separation include:

1. Density gradient centrifugation: In this method, a sample containing a mixture of cells is layered onto a density gradient medium and then centrifuged. The cells are separated based on their size, density, and sedimentation rate, with denser cells settling closer to the bottom of the tube and less dense cells remaining near the top.

2. Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS): This technique uses magnetic beads coated with antibodies that bind to specific cell surface markers. The labeled cells are then passed through a column placed in a magnetic field, which retains the magnetically labeled cells while allowing unlabeled cells to flow through.

3. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS): In this method, cells are stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies that recognize specific cell surface or intracellular markers. The stained cells are then passed through a laser beam, which excites the fluorophores and allows for the detection and sorting of individual cells based on their fluorescence profile.

4. Filtration: This simple method relies on the physical size differences between cells to separate them. Cells can be passed through filters with pore sizes that allow smaller cells to pass through while retaining larger cells.

5. Enzymatic digestion: In some cases, cells can be separated by enzymatically dissociating tissues into single-cell suspensions and then using various separation techniques to isolate specific cell types.

These methods are widely used in research and clinical settings for applications such as isolating immune cells, stem cells, or tumor cells from biological samples.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Surgical anastomosis is a medical procedure that involves the connection of two tubular structures, such as blood vessels or intestines, to create a continuous passage. This technique is commonly used in various types of surgeries, including vascular, gastrointestinal, and orthopedic procedures.

During a surgical anastomosis, the ends of the two tubular structures are carefully prepared by removing any damaged or diseased tissue. The ends are then aligned and joined together using sutures, staples, or other devices. The connection must be secure and leak-free to ensure proper function and healing.

The success of a surgical anastomosis depends on several factors, including the patient's overall health, the location and condition of the structures being joined, and the skill and experience of the surgeon. Complications such as infection, bleeding, or leakage can occur, which may require additional medical intervention or surgery.

Proper postoperative care is also essential to ensure the success of a surgical anastomosis. This may include monitoring for signs of complications, administering medications to prevent infection and promote healing, and providing adequate nutrition and hydration.

Hale G, Waldmann H (May 1994). "Control of graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection by T cell depletion of donor and ... Wagner JE, Thompson JS, Carter SL, Kernan NA (2005). "Effect of graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis on 3-year disease-free ... A wide range of host antigens can initiate graft-versus-host disease, among them the human leukocyte antigens (HLA). However, ... Chronic graft-versus-host disease also attacks the above organs, but over its long-term course can also cause damage to the ...
... (TA-GvHD) is a rare complication of blood transfusion, in which the ... A Case of Fetal-Induced Graft-versus-Host Disease Fung MK, Grossman BJ, Hillyer CD, Westhoff CM (2014). Technical manual (18th ... Gupta A, Bansal D, Dass R, Das A (December 2004). "Transfusion associated graft versus host disease" (PDF). Indian Pediatrics. ... This can result in transfusion associated graft-versus-host disease. This is in contrast with organ/tissue transplant ...
GvL is a part of the reaction of the graft against the host. Whereas graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD) has a negative impact on ... Rezvani AR, Storb RF (May 2008). "Separation of graft-vs.-tumor effects from graft-vs.-host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic ... Warren EH, Deeg HJ (April 2013). "Dissecting graft-versus-leukemia from graft-versus-host-disease using novel strategies". ... CD73-generated adenosine limits the severity of graft vs. host disease but also constrains the allogeneic graft vs. tumor ...
Graft versus Host Disease: An autoimmune disease developed following bone marrow transplant in which its oral presentation is ... Imanguli, Mm; Alevizos, I; Brown, R; Pavletic, Sz; Atkinson, Jc (July 2008). "Oral graft-versus-host disease". Oral Diseases. ... Margaix-Munoz, M.; Bagan, Jv.; Jimenez, Y.; Sarrion, Mg.; Poveda-Roda, R. (2015). "Graft-versus-host disease affecting oral ... Changes indicative of disease are seen as alterations in the oral mucosa lining the mouth, which can reveal systemic conditions ...
Chronic graft-versus-host disease The history of preceding hematopoietic cell transplant is helpful for diagnosis Psoriasis ... They can also occur in association with graft versus host disease.: 258 Lichen planus lesions are so called because of their " ... Vargas-Díez E, García-Díez A, Marín A, Fernández-Herrera J (May 2005). "Life-threatening graft-vs-host disease". Clinics in ... Autoimmune diseases, Conditions of the mucous membranes, Hepatitis C virus-associated diseases, Lichenoid eruptions, Oral ...
Teshima T, Reddy P, Zeiser R (Jan 2016). "Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease: Novel Biological Insights". Biology of Blood and ... Henden AS, Hill GR (May 2015). "Cytokines in Graft-versus-Host Disease". Journal of Immunology. 194 (10): 4604-12. doi:10.4049/ ... or graft-vs-host disease (GvHD). However, the strategy has not yet been successful in humans with sepsis. Therapeutic effects ... Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) targets JAK 1 and 2, the human tyrosine kinase protein required for signaling in multiple ...
Patients can develop graft versus host disease; this is more likely in non-sibling donors. In a 1998 study, children with HLA- ... Complications from this treatment may include graft versus host disease. A British study from 2008 found a median estimated ... A similar disease of "gargoylism" had been described in 1917 by Charles A. Hunter. Hurler did not mention Hunter's paper. ... Most vectors can correct the disease in the liver and spleen, and can correct brain effects with a high dosage. Gene therapy ...
Graft-Vs.-Host Disease: Immunology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. Marcel Dekker, 1990 ISBN 0-8247-9728-0 Interleukin-3 (IL-3 ... Steven J. Burakoff is a cancer specialist and the author of both Therapeutic Immunology (2001) and Graft-Vs.-Host Disease: ...
They also worked on graft-versus-host disease. In 1951 Billingham married and had 3 children with his wife Jean Billingham. ... During his PhD he worked on skin grafts in guinea pigs, demonstrating that when black skin was grafted onto white skin, the ... Neurological disease deaths in Massachusetts, Deaths from Parkinson's disease, Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and ... "He made numerous fundamental contributions to our modern knowledge of the mechanisms of graft rejection and how to prevent it, ...
In acute graft-versus-host disease, the most common hematologic adverse reactions include anemia, thrombocytopenia, and ... Ruxolitinib is also indicated for the treatment of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease in people who are twelve ... The indication was further expanded in the US in September 2021, for the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD ... "FDA approves ruxolitinib for acute graft-versus-host disease". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 24 May 2019. Archived from ...
Graft-versus-host disease Histocompatibility Mulley, William R.; Hudson, Fiona; Lee, Darren; Holdsworth, Rhonda F. (2019). " ...
OHL may also accompany chronic graft versus host disease. Even more rare are reports of OHL in persons with competent immune ... There is no dysplasia (OHL is not a premalignant lesion). In a classification of the oral lesions in HIV disease, OHL is ... 2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. Cawson RA, Odell EW, ... For instance, OHL with HIV/AIDS is a predictor of bad prognosis, (i.e. severe immunosuppression and advanced disease). Hairy ...
Lee SJ, Wegner SA, McGarigle CJ, Bierer BE, Antin JH (April 1997). "Treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease with ... The Kv1.3 blocker clofazimine has been reported to be effective in the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease, ... "Potassium channel Kv1.3 is highly expressed by microglia in human Alzheimer's disease". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 44 (3 ... "Identification and therapeutic modulation of a pro-inflammatory subset of disease-associated-microglia in Alzheimer's disease ...
In particular, she looks to understand and prevent chronic graft-versus-host disease, an autoimmune disorder that occurs after ... "What's new in combatting chronic graft-vs.-host disease". Fred Hutch. 2018-04-02. Retrieved 2021-02-14. "LTFU attending ... "Early detection helps manage a chronic graft-vs.-host disease complication - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center". Fred ... of blood stem cell transplant and bone marrow patients by better understanding the chronic form of graft-versus-host disease. ...
Additionally, pentostatin has been used to treat steroid-refractory acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Pentostatin is ... "Pentostatin in steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease". J Clin Oncol. 23 (12): 2661-8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.06.130 ...
April 1986). "Lethal graft-versus-host disease in a recipient of a pancreas-spleen transplant". Transplantation. 41 (4): 544- ... January 2011). "Graft-versus-host disease after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation". Transplantation. 91 (2): 219-224 ...
"Initiation of acute graft-versus-host disease by angiogenesis". Blood. 129 (14): 2021-2032. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-736314. ... Dysregulation can result in chronic inflammatory diseases (immunochronicity). In addition to biochemical molecular mechanisms, ... develop novel detection methods and diagnostic tools in these diseases and advance the treatment possibilities of such diseases ... inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and chronic infections. Immune reactions are tightly regulated and usually self-limited. ...
Following tissue injury in patients with Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), ATP is released into the peritoneal fluid. It binds ... Blazar BR, Murphy WJ, Abedi M (May 2012). "Advances in graft-versus-host disease biology and therapy". Nature Reviews. ... In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the expression of A1 and A2A receptors in the frontal cortex of the human brain is increased, ... Istradefylline - Antagonist of the adenosine A2A receptor, used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease as an adjunct to L-DOPA ...
Chronic graft-versus-host disease is a complication that can occur after stem cell or bone marrow transplantation in which the ... Chronic graft-versus-host disease is a complication that can follow allogeneic stem cell or hematopoietic stem cell ... Belumosudil is indicated for the treatment of people aged twelve years and older with chronic graft-versus-host disease ( ... "FDA approves belumosudil for chronic graft-versus-host disease". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 July 2021. ...
Risks for the skin graft surgery are: Bleeding Infection Loss of grafted skin Nerve damage Graft-versus-host disease Rejection ... Most skin grafts are successful, but in some cases grafts do not heal well and may require repeat grafting. The graft should ... Skin grafting, a type of graft surgery, involves the transplantation of skin. The transplanted tissue is called a skin graft. ... Composite graft A composite graft is a small graft containing skin and underlying cartilage or other tissue. Donor sites ...
Hosts of Xanthomonas fragariae include strawberry. Aphelenchoides besseyi is a common horticultural nematode disease in ... Foundation Plant Services (FPS) offers testing via leaf graft. Hosts of Strawberry latent C virus include strawberry. ... Cause of Pierce's Disease of Grapevine and Other Emergent Diseases". Plant Disease. American Phytopathological Society. 86 (10 ... Hosts include strawberry. Pandemis pyrusana is present and eats the leaves of several crops. Hosts include strawberry. Clepsis ...
The condition is virtually indistinguishable from graft versus host disease. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease most ... a graft-versus-host-like disease". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 57 (4): 683-9. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.02. ... Diseases of White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Thymus: Thymus.". Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th ( ... Specifically, the disease results from defects in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, which stimulates expression of self ...
Practices of microtransplantation has shown none graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) till present, thus immunosuppressive drugs ... No graft-versus-host disease was observed in any patient. Persistent donor microchimerism was successfully detected in all of ... Microtransplantation (MST) is an advanced technology to treat malignant hematological diseases and tumors by infusing patients ... No bone marrow disorder, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, cardiopulmonary insufficiency, hematological disorder or ...
Reddy P, Ferrara JL (June 2003). "Role of interleukin-18 in acute graft-vs-host disease". The Journal of Laboratory and ... IL-18 has also been found to increase the Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid-beta production in human neuron cells. IL-18 ... Jia H, Liu J, Han B (2018). "Reviews of Interleukin-37: Functions, Receptors, and Roles in Diseases". BioMed Research ... Orozco A, Gemmell E, Bickel M, Seymour GJ (July 2007). "Interleukin 18 and periodontal disease". Journal of Dental Research. 86 ...
"HIV Drug Reduces Graft-versus-Host Disease in Bone Marrow Transplant Patients, Penn Study Shows". Penn Medicine (Press release ... July 2012). "Blockade of lymphocyte chemotaxis in visceral graft-versus-host disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 367 (2): 135-45. doi: ... Maraviroc is the International nonproprietary name (INN). Maraviroc appears to reduce graft-versus-host disease in people ... receptor CCR5 is an essential co-receptor for most HIV strains and necessary for the entry process of the virus into the host ...
Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease frequently occurs in immunodeficient patients where recipient's body failed to ... July 2015). "A systematic review of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease". Blood. 126 (3): 406-414. doi:10.1182/ ... riboflavin and UV light treatment can also replace gamma-irradiation as a method to prevent graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD ... "Mirasol PRT treatment of donor white blood cells prevents the development of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease in Rag2-/- ...
In August 2017, the FDA approved a new indication for ibrutinib to treat graft-versus-host disease. It was the first drug ... "FDA approves ibrutinib for pediatric patients with chronic graft versus host disease, including a new oral suspension". U.S. ... "FDA approves treatment for chronic graft versus host disease" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2 ... and chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD). Very common (>10% frequency) adverse effects include pneumonia, upper ...
The symptoms are very similar to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This is because the patients have some T cells with limited ... U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (last ... Retrieved from: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/8198/omenn-syndrome (Articles with short description, Short ...
This results in a condition similar to graft-versus-host disease. Patients often have a refractory disease course but some ... This disease name was coined by Emanual Maverakis and described in detail in 2007 but case reports of graft-versus-host-like ... It has also been referred to in the medical literature as "thymoma-associated graft-versus-host-like disease". Patients with ... Nakayama M, Itoh M, Kikuchi S, Tanito K, Nakagawa H (Apr 2016). "Thymoma-associated cutaneous graft-versus-host-like disease ...
... is also involved in Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and has potential to serve as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker. ... and Graft-versus-host disease. This gene encodes a 70kDa heat shock protein and is located in the major histocompatibility ... "Elevated level of HSPA1L mRNA correlates with graft-versus-host disease". Transplant Immunology. 32 (3): 188-94. doi:10.1016/j. ... such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, and spinocerebellar ataxias, and aging and cell ...
Hale G, Waldmann H (May 1994). "Control of graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection by T cell depletion of donor and ... Wagner JE, Thompson JS, Carter SL, Kernan NA (2005). "Effect of graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis on 3-year disease-free ... A wide range of host antigens can initiate graft-versus-host disease, among them the human leukocyte antigens (HLA). However, ... Chronic graft-versus-host disease also attacks the above organs, but over its long-term course can also cause damage to the ...
Hale G, Waldmann H (May 1994). "Control of graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection by T cell depletion of donor and ... Wagner JE, Thompson JS, Carter SL, Kernan NA (2005). "Effect of graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis on 3-year disease-free ... A wide range of host antigens can initiate graft-versus-host disease, among them the human leukocyte antigens (HLA).[20] ... Polsdorfer, JR Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Graft-vs.-host disease. External links[edit]. .mw-parser-output .navbox{box- ...
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication that can occur after certain stem cell or bone marrow ... Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication that can occur after certain stem cell or bone marrow ... GVHD; Bone marrow transplant - graft-versus-host disease; Stem cell transplant - graft-versus-host disease; Allogeneic ... Graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia responses. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. Hematology: ...
Graft-versus-host disease is a potentially serious complication in a recipient of an allograft (usually a haematopoietic stem ... Data-driven grading of acute graft-versus-host disease Acute GVHD severity grading is based on target organ assessments. Here, ... Graft-versus-host disease-free, relapse-free, second transplant-free survival in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation ... The macrophage activation marker sCD163 in acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell ...
... otherwise known as graft versus host disease (GVHD), is a phenomenon that has been described as the age of bone marrow and ... The occurrence of an immunologically mediated and injurious set of reactions by cells genetically disparate to their host, ... encoded search term (Pediatric Graft Versus Host Disease) and Pediatric Graft Versus Host Disease What to Read Next on Medscape ... Pediatric Graft Versus Host Disease. Updated: Aug 23, 2021 * Author: Phillip Ruiz, Jr, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: Harumi Jyonouchi ...
Therapy of steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with antibodies to T cells or cytokines is of limited value ... Response of steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease to lymphoblast antibody CBL1 Lancet. 1995 Sep 23;346(8978):805-6. doi: ... Therapy of steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with antibodies to T cells or cytokines is of limited value ... Graft vs Host Disease / classification * Graft vs Host Disease / prevention & control * Graft vs Host Disease / therapy* ...
The Childrens Healthcare of Atlantas Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Centers graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) Clinic ... Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can occur in children who have received a BMT for their cancer or blood disorder ... Chronic Graft-versus-host Disease (GVHD) Clinic. At the Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, we provide long-term, ... specialized care to children and teens who have been diagnosed with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) as a result of a ...
Graft versus host disease (GVHD), a severe immunogenic complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT ... Graft versus Host Disease: From Basic Pathogenic Principles to DNA Damage Response and Cellular Senescence. Adam Kuba. 1and ... S. Slater, "Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease," in Blood and Marrow Transplant Handbook: Comprehensive Guide for Patient Care, R ... "Antibody responses to H-Y minor histocompatibility antigens correlate with chronic graft-versus-host disease and disease ...
Graft-versus-host disease is a potentially serious complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. - Total allogenic ... Types of Graft-versus-Host Disease. 6.3. Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. 6.3.1. Staging of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. ... Graft vs. Host Disease Understanding and Diagnostic Algorithm. Graft vs. Host Disease Overview. Graft vs. Host Disease is an ... The two main types of Graft vs. Host Disease are acute Graft vs. Host Disease and Chronic Graft vs. Host Disease. As an ...
Graft versus host disease is a major complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this lecture, GvHD ... Graft versus host disease is a major complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a wide spectrum ... Alex Rivalland works at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital as the Graft versus Host Disease Clinical ...
Learn how graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can affect the skin, hair, and nail, and treatment options available to relieve ... Graft-versus-Host Disease: Skin, Hair and Nails. Learn how graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can affect the skin, hair, and nail ... how do we manage acute graft-versus-host disease of the skin? The first line therapy for localized graft-versus-host disease is ... Moving on to chronic graft-versus-host disease. Chronic graft-versus-host disease classically presents after day 100, but again ...
Takeda Presents Positive Results from Phase 3 Study of Vedolizumab for Prevention of Intestinal Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease ... 4 Vedolizumab in the Prophylaxis of Intestinal Acute Graft Versus Host Disease (aGVHD) in Participants Undergoing Allogeneic ... Vedolizumab for prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood ... Vedolizumab for Prophylaxis of Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease (aGvHD) After Allogeneic ...
... microbiome and graft versus host disease.. Qayed M, Michonneau D, Socié G, Waller EK. Indole derivatives, microbiome and graft ...
Treatment of Tularemia in Patient with Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Jan Weile. , Erik Seibold, Cornelius Knabbe, Martin ... Treatment of Tularemia in Patient with Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the principal determinant of lethality following ... Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the principal determinant of lethality following ... MHC Class II Antigen Presentation by the Intestinal Epithelium Initiates Graft-versus-Host Disease and Is Influenced by the ... Keywords: MHC class II; antigen presentation; antigen-presenting cells; dendritic cells; graft-versus-host disease; ileum; ...
... and persistent acute graft-vs-host disease.. Clinical grading of acute cutaneous graft-vs-host disease is based on stage I ( ... Acute graft-vs-host disease may occur either in isolation or in combination with intestinal or hepatic disease. Skin biopsy may ... Diagnosing and Treating Acute Graft-vs-Host Disease By Jonathan A. Cotliar, MD. July 25, 2013. Advertisement ... Acute graft-vs-host disease is the major cause of nonrelapse mortality following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for ...
Study of Itolizumab in Combination with Corticosteroids for the Initial Treatment of Acute Graft Versus Host Disease ... is to investigate the safety and efficacy of itolizumab versus placebo in individuals with acute graft-versus-host disease, ... Study of Itolizumab in Combination with Corticosteroids for the Initial Treatment of Acute Graft Versus Host Disease. ...
The UChicago Medicine Graft-Versus-Host (GVHD) Clinic is designed to prevent GVHD in people who have had an allogeneic stem ... What is graft-versus-host disease? GVHD is a common problem that may occur after an allogeneic stem cell transplant, which is a ... Our Graft-Versus-Host Disease Clinic is led by Satyajit Kosuri, MD, and extends to include other GVHD experts from several ... Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the leading cause of complications after an allogeneic stem cell transplant. The University ...
... is unique to those who have had their immune system replaced through a bone marrow or stem cell ... Graft Versus Host Disease. Graft versus Host Disease is unique to those who have had their immune system replaced through a ... I am a bone marrow/stem cell transplant recipient who has Graft vs. Host Disease. At the end of this page I will refer you to ... Likelihood of Graft Versus Host Disease. I explained the types of bone marrow transplant because they produce a different risk ...
... and serum bilirubin and albumin concentrations can predict mortality outcomes for patients with acute graft-versus-host disease ... The risk of developing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) looms over the head of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant ... Prediction of outcomes after second-line treatment for acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood Adv. 2022 Jun 14;6(11):3220-3229 ... and serum bilirubin and albumin concentrations can predict mortality outcomes for patients with acute graft-versus-host disease ...
Ligation of OX40 (CD134) regulates graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft rejection in allogeneic bone marrow transplant ... Clinical molecular imaging in intestinal graft-versus-host disease: mapping of disease activity, prediction, and monitoring of ... namely graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). During GvHD, the interaction of donor-derived T lymphocytes with host tissues induces ... Visualization of Activated T Cells by OX40-ImmunoPET as a Strategy for Diagnosis of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease Israt S. ...
... we show that in situ differentiated nc-moDCs mediate immunosuppression in the context of intestinal graft-versus-host disease ( ... All together, we demonstrate that host nc-moDCs surprisingly mediate immunosuppression in the context of murine intestinal GVHD ... GVHD). Employing multi-color confocal microscopy we observed a dramatic loss of steady state host-type CD103+ DC subset ... In dieser Dissertationsarbeit zeige ich, dass nc-mo-DCs in situ differenzieren und in der akuten intestinalen Graft-versus-Host ...
Takeda Presents Positive Results from Phase 3 Study of Vedolizumab for Prevention of Intestinal Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease ... 4 Vedolizumab in the Prophylaxis of Intestinal Acute Graft Versus Host Disease (aGVHD) in Participants Undergoing Allogeneic ... Vedolizumab for prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood ... Vedolizumab for Prophylaxis of Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease (aGvHD) After Allogeneic ...
Ocular Graft Versus-host Disease Patients Exhibit Impaired Corneal Biomechanics. Giuseppe Giannaccare; Marco Pellegrini; ... Ocular Graft Versus-host Disease Patients Exhibit Impaired Corneal Biomechanics. You will receive an email whenever this ... Purpose : Increased levels of tear matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) have been detected in ocular graft versus host disease ( ... Ocular Graft Versus-host Disease Patients Exhibit Impaired Corneal Biomechanics.. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2019;60(9):6810 ...
Criteria used by hematologists/oncologists to diagnose acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and common therapies used for ... Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Diagnostic Criteria & Prevention. EP: 3. .Steroid-Refractory Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease ... Acute graft-versus-host disease is defined both clinically and pathologically. We primarily define graft-versus-host disease by ... T-cell depleted grafts have a much lower incidence of graft-versus-host disease. There are also forms of in vivo T-cell ...
The draft Guidelines for prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) have been developed by the ... Public Consultation Open - ANZSBT Guidelines for prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD). ... Draft Guidelines for prevention of transfusion associated graft versus host disease (TA-GVHD) July 2022 CONSULTATION VERSION ...
FDA Expands Approval for Ibrutinib To Include Chronic Graft vs Host Disease James Nam, PharmD ... FDA approves treatment for chronic graft versus host disease [news release]. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration ... Close more info about FDA Expands Approval for Ibrutinib To Include Chronic Graft vs Host Disease ... Close more info about FDA Expands Approval for Ibrutinib To Include Chronic Graft vs Host Disease ...
Regulation of chronic graft-versus-host disease with prostaglandin E2-pulsed macrophage progenitor cells. *Hart, Prudence ( ...
Mycophenolate Mofetil and Cyclosporine in Reducing Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies or ... Graft-Versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis in Treating Patients With Hematologic Malignancies Undergoing Unrelated Donor Peripheral ... Rituximab in Preventing Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Patients Undergoing a Donor Stem Cell Transplant for Hematologic ... Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil With or Without Sirolimus in Preventing Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Patients Who ...
Thus, current aGVHD diagnosis is limited to patients with established disease manifestation. Therefore, for improved disease ... Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) poses a major limitation for broader therapeutic application of allogeneic ... From: A diagnostic window for the treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease prior to visible clinical symptoms in a murine ...
  • In this case series, Creamer and colleagues report a variant of chronic graft-vs-host disease that combines clinical and histopathologic features of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) and eczematous dermatitis. (medscape.com)
  • GVHD is a well-recognized complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in which allogeneic donor T lymphocytes attack host cells recognized through cell-surface antigens to be "foreign. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Rarer cutaneous manifestations of chronic GVHD have been reported to mimic connective tissue diseases such as lupus and dermatomyositis, [ 3 ] and case reports of eczematous GVHD have been noted anecdotally. (medscape.com)
  • Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a syndrome, characterized by inflammation in different organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • GvHD can also occur after a blood transfusion, known as Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease or TA-GvHD if the blood products used have not been gamma irradiated or treated with an approved leukocyte reduction system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication that can occur after certain stem cell or bone marrow transplants . (medlineplus.gov)
  • To provide a concise review of the oculoplastic manifestations of ocular graft versus host disease (GVHD), and to discuss their management. (nih.gov)
  • At the Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, we provide long-term, specialized care to children and teens who have been diagnosed with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) as a result of a blood and marrow transplant (BMT). (choa.org)
  • Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can occur in children who have received a BMT for their cancer or blood disorder diagnosis. (choa.org)
  • The doctors and specialists at the Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center understand the importance of early detection and treatment for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). (choa.org)
  • Doctors wanted Noah to get a small amount of GVHD from his stem cell transplant to eliminate remaining cancer cells, but the disease invaded his liver and gut. (winknews.com)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) today approved a treatment to prevent acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in patients 2 years of age or older receiving a hematopoietic stem cell transplant from a matched or single-HLA-mismatched unrelated donor. (dana-farber.org)
  • Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a potentially serious complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation and reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation . (schoolandyouth.org)
  • GVHD occurs when the donor's T cells (the graft) view the patient's healthy cells (the host) as foreign, and attack and damage them. (schoolandyouth.org)
  • Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common side effect in people who receive cells from a donor (allogeneic transplant). (fredhutch.org)
  • The main complication of HCT is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), an immunological disorder that affects many organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin, and lungs. (nih.gov)
  • A recent report published in Science Translational Medicine by MUSC Hollings Cancer Center investigator Sophie Paczesny, M.D., Ph.D., sheds light on immune cell biomarkers that may reveal which patients are most at risk for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a life-threatening condition that can arise after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for treatment of liquid cancers such as leukemia. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Documented skin disease classical for chronic GvHD (e.g. hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, lichenoid lesions, sclerodermatous lesions)greater than or equal to 100 days post transplantation. (knowcancer.com)
  • Determine the safety and efficacy of sirolimus when administered with tacrolimus and methotrexate for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors. (knowcancer.com)
  • While removal of T cells from the donor marrow graft ameliorates GvHD, this strategy increases graft failure rates and markedly diminishes the therapeutically-beneficial graft-versus-tumor effect. (justia.com)
  • During any transplant of stem cell and bone marrow some complications arises that may be mild or severe, those are the graft versus host disease (Gvhd) they occur especially in immune-compromised patients. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • Large unmet needs in the Gvhd management are one of the most important factors fueling growth of the graft versus host disease market. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • At present there are very few or no guidelines for management of graft versus host disease that can precisely maintain the data for the large population suffering from Gvhd, though certain recommendations for such therapies are in place. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • Importantly, quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of Tregs have been correlated with GvHD (Graft versus Host Disease) development and prognosis. (us.es)
  • The safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunosuppressive activity of humanized anti-Tac were evaluated in 20 patients who developed acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic marrow transplantation. (duke.edu)
  • GvHD is an immune mediated reaction that can occur after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in which donor T cells recognize the host antigens as foreign, destroying host tissues. (nih.gov)
  • Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors reduce development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). (nih.gov)
  • One that grabbed her attention is graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), which can arise after a bone-marrow transplant for leukemia, lymphoma, or various other diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a serious, sometimes life-threatening complication of a hematopoietic cell transplant (commonly known as bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant). (stjude.org)
  • GVHD occurs when immune cells from the donor (the graft) recognize the patient's normal cells and tissues (the host) as foreign and attack them. (stjude.org)
  • Acute GVHD is commonly defined as disease that occurs during the first 100 days after transplant. (stjude.org)
  • Chronic GVHD is commonly defined as disease that occurs more than 100 days after transplant. (stjude.org)
  • Some studies show there is higher risk of GVHD when there are a lot of T cells in the graft. (stjude.org)
  • Ang graft versus host disease (GvHD) ay isang karaniwang komplikasyon ng isang allogeneic stem cell transplant. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • Sa talamak na GvHD, tinatanggihan ng graft ang host nito, hindi tinatanggihan ng host ang graft. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • ʻO ka maʻi ʻo Graft versus host (GvHD) kahi hoʻopiʻi maʻamau o kahi transplant cell stem allogeneic. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • I ka GvHD koʻikoʻi, hōʻole ka graft i kāna mea hoʻokipa, ʻaʻole ka mea hoʻokipa e hōʻole i ka graft. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • I-Graft versus host disease (GvHD) yingxaki eqhelekileyo yofakelo lwe-allogeneic stem cell. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • He aha te grafft versus host disease (GvHD)? (lymphoma.org.au)
  • Ko te graft versus host disease (GvHD) he poauautanga noa o te whakawhitinga o nga pūtau kakau allogeneic. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • Corey S. Cutler, MD, MPH, FRCPC, provides insight on the case of a 49-year-old man with chronic GVHD and reviews current and emerging treatment options for disease management. (targetedonc.com)
  • Clinical manifestations of chronic GVHD are similar to autoimmune collagen vascular disease and the two main types of cutaneous chronic GVHD are lichenoid and sclerodermatous. (bvsalud.org)
  • Graft versus host disease (GvHD) is a type of transplant rejection condition, wherein, the transplanted cells (graft) attack the healthy cells of the host (patient). (1healthmc.com)
  • Monitor and treat patients at risk for the development of graft versus host disease (GVHD). (nih.gov)
  • The study is a Phase III, randomized double blind, placebo controlled, and trial evaluating the addition of Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs. placebo to systemic corticosteroids as initial therapy for acute Graft Vs Host Disease (GVHD). (stanfordhealthcare.org)
  • Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the primary limitation of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, and once it develops, there are no reliable diagnostic tests to predict treatment outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • The invention relates to the use of adenosine to deplete alloreactive T cells from donor grafts to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). (nih.gov)
  • Discover how Jakafi is used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older with either acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) who have taken corticosteroids and they did not work well enough or chronic GVHD who have taken one or two types of treatments and they did not work well enough. (jakafi.com)
  • Jakafi is used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older with acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) who have taken corticosteroids and they did not work well enough. (jakafi.com)
  • Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a devastating diagnosis and treatment options, such as antithymocyte globulin (ATG), have poor response rates. (atcmeetingabstracts.com)
  • Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD) remains a major complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with a significant proportion of patients failing to respond to first-line systemic corticosteroids. (oncotarget.com)
  • The development of acute graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a common outcome after the injection of fully MHC disparate parental T cells into unirradiated F1 mice. (aai.org)
  • Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) that is resistant to therapy is a highly lethal complication of marrow transplantation. (mssm.edu)
  • However, more than half of transplant recipients develop a condition known as chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the new immune cells recognize the patients' tissues as foreign and attack them. (nih.gov)
  • Acute Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) is a serious medical condition that is a common development after Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT). (clinicaltrialsgps.com)
  • Finally, activated immune cells mediate the destruction of host tissues and result in multiple organ GVHD. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • However, this type of therapy is often accompanied by the development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), induced by the mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC) between healthy donors and recipients, leading to severe complications and death . (bvsalud.org)
  • Acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) stay the main clinical problem of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation restricting success and inducing main morbidity sometimes for quite some time posttransplant. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Chronic GVHD compromises the introduction of practical defenses against disease and AST-1306 could alter defenses against recurrence of any root cancers. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by simple opsonisation of bone marrow T-cells has been studied in 36 consecutive allografts: in 17 for leukaemia, one for essential thrombocytosis and four for myeloma this was the sole means of GVHD prophylaxis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Donor T cell macrochimerism (≥4%) frequently occurs without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and is associated with reduced rejection. (columbia.edu)
  • In the clinical setting, graft-versus-host disease is divided into acute and chronic forms, and scored or graded on the basis of the tissue affected and the severity of the reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the classical sense, acute graft-versus-host disease is characterized by selective damage to the liver, skin (rash), mucosa, and the gastrointestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • Newer research indicates that other graft-versus-host disease target organs include the immune system (the hematopoietic system, e.g., the bone marrow and the thymus) itself, and the lungs in the form of immune-mediated pneumonitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic graft-versus-host disease also attacks the above organs, but over its long-term course can also cause damage to the connective tissue and exocrine glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chronic form of graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) normally begins 90 to 600 days post-transplant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia responses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Simonsen M. Graft versus host reactions and their possible implications in man. (medscape.com)
  • The biology of graft-versus-host reactions. (medscape.com)
  • National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: I. Diagnosis and staging working group report. (medscape.com)
  • Feasibility of NIH consensus criteria for chronic graft-versus-host disease. (medscape.com)
  • Pathophysiology of acute graft-versus-host disease: recent advances. (medscape.com)
  • Ferrara JL, Reddy P. Pathophysiology of graft-versus-host disease. (medscape.com)
  • Dependent Apoptosis of Alloreactive CD4+ T Cells In Vitro and Reduce Lethal Graft-versus-Host Disease. (medscape.com)
  • Ferrara JL, Yanik G. Acute graft versus host disease: pathophysiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies. (medscape.com)
  • Impaired Bone Mineral Density in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease. (medscape.com)
  • Graft versus host disease after liver transplantation - a single center experience and review of literature. (medscape.com)
  • Cutaneous manifestations of graft-versus-host disease: role of the dermatologist. (medscape.com)
  • A biomarker panel for acute graft versus host disease. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging of Abdominal and Pelvic Manifestations of Graft-Versus-Host Disease After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant. (medscape.com)
  • Novel strategies for the treatment and diagnosis of graft-versus-host-disease. (medscape.com)
  • Inagaki J, Fukano R, Kodama Y, Nishimura M, Shimokawa M, Okamura J. Safety and efficacy of low-dose methotrexate for pediatric patients with steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • Graft versus host disease: what should the oculoplastic surgeon know? (nih.gov)
  • Management of the ocular graft versus host patient may require a multidisciplinary approach involving collaboration from the oculoplastic surgeon, the corneal specialist, and the stem cell transplant physician. (nih.gov)
  • Too often, rejection, or graft versus host disease follows, and it can be deadlier than the original disease. (winknews.com)
  • The Ferguson family chronicled Noah's battle against leukemia, then graft versus host disease in this book. (winknews.com)
  • He had already gone through chemo and had gone through all of this, and by far, our hardest battle was his graft versus host disease," Kari Ferguson, Noah's mother told Ivanhoe. (winknews.com)
  • Graft-versus-host disease can be mild, moderate or severe. (schoolandyouth.org)
  • People who have chronic graft-versus-host disease may need evaluations or care several times a year to assess and help manage their condition. (fredhutch.org)
  • Drugs and other therapies used to treat patients with graft-versus-host disease can cause many side effects. (bmtinfonet.org)
  • This figure depicts the two major T-cell co-stimulation pathways, ICOS and CD28, targeted by the new drug candidate ALPN-101 as compared to CTLA-4-Fc CD28/B7 pathway inhibitors (abatacept and belatacept) for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Yet despite careful donor-recipient matching and use of immunosuppressive therapies following transplantation, some of the donor's immune cells may begin to attack the patient's tissues, which is called graft-versus-host disease. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The MAGIC algorithm probability is a validated response biomarker of treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease. (stembook.org)
  • Inhibitors of calcineurin phosphatase activity (CNIs) such as cyclosporin A (CsA) are widely used to treat tissue transplant rejection and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), for which inhibition of NFAT-dependent gene expression is the mechanistic paradigm. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The invention is in the field of methods for treating and preventing GI Syndrome and Graft Versus Host Disease. (justia.com)
  • Graft versus host disease occurs when particular type of white blood cells are not compatible with the existing cell type and thus, leads to an attack by the transplanted cells on the recipient body. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • In the recent past, the graft versus host disease market has significantly evolved with the introduction of biological and patented small molecule immunosuppressive therapies and been added to the treatment regime. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • Extensive research and development activities are expected to favor growth of the graft versus host disease industry in the near future. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • However, advancements in the process of early detection of symptoms is projected to support growth of the graft versus host disease market in the near future. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • The global graft versus host disease market is competitive and fragmented. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease with humanized anti-Tac: an antibody that binds to the interleukin-2 receptor. (duke.edu)
  • Reduction of graft-versus-host disease by histone deacetylase inhibitor suberonylanilide hydroxamic acid is associated with modulation of inflammatory cytokine milieu and involves inhibition of STAT1. (nih.gov)
  • Joshua Hill, MD and colleagues from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle found inherited chromosomally-integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6) to be associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and an earlier onset of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVDH) in transplant patients. (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • Another is even with a well-matched donor, rejection or graft versus host disease can occur, and lifelong immunosuppression may be needed. (nih.gov)
  • Tinatawag itong graft versus host, dahil ang 'graft' ay ang naibigay na immune system, at ang 'host' ay ang pasyenteng tumatanggap ng mga donasyong selula. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • Ua kapa ʻia ʻo graft versus host, no ka mea, ʻo ka 'graft' ka ʻōnaehana immune hāʻawi ʻia, a ʻo ka 'host' ka mea maʻi e loaʻa ana i nā cell i hāʻawi ʻia. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • Ibizwa ngokuba yi-graft versus host, kuba 'igrafti' sisixokelelwano sokhuselo lomzimba esinikelweyo, kwaye 'umamkeli' sisigulana esifumana iiseli ezinikezelweyo. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • E kiia ana ko te graft versus host, no te mea ko te 'graft' te punaha aukati i kohaina, ko te 'kaiwhakahaere' ko te manawanui e whiwhi ana i nga ruma kua koha. (lymphoma.org.au)
  • Chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) is the most common consequence of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, and it is associated with morbidity and mortality. (bvsalud.org)
  • Acute graft-versus-host disease biomarkers measured during therapy can predict treatment outcomes: a Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network study. (nih.gov)
  • Levine JE, Logan BR, Wu J, Alousi AM, Bolaños-Meade J, Ferrara JL, Ho VT, Weisdorf DJ, Paczesny S. Acute graft-versus-host disease biomarkers measured during therapy can predict treatment outcomes: a Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network study. (nih.gov)
  • Pentraxin 3 plasma levels at graft-versus-host disease onset predict disease severity and response to therapy in children given haematopoietic stem cell. (oncotarget.com)
  • Through our call center, IncyteCARES representatives can answer patient and caregiver questions about graft-versus-host disease and Jakafi. (jakafi.com)
  • Graft-versus-host disease propagation depends on increased intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability. (harvard.edu)
  • Four years after submitting its initial BLA for remestemcel-L for steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease, Mesoblast has encountered another hurdle toward possible approval. (cgtlive.com)
  • The FDA has issued another complete response letter (CRL) to Mesoblast for its biologics license application (BLA) for remestemcel-L mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for treating steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease (SR-aGVHD) in children under the age of 12 years. (cgtlive.com)
  • Administration for biologics license application for steroidrefractory acute graft versus host disease in children. (cgtlive.com)
  • 2. FDA Accepts Mesoblast's Resubmission of the Biologic License Application for Remestemcel-L In Children with Steroid-Refractory Acute Graft Versus Host Disease as a Complete Response and Sets Goal Date of August 2, 2023. (cgtlive.com)
  • Graft-versus-Host Disease Modulation by Innate T Cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • T cell depletion by exposure to Campath-1G in vitro prevents graft-versus-host disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we demonstrate that patients with macrochimerism had high graft-versus-host (GvH) to host-versus-graft (HvG) T cell clonal ratios in their allografts. (columbia.edu)
  • holarctica in a stem cell transplant recipient with chronic graft-versus-host disease who was receiving levofloxacin prophylaxis. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. ATF1 Mukta Arora outlines fresh approaches for its evaluation and describes possibilities for better treatment of the chronic disease. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • The acute or fulminant form of the disease (aGvHD) is normally observed within the first 10 to 100 days post-transplant, and is a major challenge to transplants owing to associated morbidity and mortality. (wikipedia.org)
  • But this doesn't guarantee that the transplant itself will succeed in treating the original disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • While recovering from a blood and marrow transplant (BMT), this sickle cell disease patient discovered a love of cooking. (choa.org)
  • Furthermore, in the therapy's favor, 88% of these children had severe disease with the highest risk of mortality-defined by either International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry Grade C/D or Glucksberg Grade 3/4-compared with 22% to 68% of patients in control studies having severe disease. (cgtlive.com)
  • This may include removing T cells from the donor graft and/or giving medications to suppress the T cells in the graft so that they do not attack the patient's cells. (schoolandyouth.org)
  • Bone marrow transplants offer a way to cure leukemia, sickle cell disease, and a variety of other life-threatening blood disorders.There are two major problems, however: One is many patients don't have a well-matched donor to provide the marrow needed to reconstitute their blood with healthy cells. (nih.gov)
  • Transplanted donor T cells are activated upon interaction with host antigen resulting in proliferation and differentiation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • To prepare for transplantation, recipients must undergo a conditioning regimen involving immunosuppressive therapy to ablate the host immune response and allow for donor HSC engraftment. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Individual GvH clones appeared in ileal mucosa or PBMCs before detection in recipient BM, consistent with an intestinal mucosal origin, where donor GvH-reactive T cells expanded early upon entry of recipient APCs into the graft. (columbia.edu)
  • These results, combined with cytotoxic single-cell transcriptional profiles of donor T cells in recipient BM, suggest that tissue-resident GvH-reactive donor T cells migrated into the recipient circulation and BM, where they destroyed recipient hematopoietic cells through cytolytic effector functions and promoted engraftment of graft-derived HSPCs that maintain chimerism. (columbia.edu)
  • Haemopoietic-cell transplantation (HCT) is an intensive therapy used to treat high-risk haematological malignant disorders and other life-threatening haematological and genetic diseases. (nih.gov)
  • The immense success of transplantation medicine in the last decades created a plethora of new problems for long term survivors of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell grafts. (accessdermatology.com)
  • Phase I. Prior to transplantation the patient undergoes conditioning (radiation and/or chemotherapy) which leads to damage and activation of host tissue. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Single institutions or consortia of institutions are invited to participate in a cooperative research group to define the association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region genes or genetic markers and immune-mediated diseases, including risk and severity of disease, and organ, tissue, and cell transplantation outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • In a prospective trial comparing 2mg/kg/day with 10mg/kg/day of methylprednisolone in 94 patients with grade II-IV aGvHD, response rates, progression to grade III-IV disease, non- relapse mortality (NRM) and overall survival were similar in both treatment groups. (clinicaltrialsgps.com)
  • 2) Immunosuppressive therapy is recommended for patients receiving RETHYMIC based on disease phenotype and PHA levels. (nih.gov)
  • As a clinician-scientist, Mays works with patients who have undergone bone marrow or blood stem cell transplants to treat conditions such as blood cancers and sickle cell disease. (nih.gov)
  • Stem cell transplants can be the best hope for a cure from diseases like leukemia. (winknews.com)
  • Cord blood drawn from the newborn's umbilical cord is an abundant source of stem cells helpful in treating over 70 diseases , including leukemia and anemia. (benzinga.com)
  • It occurs when the immune cells in the transplanted tissue (the 'graft') recognizes the patient's cells as foreign and begins to attack them. (1healthmc.com)
  • White blood cells of the donor's immune system which remain within the donated tissue (the graft) recognize the recipient (the host) as foreign (non-self). (wikipedia.org)
  • Allogeneic T cells present in the graft induce thymic tissue damage resulting in impaired production of Tregs leading to a loss of immune-tolerance. (us.es)
  • Transmission of infectious diseases may occur because RETHYMIC is derived from human tissue. (nih.gov)
  • We have discovered that administering anti-ceramide antibody treats and prevents an array of diseases mediated by cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTLs)-induced killing and by damage to endothelial microvasculture, including radiation-induced GI syndrome, Graft vs. Host diseases, inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. (justia.com)
  • Synergistic effect of murine cytomegalovirus on the induction of acute graft-vs-host disease involving MHC class I differences only. (aai.org)
  • Efficacy of the therapy with respect to skin manifestations of the disease will be determined by a blinded skin assessor. (knowcancer.com)
  • Stage I: Activation of APCs The first step requires the activation of APCs from the harm caused root disease as well as the HCT fitness routine. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Treatment continues in the absence of acute graft-vs-host disease or unacceptable toxicity. (knowcancer.com)
  • The disease is orphan in nature, which can be one of the important factors affecting the lack of guidelines and treatment regimes. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • Reliable biomarkers predicting disease severity and response to treatment are warranted to improve its management. (oncotarget.com)
  • Responses occurred in 9 of 16 cases with skin disease, 3 of 15 with liver disease, and 6 of 12 with gastrointestinal disease. (duke.edu)
  • Calcineurin inhibitors suppress acute graft-vs-host disease via NFAT-independent inhibition of T cell receptor signaling. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • T-cells, which become activated when they recognize "non-self" antigens, then play a key role in triggering the body's other defense systems against foreign invaders that can include transplanted cells from a different host. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Although CsA inhibited NFAT-dependent gene upregulation in allo-aggressive T cells expressing either LckWT or LckS59A, it was ineffective in treating disease when the T cells expressed LckS59A. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Release of proinflammatory cytokines from activated host tissues increases HLA expression on host cells and enhances their antigen-presenting ability. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • For instance, research conducted by the University Of Michigan, in 2017, revised the understanding regarding the graft vs. host disease origins, which can offer new direction for potential therapy in the near future. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • In this Seminar, we review our understanding of the risk factors and causes of GHVD, the cellular and cytokine networks implicated in its pathophysiology, and current strategies to prevent and treat the disease. (nih.gov)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • It is similar to an autoimmune disease and can affect multiple organs or organ systems. (stjude.org)