A neoplasm composed entirely of GRANULOSA CELLS, occurring mostly in the OVARY. In the adult form, it may contain some THECA CELLS. This tumor often produces ESTRADIOL and INHIBIN. The excess estrogen exposure can lead to other malignancies in women and PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY in girls. In rare cases, granulosa cell tumors have been identified in the TESTES.
Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
Gonadal neoplasm composed entirely of SERTOLI CELLS or may have a component of GRANULOSA CELLS. Some of the Sertoli cell tumors produce ESTROGEN or ANDROGENS, but seldom in sufficient quantity to cause clinical symptoms such as FEMINIZATION or masculinization (VIRILISM).
Neoplasms derived from the primitive sex cord or gonadal stromal cells of the embryonic GONADS. They are classified by their presumed histogenesis and differentiation. From the sex cord, there are SERTOLI CELL TUMOR and GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR; from the gonadal stroma, LEYDIG CELL TUMOR and THECOMA. These tumors may be identified in either the OVARY or the TESTIS.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.
Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively
An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.
A cyst (CYSTS) near the OVARY, derived from anomalies of the FALLOPIAN TUBES or the BROAD LIGAMENT. The paramesonephric type consists of ciliated cells similar to the oviduct epithelium. The mesonephric type consisted of an epithelium with minimally surface structures. They can be found on the thin oviduct (paratubal cysts) or near its fimbriated end (hydatid of Morgagni).
A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)
Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.
Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.
The flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature OVARIAN FOLLICLE. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily ANDROGENS which serve as precusors of ESTROGENS in the GRANULOSA CELLS.
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Unusual tumor affecting any site of the body, but most often encountered in the head and neck. Considerable debate has surrounded the histogenesis of this neoplasm; however, it is considered to be a myoblastoma of, usually, a benign nature. It affects women more often than men. When it develops beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane, it can lead to proliferation of the squamous cells and mimic squamous cell carcinoma.
The degeneration and resorption of an OVARIAN FOLLICLE before it reaches maturity and ruptures.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Gonadal interstitial or stromal cell neoplasm composed of only LEYDIG CELLS. These tumors may produce one or more of the steroid hormones such as ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS; and CORTICOSTEROIDS. Clinical symptoms include testicular swelling, GYNECOMASTIA, sexual precocity in children, or virilization (VIRILISM) in females.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
A subclass of winged helix DNA-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, Drosophila.
Formation of CORPUS LUTEUM. This process includes capillary invasion of the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE, hypertrophy of the GRANULOSA CELLS and the THECA CELLS, and the production of PROGESTERONE. Luteinization is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.
A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-19 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia.
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).
The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.
The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Combined inhibin and CA125 assays in the detection of ovarian cancer. (1/158)

BACKGROUND: The reproductive hormone inhibin has been used as a diagnostic marker of ovarian mucinous and granulosa cell cancers. The aims of this study were to develop a new inhibin immunofluorometric assay (alphaC IFMA) to replace an inhibin RIA as a diagnostic marker of these ovarian cancers and to assess whether the alphaC IFMA in combination with CA125, which detects serous cancers, leads to an improved biochemical diagnosis of all ovarian cancers. METHODS: Serum inhibin concentrations were determined in healthy postmenopausal women (n = 165) and women with ovarian cancers (n = 154), using an inhibin RIA and an alphaC IFMA, which detects inhibin forms containing the alphaC subunit as well as the free alphaC subunit. RESULTS: The alphaC IFMA gave a similar or better discrimination of mucinous (90% vs 71%) and granulosa cell (100% vs 100%) cancers compared with the inhibin RIA. Combination of CA125 and alphaC IFMA values by canonical variate analysis or by multiROC analysis showed that the percentage of all ovarian cancers detected was significantly increased compared with either CA125 or alphaC IFMA alone. CONCLUSIONS: The alphaC IFMA shows a similar or better specificity compared with the RIA, but with increased sensitivity. In combination with CA125, the alphaC IFMA provides an effective dual test for the detection of the majority (90%) of ovarian cancers.  (+info)

Allele loss and mutation screen at the Peutz-Jeghers (LKB1) locus (19p13.3) in sporadic ovarian tumours. (2/158)

Germline mutations in the LKB1 (STK11) gene (chromosome sub-band 19p13.3) cause characteristic hamartomas and pigmentation to develop in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome carries an overall risk of cancer that may be up to 20 times that of the general population and Peutz-Jeghers patients are at increased risk of benign and malignant ovarian tumours, particularly granulosa cell tumours. Loss of heterozygosity (allele loss, LOH) has been reported in about 50% of ovarian cancers on 19p13.3. LKB1 is therefore a candidate tumour suppressor gene for sporadic ovarian tumours. We found allele loss at the marker D19S886 (19p13.3) in 12 of 49 (24%) sporadic ovarian adenocarcinomas. Using SSCP analysis, we screened ten ovarian cancers with LOH, 35 other ovarian cancers and 12 granulosa cell tumours of the ovary for somatic mutations in LKB1. No variants were detected in any of the adenocarcinomas. Two mutations were detected in one of the granulosa cell tumours: a mis-sense mutation affecting the putative 'start' codon (ATG --> ACG, M1T); and a silent change in exon 7 (CTT --> CTA, leucine). Like BRCA1 and BRCA2, therefore, it appears that LKB1 mutations can cause ovarian tumours when present in the germline, but occur rarely in the soma. The allele loss on 19p13.3 in ovarian cancers almost certainly targets a different gene from LKB1.  (+info)

Luteinizing hormone induction of ovarian tumors: oligogenic differences between mouse strains dictates tumor disposition. (3/158)

The use of fertility drugs has continued to grow since their introduction in the 1960s. Accompanying this increase has been the speculation that repetitive use of these drugs can cause ovarian tumors or cancer. We recently reported that transgenic mice with chronically elevated luteinizing hormone (LH), an analog of which is commonly used in fertility regimens, develop granulosa cell (GC) tumors. In this report we show that LH induction of these tumors is highly dependent on genetic background. In CF-1 mice, chronically elevated LH invariably causes GC tumors by 5 months of age. However, in hybrid mice generated by crossing CF-1 males with C57BL/6, SJL, or CD-1 females, elevated levels of this same hormone cause a completely different phenotype resembling a luteoma of pregnancy. We also show that three genes likely control these alternative hormonal responses. This clinical correlate of elevated LH reveals remarkably distinct, strain-dependent, ovarian phenotypes. In addition, these results support the rare incidence of GC tumors in the human population, and suggest that the ability of certain fertility drugs to cause ovarian tumors may depend on an individual's genetic predisposition.  (+info)

Hemoperitoneum is an initial presentation of recurrent granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. (4/158)

Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors account for less than 5% of all ovarian carcinoma, of which granulosa cell tumors account for 70%. These tumors have a propensity for indolent growth and late recurrence; they may even occur 25 years after initial treatment. We report a 44-year-old woman with hemoperitoneum (acute abdomen) after initial treatment 10 years earlier for granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. This case re-emphasizes the need for long-term follow-up in patients with stromal cell tumors of the ovary and considers the possibility of recurrence when presented with acute abdomen after conservative treatment.  (+info)

Reproductive features in women developing ovarian granulosa cell tumour at a fertile age. (5/158)

Ovarian granulosa cell tumour (GCT) is a rare malignancy, which has been linked to both infertility and infertility treatment with ovulation inducers. The reproductive features were analysed of 146 women with GCT diagnosed between 1956 and 1996. During the study period no changes were found in the mean age (53 years), menopausal status (59% postmenopausal), parity (32% nulliparous) or tumour size or stage at diagnosis. The clinical features in women with GCT at fertile age were compared with GCT diagnosed later in life and to population-based data. Nulliparity (50%) and history of infertility (22%) were more frequent if the tumour occurred at fertile age (n = 50). Of the 12 infertile cases, seven had anovulatory infertility (58%); 11 occurred during the era of ovulation inducers, but only five had used these drugs (clomiphene citrate in five patients, gonadotrophins in two, and tamoxifen in one patient) and no patient had undergone in-vitro fertilization. Endometrial hyperplasia was associated with GCT at all ages, while endometrial cancer was found solely after the age of 45 years. In conclusion, GCT at fertile age is associated with nulliparity and with a clinical presentation of anovulatory infertility, while GCT later in life is associated with a more normal average fertility pattern and with occurrence of endometrial cancer.  (+info)

Virilizing tumors of the ovary: imaging features. (6/158)

AIM: Virilizing tumors of the ovary are an uncommon cause of a common clinical problem. The reported imaging features of these tumors are based on case reports. The purpose of this study was to determine the spectrum of imaging characteristics of these tumors based on a larger referral population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case records from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology were searched for clinical evidence of virilization as a presentation of an excised sex cord-stromal and steroid cell ovarian tumor. Records and imaging studies on 14 patients with virilizing tumors were found. All available imaging studies (ultrasound studies of the pelvis (11 patients), CT scans of the pelvis (five patients), MRI examinations of the pelvis (two patients), and plain films of the pelvis (four patients) were reviewed by three radiologists independently for ascites, calcification, percent solid portion, echogenicity and attenuation. RESULTS: On CT and/or ultrasound most (69%) of the tumors appeared to be solid or mostly solid. The amount of solid tissue varied with the tumor type, granulosa cell tumors were predominantly cystic. The masses were isoechoic (82%) or hypoechoic (18%). Ascites was an infrequent (23%) finding. Only a minority of these tumors (14%) were calcified on imaging studies. Six tumors were 5.0 cm or less in mean size, and two less than 3.0 cm in size. All cases were stage I tumors at presentation. CONCLUSION: The majority of virilizing tumors of the ovary are typically solid, noncalcified, confined to the ovary at presentation, and not associated with ascites. Variability in appearance depends in part on tumor type. Many are small and may be difficult to recognize as a mass morphologically.  (+info)

Gonadal tumors of mice double transgenic for inhibin-alpha promoter-driven simian virus 40 T-antigen and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase are sensitive to ganciclovir treatment. (7/158)

We have previously produced transgenic (TG) mice expressing the mouse inhibin alpha-subunit promoter/Simian virus 40 T-antigen (Inhalpha/Tag) fusion gene. The mice develop gonadal somatic cell tumors at the age of 5-7 months; the ovarian tumors originate from granulosa cells, and those of the testes from Leydig cells. In the present study another TG mouse line was produced, expressing under the same inh-alpha promoter the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (Inhalpha/TK). Crossbreeding of the two TG mouse lines resulted in double TG mice (Inhalpha/TK-Inhalpha/Tag), which also developed gonadal tumors. The single (Inhalpha/Tag) and double TG (Inhalpha/TK-Inhalpha/Tag) mice, both bearing gonadal tumors, were treated at the age of 5.5-6.5 months with ganciclovir (GCV, 150 mg/kg body weight twice daily i.p.) for 14 days, or with aciclovir (ACV, 300-400 mg/kg body weight per day perorally) for 2 months. During GCV treatment, the total gonadal volume including the tumor, decreased in double TG mice by an average of 40% (P<0.05), while in single TG mice, there was a concomitant increase of 60% in gonadal size (P<0.05). GCV was also found to increase apoptosis in gonads of the double TG mice. Peroral treatment with ACV was less effective, it did not reduce significantly the gonadal volume. We also analyzed the in vitro efficacy of ACV and GCV treatments in transiently HSV-TK-transfected KK-1 murine granulosa tumor cells, originating from a single-positive Inhalpha/Tag mouse. GCV proved to be more effective and more specific than ACV in action. These results prove the principle that targeted expression of the HSV-TK gene in gonadal somatic cell tumors is potentially useful for tumor ablation by antiherpes treatment. The findings provide a lead for further development of somatic gene therapy for gonadal tumors.  (+info)

Extraovarian granulosa cell tumor. (8/158)

A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of postcoital bleeding. Sonography of the abdomen showed a 8.2 x 8.9 cm-sized solid heterogeneous mass occupying the cul-de-sac, which appeared to be in no way connected with the ovary. On exploratory laparotomy, the tumor mass protruded from the posterolateral retroperitoneum of the pelvic cavity and severely replaced the uterus and adnexa with the outer surface being grossly intact. It grossly measured 10 cm in maximal diameter. The histologic features closely resembled those of ovarian granulosa cell tumor. The primary extraovarian granulosa cell tumor is extremely rare such that in the English literature only 7 cases have been reported to date. Of those granulosa cell tumors are especially rare and only two cases have been reported to arise from retroperitoneum. We herein present a case of retroperitoneal granulosa cell tumor with special regard to differential diagnosis from other solid tumors with similar histology.  (+info)

A Granulosa Cell Tumor is a type of sex cord-stromal tumor, which are uncommon neoplasms that arise from the supporting cells of the ovary or testis. These tumors account for approximately 5% of all ovarian tumors and can occur at any age, but they are most commonly found in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Granulosa cell tumors originate from the granulosa cells, which are normally responsible for producing estrogen and supporting the development of the egg within the ovarian follicle. These tumors can be functional, meaning they produce hormones, or nonfunctional. Functional granulosa cell tumors often secrete estrogen, leading to symptoms such as irregular menstrual periods, postmenopausal bleeding, and, in rare cases, the development of male characteristics (virilization) due to androgen production.

Granulosa cell tumors are typically slow-growing and can vary in size. They are often diagnosed at an early stage because they cause symptoms related to hormonal imbalances or, less commonly, due to abdominal pain or distention caused by the growing mass. The diagnosis is usually confirmed through imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI) and a biopsy or surgical removal of the tumor, followed by histopathological examination.

Treatment for granulosa cell tumors typically involves surgery to remove the tumor and, in some cases, adjacent organs if there is evidence of spread. The role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy is less clear, but they may be used in certain situations, such as advanced-stage disease or high-risk features. Regular follow-up with imaging studies and tumor marker measurements (such as inhibin) is essential due to the risk of recurrence, even many years after initial treatment.

Granulosa cells are specialized cells that surround and enclose the developing egg cells (oocytes) in the ovaries. They play a crucial role in the growth, development, and maturation of the follicles (the fluid-filled sacs containing the oocytes) by providing essential nutrients and hormones.

Granulosa cells are responsible for producing estrogen, which supports the development of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle in preparation for a potential pregnancy. They also produce inhibin and activin, two hormones that regulate the function of the pituitary gland and its secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

These cells are critical for female reproductive health and fertility. Abnormalities in granulosa cell function can lead to various reproductive disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and infertility.

Ovarian neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the ovary, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various cell types within the ovary, including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. Ovarian neoplasms are often classified based on their cell type of origin, histological features, and potential for invasive or metastatic behavior.

Epithelial ovarian neoplasms are the most common type and can be further categorized into several subtypes, such as serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and Brenner tumors. Some of these epithelial tumors have a higher risk of becoming malignant and spreading to other parts of the body.

Germ cell ovarian neoplasms arise from the cells that give rise to eggs (oocytes) and can include teratomas, dysgerminomas, yolk sac tumors, and embryonal carcinomas. Stromal ovarian neoplasms develop from the connective tissue cells supporting the ovary and can include granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, and fibromas.

It is essential to diagnose and treat ovarian neoplasms promptly, as some malignant forms can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening if not managed appropriately. Regular gynecological exams, imaging studies, and tumor marker tests are often used for early detection and monitoring of ovarian neoplasms. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the type, stage, and patient's overall health condition.

A Sertoli cell tumor is a rare type of sex-cord stromal tumor that develops in the testicles or, more rarely, in the ovaries. These tumors arise from the Sertoli cells, which are specialized cells within the testicle that help to nurture and protect the developing sperm cells. In the ovary, Sertoli cell tumors are thought to arise from similar cells that are part of the supporting tissue in the ovary.

Sertoli cell tumors can occur in people of any age but are most commonly found in middle-aged adults. They are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms, especially if they are small. However, larger tumors or those that have spread (metastasized) may cause various symptoms depending on their location and size.

Symptoms of a Sertoli cell tumor can include:

* A painless lump or swelling in the testicle or ovary
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen
* Changes in bowel habits or urinary frequency
* Pain during sexual intercourse (in women)
* Hormonal imbalances, such as gynecomastia (breast development) in men or menstrual irregularities in women.

Diagnosis of a Sertoli cell tumor typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and blood tests to check for elevated levels of certain hormones that may be produced by the tumor. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's grade and stage.

Treatment for Sertoli cell tumors typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with any affected lymph nodes or other tissues. Additional treatments, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy, may be recommended in cases where the tumor has spread or is at a higher risk of recurrence. Regular follow-up care is also important to monitor for any signs of recurrence or new tumors.

Sex cord-gonadal stromal tumors are a type of rare cancer that develops in the cells of the ovaries or testicles that produce hormones and help to form ova or sperm. These tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur in both males and females, although they are more common in females.

There are several subtypes of sex cord-gonadal stromal tumors, including granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, fibromas, Sertoli cell tumors, Leydig cell tumors, and gonadoblastomas. The symptoms and treatment options for these tumors depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and whether the tumor is producing hormones.

Common symptoms of sex cord-gonadal stromal tumors may include abdominal pain or swelling, bloating, irregular menstrual periods, vaginal bleeding, or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. In some cases, these tumors may produce hormones that can cause additional symptoms, such as breast tenderness, acne, or voice deepening.

Treatment for sex cord-gonadal stromal tumors typically involves surgery to remove the tumor and any affected tissue. Depending on the stage and type of the tumor, additional treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be recommended. Regular follow-up care is important to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.

The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.

During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.

Testicular neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors in the testicle that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They are a type of genitourinary cancer, which affects the reproductive and urinary systems. Testicular neoplasms can occur in men of any age but are most commonly found in young adults between the ages of 15 and 40.

Testicular neoplasms can be classified into two main categories: germ cell tumors and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors, which arise from the cells that give rise to sperm, are further divided into seminomas and non-seminomas. Seminomas are typically slow-growing and have a good prognosis, while non-seminomas tend to grow more quickly and can spread to other parts of the body.

Non-germ cell tumors are less common than germ cell tumors and include Leydig cell tumors, Sertoli cell tumors, and lymphomas. These tumors can have a variety of clinical behaviors, ranging from benign to malignant.

Testicular neoplasms often present as a painless mass or swelling in the testicle. Other symptoms may include a feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum, a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin, and breast enlargement (gynecomastia).

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan, and blood tests to detect tumor markers. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. Regular self-examinations of the testicles are recommended for early detection and improved outcomes.

Inhibins are a group of protein hormones that play a crucial role in regulating the function of the reproductive system, specifically by inhibiting the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the pituitary gland. They are produced and secreted primarily by the granulosa cells in the ovaries of females and Sertoli cells in the testes of males.

Inhibins consist of two subunits, an alpha subunit, and a beta subunit, which can be further divided into two types: inhibin A and inhibin B. Inhibin A is primarily produced by the granulosa cells of developing follicles in the ovary, while inhibin B is mainly produced by the Sertoli cells in the testes.

By regulating FSH production, inhibins help control the development and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males. Abnormal levels of inhibins have been associated with various reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and certain types of cancer.

An ovarian follicle is a fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg or ovum (oocyte). It's a part of the female reproductive system and plays a crucial role in the process of ovulation.

Ovarian follicles start developing in the ovaries during fetal development, but only a small number of them will mature and release an egg during a woman's reproductive years. The maturation process is stimulated by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

There are different types of ovarian follicles, including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary or Graafian follicles. The Graafian follicle is the mature follicle that ruptures during ovulation to release the egg into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm.

It's important to note that abnormal growth or development of ovarian follicles can lead to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian cancer.

A parovarian cyst is a type of fluid-filled sac that develops in the vicinity of the ovary, often found attached to or adjoined with the fallopian tube or the ovary itself. These cysts are typically benign (noncancerous) and can vary in size, from being quite small to becoming large enough to cause discomfort or other symptoms.

Parovarian cysts are thought to arise from remnants of embryonic tissues known as Wolffian or Müllerian ducts, which contribute to the development of the reproductive system during fetal growth. These cysts can be found in individuals with ovaries, including both cisgender women and transgender men who have not had their ovaries removed.

While parovarian cysts are often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during routine pelvic examinations or imaging studies, they may cause symptoms if they grow significantly in size. These symptoms can include:

1. Pelvic pain or discomfort
2. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen
3. Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia)
4. Abnormal menstrual bleeding or irregular periods
5. Difficulty with bowel movements or urination, depending on the cyst's size and location

In cases where parovarian cysts become large, cause persistent symptoms, or demonstrate concerning features (such as rapid growth or signs of malignancy), surgical intervention may be required to remove the cyst. This can often be accomplished through minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopy. However, in some instances, a more extensive open surgery might be necessary.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you suspect or have been diagnosed with a parovarian cyst, as they will provide guidance and determine the most appropriate course of action based on your individual circumstances.

A Giant Cell Tumor (GCT) of bone is a relatively uncommon, locally aggressive tumor that can sometimes become malignant. It is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells which are distributed throughout the tumor tissue. These giant cells are thought to be derived from osteoclasts, which are specialized cells responsible for bone resorption.

GCTs typically affect adults in their 20s and 30s, with a slight female predominance. The most common sites of involvement include the long bones near the knee (distal femur and proximal tibia), as well as the distal radius, sacrum, and spine.

The tumor usually presents as pain and swelling in the affected area, sometimes accompanied by restricted mobility or pathological fractures due to bone weakening. The diagnosis is typically made based on imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI) and confirmed through a biopsy.

Treatment options for GCTs of bone may include intralesional curettage with or without the use of adjuvant therapies (like phenol, liquid nitrogen, or cement), radiation therapy, or surgical resection. In some cases, systemic treatments like denosumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting RANKL, may be used to control the growth and spread of the tumor. Regular follow-ups are essential to monitor for potential recurrence, which can occur in up to 50% of cases within five years after treatment.

Dysgerminoma is a type of germ cell tumor that develops in the ovaries. It is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that primarily affects girls and women of reproductive age, although it can occur at any age. Dysgerminomas are composed of large, round, or polygonal cells with clear cytoplasm and distinct cell borders, arranged in nests or sheets. They may also contain lymphoid aggregates and may produce hormones such as estrogen or testosterone.

Dysgerminomas are usually unilateral (affecting one ovary), but they can be bilateral (affecting both ovaries) in about 10-15% of cases. They tend to grow and spread rapidly, so early detection and treatment are crucial for a favorable prognosis.

The standard treatment for dysgerminoma is surgical removal of the affected ovary or ovaries, followed by chemotherapy with agents such as bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP). With appropriate treatment, the five-year survival rate for patients with dysgerminoma is high, ranging from 80% to 95%.

Giant cell tumors (GCTs) are a type of benign or rarely malignant bone tumor that is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells. These tumors typically affect adults between the ages of 20 and 40, and they can occur in any bone, but they most commonly involve the long bones near the knee joint.

GCTs are composed of three types of cells: mononuclear stromal cells, which produce the matrix of the tumor; multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells, which resemble the bone-resorbing cells found in normal bone; and macrophages, which are part of the body's immune system.

The mononuclear stromal cells produce a variety of growth factors that stimulate the formation and activity of the osteoclast-like giant cells, leading to localized bone destruction. The tumor may cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected area.

While GCTs are typically benign, they can be aggressive and locally destructive, with a tendency to recur after surgical removal. In some cases, GCTs may undergo malignant transformation, leading to the development of sarcomas. Treatment options for GCTs include curettage (scraping out) of the tumor, followed by bone grafting or the use of a cement spacer to fill the defect, and/or adjuvant therapy with radiation or chemotherapy.

Hemoperitoneum is a medical condition characterized by the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within it. This can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, ectopic pregnancy, or other conditions that cause bleeding into the abdomen.

The accumulation of blood in the peritoneal cavity can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, and hypovolemic shock due to blood loss. Hemoperitoneum is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent further complications.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it promotes the growth and development of ovarian follicles in the ovary, which ultimately leads to the maturation and release of an egg (ovulation). In males, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm. It works in conjunction with luteinizing hormone (LH) to regulate reproductive processes. The secretion of FSH is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its release is influenced by the levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), estrogen, inhibin, and androgens.

Neoplasms, germ cell and embryonal are types of tumors that originate from the abnormal growth of cells. Here's a brief medical definition for each:

1. Neoplasms: Neoplasms refer to abnormal tissue growths or masses, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled cell division and may invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis.
2. Germ Cell Tumors: These are rare tumors that develop from the germ cells, which give rise to sperm and eggs in the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes). They can be benign or malignant and may occur in both children and adults. Germ cell tumors can also arise outside of the reproductive organs, a condition known as extragonadal germ cell tumors.
3. Embryonal Tumors: These are a type of malignant neoplasm that primarily affects infants and young children. They develop from embryonic cells, which are immature cells present during fetal development. Embryonal tumors can occur in various organs, including the brain (medulloblastomas), nervous system (primitive neuroectodermal tumors or PNETs), and other areas like the kidneys and liver.

It is essential to note that these conditions require professional medical evaluation and treatment by healthcare professionals with expertise in oncology and related fields.

Theca cells are specialized cells that are part of the follicle where the egg matures in the ovary. They are located in the outer layer of the follicle and play an important role in producing hormones necessary for the growth and development of the follicle and the egg within it. Specifically, they produce androgens, such as testosterone, which are then converted into estrogens by another type of cells in the follicle called granulosa cells. These hormones help to thicken the lining of the uterus in preparation for a possible pregnancy. In some cases, theca cells can become overactive and produce too much testosterone, leading to conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Cystadenoma is a type of benign tumor (not cancerous), which arises from glandular epithelial cells and is covered by a thin layer of connective tissue. These tumors can develop in various locations within the body, including the ovaries, pancreas, and other organs that contain glands.

There are two main types of cystadenomas: serous and mucinous. Serous cystadenomas are filled with a clear or watery fluid, while mucinous cystadenomas contain a thick, gelatinous material. Although they are generally not harmful, these tumors can grow quite large and cause discomfort or other symptoms due to their size or location. In some cases, cystadenomas may undergo malignant transformation and develop into cancerous tumors, known as cystadenocarcinomas. Regular medical follow-up and monitoring are essential for individuals diagnosed with cystadenomas to ensure early detection and treatment of any potential complications.

A Granular Cell Tumor (GCT) is a rare, usually benign neoplasm that can occur in various parts of the body. These tumors are typically composed of large polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, which contain numerous mitochondria. They often involve the skin and subcutaneous tissues, but they can also arise in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and other visceral organs.

Granular Cell Tumors are thought to originate from Schwann cells, which are nerve sheath cells, although their exact origin is still a matter of debate. They usually present as solitary, slow-growing nodules or masses that are often painless, but they can become symptomatic if they involve sensitive areas or if they undergo malignant transformation, which occurs in about 1-2% of cases.

The diagnosis of Granular Cell Tumors is usually made based on histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen. Immunohistochemical staining can be used to confirm the Schwann cell origin of these tumors, as they typically express S-100 protein and other markers of neural differentiation.

Treatment options for Granular Cell Tumors depend on their location, size, and behavior. Solitary, benign tumors can often be excised surgically with a wide margin to reduce the risk of recurrence. However, malignant tumors or those that cannot be completely removed may require more aggressive treatment, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Regular follow-up is recommended to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.

Follicular atresia is a physiological process that occurs in the ovary, where follicles (fluid-filled sacs containing immature eggs or oocytes) undergo degeneration and disappearance. This process begins after the primordial follicle stage and continues throughout a woman's reproductive years. At birth, a female has approximately 1 to 2 million primordial follicles, but only about 400 of these will mature and release an egg during her lifetime. The rest undergo atresia, which is a natural process that helps regulate the number of available eggs and maintain hormonal balance within the body.

The exact mechanisms that trigger follicular atresia are not fully understood, but it is believed to be influenced by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, oxidative stress, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). In some cases, accelerated or excessive follicular atresia can lead to infertility or early menopause.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. It plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone works to thicken the lining of the uterus, creating a nurturing environment for the developing embryo.

During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed in the ovary after an egg has been released from a follicle during ovulation. If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of progesterone will decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and menstruation.

In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone also has various other effects on the body, such as helping to regulate the immune system, supporting bone health, and potentially influencing mood and cognition. Progesterone can be administered medically in the form of oral pills, intramuscular injections, or vaginal suppositories for various purposes, including hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and managing certain gynecological conditions.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein hormone that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family. It is primarily produced by the granulosa cells of developing follicles in the ovaries of females. AMH plays an essential role in female reproductive physiology, as it inhibits the recruitment and further development of primordial follicles, thereby regulating the size of the primordial follicle pool and the onset of puberty.

AMH levels are often used as a biomarker for ovarian reserve assessment in women. High AMH levels indicate a larger ovarian reserve, while low levels suggest a decreased reserve, which may be associated with reduced fertility or an earlier onset of menopause. Additionally, measuring AMH levels can help predict the response to ovarian stimulation during assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

A Leydig cell tumor is a rare type of sex cord-stromal tumor that arises from the Leydig cells (interstitial cells) of the testis in males or ovarian tissue in females. These cells are responsible for producing androgens, particularly testosterone.

Leydig cell tumors can occur at any age but are most common in middle-aged to older men. In women, they are extremely rare and usually found in postmenopausal women. Most Leydig cell tumors are benign (noncancerous), but about 10% can be malignant (cancerous) and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body.

Symptoms of a Leydig cell tumor may include:

* A painless testicular or ovarian mass
* Gynecomastia (enlargement of breast tissue in men) due to increased estrogen production
* Early puberty in children
* Decreased libido and erectile dysfunction in men
* Irregular menstrual cycles in women

Diagnosis is usually made through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of a Leydig cell tumor. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, and additional therapies such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended for malignant tumors. Regular follow-up is necessary to monitor for recurrence.

Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body and their presence can indicate the presence of certain types of cancer or other conditions. Biological tumor markers refer to those substances that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer or certain benign (non-cancerous) conditions. These markers can be found in various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or tissue samples.

Examples of biological tumor markers include:

1. Proteins: Some tumor markers are proteins that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to the presence of cancer. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells and in higher amounts by prostate cancer cells.
2. Genetic material: Tumor markers can also include genetic material such as DNA, RNA, or microRNA that are shed by cancer cells into bodily fluids. For example, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is genetic material from cancer cells that can be found in the bloodstream.
3. Metabolites: Tumor markers can also include metabolic products produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is released into the bloodstream when cancer cells break down glucose for energy.

It's important to note that tumor markers are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions as well. Therefore, they should not be used alone to diagnose cancer but rather as a tool in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations.

There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.

It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.

Forkhead transcription factors (FOX) are a family of proteins that play crucial roles in the regulation of gene expression through the process of binding to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. These proteins are characterized by a conserved DNA-binding domain, known as the forkhead box or FOX domain, which adopts a winged helix structure that recognizes and binds to the consensus sequence 5'-(G/A)(T/C)AA(C/A)A-3'.

The FOX family is further divided into subfamilies based on the structure of their DNA-binding domains, with each subfamily having distinct functions. For example, FOXP proteins are involved in brain development and function, while FOXO proteins play a key role in regulating cellular responses to stress and metabolism. Dysregulation of forkhead transcription factors has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Luteinization is the process in which a structure called the granulosa cell in the ovary transforms into a luteal cell after ovulation, or the release of an egg from the ovary. This transformation is triggered by the LH (luteinizing hormone) surge that occurs just before ovulation.

The luteal cells then begin to produce and secrete progesterone and estrogen, which are important hormones for preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining early pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum (the structure formed by the luteinized granulosa cells) will degenerate and progesterone levels will decrease, leading to menstruation.

Luteinization can also refer to a similar process that occurs in the testes, where Sertoli cells transform into Leydig cells in response to LH stimulation, leading to the production of testosterone.

A germinoma is a type of tumor that develops in the brain or the spine, primarily in the pituitary gland or pineal gland. It is a rare form of primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer and is classified as a type of germ cell tumor. These tumors arise from cells that normally develop into sperm or eggs, which can migrate to unusual locations during embryonic development.

Germinomas are highly sensitive to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, making them generally treatable and curable with appropriate medical intervention. Symptoms of a germinoma may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, hormonal imbalances, and neurological deficits, depending on the location and size of the tumor. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies like MRI or CT scans, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of malignant cells.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Keratin-7 is not a medical term itself, but it is a specific type of keratin protein that is often used in pathology as a marker for certain types of carcinomas. Keratins are a family of fibrous proteins that make up the structural framework of epithelial cells, which line the surfaces and glands of the body.

Keratin-7 is typically expressed in simple epithelia, such as those found in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, bile ducts, and respiratory and genitourinary tracts. It can be used as a marker to help identify carcinomas that arise from these tissues, such as adenocarcinomas of the pancreas or biliary system.

In medical terminology, keratin-7 positivity is often reported in the pathology report of a biopsy or surgical specimen to indicate the presence of this protein in cancer cells. This information can be helpful in determining the origin and behavior of the tumor, as well as guiding treatment decisions.

Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that is produced during pregnancy. It is produced by the placenta after implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus. The main function of hCG is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum, which is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation and produces progesterone during early pregnancy. Progesterone is essential for maintaining the lining of the uterus and supporting the pregnancy.

hCG can be detected in the blood or urine as early as 10 days after conception, and its levels continue to rise throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. In addition to its role in maintaining pregnancy, hCG is also used as a clinical marker for pregnancy and to monitor certain medical conditions such as gestational trophoblastic diseases.

Follicular fluid is the fluid that accumulates within the follicle (a small sac or cyst) in the ovary where an egg matures. This fluid contains various chemicals, hormones, and proteins that support the growth and development of the egg cell. It also contains metabolic waste products and other substances from the granulosa cells (the cells that surround the egg cell within the follicle). Follicular fluid is often analyzed in fertility treatments and studies as it can provide valuable information about the health and viability of the egg cell.

Ovulation is the medical term for the release of a mature egg from an ovary during a woman's menstrual cycle. The released egg travels through the fallopian tube where it may be fertilized by sperm if sexual intercourse has occurred recently. If the egg is not fertilized, it will break down and leave the body along with the uterine lining during menstruation. Ovulation typically occurs around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle, but the timing can vary widely from woman to woman and even from cycle to cycle in the same woman.

During ovulation, there are several physical changes that may occur in a woman's body, such as an increase in basal body temperature, changes in cervical mucus, and mild cramping or discomfort on one side of the lower abdomen (known as mittelschmerz). These symptoms can be used to help predict ovulation and improve the chances of conception.

It's worth noting that some medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or premature ovarian failure, may affect ovulation and make it difficult for a woman to become pregnant. In these cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote ovulation and increase the chances of conception.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

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"Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info. ... Included in the follicles are the cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa (and the granulosa cells inside it), corona radiata, ... "Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 1980-01-01. Retrieved 2017-12-01. Seiden, Michael (2015). " ... They are surrounded by granulosa cells that have changed from flat to cuboidal and proliferated to produce a stratified ...
The granulosa cells are usually arranged haphazardly around the space. They are pathognomonic for granulosa cell tumors. ... Histologically, these tumors consists of monotonous islands of granulosa cells with "coffee-bean" nuclei. That same nuclear ... granulosa cells and have relations to the formation of liquor folliculi which are seen among closely arranged granulosa cells. ... an epithelial-stromal ovarian tumor distinguishable by nests of transitional epithelial cells (urothelial) with longitudinal ...
For diagnosis of granulosa cell tumour, inhibin is under investigation.[citation needed] Granulosa cell tumors and Sertoli- ... Granulosa cell tumour. This tumour produces granulosa cells, which normally are found in the ovary. It is malignant in 20% of ... Sertoli cell tumour. This tumour produces Sertoli cells, which normally are found in the testicle. This tumour occurs in both ... Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour. This tumour produces both Sertoli and Leydig cells. Although both cell types normally occur in the ...
Granulosa cell tumors may be associated as well.[citation needed] The cause of Goldenhar syndrome is largely unknown. However, ... These tissues that grow on the eye are "mis-programmed" cells (sometimes tooth or nail cells instead of eye cells).[citation ... Stem cell grafting (womb tissue grafting) has been successfully used to "reprogram" eye dermoids, effectively halting the ... Syndromes with tumors, Syndromes with musculoskeletal abnormalities, Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities). ...
Granulosa cell tumors, while rare (less than 5% of ovarian cancers), may both granulosa cells and theca cells. Thecomas are ... Theca cells and granulosa cells together form the stroma of the ovary. Theca cells are responsible for synthesizing androgens, ... Theca cells (along with granulosa cells) form the corpus luteum during oocyte maturation. Theca cells are only correlated with ... granulosa cells proliferate to form the multilayered membrana granulosum. Over a period of months, the granulosa cells and ...
In addition, serum levels of inhibin have been shown to reflect the size of granulosa-cell tumors and can therefore be used as ... 1989). "Inhibin as a marker for granulosa-cell tumors". N. Engl. J. Med. 321 (12): 790-3. doi:10.1056/NEJM198909213211204. PMID ... Inhibin has been shown to regulate gonadal stromal cell proliferation negatively and to have tumour-suppressor activity. ... expression of the inhibin alpha-subunit gene was suppressed and was not detectable in poorly differentiated tumor cells. ...
"Ovary tumor - Sex cord stromal tumors - Granulosa cell tumor - adult". Pathology Outlines. Topic Completed: 1 December 2012. ... Ovarian tumors, or ovarian neoplasms, are tumors arising from the ovary. They can be benign or malignant (ovarian cancer). They ... Ovarian tumors are classified according to the histology of the tumor, obtained in a pathology report. Histology dictates many ... The most common forms are: Mixed tumors contain elements of more than one of the above classes of tumor histology. An 1882 ...
... is typically found in adult granulosa cell tumors but not in other ovarian cancers nor in juvenile granulosa cell tumors. In ... "Impact of FOXL2 mutations on signaling in ovarian granulosa cell tumors". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell ... In a knockout study in mice, the granulosa cells of the ovaries failed to undergo the squamous-to-cuboidal transition, which ... In postnatal ovaries FOXL2 regulates granulosa cell differentiation and supports the growth of the pre-ovulatory follicles ...
Juvenile granulosa cell tumour has also been associated with the disease. One case study indicates that this is due a ... Gell, J.S.; Stannard, M.W.; Ramnani, D.M.; Bradshaw, K.D. (August 1998). "Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor in a 13-Year-Old Girl ... "R132C IDH1 Mutations Are Found in Spindle Cell Hemangiomas and Not in Other Vascular Tumors or Malformations". The American ... The most common locations of tumors are in the pelvis and shoulder girdle. While chondrosarcoma is the most common form of a ...
... in diagnosing such tumors. AMH is also useful in diagnosing recurrence of granulosa cell tumors. In veterinary medicine, AMH ... Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary secrete AMH, and AMH testing has a sensitivity ranging between 76 and 93% ... includes programmed cell death (apoptosis) of the target tissue (the fetal Müllerian ducts). AMH is produced by granulosa cells ... AMH is also a product of granulosa cells of the preantral and small antral follicles in women. As such, AMH is only present in ...
Specifically, ovarian granulosa cell tumors and thecomas are tumors associated with endometrial cancer. Low immune function has ... The buildup of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. These abnormal cancer cells have many genetic ... They have a worse prognosis than grade III tumors. Histologically, these tumors show sheets of identical epithelial cells with ... Usually, when cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. Cancer starts when new cells form ...
December 2015). "Molecular analyses of juvenile granulosa cell tumors bearing AKT1 mutations provide insights into tumor ... The activation of Akt is also one of the most frequent alterations observed in human cancer and tumor cells. Tumor cells that ... Two studies show that Akt1 is involved in Juvenile Granulosa Cell tumors (JGCT). In-frame duplications in the pleckstrin- ... May 2015). "A Hot-spot of In-frame Duplications Activates the Oncoprotein AKT1 in Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumors". eBioMedicine ...
Ovarian tumors including Brenner tumors, adult granulosa cell tumors, and transitional cell tumors. Breast carcinomas Vaginal, ... papillary renal cell carcinoma, papillary endometrioid carcinoma of the prostate, in thymic carcinomas, and in non-epithelial ... cervical and/or endometrial neoplasms Papillary neoplasms of several organs: papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the ... tumors. Batistatou, Anna; Scopa, Chrisoula D. (2008). "Review Articles: Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Significance of Nuclear ...
However, in human granulosa-like tumor cell line (KGN), treatment with FSH increased BMPR2 expression. At least 70 disease- ... BMPR2 is expressed on both human and animal granulosa cells, and is a crucial receptor for bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15 ... BMPs are involved in a host of cellular functions including osteogenesis, cell growth and cell differentiation. Signaling in ... 15 on granulosa cell function is modulated primarily through BMP receptor II". Endocrinology. 149 (3): 1026-30. doi:10.1210/en. ...
With germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors are the most common ovarian cancer diagnosed in women under 20. Granulosa cell ... Germ cell tumors of the ovary develop from the ovarian germ cells. Germ cell tumor accounts for about 30% of ovarian tumors, ... Both develop in the ovarian follicle from a population of cells that surrounds germinal cells. Adult granulosa cell tumors are ... The ovary is made up of three different cell types including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. When these cells ...
Presence of an ovarian tumour plus hormonal disturbances suggests a Leydig cell tumour, granulosa cell tumour or thecoma. ... A Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour is a combination of a Leydig cell tumour and a Sertoli cell tumour from Sertoli cells. The ... Leydig cell tumour, also Leydig cell tumor (US spelling), (testicular) interstitial cell tumour and (testicular) interstitial ... High magnification micrograph of a Leydig cell tumour. H&E stain. Typical gross pathology of a Leydig cell tumor (in this case ...
"Evidence of a role for the INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in ovarian granulosa cell tumors". Genes ... thus function as a cell growth regulator that controls cell cycle G1 progression. Ectopic expression of this gene was shown to ... Li J, Byeon IJ, Ericson K, Poi MJ, O'Maille P, Selby T, Tsai MD (1999). "Tumor suppressor INK4: determination of the solution ... Serrano M, Hannon GJ, Beach D (1993). "A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/ ...
2015). "Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits ovulation and induces granulosa cell death in rat ovaries". Reproductive Medicine ... Fas antigen, a cell surface receptor protein, that is expressed on granulosa cells, mediates signals that induce apoptosis by ... Oocytes are immature eggs and are surrounded by granulosa cells and internal and external theca cells. Oocytes are then able to ... Antral follicular atresia is characterized by the apoptosis of granulosa cells within the antral layers of the granulosa ...
2002). "Evidence of a role for the INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in ovarian granulosa cell tumors". Genes ... thus function as a cell growth regulator that controls cell cycle G1 progression. The abundance of the transcript of this gene ... Cell. Biol. 15 (5): 2672-81. doi:10.1128/MCB.15.5.2672. PMC 230497. PMID 7739547. Chan FK, Zhang J, Cheng L, et al. (1995). " ... Cell. Biol. 15 (5): 2682-8. doi:10.1128/MCB.15.5.2682. PMC 230498. PMID 7739548. Guan KL, Jenkins CW, Li Y, et al. (1996). " ...
Deletions in the genes coding for SMAD1 and SMAD5 have also been linked to metastasic granulosa cell tumors in mice. SMAD4, is ... The important number of cell divisions leads to the forming of tumors and then to multiploid colorectal cancer and pancreatic ... ovarian conditional knockout mice develop a disease profile similar to the juvenile form of human granulosa cell tumors". ... If the SMAD 4 mutation is acquired, it will only exist in certain somatic cells. Indeed, SMAD 4 is not synthesized by all cells ...
... a pathognomonic feature of granulosa cell tumors. These tumors are associated with ovarian cancers. Call received her MD from ... eosinophilic follicles present in ovarian tumors - that would later be named after the two of them. This would be Call's only ...
... granulosa cell tumour) and certain formulations of estrogen replacement therapy. Endometrial hyperplasia with atypia is a ... changes in gland cells, including cell stratification, tufting, loss of nuclear polarity, enlarged nuclei, and an increase in ... A workup for endometrial disease may be prompted by abnormal uterine bleeding, or the presence of atypical glandular cells on a ... These changes are similar to those seen in true cancer cells, but atypical hyperplasia does not show invasion into the ...
It is found on the cell surface of Ewing's sarcoma tumors and is positive in granulosa cell tumors. It is more expressed in ... "Molecular mechanisms of CD99-induced caspase-independent cell death and cell-cell adhesion in Ewing's sarcoma cells: actin and ... When CD99 expression is knocked down in human cells with Ewing's sarcoma and those cells are grafted onto mice, tumor and bone ... resulted in those cells redifferentiating towards B cells. Consequently, the loss of B-cell differentiation in Hodgkin's ...
... tumour Ovulation Membrana granulosa List of human cell types derived from the germ layers List of distinct cell ... A granulosa cell or follicular cell is a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female ... Cell culture of granulosa cells can be performed in vitro. Plating density (number of cells per volume of culture medium) plays ... Cumulus Cells (CC) vs Mural Granulosa Cells (MGC) Cumulus cells surround the oocyte. They provide nutrients to the oocyte and ...
... brenner tumor MeSH C13.371.056.630.705.331 - carcinoma, endometrioid MeSH C13.371.056.630.705.398 - granulosa cell tumor MeSH ... granulosa cell tumor MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.685.464 - luteoma MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.685.531 - meigs syndrome MeSH C13.371. ... renal cell MeSH C13.371.820.800.820.535.585 - wilms tumor MeSH C13.371.820.800.820.535.585.220 - denys-drash syndrome MeSH ... sertoli-leydig cell tumor MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.685.765 - thecoma MeSH C13.371.820.800.418.875 - uterine neoplasms MeSH ...
... the ovarian granulosa cell tumour, with the fluid-filled spaces Call-Exner bodies between the granulosa cells. Transitional ... The term "Brenner tumour" was first used by Robert Meyer, in 1932. Micrograph of a Walthard cell nest, the entity Brenner ... Histologically, Leydig cell tumours of the testes and ovarian stromal Leydig cell tumours (ovarian hyperandrogenism and ... cell carcinoma is an even rarer entity, in which neoplastic transitional epithelial cells similar to transitional cell ...
... brenner tumor MeSH C19.391.630.705.331 - carcinoma, endometrioid MeSH C19.391.630.705.398 - granulosa cell tumor MeSH C19.391. ... granulosa cell tumor MeSH C19.344.410.464 - luteoma MeSH C19.344.410.531 - meigs syndrome MeSH C19.344.410.648 - sertoli-leydig ... cell tumor MeSH C19.344.410.765 - thecoma MeSH C19.344.421.249 - adenoma, islet cell MeSH C19.344.421.249.500 - insulinoma MeSH ... sertoli-leydig cell tumor MeSH C19.344.894.800 - thyroid nodule MeSH C19.391.482.293 - eunuchism MeSH C19.391.482.600 - ...
... may refer to: Germ cell tumor Giant-cell tumor of bone Glucose challenge test Granulosa cell tumor Gauge Change Train, a ...
... the ovarian granulosa cell tumor, with the fluid-filled spaces Call-Exner bodies between the granulosa cells. They are large ... "Ovarian stromal tumors containing lutein or Leydig cells (luteinized thecomas and stromal Leydig cell tumors)--a ... Some of the tumors were classified as luteinized thecomas because the steroid cells resembled lutein cells and lacked ... Others were classified as stromal Leydig cell tumors as seen in tumors of the testes because Reinke crystalloids were ...
Juvenile granulosa cell tumors can be distinguished from adult granulosa cell tumors on histology by their abundant, ... Juvenile granulosa cell tumour is a similar but histologically distinct rare tumour. It too occurs in both the ovary and testis ... Granulosa cell tumours are tumours that arise from granulosa cells. They are estrogen secreting tumours and present as large, ... Although granulosa cells normally occur only in the ovary, granulosa cell tumours occur in both ovaries and testicles (see ...
... with epithelial cell tumors (>70%) comprising the largest group of tumors. Germ cell tumors occur less frequently (20%), while ... sex cord-stromal tumors make up the smallest proportion, accounting for approximately 8% of all ovarian neoplasms. ... Granulosa-theca cell tumors, also known as granulosa cell tumors (GCTs), represent about 2% of all ovarian tumors. GCTs can be ... Granulosa-theca cell tumors, more commonly known as granulosa cell tumors (GCTs), belong to the sex cord-stromal category and ...
Patients with tamoxifen-induced liver dysfunction may be at increased risk for granulosa cell tumors because of alterations in ... Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary associated with antecedent tamoxifen use Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Oct;84(4 Pt 2):717-9. ... After an additional 17 months of elevated serum transaminases, the patient was found to have a stage Ic granulosa cell tumor of ... Conclusion: Patients with tamoxifen-induced liver dysfunction may be at increased risk for granulosa cell tumors because of ...
Fine needle aspiration cytology of an ovarian luteinized follicular cyst mimicking a granulosa cell tumor. A case report.. * ... Fine needle aspiration cytology of an ovarian luteinized follicular cyst mimicking a granulosa cell tumor. A case report.}}, ...
Objective: the prognosis of granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) is overall favorable, but a proportion of patients will experience ...
The pathology report came back as a Spindle Cell fibrothecoma... ... been diagnosed with lutenized sex cord stromal malignant tumor ... Diagnosed granulosa cell tumor 2012. All cancer was removed. Cancer recurred in 2019. Had the cancer removed. Did 5 rounds of ... Diagnosed granulosa cell tumor 2012. All cancer was removed. Cancer recurred in 2019. Had the cancer removed. Did 5 rounds of ... A CT scan showed a tumor in my pelvis. Had it removed in 2017, it was the size of a grapefruit, and it was peeled off my colon ...
CONCLUSIONS:Prognosis of granulosa cell tumors (GCT) largely depends on its initial size, stage at diagnosis, residual tumors ... allowing for early detection of the tumor. CASE REPORT:We present the case of a 12-year-old girl who presented to her primary ... are a rare subtype of sex cord stromal tumor with a characteristic histology that is commonly found in the first 3 decades of ... A 12-Year-Old Girl with Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor of the Ovary, Presenting with Adolescent Hyperprolactinemia, Galactorrhea ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Dgranulosa-Theca Cell Tumors equine ovarian tumor GTCT Mare Ovarian Tumor The Hormonal Mare - Granulosa Cell Tumors of the ... Granulosa-Theca Cell tumors are one of the most common types of tumors identified in the equine reproductive tract. They ... Diagnosis of Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumors (GTCT) requires bloodwork. Inhibin is a hormone produced by the diseased ovary and is ... GTCT usually only affect one ovary, although bilateral tumors are possible. These tumors are specific to the ovarian tissue and ...
... profile, educations, ... Overactivation of TGFB signaling results in the development of testicular tumors resembling granulosa cell tumors (GrCTs). WHAT ... The effect of constitutively active TGFBR1 on testis development and the timeline of testicular tumor formation were examined. ... We further investigated the molecular features of testicular tumors and determined the expression of beta-catenin (CTNNB1) ...
... were spreading the word about granulosa cell tumors and thecoma. ... What Are Granulosa Cell Tumors?. A granulosa cell tumor (GCT) ... Rare Gynecological Cancers: Granulosa Cell Tumors and ThecomaAugust 30, 2023 - 12:21 pm ... These tumors tend to be slow-growing and can develop at any age, including during childhood, but the average age for diagnosis ... GCTs are uncommon, accounting for just 5% of all ovarian tumors.. While GCTs are typically cancerous, theyre often detected ...
Effect of tumor necrosis factor a on steroidogenesis in cultured human ovarian granulosa cells. Putowski, Lechosław T. (1959 ... Effect of tumor necrosis factor a on steroidogenesis in cultured human ovarian granulosa cells ...
Tumor susceptibility is an inherited, polygenic trait in SWR females, minimally involving an oncogenic Granulosa cell tumor ... or phenotype switching between GC tumor-susceptible and GC tumor-resistant, is strongly influenced by the allelic contributions ... In addition to the allele-specific effects, GC tumor susceptibility is controlled by the mode of X-linked transmission with a ... We report the low GC tumor penetrance allele of the SWR strain correlates with significantly reduced Ar transcript levels in ...
Acute abdomen; juvenile granulosa cell tumor; laparotomy; ovarian cyst torsion; ovarian granulosa cell tumor ... Giant juvenile granulosa cell tumor torsion: a case report. Zhang, Ruirui; Zhao, Ruiheng; Shen, Qian. *Zhang R; Department of ... This report describes a 17-year-old patient with ovarian granulosa cell tumor torsion, which is rare. The patient presented ... Giant juvenile granulosa cell tumor torsion: a case report. ... pathology report indicated juvenile granulosa cell tumor. The ...
Rapidly Growing Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumor Following Complete Debulking for Suspected Ovarian Cancer with Histopathology ... Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2019; 3(2): 95-9, CrossRef.. Seagle BLL, Ann P, Butler S, Shahabi S. Ovarian granulosa cell tumor: A ... Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: Tumor review. Integr Cancer Ther. 2008; 7(3): 204-15, CrossRef. ... Ovarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is a rare low-grade malignancy condition. One type of GCT is adult GCT (AGCT), which has the ...
Methods Data from 140 patients with a diagnosis of adult-type granulosa cell tumor of the ovary referred to the European ... Conclusions Our results confirmed that inhibin B is a sensitive and specific marker for adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ... Introduction Several biomarkers have been proposed for the detection of recurrences in adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ... Role of inhibin B in detecting recurrence of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary in postmenopausal patients ...
Tumor Inducing Agent(s). None (spontaneous). Tumor Synonym. malignant ovarian granulosa cell tumor (malignant granulosa cell ... Ovary - Granulosa cell. Female. 4.7%. (3 of 64 mice) 10 weeks. * Notes. Reproductive Status: reproductive status not specified ... Ovary - Granulosa cell. Female. 6.6%. (5 of 76 mice) 10 weeks. * Notes. Reproductive Status: reproductive status not specified ... Ovary - Granulosa cell tumor. Strain. SWXJ9/BmJ. ... Model DetailsOvary - Granulosa cell tumor. Model Name. ...
Tumor Synonym. ovary granulosa cell tumor. Strain Synonyms. DBA • DBA2/J • D/2 • dba-2 • subline 212 • D2 • DBA2 • DBA/2J, H-2d ... Model DetailsOvary - Granulosa cell tumor - granulosa cell. Model Name. Ovary - Granulosa cell tumor - granulosa cell. ...
Expression and Regulation of Fas Antigen and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type I in Hen Granulosa Cells. Author: J.T. ... Gonadotropin and Steroid Control of Granulosa Cell Proliferation During the Periovulatory Interval in Rhesus Monkeys. Author: ... In Vitro Production of Haploid Germ Cells from Fresh or Frozen-Thawed Testicular Cells of Neonatal Bulls. Author: Dong Ryul Lee ... Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Preovulatory Follicles of Swine. Author: Janine Prange-Kiel, Claudia Kreutzkamm, Uwe ...
El-Sheikh Ali H, Kitahara G, Nibe K, et al. Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone as a biomarker for bovine granulosa-theca cell tumors ... El-Sheikh Ali H, Kitahara G, Nibe K, et al. Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone as a biomarker for bovine granulosa-theca cell tumors ... Enlarged ovary due to granulosa theca cell tumor. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;247(2):153-155. ... Enlarged ovary due to granulosa theca cell tumor. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015;247(2):153-155. ...
Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor as the Presenting Feature of McCune-Albright Syndrome. J Endocr Soc. 2021 Sep 01; 5(9):bvab098. ... Outcomes of adolescent males with extracranial metastatic germ cell tumors: A report from the Malignant Germ Cell Tumor ... a-Fetoprotein as a predictor of outcome for children with germ cell tumors: A report from the Malignant Germ Cell International ... Application of the adult international germ cell classification system to pediatric malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors ...
Ovary: benign granulosa cell tumor (0/46, 0/47, 5/46, 3/45); benign or malignant granulosa cell tumor (0/46, 0/47, 6/46, 3/45) ... Ovary: benign granulosa cell tumor (0/48, 0/46, 2/46, 3/39); malignant granulosa cell tumor (0/48, 0/46, 0/46, 3/39); benign or ... The incidences of granulosa cell tumor (benign or malignant) of the ovary were significantly higher in females exposed to 90 ... granulosa cell tumor were significantly increased in females exposed to 30 ppm urethane and 5% ethanol. The incidences of ...
Clinical Relevance-Granulosa cell tumors are uncommon in reptiles, and this was the first granulosa cell tumor described ... The histologic diagnosis was granulosa cell tumor with metastasis to the fat body. The patient died 11 months after evaluation ... Incomplete ovariosalpingectomy and subsequent malignant granulosa cell tumor in a female green iguana (Iguana iguana) ... and disseminated granulosa cell tumor was confirmed at necropsy; histologic examination at that time also identified systemic ...
RENIN-SECRETING OVARIAN ADULT GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR IN A PATIENT WITH NEW-ONSET HYPERTENSION AND HYPOKALEMIA. AACE Clin Case Rep ...
Patients continue to be enrolled in a Phase 2 trial evaluating nirogacestat in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. ... B-cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) Combinations in Multiple Myeloma. *SpringWorks continues to advance nirogacestat as a ... We delivered highly positive data from our Phase 3 DeFi trial of nirogacestat in desmoid tumors, which served as the basis for ... NDA for Nirogacestat in Adults with Desmoid Tumors Accepted by the FDA and Granted Priority Review; PDUFA Action Date Set for ...
A Report of a Rare Case of an Advanced Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor Initially Diagnosed as Primary Ovarian Melanoma. Chacha R, ... Multidrug-resistant phenotype of disease-oriented panels of human tumor cell lines used for anticancer drug screening. Wu L, ... in human breast cancer and the biological impact of BRMS-1 on the migration of breast cancer cells. Zhang Y, Ye L, Tan Y, Sun P ...
presence of ovarian granulosa cell tumor (0=normal 1=tumor) [designation] GC-tumor 16301 QTL population. f. 8wks. N=162 ... Dorward1: Ovarian granulosa cell tumors in F2 progeny from the CAST/EiJ x SWXJ9/BmJ intercross (2005) Dorward AM, Shultz KL, ... of the SWXJ9/BmJ recombinant inbred strain and CAST/EiJ was generated to identify QTLs affecting ovarian granulosa cell tumors ... Distal Chr 4 harbors a genetic locus (Gct1) fundamental for spontaneous ovarian granulosa cell tumorigenesis in a mouse model. ...
In the near future, his work could be the basis for a clinical trial of a new treatment for granulosa cell tumour (GCT). ... In 2004, she founded the Granulosa Cell Tumour Research Foundation (GCTRF) and gathered an online community of women facing a ... Crosley has also worked with Hitt to modify a virus that could potentially "trick" GCT cells to produce TRAIL on their own, ... in cancer cells, but has since proven unstable and prone to resistance. ...
juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis. *fibroma-thecoma cell tumor of the testis ... sex cord / stromal tumors of the testis *Leydig cell tumor of the testis ... Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the uterusMalignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the uterus ... Most tumors (~80%) present as stage I disease. Endometrial cancer is one of the (less common) causes of cannonball metastases ...
  • Although granulosa cells normally occur only in the ovary, granulosa cell tumours occur in both ovaries and testicles (see ovarian cancer and testicular cancer). (wikipedia.org)
  • Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. (wikipedia.org)
  • No means of preventing sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary are known. (medscape.com)
  • After an additional 17 months of elevated serum transaminases, the patient was found to have a stage Ic granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. (nih.gov)
  • Granulosa cell tumors(GCTs) arising outside the ovary are extremely rare. (researchsquare.com)
  • These tumors may also result in poor performance either due to behavioral issues or discomfort resulting from an enlarged ovary. (mvsequine.com)
  • GTCT usually only affect one ovary, although bilateral tumors are possible. (mvsequine.com)
  • A granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is a type of mass that develops in your ovary. (avantgynecology.com)
  • Clinicopathologic characteristics of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: a multicenter retrospective study. (ijrcog.org)
  • Kottarathil VD, Antony MA, Nair IR, Pavithran K. Recent advances in granulosa cell tumor ovary: a review. (ijrcog.org)
  • Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: a clinicopathological analysis of 125 cases. (ijrcog.org)
  • Malmström H, Högberg T, Risberg B, Simonsen E Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: Prognostic factors and outcome. (ijrcog.org)
  • We report the low GC tumor penetrance allele of the SWR strain correlates with significantly reduced Ar transcript levels in the female ovary at the pubertal transition. (jax.org)
  • Li X, Tian B, Liu M, Miao C, Wang D. Adult-type granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Prognostic factors for recurrence in early stage adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Is the endometrial evaluation routinely required in patients with adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary? (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: 10 years follow-up data of 65 patients. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Long-term follow-up is crucial after treatment for granulosa cell tumours of the ovary. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Vani BR, Geethamala K, Geetha RL, Srinivasa MV. Granulosa cell tumor of ovary: A clinicopathological study of four cases with brief review of literature. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Clinical characteristics and oncological outcomes of recurrent adult granulosa cell tumor of ovary: A retrospective study of seventy patients. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: A retrospective study of 36 FIGO stage I cases with emphasis on prognostic pathohistological features. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Zhao D, Zhang Y, Ou Z, Zhang R, Zheng S, Li B. Characteristics and treatment results of recurrence in adult-type granulosa cell tumor of ovary. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Introduction Several biomarkers have been proposed for the detection of recurrences in adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. (bmj.com)
  • Methods Data from 140 patients with a diagnosis of adult-type granulosa cell tumor of the ovary referred to the European Institute of Oncology of Milan from January 1996 to March 2016 were retrospectively collected. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Our results confirmed that inhibin B is a sensitive and specific marker for adult-type granulosa cell tumors of the ovary that may be used during follow-up for detection of recurrences. (bmj.com)
  • 4 Fox H, Langly F A. A clinicopathological study of 92 cases of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary with special reference to factors influencing prognosis. (thieme-connect.de)
  • 9 Segal R, De Petrillo A D, Thomas G. Clinical review of adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. (thieme-connect.de)
  • GCTs account for about 1 in 5 tumors in the ovary. (proprofs.com)
  • Mature teratomas (aka dermoid cysts) are germ cell tumors of the ovary that are both common and benign. (proprofs.com)
  • UTROSCT lacks FOXL2 and DICER1 mutations, which are found in granulosa cell tumors and Sertoli Leydig cell tumors of the ovary, respectively. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • The term "ovarian cancer" is often used to describe cancers that begin in the cells in the ovary, fallopian tube, or peritoneum. (cancer.net)
  • Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of the ovary belong to the group of ovarian sex-cord stromal tumors and represent 5 to 10% of ovarian malignancies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stromal tumors of the ovary include germ-cell tumors, sex-cord stromal tumors, and other more rare types. (medscape.com)
  • A current perspective on the pathological assessment of FOXL2 in adult-type granulosa cell tumours of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • The prevalence and prognostic impact of lymph node metastasis in malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Prognostic impact of lymphadenectomy in clinically early stage malignant germ cell tumour of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Psyrri A. Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Retroperitoneal nodal metastasis in primary and recurrent granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Ayhan A, Salman MC, Velipasaoglu M, Sakinci M, Yuce K. Prognostic factors in adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: a retrospective analysis of 80 cases. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Patterns of metastasis in sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary: can routine staging lymphadenectomy be omitted? (cancercentrum.se)
  • Surgical staging and adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of patients with adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Patterns of spread and recurrence of sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • In this form of cancer, certain cells in the ovary become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor . (medlineplus.gov)
  • These cancers can arise in the epithelial cells on the surface of the ovary. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, researchers suggest that many or even most ovarian cancers begin in epithelial cells on the fringes (fimbriae) at the end of one of the fallopian tubes, and the cancerous cells migrate to the ovary. (medlineplus.gov)
  • in these cases the associated genetic changes are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells in the ovary. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Estradiol is produced primarily in the ovary (follicle, corpus luteum), but small quantities are also formed in the testes and in the adrenal cortex, as well as in fat cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Germ cell tumors occur less frequently (20%), while sex cord-stromal tumors make up the smallest proportion, accounting for approximately 8% of all ovarian neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Granulosa-theca cell tumors, more commonly known as granulosa cell tumors (GCTs), belong to the sex cord-stromal category and include tumors composed of granulosa cells, theca cells, and fibroblasts in varying degrees and combinations. (medscape.com)
  • Two theories exist to explain the etiology of sex cord-stromal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • I have been diagnosed with lutenized sex cord stromal malignant tumor. (medhelp.org)
  • He sent the slides to John Hopkins and it came back as a lutenized sex cord stromal malignant tumor. (medhelp.org)
  • Lymph nodes were clear but the lung nodules were a metastasis of the pelvic sex cord stromal tumors. (medhelp.org)
  • STUDY QUESTION: What is the role of dysregulated transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling in the development of sex cord-stromal tumors in the testis? (tamu.edu)
  • Granulosa cell tumor, a sex cord stromal estrogen secreting tumor presents with vaginal bleeding and is seen in all ages. (ijrcog.org)
  • IV: The sex cord stromal tumors. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Granulosa-theca cell tumors, also known as granulosa cell tumors (GCTs), represent about 2% of all ovarian tumors. (medscape.com)
  • GCTs account for approximately 2% of all ovarian tumors and can be divided into adult (95%) and juvenile (5%) types based on histologic findings. (medscape.com)
  • Objective: the prognosis of granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) is overall favorable, but a proportion of patients will experience recurrence. (unifesp.br)
  • GCTs are uncommon, accounting for just 5% of all ovarian tumors. (avantgynecology.com)
  • Other GCTs include the dysgerminoma and yolk sac tumor. (proprofs.com)
  • Mayr D, Hirschmann A, Marlow S, Horvath C, Diebold J. Analysis of selected oncogenes (AKT1, FOS, BCL2L2, TGFbeta) on chromosome 14 in granulosa cell tumors (GCTs): a comprehensive study on 30 GCTs combining comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). (cancercentrum.se)
  • CpG methylation of the FHIT, FANCF, cyclin-D2, BRCA2 and RUNX3 genes in Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of ovarian origin. (cancercentrum.se)
  • In clinical practice, she concentrates on germ cell tumors, while her epidemiologic research primarily focuses on colorectal cancer screening and prevention. (dana-farber.org)
  • and (3) treatment of germ cell tumors in pediatric patients. (dana-farber.org)
  • In clinical care, Dr. Frazier is the national expert on germ cell tumors in pediatric patients and oversees the care of these patients referred to DFCI. (dana-farber.org)
  • In addition, she is cochair of two national protocols that opened in 1999 for the treatment of low-risk and high-risk pediatric germ cell tumors and chair of the COG Germ Cell subcommittee in COG Rare Tumors. (dana-farber.org)
  • They contain eggs, also called germ cells. (cancer.net)
  • Pauniaho SL, Salonen J, Helminen M, Vettenranta K, Heikinheimo M, Heikinheimo O. The incidences of malignant gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in males and females: a population-based study covering over 40 years in Finland. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Conservative surgery to preserve ovarian function in patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. (cancercentrum.se)
  • In about 10 percent of cases, ovarian cancer develops not in epithelial cells but in germ cells, which are precursors to egg cells, or in hormone-producing ovarian cells called granulosa cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Evaluation of prevalence and outcomes of serial tyrosine kinase inhibitor use in pediatric patients with advanced solid tumors. (dana-farber.org)
  • The Phase 1 trial evaluating BGB-3245, a selective RAF dimer inhibitor, as a monotherapy in adult patients with RAF mutant solid tumors is advancing into cohort expansion studies. (biospace.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid tumors of childhood, arising from immature sympathetic nervous system cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We reported a rare case of granulosa cell tumor in a postmenopausal woman undergoing staging laparotomy with total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy for malignant ovarian tumor, which was complicated by torsion, rupture and hemorrhagic ascitis. (ijrcog.org)
  • A novel mouse model of testicular granulosa cell tumors. (tamu.edu)
  • In the near future, his work could be the basis for a clinical trial of a new treatment for granulosa cell tumour (GCT). (ualberta.ca)
  • Theca cell tumors almost always are benign and carry an excellent prognosis. (medscape.com)
  • Granulosa-Theca Cell tumors are one of the most common types of tumors identified in the equine reproductive tract. (mvsequine.com)
  • Diagnosis of Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumors (GTCT) requires bloodwork. (mvsequine.com)
  • El-Sheikh Ali H , Kitahara G , Nibe K , Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone as a biomarker for bovine granulosa-theca cell tumors: comparison with immunoreactive inhibin and ovarian steroid concentrations . (avma.org)
  • 3 Evans A T, Gaffey T A, Malkasian G D, Annegers J F. Clinicopathological review of 118 granulosa and 82 theca cell tumors. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Bjorkholm E, Silfversward C. Granulosa- and theca-cell tumors. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Granulosa cell tumours are tumours that arise from granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • These tumours are part of the sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour or non-epithelial group of tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • these tumours tend to have late recurrences (even after 30 years) Using next generation DNA sequencing, 97% of adult granulosa cell tumours were found to contain an identical mutation in the FOXL2 gene [1]. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is believed that this mutation may be the cause of granulosa cell tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Two recent studies show that the enzyme AKT1 is involved in juvenile granulosa cell tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • In-frame duplications in the pleckstrin-homology domain of the protein were found in more than 60% of juvenile granulosa cell tumours occurring in girls under 15 years of age. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results incriminate somatic mutations of AKT1 as probable driver events in the pathogenesis of juvenile granulosa cell tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Inhibin, a hormone, has been used as biomarker for granulosa cell tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the ovaries of aging squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), clusters of granulosa cells occur that resemble granulosa cell tumours in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recognition of the signs and symptoms of abnormal hormone production and consideration of these tumors in the differential diagnosis of an adnexal mass can allow for early identification, timely surgical management, and excellent cure rates. (medscape.com)
  • These tumors tend to be slow-growing and can develop at any age, including during childhood, but the average age for diagnosis is 50 . (avantgynecology.com)
  • The initial diagnosis was ovarian tumor torsion. (bvsalud.org)
  • The histologic diagnosis was granulosa cell tumor with metastasis to the fat body. (avma.org)
  • The differential diagnosis includes endometrial stromal tumor with sex cord-like differentiation, endometrial carcinoma with sex cord-like differentiation, adenosarcoma with extensive sex cord-like differentiation, and mesonephric adenocarcinoma. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Knowledge of the expression patterns of HE4 in our survey is useful for application in histopathologic diagnosis, and should be taken into consideration in future studies that examine the role of HE4 as a serological tumor biomarker or as a target for gene-based therapy. (nature.com)
  • We discuss the implications of our results in terms of the potential role for HE4 in histopathologic diagnosis, as a serum tumor biomarker, and as a therapeutic target. (nature.com)
  • The aim of cytoreductive surgery is to confirm the diagnosis, define the extent of disease, and resect all visible tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Juvenile granulosa cell tumour is a similar but histologically distinct rare tumour. (wikipedia.org)
  • Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis of neonates and infants is an uncommon lesion frequently associated with abnormal sex chromosome and ambiguous genitalia. (nih.gov)
  • Gynandroblastoma with elements resembling juvenile granulosa cell tumor. (nih.gov)
  • Congenital juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis in newborns. (nih.gov)
  • Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis. (nih.gov)
  • Giant juvenile granulosa cell tumor torsion: a case report. (bvsalud.org)
  • The postoperative pathology report indicated juvenile granulosa cell tumor . (bvsalud.org)
  • Females of the SWR/Bm (SWR) inbred mouse strain possess a unique susceptibility to juvenile-onset tumors originating from the granulosa cells (GC) of the ovarian follicles. (jax.org)
  • Granulosa cell tumor of testis: clinicopathological correlation of a rare tumor. (nih.gov)
  • The effect of constitutively active TGFBR1 on testis development and the timeline of testicular tumor formation were examined. (tamu.edu)
  • Factors associated with an increased risk of recurrence in women with ovarian granulosa cell tumors. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • In multivariate regression analyses tumor differentiation was found to be significantly associated with the disease recurrence (OR:8.2,CI 95%: 0,019-0,771). (uwi.edu)
  • Tumor differentiation is found to be a significant confounder for the disease recurrence after adjustment for the stage. (uwi.edu)
  • DICER1-related Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor and gynandroblastoma: Clinical and genetic findings from the International Ovarian and Testicular Stromal Tumor Registry. (nih.gov)
  • An ovarian tumor was suspected on the basis of clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, and results of cytologic evaluation of the mass. (avma.org)
  • Clinical Relevance -Granulosa cell tumors are uncommon in reptiles, and this was the first granulosa cell tumor described antemortem cytologically, histologically, and ultrastructurally in an iguana. (avma.org)
  • Between 2012 and 2016, Terri had several treatments, was part of a clinical treatment trial, took drugs that blocked certain proteins or certain hormones, and had two more operations to remove tumors. (cdc.gov)
  • In honor of Gynecological Cancer Awareness Month this September, we're spreading the word about two lesser-known gynecological cancers: granulosa cell tumors and thecoma. (avantgynecology.com)
  • Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) accounts for one-third of all newly diagnosed renal cell cancers. (mdpi.com)
  • L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la fréquence des cancers gynécologiques en pratique oncologique à Lomé et d'en étudier les aspects épidémiologiques et histo-cliniques. (bvsalud.org)
  • Il s'agitd'une étude rétrospective et descriptive portant sur tous les cancers gynécologiques reçus en oncologie entre le 1erJanvier 2016 et le 31 Décembre 2021. (bvsalud.org)
  • ces cancers ont ete diagnostiques au stade avance d'ou les difficultes dans leur prise en charge chirurgicale. (bvsalud.org)
  • En consequence notre objectif a ete d'etudier la place et les caracteres de la chirurgie dans la prise en charge de ces cancers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Instead, it was a very rare kind called granulosa cell cancer, or GCT, which grows more slowly than other ovarian cancers. (cdc.gov)
  • Tumors that begin at one site and then spread to other areas of the body are called metastatic cancers. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cancers occur when a buildup of mutations in critical genes-those that control cell growth and division or repair damaged DNA-allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The tumor consists of sex cord-like and mesenchymal differentiation with various possible components, including Sertoli-like tubules, nested granulosa-like architecture, retiform growth, lipidized cells, Leydig-like cells, stromal cells with infiltrative growth, and solid sheets of smooth muscle-like cells. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • BMPs are involved in a host of cellular functions including osteogenesis , cell growth and cell differentiation . (wikidoc.org)
  • BMPR2 is expressed on both human and animal granulosa cells, and is a crucial receptor for bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF 9). (wikidoc.org)
  • We look forward to reporting topline data from our Phase 2b ReNeu trial this year, which could support an NDA submission in the first half of 2024, and to advancing our emerging portfolio of BCMA combinations in multiple myeloma and biomarker-defined metastatic solid tumor programs. (biospace.com)
  • Review of the literature reveals an association between tamoxifen use and gynecologic tumors. (nih.gov)
  • Ovarian cancer is the most common cause of cancer death from gynecologic tumors in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Here we validate the value of inhibin B in detecting recurrences and investigate its role in guiding follow-up examinations and treatment strategies in postmenopausal patients with ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumors. (bmj.com)
  • Serum sex hormone and other tumor markers including AFP, CA199, CEA, β-HCG and inhibin were within normal range. (researchsquare.com)
  • Representing just .05 to 1% of ovarian tumors , thecomas are masses that develop in your ovaries. (avantgynecology.com)
  • Because the surfaces of the ovaries, the lining of the fallopian tubes, and the covering cells of the peritoneum are made up of the same types of cells, most of these diseases look alike under a microscope. (cancer.net)
  • The ovaries are the female reproductive organs in which egg cells are produced. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Analysis by RNA-Seq pinpointed a series of differentially expressed genes that are involved in cytokine and hormone signaling and cell division-related processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • It appears that the hormones estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) have roles in regulating expression of BMPR2 in granulosa cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • The veterinarian must also rule out other sources of pain (e.g., back or sacroiliac problems, hind-limb lameness, saddle fit, dental pain, gastric ulcers, granulosa cell tumors, etc.) and perform a gynecological exam to detect abnormalities, along with an endocrine exam to measure hormone levels. (thehorse.com)
  • Niwa K, Yano R, Mori S, Yamaguchi Y, Narikawa N and Tanaka T. Androgenic adult granulosa cell tumor with secondary amenorrhea and elevated luteinizing hormone . (hoajonline.com)
  • Ovulatory surges of human CG prevent hormone-induced granulosa cell tumor formation leading to the identification of tumor-associated changes in the transcriptome. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or Müllerian-inhibiting substance, a dimeric glycoprotein secreted by granulosa cells of the preantral and small antral ovarian follicles. (cdc.gov)
  • It is mostly seen in obese women between 55 to 65 years old and is a well-differentiated tumor with relatively slow progression and a more favorable outcome 19 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Molecular genetics and immunopathologic analysis of bladder cancer have shown some abnormalities in a number of genes and proteins that have been implicated in the development and progression of such tumors, mainly in the p53 pathway. (ijpmonline.org)
  • For patients with advanced breast cancer, the medication should be continued until tumor progression. (rxlist.com)
  • We report 23 cases of tumors of the salivary gland comprising 18 cases of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, four cases of carcinosarcoma of the parotid and one case of benign metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma. (ijpmonline.org)
  • A tumor can be cancerous or benign. (cancer.net)
  • A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread. (cancer.net)
  • Chromosome X loci and spontaneous granulosa cell tumor development in " by Ann M Dorward, Edward S Yaskowiak et al. (jax.org)
  • Chromosome X loci and spontaneous granulosa cell tumor development in SWR mice: epigenetics and epistasis at work for an ovarian phenotype. (jax.org)
  • Dorward A, Yaskowiak E, Smith K, Stanford K, Shultz KL, Beamer W. Chromosome X loci and spontaneous granulosa cell tumor development in SWR mice: epigenetics and epistasis at work for an ovarian phenotype. (jax.org)
  • Distal Chr 4 harbors a genetic locus (Gct1) fundamental for spontaneous ovarian granulosa cell tumorigenesis in a mouse model. (jax.org)
  • The pathology report came back as a Spindle Cell fibrothecoma. (medhelp.org)
  • Ovarian granulosa cell tumors: A retrospective study of 27 cases and a review of the literature. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Treatment recommendations are based loosely on those for ovarian carcinoma, although the two entitites differ considerably in tumor biology and prognosis. (thieme-connect.de)
  • A cancerous tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow, invade, and spread to other parts of the body. (cancer.net)
  • In some cases, cancerous tumors can invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If ovarian cancer spreads, cancerous tumors most often appear in the abdominal cavity or on the surfaces of nearby organs such as the bladder or colon. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because the altered protein is less able to regulate cell growth and division, a cancerous tumor may develop. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Oftentimes, people who develop this cancer have a mutation in a specific gene, FOXL2 , which may allow the tumors to develop. (avantgynecology.com)
  • Seagle BLL, Ann P, Butler S, Shahabi S. Ovarian granulosa cell tumor: A National Cancer Database study. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • Crosley's project has also added TRAIL, a natural protein that was hailed in the 1990s for its promising ability to cause 'suicide' in cancer cells, but has since proven unstable and prone to resistance. (ualberta.ca)
  • These types of cancer begin when healthy cells in these areas change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor. (cancer.net)
  • Ovarian granulosa cell tumor and increased risk of breast cancer. (cancercentrum.se)
  • En 11 annees (1er janvier 1998-31 decembre 2008) 9946 patientes ont ete operes dans notre servie dont 29 pour le cancer de l'ovaire soit 0;29. (bvsalud.org)
  • Worse, the tumor had spread, and cancer cells were in Terri's pelvic area. (cdc.gov)
  • Unfortunately, many medicines used to treat other types of ovarian cancer aren't effective for GCT tumors. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common form of ovarian cancer begins in epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the surfaces and cavities of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cancer can also begin in epithelial cells that form the lining of the abdomen (the peritoneum). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Somatic mutations in many other genes have also been found in ovarian cancer cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Only one month of disease-free after four cycles of postoperative chemotherapy was remained when metastatic tumor developed in liver. (researchsquare.com)
  • The patient remained only one month of disease free when metastatic tumor developed in liver. (researchsquare.com)
  • Tumor susceptibility is an inherited, polygenic trait in SWR females, minimally involving an oncogenic Granulosa cell tumor susceptibility (Gct) locus on chromosome (Chr) 4 (Gct1), and two GC tumor susceptibility modifier genes mapped to distinct regions of Chr X (Gct4 and Gct6). (jax.org)
  • No evidence of tumor was identified in adnexa, uterus or omentum in microscopy, but only GCT metastasis was detected in Douglas space peritoneal nodules. (researchsquare.com)
  • An epithelial cell line initiated from a human bone metastasis of a grade IV prostatic ADENOCARCINOMA. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Phase 2 study sponsored by the Children's Oncology Group evaluating nirogacestat in pediatric patients with desmoid tumors met its accrual goal. (biospace.com)
  • Patients with tamoxifen-induced liver dysfunction may be at increased risk for granulosa cell tumors because of alterations in tamoxifen metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • 2 Björkholm E. Granulosa cell tumor: A comparison of survival in patients and matched controls. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Patients continue to be enrolled in a Phase 2 trial evaluating nirogacestat in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. (biospace.com)
  • MRI has a role in these patients in determining tumor extent and suitable therapy. (radiopaedia.org)
  • An intercross of the SWXJ9/BmJ recombinant inbred strain and CAST/EiJ was generated to identify QTLs affecting ovarian granulosa cell tumors. (jax.org)
  • The rare malignant thecoma likely represents a tumor with a small admixture of granulosa cells. (medscape.com)
  • If you're diagnosed with a thecoma and wish to preserve your fertility, removal of the tumor alone may be possible. (avantgynecology.com)
  • I am told this is such a rare tumor that most oncologists do not know how to treat it. (medhelp.org)
  • This report describes a 17-year-old patient with ovarian granulosa cell tumor torsion, which is rare. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ovarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is a rare low-grade malignancy condition. (cellbiopharm.com)
  • A Report of a Rare Case of an Advanced Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor Initially Diagnosed as Primary Ovarian Melanoma. (nih.gov)
  • Any ovarian tumor with vaginal bleeding should arouse suspicion of granulosa cell tumor in the background of postmenopausal woman. (ijrcog.org)
  • Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is a vaginal tumor found in toddlers. (proprofs.com)
  • Most tumors (~80%) present as stage I disease. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The heterogeneity of the disease requires improved knowledge of key processes involved in tumour initiation, development and maintenance for translation into truly personalised treatment. (lu.se)
  • 63cm small intestine with mesentery and the mass was resected merely in toto , and primary ileal mesenchymal tumor with whole intestinal layer invasion was suggested by the intraoperative frozen section. (researchsquare.com)
  • Mares demonstrating stallion-like behavior may also have an enlarged clitoris and overly muscled neck due to increased serum testosterone produced from the tumor. (mvsequine.com)
  • The occurrence of various malignancies suggests that this phenomenon is not very uncommon and should be looked for when reporting a mixed tumor. (ijpmonline.org)