Recurrent clonic contraction of facial muscles, restricted to one side. It may occur as a manifestation of compressive lesions involving the seventh cranial nerve (FACIAL NERVE DISEASES), during recovery from BELL PALSY, or in association with other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1378)
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
Junction between the cerebellum and the pons.
Surgery performed to relieve pressure from MICROVESSELS that are located around nerves and are causing NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES.
Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)
A syndrome characterized by slowly progressive unilateral atrophy of facial subcutaneous fat, muscle tissue, skin, cartilage, and bone. The condition typically progresses over a period of 2-10 years and then stabilizes.
Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.
Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.
A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)
Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. FACIAL NERVE DISEASES generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.
Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.
A syndrome characterized by orofacial DYSTONIA; including BLEPHAROSPASM; forceful jaw opening; lip retraction; platysma muscle spasm; and tongue protrusion. It primarily affects older adults, with an incidence peak in the seventh decade of life. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p108)
Injuries to the lower jaw bone.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
The first branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY with distribution to muscles of the NECK; VERTEBRAE; SPINAL CORD; CEREBELLUM; and interior of the CEREBRUM.
Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.
The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE.
A form of PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM characterized by the same features except for the abnormal response to hormones such as PARATHYROID HORMONE. It is associated with paternally inherited mutant alleles of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with congenital eyelid dermoids.
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
The transference between individuals of the entire face or major facial structures. In addition to the skin and cartilaginous tissue (CARTILAGE), it may include muscle and bone as well.
Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.
Primary or metastatic neoplasms of the CEREBELLUM. Tumors in this location frequently present with ATAXIA or signs of INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION due to obstruction of the fourth ventricle. Common primary cerebellar tumors include fibrillary ASTROCYTOMA and cerebellar HEMANGIOBLASTOMA. The cerebellum is a relatively common site for tumor metastases from the lung, breast, and other distant organs. (From Okazaki & Scheithauer, Atlas of Neuropathology, 1988, p86 and p141)
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.

Perforating branches from offending arteries in hemifacial spasm: anatomical correlation with vertebrobasilar configuration. (1/61)

OBJECTIVE: In microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm, the perforating branches around the facial nerve root exit zone occasionally complicate facial nerve decompression. In this context, the vertebrobasilar configuration was retrospectively correlated with the perforating branches. METHODS: Based on vertebral angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and three dimensional computed tomographic angiography, 69 patients were divided into three groups, according to the anatomy of the vertebrobasilar system. In patients with the type I configuration, the vertebral artery on the affected side was dominant and had a sigmoidal course. The type II patients had the basilar artery curving mainly towards the affected side. The type III patients showed the basilar artery either running straight or curving toward the unaffected side. The relation of the anatomical configuration of these vessels with the perforating branches around the facial nerve exit zone was investigated. RESULTS: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery in type I patients (n=33) and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in type II (n=5) and type III (n=31) patients were the most common offending arteries. More than half of the type I patients (n=20) showed no perforating branches around the facial nerve exit zone. However, the type II (n=3) and III patients (n=23) often showed one or more perforating branches around that region. CONCLUSIONS: The configuration of the vertebrobasilar system has a significant correlation with the presence of perforating branches near the site of microvascular decompression. These perforating vessels are often responsible for the difficulty encountered in mobilising the offending artery during the procedure.  (+info)

Botulinum toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm: objective response evaluation. (2/61)

Twenty seven patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) and sixteen patients with blepharospasm (BS) having mean Jankovic disability rating scale score of 2.56+0.58 SD and 2.81+0.54 SD, respectively, were treated with botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections. The total number of injection sessions were ninety one with relief response in 98.91%. The mean improvement in function scale score was 3.78+0.64 SD and 3.29+1.07 SD respectively, in HFS and BS groups. The clinical benefit induced by botulinum toxin lasted for a mean of 4.46+3.11 SD (range 2 to 13) months in HFS group and 2.66+1.37 SD (range 1 to 6) months, in BS groups. Transient ptosis was seen in 4.39% of total ninety one injection sessions. These findings show that local botulinum toxin treatment provides effective, safe and long lasting relief of spasms.  (+info)

Preoperative assessment of trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm using constructive interference in steady state-three-dimensional Fourier transformation magnetic resonance imaging. (3/61)

Results of microvascular decompression (MVD) for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and hemifacial spasm (HFS) may be improved by accurate preoperative assessment of neurovascular relationships at the root entry/exit zone (REZ). Constructive interference in steady state (CISS)-three-dimensional Fourier transformation (3DFT) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was evaluated for visualizing the neurovascular relationships at the REZ. Fourteen patients with TN and eight patients with HFS underwent MR imaging using CISS-3DFT and 3D fast inflow with steady-state precession (FISP) sequences. Axial images of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) obtained by the two sequences were reviewed to assess the neurovascular relationships at the REZ of the trigeminal and facial nerves. Eleven patients subsequently underwent MVD. Preoperative MR imaging findings were related to surgical observations and results. CISS MR imaging provided excellent contrast between the cranial nerves, small vessels, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the CPA. CISS was significantly better than FISP for delineating anatomic detail in the CPA (trigeminal and facial nerves, petrosal vein) and abnormal neurovascular relationships responsible for TN and HFS (vascular contact and deformity at the REZ). Preoperative CISS MR imaging demonstrated precisely the neurovascular relationships at the REZ and identified the offending artery in all seven patients with TN undergoing MVD. CISS MR imaging has high resolution and excellent contrast between cranial nerves, small vessels, and CSF, so can precisely and accurately delineate normal and abnormal neurovascular relationships at the REZ in the CPA, and is a valuable preoperative examination for MVD.  (+info)

Hemifacial spasm due to cerebellopontine angle meningiomas--two case reports. (4/61)

A 54-year-old female and a 49-year-old female presented with complaints of hemifacial spasm. Both patients underwent surgery to remove cerebellopontine angle meningiomas. In one case, no vascular compression was observed at the root exit zone. The tumor was removed subtotally leaving residual tumor adhered to the lower cranial nerves. The hemifacial spasm disappeared immediately after the operation. The residual tumor was treated using gamma knife radiosurgery. In the other case, the root exit zone of the facial nerve was compressed by both the tumor and anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the tumor was removed totally. Postoperatively, the hemifacial spasm disappeared, but the patient suffered facial nerve paresis and deafness that was probably due to intraoperative manipulation. However, the facial nerve paresis gradually improved. Cerebellopontine angle meningioma with hemifacial spasm must be treated by surgical resection limited to preserve cranial nerve function. Subtotal removal with subsequent radiosurgery to treat the remaining tumor tissue is one option for the treatment of cerebellopontine angle meningioma.  (+info)

Tic convulsif caused by cerebellopontine angle schwannoma. (5/61)

A case is presented of painful tic convulsif caused by schwannoma in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), with right trigeminal neuralgia and ipsilateral hemifacial spasm. Magnetic resonance images showed a 4 cm round mass displacing the 4th ventricle and distorting the brain stem in the right CPA. The schwannoma, which compressed the fifth and seventh cranial nerves directly, was subtotally removed by a suboccipital craniectomy. Postoperatively, the patient had a complete relief from the hemifacial spasm and marked improvement from trigeminal neuralgia. The painful tic convulsif in this case was probably produced by the tumor compressing and displacing the anterior cerebellar artery directly.  (+info)

Clinical usefulness of magnetic resonance cisternography in patients having hemifacial spasm. (6/61)

To evaluate the usefulness of MR cisternography fourteen patients that had hemifacial spasm and 20 control patients underwent MR cisternography. All the patients with hemifacial spasm had a confirmed vascular compression after surgery. MR cisternography was performed using a 1.5-tesla superconducting MR magnet in which a 3D (dimensional) heavily T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequence was used. In 34 randomly selected individuals, we retrospectively determined whether MR cisternography images could be used to evaluate symptoms, and what the benefits of obtaining this image was. The results were correlated with the surgical findings. The sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 94% in all patients having a hemifacial spasm. The offending vessels were the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) in six patients cases, the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in six, both the vertebral artery and PICA in one, and the vertebral artery in one. All the images showed good resolution and contrast, and also showed the exact correlation between the facial nerve and intracranial vessels in the multiplaner image. The findings of neurovascular compression were well correlated with the surgical findings. We believe that high-resolution 3D MR cisternography is a very useful method for evaluating the neurovascular compression in patients that have hemifacial spasm.  (+info)

Cerebellopontine angle epidermoid tumor presenting with 'tic convulsif' and tinnitus--case report. (7/61)

A 22-year-old female presented with a cerebellopontine angle epidermoid tumor manifesting as a rare combination of hemifacial spasm, trigeminal neuralgia, and tinnitus. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the tumor distorting the brainstem and the fourth ventricle. The tumor was almost completely resected and the seventh-eighth cranial nerve complex was decompressed by mobilizing the anterior inferior cerebellar artery loop. No arterial loop was related to the trigeminal nerve. The patient was completely relieved of the "tic convulsif" and tinnitus after the surgery. The inflammatory nature of epidermoid tumor may be involved in the etiology of the syndrome. Microvascular decompression may be needed in addition to tumor removal in such cases.  (+info)

Snare technique of vascular transposition for microvascular decompression--technical note. (8/61)

Recurrence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) or hemifacial spasm (HFS) after microvascular decompression (MVD) is not rare. The prosthesis material eventually adheres to the neurovascular structures and again transmits arterial pulsation to the nerve. A snare ligature technique using a Gore-Tex tape can be used for the transposition of the offending artery. No prosthesis is necessary once the transposition is complete. This technique requires introduction of either Gore-Tex tape or thread around the artery and suture over the petrous dura, so an adequate working space as if operating in a shallow basin is essential. Therefore, the osteoplastic craniotomy is a little larger than usual with the scalp flap entirely reflected using a semicircular skin incision. The Gore-Tex tape can be directly snared around the artery and sutured over the petrous dura. If this procedure is difficult, a thread can be attached to both ends of the Gore-Tex tape to pass the tape around the vessel. Seven patients with TN and 13 patients with HFS have undergone this surgery. Although the follow-up period is not yet long enough, there has been no case of recurrence. The present technique for MVD can provide complete and permanent transposition of the offending artery.  (+info)

Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by involuntary, irregular contractions or twitching of the muscles on one side of the face. These spasms typically begin around the eye and may progress to involve the muscles of the lower face, including those around the mouth.

The primary cause of hemifacial spasm is pressure on or irritation of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) as it exits the brainstem, often due to a blood vessel or tumor. This pressure can lead to abnormal electrical signals in the facial nerve, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions.

In some cases, hemifacial spasm may be associated with other conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Bell's palsy. Treatment options for hemifacial spasm include medications to help relax the muscles, botulinum toxin (Botox) injections to paralyze the affected muscles temporarily, and, in rare cases, surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the facial nerve.

A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction or tightening of a muscle, group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the ureter or bronchi. Spasms can occur as a result of various factors including muscle fatigue, injury, irritation, or abnormal nerve activity. They can cause pain and discomfort, and in some cases, interfere with normal bodily functions. For example, a spasm in the bronchi can cause difficulty breathing, while a spasm in the ureter can cause severe pain and may lead to a kidney stone blockage. The treatment for spasms depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Facial muscles, also known as facial nerves or cranial nerve VII, are a group of muscles responsible for various expressions and movements of the face. These muscles include:

1. Orbicularis oculi: muscle that closes the eyelid and raises the upper eyelid
2. Corrugator supercilii: muscle that pulls the eyebrows down and inward, forming wrinkles on the forehead
3. Frontalis: muscle that raises the eyebrows and forms horizontal wrinkles on the forehead
4. Procerus: muscle that pulls the medial ends of the eyebrows downward, forming vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows
5. Nasalis: muscle that compresses or dilates the nostrils
6. Depressor septi: muscle that pulls down the tip of the nose
7. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi: muscle that raises the upper lip and flares the nostrils
8. Levator labii superioris: muscle that raises the upper lip
9. Zygomaticus major: muscle that raises the corner of the mouth, producing a smile
10. Zygomaticus minor: muscle that raises the nasolabial fold and corner of the mouth
11. Risorius: muscle that pulls the angle of the mouth laterally, producing a smile
12. Depressor anguli oris: muscle that pulls down the angle of the mouth
13. Mentalis: muscle that raises the lower lip and forms wrinkles on the chin
14. Buccinator: muscle that retracts the cheek and helps with chewing
15. Platysma: muscle that depresses the corner of the mouth and wrinkles the skin of the neck.

These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve, which arises from the brainstem and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. Damage to the facial nerve can result in facial paralysis or weakness on one or both sides of the face.

Blepharospasm is a medical condition characterized by involuntary spasms and contractions of the muscles around the eyelids. These spasms can cause frequent blinkings, eye closure, and even difficulty in keeping the eyes open. In some cases, the spasms may be severe enough to interfere with vision, daily activities, and quality of life.

The exact cause of blepharospasm is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a part of the brain that controls movement. It can occur as an isolated condition (known as essential blepharospasm) or as a symptom of other neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.

Treatment options for blepharospasm may include medication, botulinum toxin injections, surgery, or a combination of these approaches. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of the spasms, improve symptoms, and enhance the patient's quality of life.

Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.

Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles

Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia

Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is a narrow space located at the junction of the brainstem and the cerebellum, where the pons and cerebellum meet. This region is filled with several important nerves, blood vessels, and membranous coverings called meninges. The CPA is a common site for various neurological disorders because it contains critical structures such as:

1. Cerebellum: A part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
2. Pons: A portion of the brainstem that plays a role in several vital functions, including facial movements, taste sensation, sleep regulation, and respiration.
3. Cranial nerves: The CPA is home to the following cranial nerves:
* Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): This nerve has two components - cochlear and vestibular. The cochlear part is responsible for hearing, while the vestibular part contributes to balance and eye movement.
* Facial nerve (CN VII): This nerve controls facial expressions, taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, salivary gland function, and lacrimation (tear production).
4. Blood vessels: The CPA contains critical blood vessels like the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), which supplies blood to various parts of the brainstem, cerebellum, and cranial nerves.
5. Meninges: These are protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. In the CPA, the meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Disorders that can affect the structures in the cerebellopontine angle include acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas), meningiomas, epidermoids, and arteriovenous malformations. These conditions may cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), facial weakness or numbness, difficulty swallowing, and imbalance.

Microvascular decompression surgery (MVD) is a surgical procedure used to alleviate the symptoms of certain neurological conditions, such as trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. The primary goal of MVD is to relieve pressure on the affected cranial nerve by placing a small pad or sponge between the nerve and the blood vessel that is causing compression. This procedure is typically performed under a microscope, hence the term "microvascular."

During the surgery, the neurosurgeon makes an incision behind the ear and creates a small opening in the skull (a craniotomy) to access the brain. The surgeon then identifies the affected nerve and the blood vessel that is compressing it. Using specialized instruments under the microscope, the surgeon carefully separates the blood vessel from the nerve and places a tiny pad or sponge between them to prevent further compression.

The benefits of MVD include its high success rate in relieving symptoms, minimal impact on surrounding brain tissue, and lower risk of complications compared to other surgical options for treating these conditions. However, as with any surgery, there are potential risks and complications associated with MVD, including infection, bleeding, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, facial numbness, hearing loss, balance problems, and very rarely, stroke or death.

It is essential to consult a qualified neurosurgeon for a thorough evaluation and discussion of the risks and benefits of microvascular decompression surgery before making a treatment decision.

Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the largest nerves in the head. It carries sensations from the face to the brain.

Medically, trigeminal neuralgia is defined as a neuropathic disorder characterized by episodes of intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain in the areas of the face supplied by the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions). The pain can be triggered by simple activities such as talking, eating, brushing teeth, or even touching the face lightly.

The condition is more common in women over 50, but it can occur at any age and in either gender. While the exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia is not always known, it can sometimes be related to pressure on the trigeminal nerve from a nearby blood vessel or other causes such as multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically involves medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Facial hemiatrophy, also known as Parry-Romberg syndrome, is a rare progressive condition characterized by the partial or complete atrophy (wasting) of the tissue on one side of the face. The atrophy typically involves the skin, fat, and muscle, but can also affect the bone and nerves.

The cause of facial hemiatrophy is not well understood, but it is believed to be a result of abnormalities in the blood vessels or nerves that supply the affected side of the face. The condition often begins in childhood or adolescence and can progress slowly over a period of several years.

In addition to the physical changes, people with facial hemiatrophy may also experience symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and eye problems. There is no cure for the condition, but various treatments such as cosmetic surgery, fillers, and muscle transfers can help improve the appearance of the affected side of the face.

Neuromuscular agents are drugs or substances that affect the function of the neuromuscular junction, which is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted to muscles. These agents can either enhance or inhibit the transmission of signals across the neuromuscular junction, leading to a variety of effects on muscle tone and activity.

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are a type of neuromuscular agent that is commonly used in anesthesia and critical care settings to induce paralysis during intubation or mechanical ventilation. NMBAs can be classified into two main categories: depolarizing and non-depolarizing agents.

Depolarizing NMBAs, such as succinylcholine, work by activating the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle contraction followed by paralysis. Non-depolarizing NMBAs, such as rocuronium and vecuronium, block the activation of these receptors, preventing muscle contraction and leading to paralysis.

Other types of neuromuscular agents include cholinesterase inhibitors, which increase the levels of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and can be used to reverse the effects of NMBAs, and botulinum toxin, which is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals and is used in the treatment of various neurological disorders.

Facial asymmetry refers to a condition in which the facial features are not identical or proportionate on both sides of a vertical line drawn down the middle of the face. This can include differences in the size, shape, or positioning of facial features such as the eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, and jaw. Facial asymmetry can be mild and barely noticeable, or it can be more severe and affect a person's appearance and/or functionality of the mouth and jaw.

Facial asymmetry can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life due to various factors such as injury, surgery, growth disorders, nerve damage, or tumors. In some cases, facial asymmetry may not cause any medical problems and may only be of cosmetic concern. However, in other cases, it may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires treatment.

Depending on the severity and cause of the facial asymmetry, treatment options may include cosmetic procedures such as fillers or surgery, orthodontic treatment, physical therapy, or medication to address any underlying conditions.

Botulinum toxins type A are neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. These toxins act by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle paralysis. Botulinum toxin type A is used in medical treatments for various conditions characterized by muscle spasticity or excessive muscle activity, such as cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, strabismus, and chronic migraine. It is also used cosmetically to reduce the appearance of wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing the muscles that cause them. The commercial forms of botulinum toxin type A include Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin.

Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.

In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.

It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.

Infantile spasms, also known as West syndrome, is a rare but serious type of epilepsy that affects infants typically between 4-8 months of age. The spasms are characterized by sudden, brief, and frequent muscle jerks or contractions, often involving the neck, trunk, and arms. These spasms usually occur in clusters and may cause the infant to bend forward or stretch out. Infantile spasms can be a symptom of various underlying neurological conditions and are often associated with developmental delays and regression. Early recognition and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.

Facial paralysis is a loss of facial movement due to damage or dysfunction of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This nerve controls the muscles involved in facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and closing the eyes. Damage to one side of the facial nerve can cause weakness or paralysis on that side of the face.

Facial paralysis can result from various conditions, including:

1. Bell's palsy - an idiopathic (unknown cause) inflammation of the facial nerve
2. Trauma - skull fractures, facial injuries, or surgical trauma to the facial nerve
3. Infections - Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), HIV/AIDS, or bacterial infections like meningitis
4. Tumors - benign or malignant growths that compress or invade the facial nerve
5. Stroke - damage to the brainstem where the facial nerve originates
6. Congenital conditions - some people are born with facial paralysis due to genetic factors or birth trauma

Symptoms of facial paralysis may include:

* Inability to move one or more parts of the face, such as the eyebrows, eyelids, mouth, or cheeks
* Drooping of the affected side of the face
* Difficulty closing the eye on the affected side
* Changes in saliva and tear production
* Altered sense of taste
* Pain around the ear or jaw
* Speech difficulties due to weakened facial muscles

Treatment for facial paralysis depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, such as Bell's palsy, spontaneous recovery may occur within a few weeks to months. However, physical therapy, medications, and surgical interventions might be necessary in other situations to improve function and minimize complications.

Facial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII). This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, eyelid movement, and taste sensation in the front two-thirds of the tongue.

There are two main types of facial nerve injuries:

1. Peripheral facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve outside the skull base, usually due to trauma from cuts, blunt force, or surgical procedures in the parotid gland or neck region. The injury may result in weakness or paralysis on one side of the face, known as Bell's palsy, and may also impact taste sensation and salivary function.

2. Central facial nerve injury: This type of injury occurs when damage affects the facial nerve within the skull base, often due to stroke, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries. Central facial nerve injuries typically result in weakness or paralysis only on the lower half of the face, as the upper motor neurons responsible for controlling the upper face receive innervation from both sides of the brain.

Treatment for facial nerve injuries depends on the severity and location of the damage. For mild to moderate injuries, physical therapy, protective eyewear, and medications like corticosteroids and antivirals may be prescribed. Severe cases might require surgical intervention, such as nerve grafts or muscle transfers, to restore function. In some instances, facial nerve injuries may heal on their own over time, particularly when the injury is mild and there is no ongoing compression or tension on the nerve.

Meige Syndrome, also known as Brueghel's syndrome or Hemifacial spasm-blepharospasm syndrome, is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the simultaneous contraction of muscles in the face, neck, and sometimes other parts of the body. It is a form of dystonia, which is a movement disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures.

Meige Syndrome is typically divided into two types:

1. Ocular Meige Syndrome: This type primarily affects the muscles around the eyes, causing involuntary spasms, blinks, and eyelid closure.
2. Cranio-cervical Dystonia or Brueghel's syndrome: This type involves both the cranial (head) and cervical (neck) regions, leading to abnormal head postures, neck pain, and involuntary movements of the facial muscles.

The exact cause of Meige Syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormal functioning in the basal ganglia, a part of the brain responsible for controlling movement. In some cases, it may be associated with structural lesions or vascular abnormalities in the brain.

Treatment options for Meige Syndrome include medications such as botulinum toxin (Botox) injections, which help to relax the overactive muscles and reduce spasms. In severe cases, surgical interventions may be considered.

Mandibular injuries refer to damages or traumas that affect the mandible, which is the lower part of the jawbone. These injuries can result from various causes, such as road accidents, physical assaults, sports-related impacts, or falls. Mandibular injuries may include fractures, dislocations, soft tissue damage, or dental injuries.

Symptoms of mandibular injuries might include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty speaking, chewing, or opening the mouth wide, and in some cases, visible deformity or misalignment of the jaw. Depending on the severity and type of injury, treatment options may range from conservative management with pain control and soft diet to surgical intervention for fracture reduction and fixation. Immediate medical attention is crucial to ensure proper diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and prevention of potential complications.

Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.

The vertebral artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and upper spinal cord. It arises from the subclavian artery, then ascends through the transverse processes of several cervical vertebrae before entering the skull through the foramen magnum. Inside the skull, it joins with the opposite vertebral artery to form the basilar artery, which supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. The vertebral artery also gives off several important branches that supply blood to various regions of the brainstem and upper spinal cord.

Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic proteins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. They are the most potent naturally occurring toxins, and are responsible for the paralytic illness known as botulism. There are seven distinct botulinum toxin serotypes (A-G), each of which targets specific proteins in the nervous system, leading to inhibition of neurotransmitter release and subsequent muscle paralysis.

In clinical settings, botulinum toxins have been used for therapeutic purposes due to their ability to cause temporary muscle relaxation. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is the most commonly used serotype in medical treatments, including management of dystonias, spasticity, migraines, and certain neurological disorders. Additionally, botulinum toxins are widely employed in aesthetic medicine for reducing wrinkles and fine lines by temporarily paralyzing facial muscles.

It is important to note that while botulinum toxins have therapeutic benefits when used appropriately, they can also pose significant health risks if misused or improperly handled. Proper medical training and supervision are essential for safe and effective utilization of these powerful toxins.

The posterior cranial fossa is a term used in anatomy to refer to the portion of the skull that forms the lower, back part of the cranial cavity. It is located between the occipital bone and the temporal bones, and it contains several important structures including the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, and the lower cranial nerves (IX-XII). The posterior fossa also contains the foramen magnum, which is a large opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brainstem. This region of the skull is protected by the occipital bone, which forms the base of the skull and provides attachment for several neck muscles.

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH), but without the associated biochemical abnormalities seen in pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP). PPHP is caused by mutations in the gene responsible for the production of the alpha subunit of the Gs protein, which is involved in the transmission of signals from the PTH receptor to the interior of the cell.

Individuals with PPHP typically have normal or elevated levels of serum calcium and phosphorus, and normal PTH levels, despite the resistance to PTH. The disorder is often characterized by a constellation of physical features known as Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO), which may include short stature, round face, brachydactyly (shortened fingers and toes), and ectopic calcifications. However, unlike PHP, individuals with PPHP do not have cognitive impairment or other endocrine abnormalities.

PPHP is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder if one parent is affected. The disorder was named "pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism" because it was initially misdiagnosed as pseudohypoparathyroidism, which is a similar but distinct disorder with different biochemical and clinical features.

Goldenhar Syndrome, also known as Oculoauriculovertebral Spectrum (OAVS), is a rare congenital condition characterized by a combination of abnormalities affecting the development of the eyes, ears, jaw, and spine. The specific features of this syndrome can vary significantly from one individual to another, but they often include underdevelopment or absence of one ear (microtia) or both ears (anotia), benign growths or cysts in the ear (preauricular tags or sinuses), abnormalities in the formation of the jaw (hemifacial microsomia), and a variety of eye problems such as small eyes (microphthalmia) or anophthalmia (absence of one or both eyes). In addition, some individuals with Goldenhar Syndrome may have vertebral abnormalities, including scoliosis or spina bifida.

The exact cause of Goldenhar Syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to disturbances in the development of the first and second branchial arches during embryonic development. These structures give rise to the facial bones, muscles, ears, and nerves. In some cases, genetic factors may play a role, but most cases appear to occur spontaneously, without a clear family history.

Treatment for Goldenhar Syndrome typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, with input from specialists such as plastic surgeons, ophthalmologists, audiologists, and orthodontists. Treatment may include reconstructive surgery to address facial asymmetry or ear abnormalities, hearing aids or other devices to improve hearing, and corrective lenses or surgery to address eye problems. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are also important to ensure optimal outcomes and to address any new issues that may arise over time.

Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.

Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.

For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.

Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.

Facial transplantation is a surgical procedure that involves replacing all or part of a patient's face with facial tissue from a deceased donor. The procedure typically includes the skin, muscles, nerves, and bones of the face, and may also include the eyes and eyelids, ears, and tongue. Facial transplantation is performed to significantly improve the appearance and function of a person's face, usually in cases where the patient has suffered severe facial trauma or disfigurement due to burns, cancer, or other medical conditions.

The procedure requires extensive planning, coordination, and expertise from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including plastic surgeons, transplant specialists, anesthesiologists, nurses, psychiatrists, and rehabilitation therapists. The surgery itself can take up to 30 hours or more, depending on the extent of the transplant.

Following the procedure, patients must undergo rigorous immunosuppressive therapy to prevent their immune system from rejecting the donor tissue. This involves taking medications that weaken the immune system and make the patient more susceptible to infections and other complications. Despite these risks, facial transplantation has been shown to significantly improve the quality of life for some patients who have undergone the procedure.

Eyelids are the thin folds of skin that cover and protect the front surface (cornea) of the eye when closed. They are composed of several layers, including the skin, muscle, connective tissue, and a mucous membrane called the conjunctiva. The upper and lower eyelids meet at the outer corner of the eye (lateral canthus) and the inner corner of the eye (medial canthus).

The main function of the eyelids is to protect the eye from foreign particles, light, and trauma. They also help to distribute tears evenly over the surface of the eye through blinking, which helps to keep the eye moist and healthy. Additionally, the eyelids play a role in facial expressions and non-verbal communication.

Cerebellar neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells within the cerebellum.

The most common type of cerebellar neoplasm is a medulloblastoma, which arises from primitive nerve cells in the cerebellum. Other types of cerebellar neoplasms include astrocytomas, ependymomas, and brain stem gliomas. Symptoms of cerebellar neoplasms may include headaches, vomiting, unsteady gait, coordination problems, and visual disturbances. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and age. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Coronary vasospasm refers to a sudden constriction (narrowing) of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. This constriction can reduce or block blood flow, leading to symptoms such as chest pain (angina) or, in severe cases, a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Coronary vasospasm can occur spontaneously or be triggered by various factors, including stress, smoking, and certain medications. It is also associated with conditions such as coronary artery disease and variant angina. Prolonged or recurrent vasospasms can cause damage to the heart muscle and increase the risk of cardiovascular events.

The study found that 77% of hemifacial spasm is due to primary hemifacial spasm and 23% is due to secondary hemifacial spasm. ... Hemifacial spasm is much more common in some Asian populations. Several families with hemifacial spasm have been reported, ... There is no known way to prevent hemifacial spasm. Mild cases of hemifacial spasm may be managed with sedation or carbamazepine ... There are several tests done to diagnose hemifacial spasm. Diagnosing a case of hemifacial spasm begins with a complete ...
"Trigeminal Neuralgia and Hemifacial Spasm" (PDF). UF Health Shands Hospital. November 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2021. Bayer DB, ...
Wartenberg, Robert (1952). Hemifacial Spasm A Clinical and Pathophysiological Study. Oxford University Press. Wartenberg, ...
Yoshimura, DM; Aminoff, MJ; Tami, TA; Scott, AB (1992). "Treatment of hemifacial spasm with botulinum toxin". Muscle and Nerve ...
These studies also improved the outcome of operations for hemifacial spasm. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Møller was one ... Møller, Aage R.; Jannetta, Peter J. (1984). "On the origin of synkinesis in hemifacial spasm: Results of intracranial ... Møller found evidence that the spasm was created by the facial motor nucleus probably through the process of activation of ... that were exposed during neurosurgical operations to study the pathophysiology of a disorder known as hemifacial spasm. ...
... microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm, pituitary tumors, complex skull-base tumors; radiosurgery; evaluation and ...
Hemifacial Spasm, and Meige Syndrome". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 156 (1): 173-177.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.02.001. ... The Greek word blepharon means "eyelid". Spasm means "uncontrolled muscle contraction". The term blepharospasm ['blef-a-ro-spaz ... The spasms may cause the mouth to pull open, shut tight, or move repetitively. Speech and swallowing may be distorted. It is ... Botulinum toxin injections can be helpful for the blepharospasm and for masseter spasm. Mogigraphia synd/547 at Who Named It? ...
Sleep 9: 370-371 Gillman MA, Sandyk R(1984) Hemifacial spasm - successful treatment with Baclofen. S Afr Med J 65: 502 Gillman ...
Hemifacial Spasm, and Bell's Palsy". Neurosurgery. 67 (2): 431-434. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000372088.18260.B1. PMID 20644430. ...
Brissaud-Sicard syndrome - is "hemiparesis and contralateral hemifacial spasm resulting from a pontine lesion" (Stedman's ...
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by involuntary contraction of facial muscles, typically occurring only on one side of ... Like blepharospasm, the frequency of contractions in hemifacial spasm may range from intermittent to frequent and constant. The ... Cervical dystonia (CD) or spasmodic torticollis is characterized by muscle spasms of the head and neck, which may be painful ...
... hemifacial spasm; spasticity: spasticity of the upper or lower limb, dynamic deformation of the equine foot). This drug is also ... In 1994, the group launched Dysport (type A botulinum toxin for the treatment of muscle spasms) after acquiring the British ...
In December 1989, Botox was approved by the US FDA for the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm in ... spasms of the head and neck, eyelid, vagina, limbs, jaw, and vocal cords. Similarly, botulinum toxin is used to relax the ...
... and peripheral myoclonus has symptoms of rhythmic jerks due to a neuron-the most common being the hemifacial spasm. Dystonia is ... Antiepileptics like valproate must act upon GABA receptors and manipulate ionic conductance to reduce tremors and spasms in ... Other symptoms can include tremors and muscle spasms due to various interactions of muscle, contractions and movement. Dystonia ...
... spasm MeSH C23.888.592.608.750.400 - hemifacial spasm MeSH C23.888.592.608.750.700 - trismus MeSH C23.888.592.608.875 - tetany ...
... cell leukodystrophy Gray matter heterotopia Guillain-Barré syndrome Head injury Headache Hemicrania Continua Hemifacial spasm ... Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome Primary lateral sclerosis Prion diseases Progressive hemifacial ... Hypoesthesia Hypoxia Immune-mediated encephalomyelitis Inclusion body myositis Incontinentia pigmenti Infantile spasms ...
... as well as micro-neurosurgery for treating cranial nerve disorders such as trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. In 2020, ...
... and hemifacial spasm. The procedure is also used experimentally to treat tinnitus and vertigo caused by vascular compression on ...
... spasm MeSH C10.597.613.750.400 - hemifacial spasm MeSH C10.597.613.750.700 - trismus MeSH C10.597.613.875 - tetany MeSH C10.597 ... spasms, infantile MeSH C10.228.140.490.380 - epilepsy, post-traumatic MeSH C10.228.140.490.450 - epilepsy, reflex MeSH C10.228. ...
... in Greece Hemifacial spasm, a neurologic disorder High fructose syrup Hospitality Franchise Systems, later Cendant HFS Morgan, ...
... in cases of trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm) - meningiomas (convexity, falcine or parasagittal) - ependymomas or ...
Vertebrobasillar dolichoectasia Hemifacial spasm Paresis Trigeminal neuralgia Internal carotid dolichoectasia Progressive ...
... and botulinum injections for blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. At the turn of the 20th century, there was no textbook in the ... and hemifacial spasm). The largest international society of neuro-ophthalmologists is the North American Neuro-Ophthalmological ...
... hemifacial spasm, and Holmes tremor Frequent hunger without other symptoms can also indicate that blood sugar levels are too ...
... facial muscles for hemifacial spasm, and limb muscles for dystonia (sustained muscle spasm), all as predicted in Scott's 1973 ... Botox injection can relieve the spasms, but leave patients unable to open their eyes or keep them open. Surgical lid elevation ... Botox, dubbed "medicine's answer to duct tape", has been found to be effective for muscle spasms and contractures, severe ... Andrew Koman of Wake Forest University in North Carolina pioneered its use to treat pediatric leg spasm in cerebral palsy. ...
Hemifacial Spasm, Spasmodic Dysphonia, and Stuttering", Botulinum Toxin, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 112-130, doi:10.1016/ ...
... trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. He developed minimally invasive endoscopic techniques that allow a surgeon to remove ...
Essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: characteristic of the patient, botulinum toxin A treatment and literature review ... The spells of spasming may last for minutes or even hours Uncontrollable contractions or twitches of the eye muscles and ... Excessive blinking and spasming of one or both eyes - characterized by uncontrollable eyelid closure of durations longer than ... The device is particularly helpful controlling an episode of severe spasm when the carrying out of specific tasks is necessary ...
... "progressive hemifacial atrophy" in 1871. Hemifacial microsomia List of skin conditions Trigeminal trophic syndrome Sharma M, ... The seizures are typically Jacksonian in nature (characterized by rapid spasms of a muscle group that subsequently spread to ... Progressive hemifacial atrophy; Parry-Romberg syndrome at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases (CS1 German-language sources (de), ... parry_romberg at NINDS Leäo M, da Silva ML (December 1994). "Progressive hemifacial atrophy with agenesis of the head of the ...
The study found that 77% of hemifacial spasm is due to primary hemifacial spasm and 23% is due to secondary hemifacial spasm. ... Hemifacial spasm is much more common in some Asian populations. Several families with hemifacial spasm have been reported, ... There is no known way to prevent hemifacial spasm. Mild cases of hemifacial spasm may be managed with sedation or carbamazepine ... There are several tests done to diagnose hemifacial spasm. Diagnosing a case of hemifacial spasm begins with a complete ...
Hemifacial spasm is a movement disorder of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This movement ... low-risk symptomatic treatment option for hemifacial spasm. Especially for patients with mild hemifacial spasm, who have a high ... Patients with hemifacial spasm suffer primarily from the associated psychosocial stress. Furthermore, pronounced spasm of the ... Yaltho TC, Jankovic J: The many faces of hemifacial spasm: differential diagnosis of unilateral facial spasms. Mov Disord 2011 ...
... hemifacial spasm represents a segmental myoclonus of muscles innervated by the facial nerve. The disorder presents in the fifth ... Idiopathic hemifacial spasm typically begins in the fifth or sixth decade of life. Onset of hemifacial spasm in patients ... encoded search term (Hemifacial Spasm) and Hemifacial Spasm What to Read Next on Medscape ... may present as hemifacial spasm. Most instances of hemifacial spasm previously thought to be idiopathic were probably caused by ...
Hemifacial spasm is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by irregular, involuntary muscle contractions (also known as ... Symptoms of Hemifacial Spasm. Hemifacial spasm typically begins as an intermittent twitching of the eyelid muscle, which can ... What is Hemifacial Spasm?. Hemifacial spasm is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by irregular, involuntary muscle ... The most common therapy to relieve hemifacial spasm is injections of botulinum toxin into the affected areas. Surgical ...
Hemifacial spasm Articles Case Reports Symptoms Treatment, United States. ...
Meet the Facial Pain and Hemifacial Spasm Team. Team Leader. Emad N. Eskandar, MD, MBA. Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor, ... Facial Pain and Hemifacial Spasm Center *Meet the Facial Pain and Hemifacial Spasm Team ...
Hemifacial Spasm. Melissa Parks, MSN, NP-C. May 19, 2023. Melissa Parks, MSN, NP-C, is an advanced practice provider at ...
Electrophysiologic and Clinical Observations in Hemifacial Spasms. Andre A. Weil, William A. Nosik ...
Hemifacial spasm. Overview. Hemifacial spasm is a nervous system condition in which the muscles on one side of the face twitch ... The cause of hemifacial spasm is most often a blood vessel touching or pulsing against a facial nerve. A facial nerve injury or ... Sometimes, hemifacial spasms occur on both sides of the face. However, the twitching doesnt occur on both sides of the face at ... Treatment for hemifacial spasm may include:. *Botulinum injections. A shot of botulinum toxin (Botox) into the affected muscles ...
Abnormal Muscle Response Monitoring by a New Method in Patients with Hemifacial Spasm : A Prospective Study. ... reliable diagnostic tool and an indicator of complete decompression of facial nerve from offending vessels in hemifacial spasm ...
Hemifacial Spasm. Hemifacial spasm is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by irregular, involuntary muscle spasms on one ... to rule out tumors or other diseases that may cause hemifacial spasm. Medications at times may reduce the facial spasms, but ... The reverse process of twitching occurs in atypical hemifacial spasm; twitching starts in orbicularis oris muscle around the ...
Rare causes of hemifacial spasm include space-occupying lesions in the cerebellopontine angle such as benign and malignant ... Rare causes of hemifacial spasm include space-occupying lesions in the cerebellopontine angle such as benign and malignant ... Rare causes of hemifacial spasm include space-occupying lesions in the cerebellopontine angle such as benign and malignant ... Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a neuromuscular movement disorder characterized by brief or transient involuntary contractions of the ...
Usually hemifacial spasm is caused by some kind of injury to or pressure on the facial nerve. There are two facial nerves that ... Hemifacial Spasm is a neurological condition in which the muscles on one side of the face begin to involuntarily twitch or ... involuntary muscle spasms or twitching of the muscles, usually on just one side of the face. ... In more severe cases, this then progresses to more intense and continuous muscle spasms on one whole side of the face. ...
Hemifacial spasm, also known as tic convulsif, is a condition that causes frequent ... Hemifacial Spasm. Toggle Hemifacial Spasm menu options. *Symptoms of Hemifacial Spasm. *Diagnosing and Treating Hemifacial ... What Causes Hemifacial Spasm?. Like trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm is caused by any one of a number of possible ... while hemifacial spasm is centered on the seventh cranial nerve. Hemifacial spasm is most commonly caused by a small blood ...
Hemifacial Spasm Definition. Hemifacial spasm (HS) causes muscles to contract on one side of the face. A person cannot control ... www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/hemifacial-spasm. ... Hemifacial spasm information page. National Institute of ...
... hemifacial Spasm services from a friendly and caring team, call California Oculoplastics and Retina. ... Pasadena Blepharospasm & Hemifacial Spasms. Offering Treatment Options for Blepharospasm & Hemifacial Spasms. The term ... Hemifacial spasm is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by irregular, involuntary muscle spasms on one side of the face ... Hemifacial spasm is much more common in some Asian populations. It may be caused by a facial nerve injury, a tumor, or it may ...
Learn about hemifacial spasm and treatment options available at Wheaton Eye Clinic, serving patients in the greater Chicagoland ... Hemifacial spasm is a chronic condition in which patients experience involuntary spasms on one side of the face. ... Botulinum toxin, called BOTOX, is an effective treatment for hemifacial spasm. A small amount of BOTOX is injected under the ... AnisocoriaAnterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB)Hemifacial SpasmMicrovascular Cranial ...
Hemifacial Spasm - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Hemifacial spasm usually results from nerve compression by a pulsating blood vessel that causes ectopic impulse generation ( ... Hemifacial spasm refers to unilateral painless, synchronous contractions of facial muscles due to repetitive involuntary ... The pulsating blood vessel is often visible on MRI, but diagnosis of hemifacial spasm is ultimately clinical. Focal seizures, ...
Hemifacial spasm is a extremely rare, neurological condition that affects the nervous system. ... Hemifacial spasm is a neurological condition that affects the nervous system. People with a hemifacial spasm will experience ... To diagnose hemifacial spasms your doctor will start by doing a physical examination and look out for tell-tale signs. To find ... Hemifacial spasms are slightly more common in females, however, they do affect men. This condition usually affects middle-aged ...
Our neurologists and neurosurgeons work with you to manage trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm symptoms, including pain. ... Facial Pain and Spasm Care Tailored to You. Trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm are two conditions affecting nerves in ... and Hemifacial Spasm Center uses proven therapies to help you successfully manage trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. We ... Trigeminal Neuralgia and Hemifacial Spasm Care Our neurologists and neurosurgeons provide treatment options to help manage and ...
Learn what causes hemifacial spasms and how to treat them. Get all the information you need about symptoms, causes, and ... What Is Hemifacial Spasm? Hemifacial spasm is a cranial nerve hyperactivity disorder that causes involuntary contraction of the ... Hemifacial Spasm: What the Patient Needs to Know. Written by: Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD. Last Updated: August 19, 2023 ... Hemifacial spasms are thought to be caused by compression of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) at the level of the brainstem ...
Brian S. Biesman offers the treatment of Blepharospasms and Hemifacial Spasms through the injection of Botox or Xeomin. ... Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm Home. • Services. • Medically Necessary Surgery. • Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm. ... Hemifacial Spasm. Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are separate and unrelated disorders. One does not change or evolve into ... Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm. Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are neurologic disorders in which the eyelid and facial ...
Return to Article Details IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF AFTER MICROVASCULAR DECOMPRESSION FOR HEMIFACIAL SPASM: A CASE SERIES ...
A 39-year-old woman underwent microvascular decompression for left hemifacial spasm. The offending vessel was left posterior ... A 39-year-old woman underwent microvascular decompression for left hemifacial spasm. The offending vessel was left posterior ... A 39-year-old woman underwent microvascular decompression for left hemifacial spasm. The offending vessel was left posterior ... A 39-year-old woman underwent microvascular decompression for left hemifacial spasm. The offending vessel was left posterior ...
Hemifacial Spasm (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) * Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome (National Institute ... For example, nerve diseases like trigeminal neuralgia or Bells palsy sometimes cause facial pain, spasms and trouble with eye ...
Hemifacial Spasm. Medically reviewed by Seunggu Han, M.D.. Learn about hemifacial spasms, including potential treatment options ... When that happens, its called a bronchial spasm, or a bronchospasm. During a bronchial spasm, breathing becomes more difficult ... Cricopharyngeal Spasm. Learn about cricopharyngeal spasms and how they affect your throat. ... Bronchial spasms usually come on quickly. They can cause a feeling of tightness in your chest that makes it difficult to catch ...
Clonic hemifacial spasm, right G51.32 Clonic hemifacial spasm, left G51.33 Clonic hemifacial spasm, bilateral ...
Surgical Management of Coexisting Trigeminal Neuralgia, Hemifacial Spasm, and Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia by Microasterional ... 2022). Surgical Management of Coexisting Trigeminal Neuralgia, Hemifacial Spasm, and Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia by ... basilar artery that compress V VII-VIII and IX cranial nerves in our patient it caused trigeminal neuralgia hemifacial spasm ...
W report the first case of hemifacial spasm (HFS) caused by vascular compression of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery ( ... Hemifacial Spasm Caused by Vascular Compression of the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery-Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery ... AICA-PICA; abnormal muscle response; cisternal portion of the facial nerve; delayed facial palsy; hemifacial spasm ... Hemifacial Spasm Caused by Vascular Compression of the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery ...
Hemifacial spasm. *Huntingtons disease. *Motor stereotypies. *Multiple system atrophy (MSA). *Myoclonus. *Parkinsons disease ...
  • The management of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
  • Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are neurologic disorders in which the eyelid and facial muscles contract and squeeze involuntarily. (drbiesman.com)
  • Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are separate and unrelated disorders. (drbiesman.com)
  • Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm. (slackbooks.com)
  • This toxin has been effective in the treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, for which it produces temporary relief of symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Local botulinum-toxin injection is a safe and well-tolerated symptomatic treatment for hemifacial spasm. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • The most common therapy to relieve hemifacial spasm is injections of botulinum toxin into the affected areas. (memorialhermann.org)
  • Botulinum toxin, called BOTOX, is an effective treatment for hemifacial spasm. (wheatoneye.com)
  • Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections can help reduce spasms, but it does not treat the cause of the problem. (aaroncohen-gadol.com)
  • Botox injections can reduce spasms, but the twitching gradually returns after the 3- to 6-month Botox cycle. (aaroncohen-gadol.com)
  • These injections may injure some of the motor nerve terminals and partially explain why some patients have facial weakness after treatment, despite successful relief of the spasms. (aaroncohen-gadol.com)
  • In the article we will discuss clinical characteristics, differential diagnoses, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options for hemifacial spasm. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Treatment options for hemifacial spasm include medical therapy and surgery. (aaroncohen-gadol.com)
  • Effect of previous botulinum neurotoxin treatment on microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
  • Our neurologists and neurosurgeons provide treatment options to help manage and reduce the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. (usc.edu)
  • Rarely, patients with hemifacial spasm are found to have symptoms caused by a blood vessel and nerve rubbing against one another at the base of the brain. (drbiesman.com)
  • What are the symptoms of bronchial spasms? (healthline.com)
  • Wheezing is one of the most common symptoms of a bronchial spasm. (healthline.com)
  • If you're experiencing bronchial spasms, your doctor will probably ask you about your current symptoms and medical history. (healthline.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm usually results from nerve compression by a pulsating blood vessel that causes ectopic impulse generation (ephaptic nerve impulses), similar to that in trigeminal neuralgia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm are two conditions affecting nerves in the face. (usc.edu)
  • Our team at the USC Trigeminal Neuralgia and Hemifacial Spasm Center uses proven therapies to help you successfully manage trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. (usc.edu)
  • For example, nerve diseases like trigeminal neuralgia or Bell's palsy sometimes cause facial pain, spasms and trouble with eye or facial movement. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are several tests done to diagnose hemifacial spasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • To diagnose hemifacial spasms your doctor will start by doing a physical examination and look out for tell-tale signs. (lnpuk.com)
  • Medications at times may reduce the facial spasms, but Botox is the most effective treatment. (centerforneurologyandspine.com)
  • Within a few days the BOTOX takes effect, relaxing and weakening the facial muscle and preventing spasm. (wheatoneye.com)
  • Botox® and Xeomin® are typically effective in relieving spasms for three months in patients with blepharospasm and up to six months in patients with hemifacial spasm. (drbiesman.com)
  • Some medicines, including anticonvulsant drugs, can relieve hemifacial spasm in some people. (middlesexhealth.org)
  • There are several types of surgery that can help relieve hemifacial spasm. (middlesexhealth.org)
  • This surgery often works to relieve hemifacial spasm. (middlesexhealth.org)
  • Still others, may continue to require ongoing treatment to relieve their muscle spasms. (pietromortini.com)
  • Medications - Medications such as anticonvulsant drugs can relieve hemifacial spasms. (lnpuk.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by irregular, involuntary muscle contractions (spasms) on one side (hemi-) of the face (-facial). (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemifacial spasm is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by irregular, involuntary muscle contractions (also known as twitching or "tics") on one side of the face. (memorialhermann.org)
  • Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular movement disorder characterized by brief or persistent involuntary contractions of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a neuromuscular movement disorder characterized by brief or transient involuntary contractions of the muscle activated by the ipsilateral facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII). (medtigo.com)
  • Either mechanism explains the rhythmic involuntary myoclonic contractions observed in hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm refers to unilateral painless, synchronous contractions of facial muscles due to repetitive involuntary electrical impulses from the 7th cranial (facial) nerve and/or its motor nucleus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dystonia refers to uncontrollable muscle spasms that cause slow, repetitive movements. (healthline.com)
  • The first sign of hemifacial spasm is typically muscle movement in the patient's eyelid and around the eye. (wikipedia.org)
  • In atypical form the spasms start in the cheekbone area and spreads to the eyelid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemifacial spasm typically begins as an intermittent twitching of the eyelid muscle, which can lead to forced closure of the eye. (memorialhermann.org)
  • Involuntary spasms of the eyelid and/or facial muscles is a frustrating condition, but is rarely indicative of more serious underlying problems. (drbiesman.com)
  • Little progress was made in the diagnosis or treatment of blepharospasm until the early 20th century, when Henry Meige (pronounced "mehzh"), a French neurologist, described a patient with eyelid and midface spasms, spasm facial median, a disorder now known as Meige syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • At one end of the clinical spectrum, essential blepharospasm is manifested by simple increased blink rate and intermittent eyelid spasms, while at the other end of the spectrum, blepharospasm is a disabling condition with ocular pain and functional blindness. (medscape.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm is a nervous system condition in which the muscles on one side of the face twitch. (middlesexhealth.org)
  • People with a hemifacial spasm will experience involuntary twitch down one side of the face. (lnpuk.com)
  • involuntary muscle spasms or twitching of the muscles , usually on just one side of the face. (pietromortini.com)
  • The cause of hemifacial spasm is most often a blood vessel touching or pulsing against a facial nerve. (middlesexhealth.org)
  • The primary cause of hemifacial spasm is an abnormal blood vessel that compresses the facial nerve as it exits from the brainstem. (medtigo.com)
  • The pulsating blood vessel is often visible on MRI, but diagnosis of hemifacial spasm is ultimately clinical. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hemifacial spasms are thought to be caused by compression of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) at the level of the brainstem (by a structure such as a blood vessel or tumor), hyperactivity of the cluster of facial nerves within the brainstem, or a combination of these 2 conditions. (aaroncohen-gadol.com)
  • Hemifacial Spasm Caused by Vascular Compression of the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery-Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Common Trunk Anomaly at the Cisternal Portion of the Facial Nerve: A Case Report. (bvsalud.org)
  • W report the first case of hemifacial spasm (HFS) caused by vascular compression of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)-posterior inferior cerebellar artery ( PICA ) common trunk anomaly at the cisternal portion of cranial nerve VII (CN VII). (bvsalud.org)
  • Most instances of hemifacial spasm previously thought to be idiopathic were probably caused by aberrant blood vessels (eg, distal branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or vertebral artery) compressing the facial nerve within the cerebellopontine angle. (medscape.com)
  • Idiopathic hemifacial spasm typically begins in the fifth or sixth decade of life. (medscape.com)
  • In detail compression of the seventh cranial nerve by a dolichoectatic (a distorted, dilated, and elongated) anterior inferior cerebellar artery, or posterior inferior cerebellar artery is accepted to be the general cause of hemifacial spasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemifacial spasm is a movement disorder of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Hemifacial spasm is characterized by progressive, involuntary, irregular, clonic or tonic movements of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) ( 6 ). (aerzteblatt.de)
  • These facts motivated us to write this article to raise the awareness of hemifacial spasm and its neurosurgical treatment among physicians who will encounter it. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Surgical treatment in the form of microvascular decompression, which relieves pressure on the facial nerve, may also eliminate hemifacial spasm. (memorialhermann.org)
  • Hemifacial spasm is a chronic condition in which patients experience involuntary spasms on one side of the face. (wheatoneye.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm presents in the fifth or sixth decade of life, almost always unilaterally, although bilateral involvement may occur rarely in severe cases. (medscape.com)
  • Sometimes, hemifacial spasms occur on both sides of the face. (middlesexhealth.org)
  • These spasms may occur during the night and interrupt sleep. (wheatoneye.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm is estimated to occur in 11 per 100,000 individuals and is more common in females. (aaroncohen-gadol.com)
  • Bronchial spasms occur when your bronchial tubes become inflamed. (healthline.com)
  • Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/hemifacial-spasm. (cvs.com)
  • Evaluation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes related to vascular change causing compression of blood vessels did not show an association with hemifacial spasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Campos-Benitez M, Kaufmann AM. Neurovascular compression findings in hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
  • Our doctors offer the latest advances in facial pain and spasm care, including medications, nonsurgical and surgical options. (usc.edu)
  • Patients with hemifacial spasm typically present with involuntary twitching on one side of the face. (aaroncohen-gadol.com)
  • General eye twitching is different from hemifacial spasms , a lifelong condition caused by damaged or irritated facial nerves. (healthline.com)
  • In more severe cases, this then progresses to more intense and continuous muscle spasms on one whole side of the face. (pietromortini.com)
  • Executive functioning in patients with blepharospasm in comparison with patients with hemifacial spasm. (bvsalud.org)
  • Yaltho TC, Jankovic J. The many faces of hemifacial spasm: differential diagnosis of unilateral facial spasms. (medscape.com)
  • Most patients decide to proceed with surgery for hemifacial spasms because of the short and temporary relief provided by medications. (aaroncohen-gadol.com)
  • Eventually, the spasm may involve all of the muscles on one side of the face, almost continuously. (memorialhermann.org)
  • A hemifacial spasm is a condition in which uncontrollable squeezing of facial muscles affects muscles in both the upper and lower parts of only one side of the face. (drbiesman.com)
  • Hemifacial spasms usually happen on one side of the face and expand beyond the eye. (healthline.com)
  • Intraoperative abnormal muscle response (AMR) has been a reliable diagnostic tool and an indicator of complete decompression of facial nerve from offending vessels in hemifacial spasm (HFS) patients. (cns.org)
  • Individuals with spasm on both sides of the face are very rare. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemifacial spasm affects all races equally. (medscape.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm is a neurological condition that affects the nervous system. (lnpuk.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm rarely remits spontaneously. (medscape.com)
  • This imaging technique is expected to prove useful for the clinical evaluation of hemifacial spasm. (ajnr.org)
  • However, surgery is the only option that can definitively cure hemifacial spasm. (aaroncohen-gadol.com)
  • First described by Gowers in 1884, hemifacial spasm represents a segmental myoclonus of muscles innervated by the facial nerve. (medscape.com)
  • There are no traditional medical treatments for blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. (drbiesman.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm generally begins with brief clonic movements of the orbicularis oculi and spreads over years to other facial muscles (corrugator, frontalis, orbicularis oris, platysma, zygomaticus). (medscape.com)
  • The incidence of hemifacial spasm is approximately 0.8 per 100,000 persons. (wikipedia.org)