Heartwater Disease
Ehrlichia ruminantium
Tick Control
Goats
Arachnid Vectors
Ticks
Potential value of major antigenic protein 2 for serological diagnosis of heartwater and related ehrlichial infections. (1/37)
Cowdria ruminantium is the etiologic agent of heartwater, a disease causing major economic loss in ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean. Development of a serodiagnostic test is essential for determining the carrier status of animals from regions where heartwater is endemic, but most available tests give false-positive reactions with sera against related Erhlichia species. Current approaches rely on molecular methods to define proteins and epitopes that may allow specific diagnosis. Two major antigenic proteins (MAPs), MAP1 and MAP2, have been examined for their use as antigens in the serodiagnosis of heartwater. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine if MAP2 is conserved among five geographically divergent strains of C. ruminantium and (ii) to determine if MAP2 homologs are present in Ehrlichia canis, the causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the organism responsible for human monocytic ehrlichiosis. These two agents are closely related to C. ruminantium. The map2 gene from four strains of C. ruminantium was cloned, sequenced, and compared with the previously reported map2 gene from the Crystal Springs strain. Only 10 nucleic acid differences between the strains were identified, and they translate to only 3 amino acid changes, indicating that MAP2 is highly conserved. Genes encoding MAP2 homologs from E. canis and E. chaffeensis also were cloned and sequenced. Amino acid analysis of MAP2 homologs of E. chaffeensis and E. canis with MAP2 of C. ruminantium revealed 83.4 and 84.4% identities, respectively. Further analysis of MAP2 and its homologs revealed that the whole protein lacks specificity for heartwater diagnosis. The development of epitope-specific assays using this sequence information may produce diagnostic tests suitable for C. ruminantium and also other related rickettsiae. (+info)Evaluation of 16S, map1 and pCS20 probes for detection of Cowdria and Ehrlichia species. (2/37)
A panel of 16S ribosomal RNA gene probes has been developed for the study of the epidemiology of heartwater; five of these detect different cowdria genotypes, one detects five distinct genotypes; one detects any Group III Ehrlichia species other than Cowdria and one detects any Group II Ehrlichia species. These probes have been used on PCR-amplified rickettsial 16S rRNA genes from over 200 Amblyomma hebraeum ticks. Control ticks were laboratory-reared and either uninfected or fed on sheep experimentally infected with different cowdria isolates, field ticks were collected from animals in heartwater-endemic areas. All tick-derived DNA samples were also examined by PCR amplification and probing for two other cowdria genes (map1 and pCS20) which have previously been used for heartwater epidemiology. This paper describes the first direct comparison of all currently available DNA probes for heartwater-associated organisms. (+info)Prevalence of Cowdria ruminantium infection in Amblyomma hebraeum ticks from heartwater-endemic areas of Zimbabwe. (3/37)
Analysis of the transmission dynamics of Cowdria ruminantium, the tick-borne rickettsial agent of heartwater in ruminants, requires accurate measures of infection in vector populations. To obtain these, Amblomnia hebraeum ticks were collected at two heartwater-endemic locations in the lowveld and highveld regions of Zimbabwe and assessed for C. ruminantium infection with specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA probe detection assays. At the lowveld site, 11.2% (50/446) of adult ticks and 8.5% (23/271) of nymphs carried C. ruminantium, as detected by PCR. At the highveld site, the prevalence of infection in adult ticks was 10.2% (40/392). DNA probe analysis revealed that most infections at both sites were of low intensity; only 9% and 23% of all nymph and adult tick infections, respectively, were greater than 70000 organisms, the detection limit of the DNA probe. However, the majority (70%) of probe-detectable adult tick infections were high, between 10(7) and 10(9) organisms/tick, while those within nymphs were lower, between 10(5) and 10(6) organisms/tick. (+info)Growth of Cowdria ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater, in a tick cell line. (4/37)
The tick-borne rickettsia Cowdria ruminantium has been propagated continuously for over 500 days in the Ixodes scapularis tick cell line IDE8 by using the Gardel isolate from bovine endothelial cells as an inoculum. Infection of the tick cells was confirmed by PCR, karyotyping, electron microscopy, and reinfection of bovine cells. (+info)Detection of the agent of heartwater, Cowdria ruminantium, in Amblyomma ticks by PCR: validation and application of the assay to field ticks. (5/37)
We have previously reported that the pCS20 PCR detection assay for Cowdria ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater disease of ruminants, is more sensitive than xenodiagnosis and the pCS20 DNA probe for the detection of infection in the vector Amblyomma ticks. Here, we further assessed the reliability of the PCR assay and applied it to field ticks. The assay detected DNA of 37 isolates of C. ruminantium originating from sites throughout the distribution of heartwater and had a specificity of 98% when infected ticks were processed concurrently with uninfected ticks. The assay did not detect DNA of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, which is closely related to C. ruminantium. PCR sensitivity varied with tick infection intensity and was high (97 to 88%) with ticks bearing 10(7) to 10(4) organisms but dropped to 61 and 28%, respectively, with ticks bearing 10(3) and 10(2) organisms. The assay also detected C. ruminantium in collections of Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum field ticks from 17 heartwater-endemic sites in four southern African countries. Attempts at tick transmission of infection to small ruminants failed with four of these collections. The pCS20 PCR assay is presently the most characterized and reliable test for C. ruminantium in ticks and thus is highly useful for field and laboratory epidemiological investigations of heartwater. (+info)Macrorestriction fragment profiles reveal genetic variation of Cowdria ruminantium isolates. (6/37)
Macrorestriction profile analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to distinguish between seven isolates of Cowdria ruminantium from geographically different areas. Characteristic profiles were generated for each isolate by using the restriction endonucleases KspI, SalI, and SmaI with chromosomal sizes ranging between 1,546 and 1,692 kb. Statistical analysis of the macrorestriction profiles indicated that all the isolates were distinct from each other; these data contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen and may be exploited for the identification of genotype-specific DNA probes. (+info)Genome size and genetic map of Cowdria ruminantium. (7/37)
Cowdria ruminantium is the cause of a serious tick-borne disease of domestic ruminants, known as heartwater or cowdriosis. The organism belongs to the tribe Ehrlichieae:, which contains obligate intracellular pathogens, causing several important animal and human diseases. Although a few C. ruminantium genes have been cloned and sequenced, very little is known about the size, gross structure and organization of the genome. This paper presents a complete physical map and a preliminary genetic map for C. ruminantium. Chromosomal C. ruminantium DNA was examined by PFGE and Southern hybridization. PFGE analysis revealed that C. ruminantium has a circular chromosome approximately 1576 kb in size. A physical map was derived by combining the results of PFGE analysis of DNA fragments resulting from digestion of the whole genome with KSP:I, RSR:II and SMA:I and Southern hybridization analysis with a series of gene probes and isolated macrorestriction fragments. A genetic map for C. ruminantium with a mean resolution of 290 kb was established, the first for a member of the Ehrlichieae: A total of nine genes or cloned C. ruminantium DNA fragments were mapped to specific KSP:I, RSR:II and SMA:I fragments, including the major antigenic protein gene, map-1. (+info)Monoclonal antibody binding to a surface-exposed epitope on Cowdria ruminantium that is conserved among eight strains. (8/37)
Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) binding to Cowdria ruminantium elementary bodies (EB) were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and surface binding of one MAb (446.15) to intact EB was determined by immunofluorescence, immunogold labeling, and transmission electron microscopy. MAb 446.15 bound an antigen of approximately 43 kDa in immunoblots of eight geographically distinct strains. The MAb did not react with Ehrlichia canis antigens or uninfected bovine endothelial cell lysate and may be useful in diagnostic assays and vaccine development. (+info)Heartwater disease is not a human condition, but rather a tick-borne illness that affects ruminants, particularly cattle, sheep, and goats. It's primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean. Here is a veterinary medical definition:
Heartwater disease, also known as Cowdria disease, is a rickettsial infection caused by the intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia ruminantium. The disease is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, primarily of the genus Amblyomma.
The name "heartwater" refers to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs and around the heart that can occur as a result of the infection. Initial symptoms may include fever, depression, loss of appetite, and swelling of the legs and brisket. As the disease progresses, it can lead to neurological signs such as aimless wandering, muscle twitching, and difficulty swallowing. If left untreated, heartwater disease is often fatal.
Prevention strategies include tick control measures, such as the use of acaricides (chemicals that kill ticks), and vaccination.
'Ehrlichia ruminantium' is a gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that belongs to the family Anaplasmataceae. It is the etiological agent of heartwater, a tick-borne disease that affects mainly ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. The bacteria infect endothelial cells in various organs, including the brain and heart, causing vasculitis, edema, and hemorrhage, which can lead to severe clinical signs and death in infected animals.
The bacterium is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, mainly from the genus Amblyomma. The disease is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Heartwater is a major constraint to livestock production in affected areas, causing significant economic losses to farmers and pastoralists.
Prevention and control measures for heartwater include the use of acaricides to control tick infestations, vaccination of susceptible animals, and quarantine measures to prevent the introduction of infected animals into disease-free areas.
"Tick control" is not a medical term per se, but it is a common term used in public health and medicine to refer to the methods and practices aimed at reducing or preventing the population of ticks in a given area. This can include various strategies such as:
1. Landscape management: Modifying the environment to make it less tick-friendly, for example, by clearing leaf litter, brush, and tall grasses around homes and recreational areas.
2. Chemical control: Using pesticides to kill ticks in the environment or on animals. This can include treating vegetation, animal feed and bedding, or using tick repellents on human skin or clothing.
3. Biological control: Using natural predators or pathogens of ticks to reduce their populations.
4. Personal protection: Using protective clothing, insect repellent, and other measures to prevent tick bites when spending time outdoors.
5. Public education: Informing the public about the risks associated with ticks and how to protect themselves, as well as the importance of reporting tick bites and removing ticks promptly and properly.
Tick control is an important aspect of preventing tick-borne diseases, which can have serious health consequences for humans and animals.
I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:
1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.
I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:
1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.
These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.
Arachnid vectors are arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida that are capable of transmitting infectious diseases to humans and other animals. Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. Among these, ticks and some mites are the most significant as disease vectors.
Ticks can transmit a variety of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, causing diseases such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, tularemia, and several types of encephalitis. They attach to the host's skin and feed on their blood, during which they can transmit pathogens from their saliva.
Mites, particularly chiggers and some species of birds and rodents mites, can also act as vectors for certain diseases, such as scrub typhus and rickettsialpox. Mites are tiny arachnids that live on the skin or in the nests of their hosts and feed on their skin cells, fluids, or blood.
It is important to note that not all arachnids are disease vectors, and only a small percentage of them can transmit infectious diseases. However, those that do pose a significant public health risk and require proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and checking for and promptly removing attached ticks.
A medical definition of "ticks" would be:
Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that belong to the arachnid family, which also includes spiders. They have eight legs and can vary in size from as small as a pinhead to about the size of a marble when fully engorged with blood. Ticks attach themselves to the skin of their hosts (which can include humans, dogs, cats, and wild animals) by inserting their mouthparts into the host's flesh.
Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. It is important to remove ticks promptly and properly to reduce the risk of infection. To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick, as this can cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. After removing the tick, clean the area with soap and water and disinfect the tweezers.
Preventing tick bites is an important part of protecting against tick-borne diseases. This can be done by wearing protective clothing (such as long sleeves and pants), using insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors.
I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Ruminantium9
- Uilenberg G . Heartwater ( Cowdria ruminantium infection): current status. (cdc.gov)
- Isolation and transmission of Cowdria ruminantium (causal agent of heartwater disease) in Blue Nile Province, Sudan. (cdc.gov)
- Detection of the agent of heartwater, Cowdria ruminantium , in Amblyomma ticks by PCR: validation and application of the assay to field ticks. (cdc.gov)
- Ehrlichia ruminantium , a representative of this family, is responsible for heartwater, a fatal disease in ruminants that causes heavy losses for livestock farms in Sub-Saharan Africa and islands of the Indian Ocean and the Caribbean. (cirad.fr)
- After 10 years of research and administrative processes, the research team from CIRAD, based in Guadeloupe, has also obtained an international patent for the discovery of a virulence attenuator gene in Ehrlichia ruminantium, the bacterium that causes heartwater. (cirad.fr)
- Major knowledge gaps slow progress developing interventions against heartwater, which is caused by the obligate intracellular bacteria, Ehrlichia ruminantium. (usda.gov)
- 2) Characterize the anti-E. ruminantium immune response that associates with mild disease and/or immune protection. (usda.gov)
- Subsequently, the Tropical bont tick is a plant pest that transmits heartwater disease (lichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium) to domestic animals like cattle. (cphdforum.org)
- Researchers at Kansas State University have created a DIVA-compatible (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) subunit vaccine candidate forEhrlichia ruminantium(heartwater). (univation.co)
Introduction of heartwater2
- Increasing risks of introduction of heartwater onto the American mainland associated with animal movements. (cdc.gov)
- Due to the presence of competent tick vectors in North America, there is substantial risk of introduction of heartwater with potentially devastating consequences to the domestic livestock industry. (univation.co)
Amblyomma1
- But ticks, including R. appendiculatus,Amblyomma variegatum (which spreads heartwater) and Boophilus decoloratus and Boophilus microplus, which transmit both babesiosis and anaplasmosis, devastate the animals. (co.ke)
Ticks3
- The severity of the disease depends on the length of time toxin-producing ticks spend on a susceptible animal. (infonet-biovision.org)
- The disease is not widespread and is localised to areas where Hyalomma ticks are present. (infonet-biovision.org)
- Ticks are nasty ectoparasites that suck copious amounts of blood from their animal hosts leading to weight loss, irritation, deep wounds, tick worry in famers and of course disease transmission," said Githaka. (co.ke)
Endemic3
- Any highly unusual condition, unusual clinical signs of any kind, and any instance of high morbidity and/or mortality that does not fit classical picture of endemic disease and has not previously been identified in Missouri or the United States. (mo.gov)
- Heartwater, or cowdriosis, is a tick-borne disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is endemic in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. (univation.co)
- However, the endemic presence of small ruminant diseases such as PPR will not only affect productivity of small ruminants but will hinder pastoralists from accessing lucrative international markets to meet the increasing global demand for mutton and chevon (FAO-UN/OIE 2015). (cipav.org.co)
Peste1
- The contribution of sheep and goats to pastoralist livelihood is limited by the frequent occurrence of trade sensitive diseases such as Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR). (cipav.org.co)
Cattle8
- Sikhumbuzo Moyo, [email protected] MATABELELAND North has been hit by an outbreak of tick-borne diseases with veterinary authorities saying 276 cattle succumbed to the diseases from 525 cases recorded in the province since January. (co.zw)
- Heartwater is a disease of cattle, sheep, and goats that has significant economic consequences, including estimated losses of approximately US$48 million (approximately CA$62.4 million) annually in southern Africa. (cttbd.org)
- Heartwater is a fatal tick-borne disease of cattle, sheep, goats, and some wild ruminants. (cttbd.org)
- Cattle Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
- Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. (jefferson.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Cattle Diseases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Cattle Diseases" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (jefferson.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Cattle Diseases" by people in Profiles. (jefferson.edu)
- Bovilis® C7 Somni is indicated for the immunisation of healthy cattle as an aid in preventing diseases caused by Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium novyi type B, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium perfringens type C, Clostridium perfringens type D and Haemophilus somnus. (msd-animal-health.co.za)
Sheep and goats2
- Meanwhile, scientists at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Kenya are working with partners across Africa to develop new vaccines for tick-borne diseases (TBDs) such as heartwater, which attacks sheep and goats. (co.ke)
- PPR, is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats. (cipav.org.co)
Zoonotic1
- PPR virus is not a zoonotic disease but it causes significant livelihood disruption of livestock keepers in Africa, the Middle East and Asia with global estimates indicating that direct annual losses due to PPR outbreaks are between United States Dollar (USD) 1.2 and 1.7 billion (FAO-UN/OIE 2015). (cipav.org.co)
Africa1
- Her MSc and PhD were both on vector-borne animal diseases in Africa: namely heartwater and trypanosomiasis. (nri.org)
Spotted fever1
- Spotted fever rickettsioses (SFR) can cause human infections ranging from asymptomatic or mild cases to severe, life-threatening disease. (health.mil)
Livestock4
- The cause is the overuse of antibiotics, especially in the agricultural sector, to prevent disease outbreaks in livestock farms. (cirad.fr)
- Vaccines, diagnostic tests, and therapeutics are urgently needed for tick-borne diseases that affect livestock. (cttbd.org)
- The study recommends that PPR disease control programmes in pastoral systems of Kenya be tailored to specific geographical areas based on the type of livestock disease prevalent while taking into account the social and economic setting of the pastoralists' communities. (cipav.org.co)
- Pastoralists have developed management systems based on strategic mobility that is driven by factors such as seasonal availability of grazing and water resources, avoidance of areas with known livestock disease outbreaks as well as availability of markets (Notenbaert et al 2012). (cipav.org.co)
Lumpy1
- 11. Lumpy skin disease. (advocatekhoj.com)
Aleutian mink di1
- A slow progressive disease of mink caused by the ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE VIRUS . (nih.gov)
Vector-borne2
Prevalent1
- Death in affected calves ranges from 30-70% and 100% of calves in areas where the disease is prevalent may be affected. (infonet-biovision.org)
Aujeszky's1
- 2. Aujeszky's disease. (advocatekhoj.com)
Tick-borne5
- This benefits both species, but it has been implicated in the spread of tick-borne animal diseases. (wikipedia.org)
- The planned research will be used to train a graduate student in developing expertise in tick-borne diseases. (usda.gov)
- Tick-borne diseases hit Matabeleland Nor. (co.zw)
- One of the core mandates of CTTBD is to conduct tailored courses and training in Animal health, diagnostics and tick-borne disease control. (cttbd.org)
- It is also a regional diagnostic laboratory for Avian Influenza, Newcastle Diseases, Tick-borne diseases and West Nile virus. (cirad.fr)
Outbreaks2
Clinical Signs2
- The owners of the local chicken are aware of the clinical signs of the disease and as soon as some birds start to die of the disease, the rest are sold off or given out as gifts. (infonet-biovision.org)
- The disease is caused by the intracellular pathogenEhrlichia ruminantiumand may be fatal within days of the onset of clinical signs with mortality rates of up to 90% in susceptible hosts. (univation.co)
20212
Newcastle2
- 12. Newcastle disease. (advocatekhoj.com)
- Newcastle disease is a devastating malady in unvaccinated chickens of any age. (infonet-biovision.org)
Animal5
- These images were annotated by Dr. Steve Sorden and Dr. Claire Andreasen and funding was provided by a USDA Higher Education Challenge Grant in collaboration with the Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Food Security and Public Health (CFSPH), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), and Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC). (iastate.edu)
- The disease cannot be transmitted from an infected animal to a susceptible animal by contact or by inoculation of blood. (infonet-biovision.org)
- Diseases specific to aquatic animals can be found on the Australian Government Department of Agriculture , Water and the Environment 's website ( http://www.awe.gov.au/agriculture-land/animal/aquatic/reporting/reportab... ). (unog.ch)
- Treatment of the disease costs about $100 per animal. (co.ke)
- It is the OIE reference laboratory for heartwater and OIE collaborating center on diagnostic, epidemiology and control of tropical animal diseases, as well as the headquarters of the Caribbean Animal Health Network, CaribVET. (cirad.fr)
Serotype1
- Characterization of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype SAT2 in Egypt. (jefferson.edu)
Pullorum1
- 13. Pullorum disease. (advocatekhoj.com)
Swine1
- 6. Swine vesicular disease. (advocatekhoj.com)
Haemorrhagic1
- 2. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease. (advocatekhoj.com)
Cows3
- A disease of pregnant and lactating cows and ewes leading to generalized paresis and death. (uchicago.edu)
- The disease, which is characterized by hypocalcemia, occurs at or shortly after parturition in cows and within weeks before or after parturition in ewes. (uchicago.edu)
- It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus. (jefferson.edu)
Kidney disease1
- 8. Bacterial kidney disease (Renibacterium salmoninarum). (advocatekhoj.com)
Gene2
Severity1
- Disease severity will then be compared between groups of animals infected via tick feeding or IV inoculation. (usda.gov)
Animals1
- The following public and private disease prevention also protects the rights of the animals to a worthy enjoyable life and are the pillars of good and successful (and profitable) management. (infonet-biovision.org)
Prevention3
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
- Prevention of diseases is always both better and cheaper than treatment. (infonet-biovision.org)
Occurs1
- There is no treatment for the disease once it occurs. (infonet-biovision.org)
Control1
- A descriptive risk based cross-sectional survey was undertaken to characterise small ruminant disease control and husbandry practices in two pastoral regions of Kenya. (cipav.org.co)
Plant3
- Plant pests and diseases cause negative impacts on economies, these impacts affect important sectors like Agriculture, Trade, Tourism, and Transportation. (cphdforum.org)
- On our emerging plant pests and disease, lists are the fusarium wilt of banana (Foc TR4) diseases which have started attacking banana plantations due to climate change, and citrus greening, which targets citrus plants, causing premature fruit drop and death. (cphdforum.org)
- More awareness is being raised among policyholders and the surrounding public to be aware of these plant pests and diseases, by reporting any sightings to their nearest Ministry or Departments of Agriculture. (cphdforum.org)
Calves1
- It is mainly a disease of young calves, although adults are also susceptible. (infonet-biovision.org)