The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
A narrow cleft inferior to the CORPUS CALLOSUM, within the DIENCEPHALON, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina.
An irregularly shaped cavity in the RHOMBENCEPHALON, located between the MEDULLA OBLONGATA; the PONS; and the isthmus in front, and the CEREBELLUM behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
Neoplasms located in the brain ventricles, including the two lateral, the third, and the fourth ventricle. Ventricular tumors may be primary (e.g., CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS and GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL), metastasize from distant organs, or occur as extensions of locally invasive tumors from adjacent brain structures.
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.
The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another.
The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.
The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.
Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.
Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of BLOOD from the HEART VENTRICLES to the HEART ATRIA or from the PULMONARY ARTERIES or AORTA to the ventricles.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the HEART VENTRICLES.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.
Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE and the right atrium (SA block) or between atria and ventricles (AV block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Examinations used to diagnose and treat heart conditions.
Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).
This structure includes the thin muscular atrial septum between the two HEART ATRIA, and the thick muscular ventricular septum between the two HEART VENTRICLES.
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.
The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the right HEART VENTRICLE.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).

Phasic right coronary artery blood flow in conscious dogs with normal and elevated right ventricular pressures. (1/10358)

We studied phasic right coronary blood flow in well trained normal dogs and dogs with pulmonic stenosis. We installed electromagnetic flow transducers and pressure tubes under anesthesia to monitor right coronary blood flow, cardiac output, central aortic blood pressure, and right ventribular pressure. In normotensive dogs, systolic flow amplitude equaled early diastolic flow levels. The ratio of systolic to diastolic flow at rest was substantially greater in the right coronary bed (36+/-1.3%) than in the left circumflex bed (13+/-3.6%). Right diastolid flow runoff, including the cove late in diastole, resembled left circumflex runoff. Blood flow to the normotensive right (37+/-1.1 ml/min 100(-1) g) and the left (35+/-1.0 ml/min(-1) g) ventricular myocardium indicated equal perfusion of both cardiac walls. Throttling of systolic flow was related directly to the right ventricular systolic pressure level in the dogs with pulmonic stenosis. Retrograde systolic flow occurred in severe right ventricular hypertension. The late diastolic runoff pattern in dogs with pulmonic stenosis appeared the same as for the normotensive dogs. We obtained systolic to diastolic flow ratios of 1/3 the value of normotensive hearts in high and severe pulmonic hypertension. Electrocardiograms and studies of pathology suggested restricted blood flow to the inner layers of the right myocardium in the dogs with severe and high right ventricular hypertension. Normotensive and hypertensive peak hyperemic flow responses were similar, except for an increased magnitude of diastolic flow, with proportionately less systolic flow in hypertensive states.  (+info)

Regulation of chamber-specific gene expression in the developing heart by Irx4. (2/10358)

The vertebrate heart consists of two types of chambers, the atria and the ventricles, which differ in their contractile and electrophysiological properties. Little is known of the molecular mechanisms by which these chambers are specified during embryogenesis. Here a chicken iroquois-related homeobox gene, Irx4, was identified that has a ventricle-restricted expression pattern at all stages of heart development. Irx4 protein was shown to regulate the chamber-specific expression of myosin isoforms by activating the expression of the ventricle myosin heavy chain-1 (VMHC1) and suppressing the expression of the atrial myosin heavy chain-1 (AMHC1) in the ventricles. Thus, Irx4 may play a critical role in establishing chamber-specific gene expression in the developing heart.  (+info)

Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces Mdm2 and down-regulates p53, attenuating the myocyte renin-angiotensin system and stretch-mediated apoptosis. (3/10358)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 inhibits apoptosis, but its mechanism is unknown. Myocyte stretching activates p53 and p53-dependent genes, leading to the formation of angiotensin II (Ang II) and apoptosis. Therefore, this in vitro system was used to determine whether IGF-1 interfered with p53 function and the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS), decreasing stretch-induced cell death. A single dose of 200 ng/ml IGF-1 at the time of stretching decreased myocyte apoptosis 43% and 61% at 6 and 20 hours. Ang II concentration was reduced 52% at 20 hours. Additionally, p53 DNA binding to angiotensinogen (Aogen), AT1 receptor, and Bax was markedly down-regulated by IGF-1 via the induction of Mdm2 and the formation of Mdm2-p53 complexes. Concurrently, the quantity of p53, Aogen, renin, AT1 receptor, and Bax was reduced in stretched myocytes exposed to IGF-1. Conversely, Bcl-2 and the Bcl-2-to-Bax protein ratio increased. The effects of IGF-1 on cell death, Ang II synthesis, and Bax protein were the consequence of Mdm2-induced down-regulation of p53 function. In conclusion, the anti-apoptotic impact of IGF-1 on stretched myocytes was mediated by its capacity to depress p53 transcriptional activity, which limited Ang II formation and attenuated the susceptibility of myocytes to trigger their endogenous cell death pathway.  (+info)

Adenoviral gene transfer of the human V2 vasopressin receptor improves contractile force of rat cardiomyocytes. (4/10358)

BACKGROUND: In congestive heart failure, high systemic levels of the hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) result in vasoconstriction and reduced cardiac contractility. These effects are mediated by the V1 vasopressin receptor (V1R) coupled to phospholipase C beta-isoforms. The V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R), which promotes activation of the Gs/adenylyl cyclase system, is physiologically expressed in the kidney but not in the myocardium. Expression of a recombinant V2R (rV2R) in the myocardium could result in a positive inotropic effect via the endogenous high concentrations of AVP in heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: A recombinant adenovirus encoding the human V2R (Ad-V2R) was tested for its ability to modulate the cardiac Gs/adenylyl cyclase system and to potentiate contractile force in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Ad-V2R infection resulted in a virus concentration-dependent expression of the transgene and led to a marked increase in cAMP formation in rV2R-expressing cardiomyocytes after exposure to AVP. Single-cell shortening measurements showed a significant agonist-induced contraction amplitude enhancement, which was blocked by the V2R antagonist, SR 121463A. Pretreatment of Ad-V2R-infected cardiomyocytes with AVP led to desensitization of the rV2R after short-term agonist exposure but did not lead to further loss of receptor function or density after long-term agonist incubation, thus demonstrating resistance of the rV2R to downregulation. CONCLUSIONS: Adenoviral gene transfer of the V2R in cardiomyocytes can modulate the endogenous adenylyl cyclase-signal transduction cascade and can potentiate contraction amplitude in cardiomyocytes. Heterologous expression of cAMP-forming receptors in the myocardium could lead to novel strategies in congestive heart failure by bypassing the desensitized beta-adrenergic receptor signaling.  (+info)

An inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase protects neonatal cardiac myocytes from ischemia. (5/10358)

Cellular ischemia results in activation of a number of kinases, including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); however, it is not yet clear whether p38 MAPK activation plays a role in cellular damage or is part of a protective response against ischemia. We have developed a model to study ischemia in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. In this model, two distinct phases of p38 MAPK activation were observed during ischemia. The first phase began within 10 min and lasted less than 1 h, and the second began after 2 h and lasted throughout the ischemic period. Similar to previous studies using in vivo models, the nonspecific activator of p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, anisomycin, protected cardiac myocytes from ischemic injury, decreasing the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase by approximately 25%. We demonstrated, however, that a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK, SB 203580, also protected cardiac myocytes against extended ischemia in a dose-dependent manner. The protective effect was seen even when the inhibitor was present during only the second, sustained phase of p38 MAPK activation. We found that ischemia induced apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and that SB 203580 reduced activation of caspase-3, a key event in apoptosis. These results suggest that p38 MAPK induces apoptosis during ischemia in cardiac myocytes and that selective inhibition of p38 MAPK could be developed as a potential therapy for ischemic heart disease.  (+info)

Taurine modulates I(Kr) but I(Ks) in guinea-pig ventricular cardiomyocytes. (6/10358)

1. Effects of taurine on the delayed rectifier K+ current (I(K)) in isolated guinea-pig ventricular cardiomyocytes were examined at different intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), using whole-cell voltage and current clamp techniques. Experiments were performed at 36 degrees C. 2. Addition of taurine (10-20 mM) decreased the action potential duration (APD) at pCa 8, but increased the APD at pCa 6. Taurine (20 mM) enhanced I(K) at 70 mV by 22.4 +/- 3.1% (n = 6, P < 0.01) at pCa 8, whereas taurine inhibited the I(K) by 27.1 +/- 2.7% (n = 6, P < 0.01) at pCa 6. These responses behaved in a concentration-dependent manner. 3. The I(K) is composed of the rapid and slow components (I(Kr) and I(Ks)). When [Ca2+]i was pCa 6, taurine at 20 mM reduced the tail current of I(Kr) at 70 mV by 16.5 +/- 2.7% (n = 5, P < 0.05) and that of I(Ks) at 70 mV by 27.1 +/- 2.8% (n = 6, P < 0.01). In contrast, at pCa 8, the tail currents of I(Kr) and I(Ks) at 70 mV were enhanced by 13.4 +/- 3.2% (n = 7, P < 0.05) and by 22.4 +/- 3.1% (n = 7, P < 0.01), respectively. The voltages of half-maximum activation (V1/2) for I(Kr) and I(Ks) were not modified by taurine. 4. Addition of E-4031 (5 microM) to taurine had a complete blockade of the tail current of I(Kr), but not I(Ks). The remained tail current (I(Ks)) in the presence of E-4031 (5 microM) was not affected by taurine (20 mM), but was blocked by 293B (30 microM). 5. These results indicate that taurine modulates I(Kr) but not I(Ks), depending on [Ca2+]i, resulting in regulation of the APD.  (+info)

A comparison of an A1 adenosine receptor agonist (CVT-510) with diltiazem for slowing of AV nodal conduction in guinea-pig. (7/10358)

1. The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacological properties (i.e. the AV nodal depressant, vasodilator, and inotropic effects) of two AV nodal blocking agents belonging to different drug classes; a novel A1 adenosine receptor (A1 receptor) agonist, N-(3(R)-tetrahydrofuranyl)-6-aminopurine riboside (CVT-510), and the prototypical calcium channel blocker diltiazem. 2. In the atrial-paced isolated heart, CVT-510 was approximately 5 fold more potent to prolong the stimulus-to-His bundle (S-H interval), a measure of slowing AV nodal conduction (EC50 = 41 nM) than to increase coronary conductance (EC50 = 200 nM). At concentrations of CVT-510 (40 nM) and diltiazem (1 microM) that caused equal prolongation of S-H interval (approximately 10 ms), diltiazem, but not CVT-510, significantly reduced left ventricular developed pressure (LVP) and markedly increased coronary conductance. CVT-510 shortened atrial (EC50 = 73 nM) but not the ventricular monophasic action potentials (MAP). 3. In atrial-paced anaesthetized guinea-pigs, intravenous infusions of CVT-510 and diltiazem caused nearly equal prolongations of P-R interval. However, diltiazem, but not CVT-510, significantly reduced mean arterial blood pressure. 4. Both CVT-510 and diltiazem prolonged S-H interval, i.e., slowed AV nodal conduction. However, the A1 receptor-selective agonist CVT-510 did so without causing the negative inotropic, vasodilator, and hypotensive effects associated with diltiazem. Because CVT-510 did not affect the ventricular action potential, it is unlikely that this agonist will have a proarrythmic action in ventricular myocardium.  (+info)

Effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on left ventricular function in the rat isolated perfused heart: possible mechanisms for a decline in cardiac function. (8/10358)

1. The cardiac depressant actions of TNF were investigated in the isolated perfused rat heart under constant flow (10 ml min(-1)) and constant pressure (70 mmHg) conditions, using a recirculating (50 ml) mode of perfusion. 2. Under constant flow conditions TNF (20 ng ml(-1)) caused an early (< 25 min) decrease in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), which was maintained for 90 min (LVDP after 90 min: control vs TNF; 110 +/- 4 vs 82 +/- 10 mmHg, P < 0.01). 3. The depression in cardiac function seen with TNF under constant flow conditions, was blocked by the ceramidase inhibitor N-oleoylethanolamine (NOE), 1 microM, (LVDP after 90 min: TNF vs TNF with NOE; 82 +/- 10 vs 11 +/- 5 mmHg, P < 0.05). 4. In hearts perfused at constant pressure, TNF caused a decrease in coronary flow rate (change in flow 20 min after TNF: control vs TNF; -3.0 +/- 0.9 vs -8.7 +/- 1.2 ml min(-1), P < 0.01). This was paralleled by a negative inotropic effect (change in LVDP 20 min after TNF: control vs TNF; -17 +/- 7 vs -46 +/- 6 mmHg, P < 0.01). The decline in function was more rapid and more severe than that seen under conditions of constant flow. 5. These data indicate that cardiac function can be disrupted by TNF on two levels, firstly via a direct, ceramidase dependant negative inotropic effect, and secondly via an indirect coronary vasoconstriction.  (+info)

The heart ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it to the lungs or the rest of the body. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Both ventricles have thick, muscular walls to generate the pressure necessary to pump blood through the circulatory system.

The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall, composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It forms the thickest part of the heart wall and is divided into two sections: the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, and the right ventricle, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The myocardium contains several types of cells, including cardiac muscle fibers, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. The muscle fibers are arranged in a highly organized pattern that allows them to contract in a coordinated manner, generating the force necessary to pump blood through the heart and circulatory system.

Damage to the myocardium can occur due to various factors such as ischemia (reduced blood flow), infection, inflammation, or genetic disorders. This damage can lead to several cardiac conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy.

In medical terms, the heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity that functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It's responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body. The heart's rhythmic contractions and relaxations are regulated by a complex electrical conduction system.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.

The cerebral ventricles are a system of interconnected fluid-filled cavities within the brain. They are located in the center of the brain and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection to the brain by cushioning it from impacts and helping to maintain its stability within the skull.

There are four ventricles in total: two lateral ventricles, one third ventricle, and one fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricles are located in each cerebral hemisphere, while the third ventricle is located between the thalami of the two hemispheres. The fourth ventricle is located at the base of the brain, above the spinal cord.

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through narrow passageways called the interventricular foramen. From there, it flows into the fourth ventricle through another narrow passageway called the cerebral aqueduct. CSF then leaves the fourth ventricle and enters the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord, where it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the size or shape of the cerebral ventricles can indicate underlying neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of CSF) or atrophy (shrinkage) of brain tissue. Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are often used to assess the size and shape of the cerebral ventricles in clinical settings.

The third ventricle is a narrow, fluid-filled cavity in the brain that is located between the thalamus and hypothalamus. It is one of the four ventricles in the ventricular system of the brain, which produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the brain and spinal cord.

The third ventricle is shaped like a slit and communicates with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen (also known as the foramen of Monro), and with the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius).

The third ventricle contains choroid plexus tissue, which produces CSF. The fluid flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle, then through the cerebral aqueduct and into the fourth ventricle, where it can circulate around the brainstem and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the third ventricle, such as enlargement or obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct, can lead to hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an accumulation of CSF in the brain.

The fourth ventricle is a part of the cerebrospinal fluid-filled system in the brain, located in the posterior cranial fossa and continuous with the central canal of the medulla oblongata and the cerebral aqueduct. It is shaped like a cavity with a roof, floor, and lateral walls, and it communicates rostrally with the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct and caudally with the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka and Magendie). The fourth ventricle contains choroid plexus tissue, which produces cerebrospinal fluid. Its roof is formed by the cerebellar vermis and the superior medullary velum, while its floor is composed of the rhomboid fossa, which includes several important structures such as the vagal trigone, hypoglossal trigone, and striae medullares.

Heart failure is a pathophysiological state in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body or do so only at the expense of elevated filling pressures. It can be caused by various cardiac disorders, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Heart failure is often classified based on the ejection fraction (EF), which is the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during each contraction. A reduced EF (less than 40%) is indicative of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), while a preserved EF (greater than or equal to 50%) is indicative of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). There is also a category of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) for those with an EF between 40-49%.

The lateral ventricles are a pair of fluid-filled cavities located within the brain. They are part of the ventricular system, which is a series of interconnected spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The lateral ventricles are situated in the left and right hemispheres of the brain and are among the largest of the ventricles.

Each lateral ventricle has a complex structure and can be divided into several parts:

1. Anterior horn: This is the front part of the lateral ventricle, located in the frontal lobe of the brain.
2. Body: The central part of the lateral ventricle, which is continuous with the anterior horn and posterior horn.
3. Posterior horn: The back part of the lateral ventricle, located in the occipital lobe of the brain.
4. Temporal horn: An extension that projects into the temporal lobe of the brain.

The lateral ventricles are lined with ependymal cells, which produce cerebrospinal fluid. CSF circulates through the ventricular system, providing buoyancy and protection to the brain, and is eventually absorbed into the bloodstream. Abnormalities in the size or shape of the lateral ventricles can be associated with various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, or neurodegenerative diseases.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.

Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:

1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.

Cerebral ventricle neoplasms refer to tumors that develop within the cerebral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces in the brain. These tumors can arise from various types of cells within the ventricular system, including the ependymal cells that line the ventricles, choroid plexus cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid, or other surrounding tissues.

Cerebral ventricle neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location, such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision changes, imbalance, weakness, or difficulty with mental tasks. The treatment options for these tumors may include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the type and extent of the tumor. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

Heart disease is a broad term for a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. It's often used to refer to conditions that include:

1. Coronary artery disease (CAD): This is the most common type of heart disease. It occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become hardened and narrowed due to the buildup of cholesterol and other substances, which can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or a heart attack.

2. Heart failure: This condition occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by various conditions, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and cardiomyopathy.

3. Arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms, which can be too fast, too slow, or irregular. They can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and fainting.

4. Valvular heart disease: This involves damage to one or more of the heart's four valves, which control blood flow through the heart. Damage can be caused by various conditions, including infection, rheumatic fever, and aging.

5. Cardiomyopathy: This is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood efficiently. It can be caused by various factors, including genetics, viral infections, and drug abuse.

6. Pericardial disease: This involves inflammation or other problems with the sac surrounding the heart (pericardium). It can cause chest pain and other symptoms.

7. Congenital heart defects: These are heart conditions that are present at birth, such as a hole in the heart or abnormal blood vessels. They can range from mild to severe and may require medical intervention.

8. Heart infections: The heart can become infected by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to various symptoms and complications.

It's important to note that many factors can contribute to the development of heart disease, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of developing heart disease.

Heart transplantation is a surgical procedure where a diseased, damaged, or failing heart is removed and replaced with a healthy donor heart. This procedure is usually considered as a last resort for patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease who have not responded to other treatments. The donor heart typically comes from a brain-dead individual whose family has agreed to donate their loved one's organs for transplantation. Heart transplantation is a complex and highly specialized procedure that requires a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, anesthesiologists, perfusionists, nurses, and other support staff. The success rates for heart transplantation have improved significantly over the past few decades, with many patients experiencing improved quality of life and increased survival rates. However, recipients of heart transplants require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the donor heart, which can increase the risk of infections and other complications.

The fetal heart is the cardiovascular organ that develops in the growing fetus during pregnancy. It starts to form around 22 days after conception and continues to develop throughout the first trimester. By the end of the eighth week of gestation, the fetal heart has developed enough to pump blood throughout the body.

The fetal heart is similar in structure to the adult heart but has some differences. It is smaller and more compact, with a four-chambered structure that includes two atria and two ventricles. The fetal heart also has unique features such as the foramen ovale, which is a hole between the right and left atria that allows blood to bypass the lungs, and the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood away from the lungs.

The fetal heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the placenta to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood back to the placenta for re-oxygenation. The rate of the fetal heartbeat is faster than that of an adult, typically ranging from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Fetal heart rate monitoring is a common method used during pregnancy and childbirth to assess the health and well-being of the developing fetus.

The heart atria are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and deliver it to the lower chambers, or ventricles. There are two atria in the heart: the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle, which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated; and the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle, which then sends it out to the rest of the body. The atria contract before the ventricles during each heartbeat, helping to fill the ventricles with blood and prepare them for contraction.

Myocardial contraction refers to the rhythmic and forceful shortening of heart muscle cells (myocytes) in the myocardium, which is the muscular wall of the heart. This process is initiated by electrical signals generated by the sinoatrial node, causing a wave of depolarization that spreads throughout the heart.

During myocardial contraction, calcium ions flow into the myocytes, triggering the interaction between actin and myosin filaments, which are the contractile proteins in the muscle cells. This interaction causes the myofilaments to slide past each other, resulting in the shortening of the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscle contraction) and ultimately leading to the contraction of the heart muscle.

Myocardial contraction is essential for pumping blood throughout the body and maintaining adequate circulation to vital organs. Any impairment in myocardial contractility can lead to various cardiac disorders, such as heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias.

Heart valves are specialized structures in the heart that ensure unidirectional flow of blood through its chambers during the cardiac cycle. There are four heart valves: the tricuspid valve and the mitral (bicuspid) valve, located between the atria and ventricles, and the pulmonic (pulmonary) valve and aortic valve, located between the ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the heart.

The heart valves are composed of thin flaps of tissue called leaflets or cusps, which are supported by a fibrous ring. The aortic and pulmonic valves have three cusps each, while the tricuspid and mitral valves have three and two cusps, respectively.

The heart valves open and close in response to pressure differences across them, allowing blood to flow forward into the ventricles during diastole (filling phase) and preventing backflow of blood into the atria during systole (contraction phase). A properly functioning heart valve ensures efficient pumping of blood by the heart and maintains normal blood circulation throughout the body.

Ventricular function, in the context of cardiac medicine, refers to the ability of the heart's ventricles (the lower chambers) to fill with blood during the diastole phase and eject blood during the systole phase. The ventricles are primarily responsible for pumping oxygenated blood out to the body (left ventricle) and deoxygenated blood to the lungs (right ventricle).

There are several ways to assess ventricular function, including:

1. Ejection Fraction (EF): This is the most commonly used measure of ventricular function. It represents the percentage of blood that is ejected from the ventricle during each heartbeat. A normal left ventricular ejection fraction is typically between 55% and 70%.
2. Fractional Shortening (FS): This is another measure of ventricular function, which calculates the change in size of the ventricle during contraction as a percentage of the original size. A normal FS for the left ventricle is typically between 25% and 45%.
3. Stroke Volume (SV): This refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the ventricle with each heartbeat. SV is calculated by multiplying the ejection fraction by the end-diastolic volume (the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole).
4. Cardiac Output (CO): This is the total amount of blood that the heart pumps in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.

Impaired ventricular function can lead to various cardiovascular conditions, such as heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and valvular heart disease. Assessing ventricular function is crucial for diagnosing these conditions, monitoring treatment response, and guiding clinical decision-making.

Left ventricular function refers to the ability of the left ventricle (the heart's lower-left chamber) to contract and relax, thereby filling with and ejecting blood. The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Its function is evaluated by measuring several parameters, including:

1. Ejection fraction (EF): This is the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. A normal ejection fraction ranges from 55% to 70%.
2. Stroke volume (SV): The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction. A typical SV is about 70 mL/beat.
3. Cardiac output (CO): The total volume of blood that the left ventricle pumps per minute, calculated as the product of stroke volume and heart rate. Normal CO ranges from 4 to 8 L/minute.

Assessment of left ventricular function is crucial in diagnosing and monitoring various cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, valvular heart diseases, and cardiomyopathies.

Heart block is a cardiac condition characterized by the interruption of electrical impulse transmission from the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) to the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This disruption can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, including bradycardia (a slower-than-normal heart rate), and in severe cases, can cause the heart to stop beating altogether. Heart block is typically caused by damage to the heart's electrical conduction system due to various factors such as aging, heart disease, or certain medications.

There are three types of heart block: first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree (also known as complete heart block). Each type has distinct electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and symptoms. Treatment for heart block depends on the severity of the condition and may include monitoring, medication, or implantation of a pacemaker to regulate the heart's electrical activity.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Heart function tests are a group of diagnostic exams that are used to evaluate the structure and functioning of the heart. These tests help doctors assess the pumping efficiency of the heart, the flow of blood through the heart, the presence of any heart damage, and the overall effectiveness of the heart in delivering oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

Some common heart function tests include:

1. Echocardiogram (Echo): This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart's structure and functioning. It can help detect any damage to the heart muscle, valves, or sac surrounding the heart.
2. Nuclear Stress Test: This test involves injecting a small amount of radioactive substance into the patient's bloodstream and taking images of the heart while it is at rest and during exercise. The test helps evaluate blood flow to the heart and detect any areas of reduced blood flow, which could indicate coronary artery disease.
3. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This test uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart's structure and function. It can help detect any damage to the heart muscle, valves, or other structures of the heart.
4. Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test measures the electrical activity of the heart and helps detect any abnormalities in the heart's rhythm or conduction system.
5. Exercise Stress Test: This test involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while being monitored for changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG readings. It helps evaluate exercise capacity and detect any signs of coronary artery disease.
6. Cardiac Catheterization: This is an invasive procedure that involves inserting a catheter into the heart to measure pressures and take samples of blood from different parts of the heart. It can help diagnose various heart conditions, including heart valve problems, congenital heart defects, and coronary artery disease.

Overall, heart function tests play an essential role in diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, helping doctors provide appropriate treatment and improve patient outcomes.

Cardiac myocytes are the muscle cells that make up the heart muscle, also known as the myocardium. These specialized cells are responsible for contracting and relaxing in a coordinated manner to pump blood throughout the body. They differ from skeletal muscle cells in several ways, including their ability to generate their own electrical impulses, which allows the heart to function as an independent rhythmical pump. Cardiac myocytes contain sarcomeres, the contractile units of the muscle, and are connected to each other by intercalated discs that help coordinate contraction and ensure the synchronous beating of the heart.

The heart septum is the thick, muscular wall that divides the right and left sides of the heart. It consists of two main parts: the atrial septum, which separates the right and left atria (the upper chambers of the heart), and the ventricular septum, which separates the right and left ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). A normal heart septum ensures that oxygen-rich blood from the lungs does not mix with oxygen-poor blood from the body. Any defect or abnormality in the heart septum is called a septal defect, which can lead to various congenital heart diseases.

Cardiomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlarged heart. It can be caused by various conditions such as high blood pressure, heart valve problems, cardiomyopathy, or fluid accumulation around the heart (pericardial effusion). Cardiomegaly can be detected through imaging tests like chest X-rays or echocardiograms. Depending on the underlying cause, treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, or in some cases, surgery. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart and the valves between them. It is a thin, smooth membrane that is in contact with the blood within the heart. This layer helps to maintain the heart's internal environment, facilitates the smooth movement of blood through the heart, and provides a protective barrier against infection and other harmful substances. The endocardium is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells called endothelial cells, which are supported by a thin layer of connective tissue.

Right Ventricular Function refers to the ability of the right ventricle (RV) of the heart to receive and eject blood during the cardiac cycle. The right ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart and is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for re-oxygenation.

Right ventricular function can be assessed by measuring various parameters such as:

1. Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction (RVEF): It is the percentage of blood that is ejected from the right ventricle during each heartbeat. A normal RVEF ranges from 45-75%.
2. Right Ventricular Systolic Function: It refers to the ability of the right ventricle to contract and eject blood during systole (contraction phase). This can be assessed by measuring the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) or tissue Doppler imaging.
3. Right Ventricular Diastolic Function: It refers to the ability of the right ventricle to relax and fill with blood during diastole (relaxation phase). This can be assessed by measuring the right ventricular inflow pattern, tricuspid valve E/A ratio, or deceleration time.
4. Right Ventricular Afterload: It refers to the pressure that the right ventricle must overcome to eject blood into the pulmonary artery. Increased afterload can impair right ventricular function.

Abnormalities in right ventricular function can lead to various cardiovascular conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmias.

Stroke volume is a term used in cardiovascular physiology and medicine. It refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each contraction (systole). Specifically, it is the difference between the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (when the ventricle is filled with blood) and the volume at the end of systole (when the ventricle has contracted and ejected its contents into the aorta).

Stroke volume is an important measure of heart function, as it reflects the ability of the heart to pump blood effectively to the rest of the body. A low stroke volume may indicate that the heart is not pumping efficiently, while a high stroke volume may suggest that the heart is working too hard. Stroke volume can be affected by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and physical fitness level.

The formula for calculating stroke volume is:

Stroke Volume = End-Diastolic Volume - End-Systolic Volume

Where end-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, and end-systolic volume (ESV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole.

Myocardial ischemia is a condition in which the blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) is reduced or blocked, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery and potential damage to the heart tissue. This reduction in blood flow typically results from the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques, in the coronary arteries that supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood. The plaques can rupture or become unstable, causing the formation of blood clots that obstruct the artery and limit blood flow.

Myocardial ischemia may manifest as chest pain (angina pectoris), shortness of breath, fatigue, or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). In severe cases, it can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) if the oxygen supply is significantly reduced or cut off completely, causing permanent damage or death of the heart muscle. Early diagnosis and treatment of myocardial ischemia are crucial for preventing further complications and improving patient outcomes.

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Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Double inlet right ventricle Double outlet right ventricle Single ventricle heterotaxy syndrome ... Single ventricle with functional left ventricle: Pulmonal atresia Tricuspidal atresia Double inlet left ventricle Double outlet ... Single ventricle is a rare congenital heart defect, which constitute just over 1% of congenital cardiovascular diseases. The ... Usually it requires open-heart surgery. The goal is to allow the functioning ventricle to supply the systemic circulation and ...
"Single Ventricle Defects". www.heart.org. Retrieved 2022-09-08. "Pulmonary Atresia (PA)". Children's Health Orange County. ... "Understanding your child's heart - Pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect". British Heart Foundation. Haydin S, ... the blood that flows to the lungs from the right side of the heart goes to the left side of the heart through the ventricular ... had a higher risk of being born with a congenital heart defect themselves than those whose father had a congenital heart defect ...
Linnaean Characteristics Heart: 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, pus-like blood. Spiracles: lateral pores Jaw: lateral Penis: ...
Linnaean Characteristics Heart: 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, pus-like blood. Spiracles: obscure Jaw: various Penis: ...
Linnaean Characteristics Heart: 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood Lungs: respires alternately Jaw: incombent, ... and a heart-shaped rump. Flies in the Air & Sings In the list below, the binomial name is that used by Linnaeus. Vultur ( ...
"Heart Ventricle Flutter - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11. Thies KC, Boos K, ... Heart J. 147 (4): 649-54. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.11.012. PMID 15077080. Viskin S, Ish-Shalom M, Koifman E, et al. (September ... July 1985). "Sudden nocturnal death in young males from ventricular flutter". Jpn Heart J. 26 (4): 585-91. doi:10.1536/ihj. ... Ventricular flutter is an arrhythmia, more specifically a tachycardia affecting the ventricles with a rate over 250-350 beats/ ...
"Ventricle , heart". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 August 2021. "How the Heart Works , NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. ... The heart is composed of two atria and two ventricles. The primary purpose of the atria is to allow uninterrupted venous blood ... The purpose of the ventricles is to pump blood to the lungs through the right ventricle and to the rest of the body through the ... The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries). The heart propels the ...
Heart: two auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood; Lungs: respires alternately; Jaw: incombent, covered. Teeth usually ...
... heart damage (dysfunction of the left ventricle); interstitial lung disease, including acute interstitial pneumonitis; ... In the United States, trastuzumab emtansine carries black box warnings for liver toxicity, heart damage (reduction in left ... whereas heart damage and gastrointestinal effects, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and stomatitis, were more common with lapatinib/ ...
Linnaean characteristics Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood Lungs: breathes uncertainly Jaw: incumbent Penis ...
Linnaean Characteristics Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood Gills: external Jaw: incumbent Penis: (usually) ...
... is a medical device used to treat heart failure due to damage to the heart muscle in the left ventricle in people who ... Kitamura M (February 2018). "Heart Failure Interventions Targeting Impaired Left Ventricles in Structural Heart Disease". ... a part of the left ventricle where the heart muscle is damaged. One anchor in each pair is deployed using a catheter and ... transcatheter devices for percutaneous or minimally invasive treatment of chronic heart failure". Netherlands Heart Journal. 25 ...
The fetal heart contains two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It also contains two additional structures, the foramen ... With decreased resistance in the lungs, there will be increased blood flow to the lungs from the right ventricle of the heart ... It is the fetal heart and not the mother's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive its blood through the fetal ... doi:10.1136/heart.84.1.59. ISSN 0007-0769. PMC 1729389. PMID 10862590. Struijk, P. C.; Mathews, V. J.; Loupas, T.; Stewart, P. ...
Mall, Franklin P. (1911). "On the muscular architecture of the ventricles of the human heart". American Journal of Anatomy. 11 ... This is in contrast to the significant distance observed between the endothelium and the heart muscle in other localities in ... Mall, Franklin P. (1912). "On the development of the human heart". American Journal of Anatomy. 13 (3): 249. doi:10.1002/aja. ... demonstrated that the nascent atrium of the heart could be identified based on the close proximity of endothelium to the heart ...
Kwan-Gett's system was the first to use completely passive filling of the artificial heart's ventricles in a way that ... Kwan-Gett, CS; Zwart HH; Kralios AC; Kessler T; Backman K; Kolff WJ (1970). "A prosthetic heart with hemispherical ventricles ... In 1966 Kwan-Gett went to the Cleveland Clinic to do artificial heart research as a fellow with Dr. Yuki Nose. In 1967 Kwan- ... During his tenure as director of engineering and the sole surgeon with the artificial heart program at the University of Utah ...
Normally, the heart's pacemaker regulates the contraction of the heart's ventricles. Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular ... causing the heart's ventricles to contract abnormally and preventing blood from circulating throughout the body. Ventricular ... Sandomir, Richard (May 11, 2022). "Morton Mower Dies at 9; His Heart Device Saved Lives with a Jolt". New York Times. Vol. 171 ... Leads from the implanted defibrillator pass through a vein into the heart. The leads are attached to electrodes that monitor ...
... may refer to: Left Ventricular end-systolic Dimension; see Ventricle (heart)#Dimensions Left ventricular systolic ... dysfunction; see Heart failure#Systolic dysfunction Ligonier Valley School District in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania This ...
During ventricle contraction (QRS complex), the heart depolarizes. Repolarization of the ventricle happens in the opposite ... Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the thickening of the left ventricle, occasionally right ventricle. It may be associated with ... In the heart, contractions must be spaced to maintain a rhythm. Unlike in muscle, repolarization occurs at a slow rate (100 ms ... However, ST segment depression is not suggestive of ischaemic location of the heart. ST segment depression in eight or more ...
... specifically ventricles. Loss of myoglobin gene expression in icefish heart ventricles has occurred at least four separate ... Their hearts lack coronary arteries, and the ventricle muscles are very spongy, enabling them to absorb oxygen directly from ... Their hearts, large blood vessels and low-viscosity (RBC-free) blood are specialized to carry out very high flow rates at low ... The little extra oxygen absorbed by the skin may play a part in supplementing the oxygen supply to the heart, which receives ...
... of the total heart mass. There are five total papillary muscles in the heart; three in the right ventricle and two in the left ... The papillary muscles are muscles located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular ... The papillary muscles of both the right and left ventricles begin to contract shortly before ventricular systole and maintain ... The anterior, posterior, and septal papillary muscles of the right ventricle each attach via chordae tendineae to the tricuspid ...
"Left ventricle on top versus right ventricle on top in superoinferior ventricles: what are we talking about?". Texas Heart ... Crisscross heart is a type of congenital heart defect where the right atrium is closely associated with the left ventricle in ... In an anatomically correct heart the atria are smaller than the ventricles. The ventricles include more muscle in order to push ... The actual blood flow stream through the ventricles is not interrupted. Crisscross heart is a very rare congenital heart defect ...
Heart - Chordae tendinae - Right atrium - Right ventricle - Tricuspid valve - Left atrium - Left ventricle - Mitral valve - ... American College of Cardiology American Heart Association Heart Rhythm Society Indian Heart Association National Heart ... Heart cancer - Cancer of the heart is very rare and those cancers tend to be benign. Myxoma - Most common tumor of the heart. ... Heart failure - Heart failure is failure of the heart to produce sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic demands of the body, ...
The heart has two atria but only one ventricle. The ventricle is subdivided into three chambers. A muscular ridge enables a ... Turtles have a large lung volume and can move blood through non-pulmonary blood vessels, including some within the heart, to ... Turtles share the linked circulatory and pulmonary (lung) systems of vertebrates, where the three-chambered heart pumps ...
Septa form within the atria and ventricles to separate the left and right sides of the heart. The heart derives from embryonic ... Septation of the atriums and ventricles". Heart. 89 (8): 949-58. doi:10.1136/heart.89.8.949. PMC 1767797. PMID 12860885. " ... also called the primitive heart tube. The heart is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos. The tubular heart quickly ... the bulbus cordis will develop into the right ventricle; the primitive ventricle will form the left ventricle; the primitive ...
The primitive ventricle or embryonic ventricle of the developing heart, together with the bulbus cordis that lies in front of ... The septum grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, at a position marked on the heart's surface by a furrow. Its ... Heart showing expansion of the atria. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 512 of the 20th edition of ... The primitive ventricle provides the trabeculated parts of the walls, and the bulbus cordis the smooth parts. The primitive ...
The heart has only two ventricles...and between these two there is absolutely no opening. Also dissection gives this lie to ... He also correctly observed that the arteries contract when the heart expands and expand when the heart contracts. In describing ... statement that the blood that is in the right side is to nourish the heart is not true at all, for the nourishment to the heart ... But there is no passage between these cavities, for the substance of the heart is solid in this region and has neither a ...
... forms both the atria and the ventricles of the heart. Although this muscle tissue is very similar between ... can damage the heart so much that the pumping function of the heart is reduced. If the heart is no longer able to pump enough ... athletic heart syndrome), heart disease, or heart muscle injury such as after a myocardial infarction. A healthy adult ... Heart muscle can also become damaged despite a normal blood supply. The heart muscle may become inflamed in a condition called ...
Gaps in the wall between the left and right ventricles of the heart. Anomalies of the pituitary and thyroid glands. The cause ... Blood clots in the blood vessels around the heart and brain. Abnormal structure of the back of the eye. Abnormal sternum. ... heart, eyes, skin and/or arteries. PHACE is an acronym that stands for the medical names of the parts of the body it often ...
Abnormal looping of the ventricles contributes to arrhythmia and heart block in fetuses. Isomerism of the bronchial tree is not ... Heart failure is often a concern because the inferior vena cava is disrupted due to the inappropriate morphology of the left ... ventricle to support the vena cava. Abnormal development of the heart results in impaired doubles of conductive nodes, as well ... In pulmonary valve stenosis, there is a reduction in blood flow to the lungs due to an obstruction of the heart at the pulmonic ...
About Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), 2013-2015. Web. 12 April 2015 American Heart Association, Single Ventricle ... Hypoplastic right heart syndrome is a congenital heart defect in which the structures on the right side of the heart, ... The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the aorta to be circulated to the rest of the body. Crucial steps in heart ... When the heart beats, oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium. The blood then flows into the right ventricle, where it pumps ...
... he underwent open-heart surgery to repair a defective ventricle. Ulrich graduated from Northwest Cabarrus High School in North ... he was accidentally stabbed in the area where he had open-heart surgery. In 1997, he had a small role as an emotionally ...
... it also forms the apex of the heart. The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps ... an adjacent chamber in the upper heart that is smaller than a ventricle. Interventricular means between the ventricles (for ... A ventricle is one of two large chambers toward the bottom of the heart that collect and expel blood towards the peripheral ... During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood again. The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left ...
Morphometric light microscopic analysis of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle revealed an increase of the area of cell cross ... Mitochondria of the heart left ventricle in hypokinetic rats Membr Cell Biol. 1998;11(5):609-21. ... Morphometric light microscopic analysis of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle revealed an increase of the area of cell cross ... which indicated a partial atrophy of the heart muscle. Heterogeneous ultrastructural changes of mitochondria were also observed ...
Object Name: Mold, Ventricleheart, artificialmold, ventricle. Measurements: overall: 2 in x 2 1/2 in x 2 in; 5.08 cm x 6.35 cm ...
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The heaviness of one or both ventricles of the heart, that is, the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood away from the ... or the degree to which one or both ventricles of the heart are drawn toward the earth by gravity. ... RGD is funded by grant HL64541 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute on behalf of the NIH.. ... heart either to the lungs to be oxygenated or, once oxygenated, to the rest of the body, ...
The thickness or depth of the septal wall of the heart ventricles. The septal wall is the portion of the heart left ventricle ... heart intraventricular wall thickness; heart ventricle septum thickness; heart ventricular septal wall thickness. ... heart ventricle septal wall thickness. related_synonym: SWT; antero-septal wall thickness; heart interventricular septum ... heart interventricular end-diastolic septal wall thickness +. 0. heart interventricular end-systolic septal wall thickness +. 0 ...
In adulthood many patients with congenital heart disease develop complications of the right ventricle. Therefore, this ... H.G. Freling: Imaging of the right ventricle in congenital heart disease. ... which are the muscles connected to the heart valves and small muscles on the inside of the heart, are often considered to be ... Many patients have a conduction delay of the right ventricle. In these patients it is important to determine the end-systolic ...
Bioengineers from Harvard University in the US have developed a 3D model of the human hearts left ventricle to carry… ... Harvard University researchers create 3D model of human ventricle ...
We are a national UK charity offering help to anyone affected by the diagnosis of single ventricle heart condition. ... Little Hearts Matter. Welcome to Little Hearts Matter ❤️ We are the only national UK charity offering specialised support to ... Little Hearts Matter, 75 Harborne Road, 4th Floor, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 3BU ... Learn more about the ways that we help people on the half a heart journey. ...
Heart Ventricles ✖ Remove constraint Subject: Heart Ventricles ... Replacing Hearts: Left Ventricle Assist Devices and Transplants ... 2. A Dynamic Aortic Patch as a Permanent Mechanical Auxiliary Ventricle: Experimental Studies Date: November 1969 ... 1. Final Progress Report: Experimental Construction of an Auxiliary Ventricle Date: 29 March 1963 ... 3. Current Status of Intraaortic Balloon Pump and Initial Clinical Experience with Aortic Patch Mechanical Auxiliary Ventricle ...
Of 382 adult heart transplant recipients with congenital heart disease (CHD), 185 (48%) had single-ventricle physiology. ... easing concerns related to heart transplantation in adults with CHD and destigmatizing most subtypes of single-ventricle CHD. ... and notably better for biventricular CHD patients compared to non-CHD heart transplant recipients. BACKGROUND Congenital heart ... Historically, single-ventricle CHD subtypes were all considered higher risk than their biventricular counterparts, which would ...
Variants of arterial supply to the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the ventricles of the heart and the influence on age at ... Variants of arterial supply to the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the ventricles of the heart and the influence on age at ... We determined coronary artery variance at the inferior surface of the ventricles in 134 dissected human hearts and analyzed a ... Others considered an AIVA on the inferior surface of the heart a rare variant. A long AIVA is a strong predictor of death in ...
A single ventricle is a congenital heart defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first ... There are many types of single ventricles including double inlet left ventricle, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, mitral ... understanding the underlying etiology of single ventricle heart defects and 2) developing functional cures for SVDS or for ... Single Ventricle Disease Research Program. *Apply*Awards*Advisory Board. *Stanford Pediatric IBD & Celiac Disease Research ...
... in left ventricles of normal and failed hearts with two-step approach. In the first step, we excluded genes which are variantly ... few studies were focused on the selection of optimal reference genes in left ventricles of failing human hearts, leading to ... Using our two-step approach, we identified and validated two reference genes expressed invariantly in left ventricles of both ... the main objective of this study was to identify a set of suitable reference genes in normal and failing left ventricle tissues ...
... is a rare congenital heart defect. The clinical features of DCRV, especially in the pediatric population, have not been ... A double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is a rare congenital heart defect. The clinical features of DCRV, especially in the ... Double-chambered Right Ventricle in Children J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2019 Dec;29(12):1193-1198. doi: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.12 ... symptomatic patients among children with DCRV with signs of right ventricular pressure overload and associated congenital heart ...
Single Ventricle) answers are found in the Adult and Pediatric Cardiac powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad ... "Single ventricle anomalies" are also known as "functionally univentricular hearts" and include a variety of congenital heart ... Consequently, hearts classified as "single ventricles" are also classified as "functionally univentricular hearts". These ... "Functionally Univentricular Heart (Single Ventricle)." Adult and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. STS Cardiothoracic Surgery E-Book, ...
R. Foale, P. Nihoyannopoulos, W. McKenna et al., "Echocardiographic measurement of the normal adult right ventricle," Heart, ... S. Aschauer, A. A. Kammerlander, C. Zotter-Tufaro et al., "The right heart in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: ... As an important differential diagnostic index, the structure and function of the left ventricle (LV) has been identified and ... S. Dubrey, K. Cha, and J. Anderson, "The clinical features of immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with heart ...
In this condition, the bodys main artery and the lung artery do not connect to the usual areas in the heart. The bodys main ... OverviewDouble-outlet right ventricle is a heart condition present at birth. That means its a congenital heart defect. ... Double-outlet right ventricle is a heart condition present at birth. That means its a congenital heart defect. In this ... Babies with double-outlet right ventricle also have a hole between the lower heart chambers. The lower heart chambers are ...
Grades of Body Mass Index are Correlated with Left Atrium and Ventricle Structures in Patients with Hypertensive Heart Disease. ... Left Ventricle end Diastole (LVD) Mass (r=0.341), Left Ventricle end Sytole (LVS) Mass (r=0.303), Left Ventricle Posterior Wall ... Left Ventricle end Diastole (LVD) Mass (r=0.341), Left Ventricle end Sytole (LVS) Mass (r=0.303), Left Ventricle Posterior Wall ... Left Ventricle end Diastole (LVD) Mass (r=0.341), Left Ventricle end Sytole (LVS) Mass (r=0.303), Left Ventricle Posterior Wall ...
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Ventricle Heart. Okay, so I got bored. a ventricle heart that is supposed to be human. (is it ventricle or ventrical? or ...
In 1957, Witham first used the term double outlet right ventricle to describe a partial transposition of the great arteries. ... Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) was first pathologically described in the late 19th century as partial transposition. ... Double outlet right ventricle; a partial transposition complex. Am Heart J. 1957 Jun. 53(6):928-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Double outlet right ventricle, with a large variability in anatomy, represents a continuum of congenital heart defects (CHDs) ...
Effect of gestational protein restriction on left ventricle hypertrophy and heart angiotensin II signaling pathway in adult ... Left Ventricle Postinfarction Pseudoaneurysm: Anatomical Forms and Surgical Management (Articles) J. M. Garrido, A. Ferreiro, J ... Holmes Heart and HIV: A Rare Combination of Two "H"s in a 23-Year-Old Widow (Articles) ... "Swiss-Cheese" Left Ventricle in Acute Myocardial Infarction-A Case Report (Case Report) ...
All the latest heart disease news, videos, and more from the worlds leading engineering magazine. ... Scientists Build Ventricle-on-a-Chip to Study Heart Disease Tissue engineering and nanofabrication created a miniature working ... heart disease News & Articles. Showing 10 posts that have the tag "heart-disease" ... Flexible Implant Treats Heart Disease, Then Dissolves Transient cardiac device paces pulses before chemically clearing out ...
2019 Heart Valve Summit- Managing the Dysfuntional Ventricle During Percutaneous and Catheter Interventions. ... The mitral valve is one of four valves in the heart that make sure blood flows in the right direction. Degenerative mitral ... 2010 Heart Valve Summit: Mitral Valve Surgical Literature: Reading Between the Lines. ...
vn, ventricle of heart.. vp, velum palitum.. vv, vitelline blood vessels.. wd, Wolffian duct. ... Caudad to the heart and in the region of the anterior appendages, aa, the oesophagus suddenly enlarges to form the stomach, i ... Figure 5C passes through the posterior region of the pharynx, ph, the tip of the forebrain, fb, the anterior edge of the heart ... Figure 4G is about fifty-five sections caudad to the preceding figure, and passes through the middle region of the heart, ht. ...
Your heart is a hard-working muscle. Find out more in this article for kids. ... then dump it into the ventricles. The ventricles then squeeze, pumping blood out of the heart. While the ventricles are ... The two chambers on the bottom are called the ventricles (say: VEN-trih-kulz). The heart has a left ventricle and a right ... The heart is one hard worker!. What Are the Parts of the Heart?. The heart is made up of four different blood-filled areas, and ...
Two weeks post treatment, the NOS activities and superoxide productions in the heart and aorta did not differ from the age- ... continuous Epi treatments seem to be necessary for maintaining elevated NO production as well as redox balance in the heart and ... Epi significantly increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in the aorta and left heart ventricle (LHV) vs. the age- ... Figure 3. The effect of (-)-epicatechin on the superoxide production in the left heart ventricle (a) and aorta (b) of ...
A different ventricle of the heart. Generically fiction is a more intimate form, so youre going to get-perhaps you hope to get ...
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance The Bruker Ascend 600MHz NMR system equipped with a broadband cryoprobe gives the possibility to access high resolution and high signal to noise ratio.
  • In the current era, most single-ventricle heart disease (SVHD) is diagnosed prenatally by means of fetal echocardiography. (nih.gov)
  • Rising to the Call of Single Ventricle Heart Disease, Together. (duke.edu)
  • In double inlet left ventricle only the left lower heart chamber (left ventricle) is developed, and both upper chambers carry blood into this ventricle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Double inlet left ventricle is one of several heart defects known as single (or common) ventricle defects, as there is essentially only one pumping chamber in the heart. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The right ventricle is triangular in shape and extends from the tricuspid valve in the right atrium to near the apex of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • The heart has a left atrium and a right atrium. (kidshealth.org)
  • Blood enters the right side of the heart and flows through the right atrium and right ventricle. (ohsu.edu)
  • NICE advises in its latest guidance that up to 90 per cent of all pacemakers implanted to treat sick sinus syndrome and atrioventricular block - the two primary causes of bradycardia - should be dual-chamber devices, which deliver electrical impulses to both the right atrium and the right ventricle. (news-medical.net)
  • The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. (healthline.com)
  • There is a major difference between the heart of a developing fetus and that of a fully mature adult: a fetus will have a hole in the right atrium. (healthline.com)
  • The right atrium and right ventricle are referred to as the right heart, whereas the left atrium and left ventricle are referred to as the left heart . (medicinenet.com)
  • The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. (medicinenet.com)
  • The right ventricle gets blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs to load it with oxygen. (medicinenet.com)
  • Serial echocardiograms refine the anticipated postnatal physiology to optimise transitional care, including the need for prostaglandin or urgent atrial septal intervention in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is the most common functionally univentricular (single ventricle) anomaly. (sts.org)
  • Peyton was born November 6, 2003, with hypoplastic left heart syndrome . (cnn.com)
  • The heart's conduction system sends electrical signals along a pathway through the heart, like wires in a house, to tell parts precisely when to contract. (ohsu.edu)
  • According to the American Heart Association ( AHA) , ventricular tachycardia happens when electrical impulses in the heart's lower chambers start firing abnormally. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Dr. Kusumoto says atrial fibrillation decreases the heart's blood pumping efficiency and puts a patient at higher risk for blood clots, heart failure, and stroke. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Muscle cells in the heart's lower chambers, called ventricles, thicken. (healthychildren.org)
  • In people with structurally normal hearts, sudden cardiac arrest can sometimes be caused by undiagnosed genetic conditions that affect the heart's electrical impulses. (healthychildren.org)
  • Ventricular fibrillation occurs in the heart's lower two chambers, known as the ventricles. (healthline.com)
  • Ventricular fibrillation is disorderly and irregular electrical activity in the heart's ventricles. (healthline.com)
  • The Heart Valve Program at the Corrigan Minehan Heart Center cares for patients with conditions affecting any of the heart's four valves, including previously placed prosthetic heart valves. (massgeneral.org)
  • Once the image patterns were learned, the AI system could estimate the size and pumping efficiency of the left ventricle, one of the heart's four chambers, from retinal scans alone. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • The pulse you feel is the contraction of the heart's left ventricle. (rxlist.com)
  • The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve and pumps it through the aorta via the aortic valve, into the systemic circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A median sternotomy incision was made and after establishing cardiopulmonary bypass, a 7 cm wound in the left ventricle and a smaller wound in the left atrium were repaired. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report the case of a young man who suffered a large stab wound (SW) in the left ventricle and left atrium in addition to a lung injury for approximately 2 h before undergoing reparative surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It flows through the left atrium and left ventricle, where it is pumped out to nourish the body. (ohsu.edu)
  • It passes through the left atrium and into the left ventricle, which pumps it into the aorta. (ohsu.edu)
  • The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart, located on the left posterior side. (healthline.com)
  • The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle. (medicinenet.com)
  • In X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy due to dystrophin mutations which abolish the expression of the M isoform (5'-XLDC), the skeletal muscle is spared through the up-regulation of the Brain (B) isoform, a compensatory mechanism that does not appear to occur in the heart of affected individuals. (nih.gov)
  • A person with an arrhythmia might have a heart that beats too fast, too slowly, or irregularly. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Arrhythmia is a condition that causes the heart to beat abnormally or irregularly. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Arrhythmia can cause a person's heart to beat too fast, too slowly, or with an irregular rhythm. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If people do not receive treatment for arrhythmia, it can lead to life-threatening complications, such as heart failure , stroke , or cardiac arrest . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) , a person may not notice any symptoms of arrhythmia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to the Arrhythmia Alliance , SCA is a condition where the heart suddenly stops working due to a malfunctioning of its electrical system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • the arrhythmia affects other heart structures and functions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Sometimes, a person with an arrhythmia can feel well, but their heart might pump so fast that it increases pressure in the heart. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This type of arrhythmia starts in the lower heart chambers (ventricles). (mayoclinic.org)
  • If an arrhythmia occurs in the ventricles, the word "ventricular" will precede the type of arrhythmia. (healthline.com)
  • Three bands made from muscle, separate the right ventricle: the parietal, the septal, and the moderator band. (wikipedia.org)
  • A ho le ( ventricular septal defect ) between the two lower heart chambers (ventricles). (singhealth.com.sg)
  • Associated problems can include an atrial septal defect (hole between the two upper heart chambers) and abnormalities of the coronary arteries. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Relation of Norwood Shunt Type and Frequency of Arrhythmias at 6 Years (from the Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial). (duke.edu)
  • The effect of shunt and Fontan type on arrhythmias by 6 years of age in the SVRII (Single Ventricle Reconstruction Extension Study) was assessed. (duke.edu)
  • These conditions, which are uniformly fatal without surgical intervention, result in a host of morbidities including cyanosis, exercise intolerance, arrhythmias, and heart failure. (nih.gov)
  • Without treatment, some arrhythmias can lead to life threatening complications, such as heart failure, cardiac arrest, or a stroke. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Many types of irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) can cause tachycardia. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia is a broad term that includes arrhythmias that start above the ventricles. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins have been identified as the major cause of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC), in which the right ventricle is "replaced" by fibrofatty tissue, resulting in lethal arrhythmias. (jci.org)
  • The lower right and left chambers of the heart. (nih.gov)
  • Ventricular tachycardia is a condition that affects the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The chambers of the heart operate as a 'double-pump' system for the body's circulation. (healthline.com)
  • In tachycardia, an irregular electrical signal (impulse) starting in the upper or lower chambers of the heart causes the heart to beat faster. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Chaotic, irregular electrical signals in the upper chambers of the heart (atria) cause a fast heartbeat. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The various chambers of the heart are separated by partitions, each of which is called a septum. (medicinenet.com)
  • My Doctor came in and told me, 'Your Echo report shows that the cavity size for your right ventricle is reduced and that the wall thickness is severely increased. (medhelp.org)
  • Join us in our mission to empower the congenital heart disease community by advancing access to resources and specialized care that improve patient-centered outcomes. (achaheart.org)
  • Founded in 2021 by Dr. Dan Bensimhon , a Duke University cardiologist with a degree in American literature, Ventricle plans to serve the 50% of Americans with cardiovascular disease that don't enjoy ready access to cardiologists. (citybiz.co)
  • They are used to treat heart failure or hepatic, renal, or pulmonary disease when sodium and water retention has resulted in edema or ascites. (medscape.com)
  • Thanks to better detection and surgery in the first year of life, the outlook for babies with critical congenital heart disease has improved. (ohsu.edu)
  • Most people who have ventricular fibrillation have an underlying heart disease or have experienced serious trauma, such as being struck by lightning. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A disease of the heart muscles, which makes the heart abnormally large, thickened and/or stiff. (medicinenet.com)
  • In the U.S., 1 in every 4 deaths is caused by heart disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • Doctors have recognised that changes to the tiny blood vessels in the retina are indicators of broader vascular disease, including problems with the heart. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • The use of deep learning in the analysis of retinal scans could revolutionise the way patients are regularly screened for signs of heart disease. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • The system could also be used to track early signs of heart disease. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • An enlarged ventricle is linked with an increased risk of heart disease. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • Lower blood pressure is associated with a lower risk of conditions like heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. (rxlist.com)
  • Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Heart disease symptoms depend on the type of heart disease. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Coronary artery disease is a common heart condition that affects the major blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart arteries are usually the cause of coronary artery disease. (mayoclinic.org)
  • You might not be diagnosed with coronary artery disease until you have a heart attack, angina, stroke or heart failure. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Heart (cardiovascular) disease can sometimes be found early with regular health checkups. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Coronary artery disease, also called CAD, is a condition that affects your heart. (mayoclinic.org)
  • It is the most common heart disease in the United States. (mayoclinic.org)
  • If a close relative was diagnosed at an early age with heart disease, you're at a greater risk. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A ventricle is one of two large chambers toward the bottom of the heart that collect and expel blood towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a four-chambered heart, such as that in humans, there are two ventricles that operate in a double circulatory system: the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta. (wikipedia.org)
  • The physiological load on the ventricles requiring pumping of blood throughout the body and lungs is much greater than the pressure generated by the atria to fill the ventricles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further, the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right because it needs to pump blood to most of the body while the right ventricle fills only the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation. (nih.gov)
  • The right side of your heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs . (kidshealth.org)
  • The left side of the heart r eceives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body . (kidshealth.org)
  • The atria are the chambers that fill with the blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs. (kidshealth.org)
  • The ventricles are the chambers that pump out the blood to the body and lungs. (kidshealth.org)
  • The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs for a little freshening up. (kidshealth.org)
  • From there, it passes to the right ventricle, which pumps it into the pulmonary artery and on to the lungs to take up oxygen. (ohsu.edu)
  • The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the body. (ohsu.edu)
  • This can cause fluid to back up in the lungs or the heart muscle to become weak and unstable. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The right side of the heart then pumps this deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries around the lungs. (healthline.com)
  • The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. (healthline.com)
  • This can cause pressure and fluid to build up in your heart and lungs, which can eventually cause heart failure. (massgeneral.org)
  • This causes the right ventricle to pump harder to send blood out to the lungs. (kidshealth.org)
  • The left lower chamber of the heart (ventricle) receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body. (rxlist.com)
  • The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Your heart is sort of like a pump, or two pumps in one. (kidshealth.org)
  • When the heart pumps to push blood throughout the arteries, this phase is called systole. (rxlist.com)
  • Our study included a heart-failure community cohort from Olmsted County, Minnesota, and this is a very well-characterized cohort of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). (medscape.com)
  • Chronic exercise training modulates inflammation and reduces left ventricle stiffness in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. (escardio.org)
  • Single ventricle anomalies" are also known as "functionally univentricular hearts" and include a variety of congenital heart defects that present challenges to the congenital heart surgeon. (sts.org)
  • Congenital heart defects may be environmentally related, but the association with elevated ambient temperature has received little attention. (nih.gov)
  • We studied the relationship between outdoor heat during the first trimester of pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects. (nih.gov)
  • We calculated the prevalence of congenital heart defects at birth according to the number of days women were exposed to maximum temperature ≥ 30°C. In log-binomial regression models, we estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the relationship of temperature with seven critical and eight noncritical heart defects, adjusted for pregnancy characteristics. (nih.gov)
  • Prevalence of congenital heart defects was 979.5 per 100,000 for 10 days or more of temperature ≥ 30°C compared with 878.9 per 100,000 for 0 days of exposure. (nih.gov)
  • Extreme heat exposure during the first trimester may be associated with noncritical heart defects, especially of the atrial septum. (nih.gov)
  • The possibility that elevated temperatures or heat waves increase risk of congenital heart defects has received little attention. (nih.gov)
  • Despite this evidence, only two studies have considered the possibility that ambient heat exposure is related to congenital heart defects. (nih.gov)
  • Congenital heart conditions are among the most common birth defects in the United States, affecting about one baby in every 100 births. (ohsu.edu)
  • Defects in the way the coronary arteries connect to the heart can lead to decreased blood supply to heart muscle during exercise and cause cardiac arrest. (healthychildren.org)
  • There are multiple causes of aortic stenosis, including congenital heart defects, calcification of the valve and infection. (massgeneral.org)
  • Calcium build-up, infection and congenital heart defects can cause the mitral valve to open incompletely. (massgeneral.org)
  • A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) is a type of test that can help diagnose heart defects. (kidshealth.org)
  • Yet many congenital heart defects exhibit sex biases in presentation, mortality, and morbidity [ 15 ] and are primarily due to disruptions occurring before gonad formation. (springer.com)
  • Likewise in the systolic phase, the left ventricle must contract rapidly and forcibly to pump this blood into the aorta, overcoming the much higher aortic pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Less oxygenated 'blue' blood returning to the right side of the heart is mixed with the oxygenated 'red' blood from the left side of the heart through the hole and into the overriding aorta. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • The ventricular wound was repaired with single mattress sutures reinforced by strips of bovine pericardium (Figures 3 , 4 ) without arresting the heart and without cross-clamping the aorta. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The condition requires three open-heart surgeries to allow the right ventricle to function on its own normally, Bacha said. (cnn.com)
  • She's had three open heart surgeries, two re entries, an aortapexy, gtube placed, an ileostomy from NEC, a trach placed, and a pacemaker(they went through her chest scar). (gofundme.com)
  • The overall goal of medical therapy in patients with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is to prevent or control congestive heart failure (CHF). (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] On the inner walls of the ventricles are irregular muscular columns called trabeculae carneae which cover all of the inner ventricular surfaces except that of the conus arteriosus, in the right ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its posterior wall is formed by the ventricular septum, which bulges into the right ventricle, so that a transverse section of the cavity presents a semilunar outline. (wikipedia.org)
  • The muscle of the right ventricle becomes thick (right ventricular hypertrophy). (singhealth.com.sg)
  • Right ventricular [RV] dysfunction is common in patients with heart failure with reduced EF [HFrEF]. (medscape.com)
  • Defibrillators can also restore a heartbeat if the heart suddenly stops pumping blood due to ventricular fibrillation. (nih.gov)
  • A ventricular assist device (VAD) is a mechanical pump that helps the heart pump blood through the body when the heart can't pump enough blood on its own. (nih.gov)
  • Exposure to traffic-related air pollution is linked to left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and death. (cdc.gov)
  • Some people's hearts may tolerate ventricular tachycardia and not collapse, but for others, it can be life threatening, requiring immediate treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In both atrial fibrillation (AFib) and ventricular fibrillation (VFib), the electrical signals in the heart muscle become chaotic. (healthline.com)
  • In some cases, atrial fibrillation can be corrected with medication or by administering a shock to a sedated patient's heart. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Prior to a patient's initial visit, Heart Valve Program physicians collect and review all records and imaging studies to determine what additional tests or consults are needed, and when possible, to schedule those appointments on the same day. (massgeneral.org)
  • The AI system identified associations between pathology in the retina and changes in the patient's heart. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • Currently, details about the size and pumping efficiency of a patient's left ventricle can only be determined if they have diagnostic tests such as echocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging of the heart. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • Knowing that it is so common, are we just seeing RV dysfunction that is intrinsic to the myocardium and the ventricle itself, or are we seeing a reactive process to pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH]? (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors rarely metastasize to the heart, and previous reports involved the myocardium only. (duke.edu)
  • Cardiac tamponade is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle (myocardium) and the outer covering sac of the heart (pericardium). (lupusresearch.org)
  • The atria and ventricles work as a team - the atria fill with blood, then dump it into the ventricles. (kidshealth.org)
  • What are the atria and ventricles? (healthline.com)
  • Analysis of surgical outcome in complex double-outlet right ventricle with heterotaxy syndrome or complete atrioventricular canal defect. (medscape.com)
  • There is an obstruction from the right ventricle to the lung caused by thick muscle (infundibular stenosis) and/or narrowing of the pulmonary valve ( pulmonary stenosis ). (singhealth.com.sg)
  • Two of the heart valves are the mitral (say: MY-trul) valve and the tricuspid (say: try-KUS-pid) valve . (kidshealth.org)
  • The other two are called the aortic (say: ay-OR-tik) valve and pulmonary (say: PUL-muh-ner-ee) valve , and they're in charge of controlling the flow as the blood leaves the heart. (kidshealth.org)
  • The mitral valve is one of four valves in the heart that make sure blood flows in the right direction. (mitralvalverepair.org)
  • The Heart Valve Program at the Massachusetts General Hospital Corrigan Minehan Heart Center provides a multidisciplinary team of experts to manage complex and common valve diseases. (massgeneral.org)
  • Aortic stenosis, or narrowing of the aortic valve, is a common but serious heart condition that reduces blood flow out of your heart. (massgeneral.org)
  • Aortic regurgitation occurs when your aortic valve does not seal properly, allowing blood to flow backwards into your heart as it relaxes. (massgeneral.org)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Resection of Carcinoid Tumor Metastatic to the Right Ventricle and Tricuspid Valve. (duke.edu)
  • Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis ) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. (kidshealth.org)
  • The aortic valve and pulmonary valve control the flow of blood as it leaves the heart and keep it flowing forward. (kidshealth.org)
  • Unlike the M isoform, consistently detectable in all the heart regions, the B isoform was selectively expressed in atrial cardiomyocytes, but absent in ventricles and in conduction system structures. (nih.gov)
  • They continue: "Compared with [single-chamber] pacemakers, dual-chamber pacemakers in the MOST trial significantly reduced the rates of atrial fibrillation and hospitalization for heart failure and were associated with somewhat lower rates of stroke. (news-medical.net)
  • Mayo Clinic electrophysiologist Fred Kusumoto, M.D., explains what happens in the heart to create atrial fibrillation and what can be done to fix it. (mayoclinic.org)
  • HEART BEATING] Atrial fibrillation interrupts this regular beat. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The term congestive heart failure refers to the collection of fluid because of a failing heart. (medicinenet.com)
  • The thickness or depth of the ventral/anterior wall of the left ventricle of the heart. (mcw.edu)
  • The ventral/anterior wall is the portion of the muscle enclosing the ventricle which is farthest from the spine and closest to the chest wall of the organism. (mcw.edu)
  • The pericardium was opened and although there was a clot ventral to the heart, there were no signs of cardiac tamponade. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RGD is funded by grant HL64541 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute on behalf of the NIH. (mcw.edu)
  • Rationale: Right heart failure is a cause of morbidity and mortality in common and rare heart and lung diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • MAY 10TH, 2017 Brey received her perfect heart. (gofundme.com)
  • According to the guidance, titled "Dual-chamber pacemakers for symptomatic bradycardia due to sick sinus syndrome and/or atrioventricular block", NICE estimates that the cost to the NHS of implementing these recommendations will range from GBP8 million to GBP10 million per year (section 6.3) - an investment in the nation's heart health that the assessment committee deemed cost-effective (section 4.2.11). (news-medical.net)
  • We also had longer-term outcomes on these patients with follow-up up to 10 years for heart-failure hospitalizations and all-cause cardiovascular mortality. (medscape.com)
  • When they see a patient with symptoms of heart failure, EF is normal but the RV function is bad, they need to put HFpEF in the differential as they are thinking about pulmonary hypertension , RV infarction, and other conditions that can be associated with a normal EF and RV dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • By 2030, the U.S. Medicare population alone is on pace to spend more than $70 billion on heart failures, making it the second-largest category spend after renal failure, according to Ventricle Health. (citybiz.co)
  • Our foundational service lines offer a rapid path for either payers or value-based provider groups to connect heart failure patients to high-quality cardiology services and provides a model for cardiologists to effectively manage more patients," said Bensimhon, the company's chief medical officer. (citybiz.co)
  • Study after study has shown that getting heart failure patients on appropriate guideline-directed medical therapy can dramatically improve health outcomes and lead to marked reductions in costs and improvements in quality of life in just weeks - yet typically less than 20% of our patients are on these medications even when they come out of the hospital. (citybiz.co)
  • ACE inhibitors are beneficial in all stages of chronic heart failure. (medscape.com)
  • This agent is used for short-term treatment of acute decompensated heart failure. (medscape.com)
  • But if left untreated, some forms of tachycardia can lead to serious health problems, including heart failure, stroke or sudden cardiac death. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The Cincinnati Children's Hospital Heart Failure and Transplant Program, where Peyton was treated during his transplant and final moments, said it could not comment on the case. (cnn.com)
  • If severe and left untreated, aortic stenosis can weaken your heart and lead to heart failure. (massgeneral.org)
  • There was a 6 cm cut in the lateral pericardium corresponding to the stab wound in the chest and a 7 cm, almost transmural wound in the left ventricle, parallel to a major diagonal branch (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some cases people feel their heart palpitating or beating very, very fast or a flip-flop in their heart or chest area. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The heart is a muscular organ situated in the chest just behind and slightly toward the left of the breastbone. (medicinenet.com)
  • Chest pain due to insufficient blood supply to the heart from doing strenuous physical activity. (medicinenet.com)
  • Some young people who suffer SCA may have previously experienced heart-related symptoms, such as shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting , that weren't thought to be anything life-threatening. (healthychildren.org)
  • Commotio Cordis is caused by a blow to the chest directly over the heart at certain points in the heartbeat cycle. (healthychildren.org)
  • An ICD is implanted in your chest wall and has electrical leads that are connected to your heart. (healthline.com)
  • It can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This can cause chest pain, shortness of breath or even a heart attack. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Movement of blood through the heart and around the body is called circulation (say: sur-kyoo-LAY-shun), and your heart is really good at it - it takes less than 60 seconds to pump blood to every cell in your body. (kidshealth.org)
  • Pooled blood can clot , and these clots are what cause strokes and limb or organ damage when they're ejected from the ventricles into the circulation. (healthline.com)
  • The heart and its blood vessels are known as the cardiovascular system . (medicinenet.com)
  • Expression patterns between males and females vary in every adult tissue, even in organs with no conspicuous dimorphisms such as the heart. (springer.com)
  • The heart gets its nutrients and oxygen via the coronary arteries that run along the surface of the heart. (medicinenet.com)
  • The narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the heart (coronary arteries). (medicinenet.com)
  • The reason is due to narrowed coronary arteries that are unable to supply sufficient oxygen-rich blood to the heart during exertion. (medicinenet.com)
  • When a coronary artery is suddenly blocked, some of the heart muscles die as they are starved of oxygen. (medicinenet.com)
  • CAD happens when coronary arteries struggle to supply the heart with enough blood, oxygen and nutrients. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Our recent work has combined shape optimization and multiscale modeling to design novel surgical procedures for the first and third stages of single ventricle repair. (nih.gov)
  • We found sex-biased expression at every stage in heart development, and interestingly, identified a subset of genes that exhibit the same bias across multiple cardiogenic stages. (springer.com)
  • The only way to correct a heart that is experiencing VFib is to give it an electrical shock with a defibrillator. (healthline.com)
  • If the shock is administered in time, a defibrillator can revert the heart back to a normal, healthy rhythm. (healthline.com)
  • If you have had VFib more than once or if you have a heart condition that puts you at high risk for developing VFib, your doctor may suggest you get an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) . (healthline.com)
  • Defibrillators are devices that restore a normal heartbeat by sending an electric pulse or shock to the heart. (nih.gov)
  • In a healthy heart, blood is pumped from the upper chamber into the lower chamber (or from the atria into the ventricles) in a single heartbeat. (healthline.com)
  • Pacemakers can also be used to help your heart chambers beat together in sync so your heart can pump blood more efficiently to your body. (nih.gov)
  • The heart may not be able to pump blood around the body properly, which can damage organs, such as the brain and heart. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Ann abnormal heart rhythm, which may interfere with the ability of the heart to pump blood effectively. (medicinenet.com)
  • In CHF, the heart is unable to pump blood to body tissues efficiently. (medicinenet.com)
  • As a result, it weakens the ability of the heart to pump blood. (medicinenet.com)
  • Ventricles are the two chambers in the heart that pump blood throughout the body. (cnn.com)
  • In VFib, the heart will no longer pump blood. (healthline.com)
  • The ventricles, in turn, do not contract and pump blood out of the heart into the body. (healthline.com)
  • Prenatal echocardiogram (an ultrasound of the fetal heart) to create clear images of a developing baby's heart and other organs. (ohsu.edu)
  • A fetal echo uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart. (kidshealth.org)
  • Nearly 80% of children with congenital heart conditions now reach adulthood. (ohsu.edu)
  • In most cases, the cause of a congenital heart defect is unknown. (ohsu.edu)
  • The blood pumped by a ventricle is supplied by an atrium, an adjacent chamber in the upper heart that is smaller than a ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ventricles have thicker walls than atria and generate higher blood pressures. (wikipedia.org)
  • During systole, the ventricles contract, pumping blood through the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood again. (wikipedia.org)
  • Before each beat, your heart fills with blood. (kidshealth.org)
  • That's sort of like what your heart does so it can pump the blood. (kidshealth.org)
  • The heart is made up of four different blood-filled areas, and each of these areas is called a chamber. (kidshealth.org)
  • The ventricles then squeeze, pumping blood out of the heart. (kidshealth.org)
  • Your blood relies on four special valves inside the heart. (kidshealth.org)
  • They let blood flow from the atria to the ventricles. (kidshealth.org)
  • The left side of your heart sends that oxygen-rich blood out to the body . (kidshealth.org)
  • The returning blood enters the right side of the heart. (kidshealth.org)
  • You probably guessed that the blood just doesn't slosh around your body once it leaves the heart. (kidshealth.org)
  • Cardiac rehabilitation involves adopting heart-healthy lifestyle changes to lower your risk for more heart and blood vessel diseases. (nih.gov)
  • The implantable cardioverter defibrillators typically consist of a small generator (like a long-lasting battery) that is placed under the skin, as well as leads or wires that go from the generator through the blood vessels and to the heart muscle chambers. (nih.gov)
  • A VAD includes tubes to carry blood out of your heart and to your blood vessels, a power source, and a control unit that monitors how well the device is working. (nih.gov)
  • The oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart and enters the left side. (ohsu.edu)
  • After the blood circulates through the body, it returns to the right side of the heart to begin the cycle again. (ohsu.edu)
  • drugs that are similar in structure and action to epinephrine and norepinephrine-natural chemicals in the body that increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure. (nih.gov)
  • When the ventricles fibrillate, it can prevent the heart from pumping blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Blood enters the heart through the two atria and exits through the two ventricles. (healthline.com)
  • There, fresh oxygen enters the blood stream, and the blood moves to the left side of the heart, where it is then pumped to the rest of the body. (healthline.com)
  • The heart is one of the hardest working organs in the body, and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the entire body. (healthline.com)
  • The rapid heart rate doesn't allow the ventricles to fill and squeeze (contract) to pump enough blood to the body. (mayoclinic.org)
  • When the heart beats too fast, it may not pump enough blood to the rest of the body. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The heart works all the time, pumping blood through the network of blood vessels called the arteries and veins. (medicinenet.com)
  • The flow of blood into the heart, within the heart chambers, and from the heart is guarded by the four valves present in the heart. (medicinenet.com)
  • If the arteries develop complete blockage from a suddenly lodged blood clot , the condition is called a heart attack . (medicinenet.com)
  • Diseases that affect the valves that direct flow of blood to the heart. (medicinenet.com)
  • During that same beat, the blood is pumped from the ventricles into the body. (healthline.com)
  • However, when AFib affects a heart, the upper chambers no longer pump the blood into the lower chambers and it has to flow passively. (healthline.com)
  • The most serious complications are stroke , heart attack , and blockage of blood vessels leading to organs or limbs. (healthline.com)
  • If you develop VFib, your body will not receive the blood it needs because your heart is no longer pumping. (healthline.com)
  • It refers to the force blood applies on the blood vessel walls during the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. (rxlist.com)
  • Blood pressure measures pressure in the arteries, the vessels that carry blood away from the heart. (rxlist.com)
  • Low blood pressure (hypotension) results in inadequate blood flow -- and therefore inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients -- to the heart, brain, kidneys, and other organs. (rxlist.com)
  • The heart circulates blood throughout the body with every beat. (rxlist.com)
  • The heart fills with blood between heartbeats. (rxlist.com)
  • Baroreceptors are small nerve cells within arteries close to the heart that help regulate blood pressure. (rxlist.com)
  • If blood pressure becomes too low, baroreceptors send signals to the heart telling it to beat faster and pump more blood per minute. (rxlist.com)
  • If blood pressure becomes too high, baroreceptors send signals to the veins instructing them to expand and store more blood and return less blood to the heart. (rxlist.com)
  • Conversely, veins can become narrower and return more blood to the heart, which increases blood pressure. (rxlist.com)
  • Atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the heart and other parts of the body. (mayoclinic.org)
  • These buildups narrow your arteries, decreasing blood flow to your heart. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Unstable angina pectoris is an emergency as it may precede a heart attack, serious abnormal heart rhythm or cardiac arrest . (medicinenet.com)
  • It could be that his body was rejecting the new organ, which manifested in an abnormal heart rhythm. (cnn.com)
  • This can cause abnormal heart rhythm, especially during exercise. (healthychildren.org)
  • Very rarely, physical activity during rehab can cause serious problems, such as injuries to your muscles and bones, or possible life-threatening heart rhythm problems. (nih.gov)
  • Learn about the devices that help restore a normal rhythm and treat damaged or weakened hearts. (nih.gov)
  • A pacemaker is a small device that sends electrical pulses to help your heart beat at a normal rate and rhythm. (nih.gov)
  • This serious problem can lead to death if the heart rhythm isn't restored within minutes. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A heart rhythm condition that can cause fast and chaotic heart rhythm. (healthychildren.org)
  • If it detects an irregular heart rate or rhythm, it sends out a quick shock in order to return the heart to a normal pattern. (healthline.com)
  • The upper two chambers are called the atria, whereas the lower two chambers are known as the ventricles. (medicinenet.com)