INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.
A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.
The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.
Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.
Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).
Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.
The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.
Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.
A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies.
Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.
A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.
A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus HEPEVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).
Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.
A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.
Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.
A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN).
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.
A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

Hepatitis delta virus genotypes I and II cocirculate in an endemic area of Yakutia, Russia. (1/28)

Currently, three genotypes of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) are described. The most common, genotype I, has a worldwide distribution; in contrast, genotype II has been found previously only in Japan and Taiwan, while genotype III is found exclusively in South America. Considering the high prevalence of HDV in Northern Siberia (Russia), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyse HDV genotypes from 29 infected patients living in Yakutia. Of these isolates, 11 were characterized by partial nucleotide sequencing and two isolates were completely sequenced. Phylogenetic inference methods included maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance analyses. A restriction pattern consistent with HDV genotype I was found in 14 samples, while the remaining 15 showed a different restriction pattern, inconsistent with any known genotype. Five Yakutian HDV isolates with the type I restriction pattern were sequenced and confirmed to be affiliated with genotype I, although the phylogenetic results indicate that they were heterogeneous and did not cluster together. Sequencing of eight isolates with the new RFLP pattern revealed that these isolates were most closely related to HDV genotype II. In contrast to HDV Yakutian genotype I sequences, all of these type II sequences formed a well-defined clade on phylogenetic trees. Comparison of clinical presentations during hospitalization between patients infected with HDV type I (n=14) and type II (n=15) did not reveal any differences in the severity of infection. These data indicate that the distribution of genotype II is not restricted to Taiwan or Japan, but spreads over Northern Asia, appearing in the native population of Yakutia. Type II Yakutian strains appeared to form a well-defined subclade and could be associated with severe chronic hepatitis in this area.  (+info)

Sonography of diffuse liver disease. (2/28)

Sonography is often the first imaging procedure performed in the evaluation of individuals with suspected liver disease. Evaluation for biliary dilatation is always performed, because bile duct obstruction can cause abnormal liver test results, raising the suspicion of liver disease. Ultrasound is a useful but imperfect tool in evaluating diffuse liver disease. We discuss the uses and limitations of sonography in evaluating parenchymal liver disease. Sonography can show hepatomegaly, fatty infiltration of the liver, and cirrhosis, all with good but imperfect sensitivity and specificity. Sonography is of limited usefulness in acute hepatitis. Increased parenchymal echogenicity is a reliable criterion for diagnosing fatty liver. Cirrhosis can be diagnosed in the correct clinical setting when the following are present: a nodular liver surface, decreased right lobe-caudate lobe ratio, and indirect evidence of portal hypertension (collateral vessels and splenomegaly). Ultrasound plays an important role in the imaging of conditions and procedures common in patients with diffuse liver disease.  (+info)

Chronic hepatitis delta virus infection with genotype IIb variant is correlated with progressive liver disease. (3/28)

We determined the sequence of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) genome in 40 Japanese patients, most of whom were from the Miyako Islands, Okinawa, Japan. Consensus sequences from 33 HDV full genomes out of a total of 40 patients were determined by directly sequencing four partially overlapping PCR products. Phylogenetic tree analysis classified these 33 complete HDV genomes as HDV genotype I (two patients), genotype IIa (one patient) and genotype IIb (30 patients). Among the 30 genotype IIb patients, there were two clusters of genetic variants. One group consisted of six isolates showing significant homology with genotype IIb, previously reported from Taiwan. The other group consisted of 24 isolates, whose sequences formed a new genetic subgroup (genotype IIb-Miyako; IIb-M). When the genetic structures were compared in detail between IIb and IIb-M, characteristic variations were found in the C-terminal sequence of the large delta antigen-conferring packaging signal as well as the RNA editing site. Determination of subclasses of genotype IIb in a total of 37 patients, including seven HDV patients whose partial HDV sequence was determined, revealed eight patients with IIb and 29 patients with IIb-M. Although there was no significant difference in the clinical background or virological state of hepatitis B virus between these two groups, patients with genotype IIb-M showed greater progression of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis than those with genotype IIb (P=0.0009). These data indicate the existence of a genetic subgroup of HDV genotype IIb, which is associated with different clinical characteristics and which could be related to genetic variations in functionally important parts of the HDV genome.  (+info)

Epidemiology of viruses causing chronic hepatitis among populations from the Amazon Basin and related ecosystems. (4/28)

On the last twenty years, viral hepatitis has emerged as a serious problem in almost all the Amerindian communities studied in the Amazon Basin and in other Amazon-related ecological systems from the North and Center of South America. Studies performed on communities from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela have shown a high endemicity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection all over the region, which is frequently associated to a high prevalence of infection by hepatitis D virus among the chronic HBV carriers. Circulation of both agents responds mainly to horizontal virus transmission during childhood through mechanisms that are not fully understood. By contrast, infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is present in all the urban areas of South America, is still very uncommon among them. At the moment, there is not data enough to evaluate properly the true incidence that such endemicity may have on the health of the populations affected. Since viral transmission might be operated by mechanisms that could not be acting in other areas of the World, it seems essential to investigate such mechanisms and to prevent the introduction of HCV into these populations, which consequences for health could be very serious.  (+info)

Quantitation of the level of hepatitis delta virus RNA in serum, by real-time polymerase chain reaction--and its possible correlation with the clinical stage of liver disease. (5/28)

Some hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers with chronic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) superinfection show progressive chronic hepatitis, whereas others show no apparent signs of liver disease. In the present study, we established a sensitive method for the quantitation of the level of HDV RNA in serum on the basis of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), to clarify the role that the level of HDV RNA in serum plays in the diverse natural course of clinical manifestation. In 48 subjects who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and for anti-hepatitis delta antibody, the levels of HDV RNA in serum were quantitated by RT-PCR. The levels of HBV DNA in serum were determined by a transcription-mediated amplification assay. The levels of HDV RNA in serum of subjects with chronic hepatitis and of subjects with liver cirrhosis were significantly higher than those in asymptomatic carrier subjects. The levels of HBV DNA in serum did not differ significantly among these 3 groups. In conclusion, HDV RNA quantification by real-time RT-PCR is possibly a useful tool for understanding the pathophysiology of HDV infection.  (+info)

Pathological changes and clinical manifestations of 1020 children with liver diseases confirmed by biopsy. (6/28)

BACKGROUND: Liver biopsy plays an important role in accurate diagnosis of various liver diseases in children and liver damages caused by systemic illnesses. This study was designed to evaluate the value of liver biopsy in diagnosis of liver diseases in children and explore the relationship between their pathological changes and clinical manifestations. METHODS: One-second liver biopsy was performed in 1023 pediatric patients with liver diseases at our department from 1983 to 2000. Diagnosis of viral hepatitis was based on the diagnostic criteria formulated by the Chinese Society of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases in 1995. Inflammatory changes of the liver were graded from 0 to 4 (G0-4). RESULTS: Liver biopsy was performed successfully in 1020 patients including 135 infants and young children, of whom 90% were hospitalized patients with chronic liver diseases. Hepatitis virus was the leading cause for chronic liver diseases, among which hepatitis B was detected in 75.4% of the patients. Sixty-nine patients showed liver impairment induced by disorders relevant to that metabolism, Wilson's disease, and glycogen storage disease. Liver inflammatory injury (+info)

Identification of novel HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T-cell epitopes on hepatitis delta virus. (7/28)

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) superinfection causes a poor prognosis in hepatitis B virus-infected patients and effective therapy is lacking. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis; however, the CD8+ T-cell epitopes of HDV have never been defined. Potential HLA-A*0201-restricted HDV peptides were selected from the SYFPEITHI database and screened by T2 cell-stabilization assay. HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice on a C57BL/6 background were injected intramuscularly with an HDV DNA vaccine. Splenocytes were stained directly ex vivo with HLA-A*0201-peptide tetramers after immunization. Epitope-specific CTL responses were confirmed by cytotoxic assays. HLA-A2, chronically infected HDV patients were also enrolled, to assess the existence of HDV-specific CD8+ T cells, based on findings in animals. Following HDV DNA vaccination, nearly 0.9 % of the total splenic CD8+ T cells were specific for peptides HDV 26-34 and HDV 43-51 in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice, which was significantly higher than the number found in non-transgenic mice or in transgenic mice that had been immunized with control plasmid. HDV 26-34- and 43-51-specific CTL lines were able to produce CTL responses to each peptide. Interestingly, HDV 26-34- and HDV 43-51-specific CD8+ T cells were also detectable in two chronically infected HDV patients in the absence of active HDV replication. In conclusion, HDV 26-34 and 43-51 are novel HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL epitopes on genotype I HDV. HDV 26-34- and 43-51-specific CTLs have been detected in chronic hepatitis delta patients without active disease. Evoking CTL responses to HDV may be an alternative approach to controlling HDV viraemia in patients with chronic hepatitis delta.  (+info)

"Defective" mutations of hepatitis D viruses in chronic hepatitis D patients. (8/28)

AIM: To verify whether "defective" mutations existed in hepatitis D virus (HDV). METHODS: Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg)-coding sequences were amplified using Pfu DNA polymerases with proof-reading activities from sera of five patients with chronic hepatitis D. Multiple colonies were sequenced for each patient. Pfu analyzed a total of 270 HDV clones. Three representative defective HDV clones were constructed in expression plasmids and transfected into a human hepatoma cell line. Cellular proteins were extracted and analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: Four of five cases (80%) showed defective HDV genomes in their sera. The percentage of defective genomes was 3.7% (10/270). The majority (90%) of the defective mutations were insertions or deletions that resulted in frameshift and abnormal stop translation of the HDAg. The predicted mutated HDAg ranged from 45 amino acids to >214 amino acids in length. Various domains of HDAg associated with viral replication or packaging were affected in different HDV isolates. Western blot analysis showed defected HDAg in predicted positions. CONCLUSION: "Defective" viruses do exist in chronic HDV infected patients, but represented as minor strains. The clinical significance of the "defected" HDV needs further study to evaluate.  (+info)

Hepatitis D, also known as Delta hepatitis, is a viral infection of the liver that can only occur in people who have a current infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It's caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), which is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus.

HDV requires the presence of HBV for its replication and survival, so it can't infect someone who doesn't already have HBV. When both viruses are present, they can interact in ways that lead to more severe liver disease than either virus would cause alone.

Hepatitis D can be an acute or chronic infection, and it can range from mild to severe, with symptoms similar to those of other types of viral hepatitis, such as jaundice, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and joint pain. In some cases, hepatitis D can lead to serious complications, including liver failure and death.

Hepatitis D is primarily spread through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids, such as during sexual contact, sharing needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth. It's preventable through vaccination against hepatitis B, which provides immunity to both viruses. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis D, but antiviral therapy for hepatitis B can help manage the infection and prevent complications.

Chronic Hepatitis D is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). It is often considered a serious form of hepatitis because it can lead to more severe liver disease than hepatitis B alone. HDV is a defective virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to replicate and cause infection. Therefore, chronic hepatitis D only occurs in individuals who have an underlying chronic hepatitis B infection.

Chronic hepatitis D is characterized by persistent inflammation and damage to the liver, which can lead to scarring (fibrosis), cirrhosis, liver failure, and increased risk of liver cancer over time. Symptoms may include fatigue, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice. However, some people with chronic hepatitis D may not have any symptoms until the disease has progressed to a more advanced stage.

Chronic hepatitis D is diagnosed through blood tests that detect HDV antibodies and antigens, as well as liver function tests and imaging studies to assess liver damage. Treatment typically involves antiviral therapy to suppress the replication of both HBV and HDV, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary for individuals with advanced liver disease due to chronic hepatitis D.

Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) is not a traditional virus but rather a defective RNA particle that requires the assistance of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to replicate. It's also known as delta agent or hepatitis D. HDV is a unique pathogen that only infects individuals who are already infected with HBV.

The virus causes a more severe form of viral hepatitis than HBV alone, leading to a higher risk of fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure) and chronic hepatitis, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV is primarily transmitted through percutaneous or sexual contact with infected blood or body fluids.

Prevention strategies include vaccination against HBV, which also prevents HDV infection, and avoiding high-risk behaviors such as intravenous drug use and unprotected sex with multiple partners. There is no specific treatment for HDV; however, antiviral therapy for HBV can help manage the infection.

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, and other bodily fluids. It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby at birth.

Acute hepatitis B infection lasts for a few weeks to several months and often causes no symptoms. However, some people may experience mild to severe flu-like symptoms, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, and fatigue. Most adults with acute hepatitis B recover completely and develop lifelong immunity to the virus.

Chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to serious liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. People with chronic hepatitis B may experience long-term symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, and depression. They are also at risk for developing liver failure and liver cancer.

Prevention measures include vaccination, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles or other drug injection equipment, and covering wounds and skin rashes. There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B, but chronic hepatitis B can be treated with antiviral medications to slow the progression of liver damage.

Hepatitis Delta Antigens (HDAg) are proteins found on the surface of the Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV), a defective virus that requires the assistance of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) to replicate. There are two types of HDAg: small (S-HDAg) and large (L-HDAg). S-HDAg is a 195-amino acid protein that is essential for viral replication, while L-HDAg is a 214-amino acid protein that regulates the packaging of the viral genome into new virus particles. The presence of HDAg can be used to diagnose HDV infection and distinguish it from other forms of hepatitis.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family and causes the infectious disease known as hepatitis B. This virus primarily targets the liver, where it can lead to inflammation and damage of the liver tissue. The infection can range from acute to chronic, with chronic hepatitis B increasing the risk of developing serious liver complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The Hepatitis B virus has a complex life cycle, involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. It enters hepatocytes (liver cells) via binding to specific receptors and is taken up by endocytosis. The viral DNA is released into the nucleus, where it is converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) form, which serves as the template for viral transcription.

HBV transcribes several RNAs, including pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which is used as a template for reverse transcription during virion assembly. The pgRNA is encapsidated into core particles along with the viral polymerase and undergoes reverse transcription to generate new viral DNA. This process occurs within the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, resulting in the formation of immature virions containing partially double-stranded DNA.

These immature virions are then enveloped by host cell membranes containing HBV envelope proteins (known as surface antigens) to form mature virions that can be secreted from the hepatocyte and infect other cells. The virus can also integrate into the host genome, which may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic cases.

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids containing the virus, such as through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Prevention strategies include vaccination, safe sex practices, and avoiding needle-sharing behaviors. Treatment for hepatitis B typically involves antiviral medications that can help suppress viral replication and reduce the risk of liver damage.

Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It's primarily spread through contact with contaminated blood, often through sharing needles or other equipment to inject drugs. For some people, hepatitis C is a short-term illness but for most — about 75-85% — it becomes a long-term, chronic infection that can lead to serious health problems like liver damage, liver failure, and even liver cancer. The virus can infect and inflame the liver, causing symptoms like jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, fatigue, and dark urine. Many people with hepatitis C don't have any symptoms, so they might not know they have the infection until they experience complications. There are effective treatments available for hepatitis C, including antiviral medications that can cure the infection in most people. Regular testing is important to diagnose and treat hepatitis C early, before it causes serious health problems.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens (HBsAg) are proteins found on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus. They are present in the blood of individuals infected with the Hepatitis B virus and are used as a marker for the presence of a current Hepatitis B infection. The detection of HBsAg in the blood indicates that an individual is infectious and can transmit the virus to others. It is typically used in diagnostic tests to detect and diagnose Hepatitis B infections, monitor treatment response, and assess the risk of transmission.

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that specifically targets the liver, causing inflammation and impaired function. This disease is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which spreads primarily through the fecal-oral route, often due to poor sanitation and hygiene. Individuals can become infected by consuming food or water contaminated with HAV or by coming into direct contact with an infected person's stool.

The symptoms of hepatitis A may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, in some cases, particularly in children under six years old, the infection may be asymptomatic.

While hepatitis A can be unpleasant and cause serious complications, it is rarely fatal and most people recover completely within a few months. Preventive measures include vaccination, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding potentially contaminated food and water.

Hepatitis viruses refer to a group of viral agents that primarily target the liver, causing inflammation and damage to hepatocytes (liver cells). This results in various clinical manifestations, ranging from an acute infection to a chronic, persistent infection. There are five main types of hepatitis viruses, named Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus, each with distinct genetic material, modes of transmission, and disease severity.

1. Hepatitis A Virus (HAV): This is a single-stranded RNA virus that is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. Infected individuals may experience symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. While most people recover completely within a few months, severe complications can occur in rare cases. A vaccine is available to prevent HAV infection.
2. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): This is a double-stranded DNA virus that is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, such as during sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. HBV can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, which may lead to severe liver complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is available to prevent HBV infection.
3. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): This is a single-stranded RNA virus that is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood, often through sharing needles or during medical procedures using contaminated equipment. Like HBV, HCV can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, which may lead to severe liver complications if left untreated. No vaccine is currently available for HCV; however, antiviral treatments can cure the infection in many cases.
4. Hepatitis D Virus (HDV): This is a defective RNA virus that requires the presence of HBV to replicate and cause infection. HDV is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, similar to HBV. Co-infection with both HBV and HDV can result in more severe liver disease compared to HBV infection alone. Antiviral treatments are available for HDV; however, a vaccine is not.
5. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV): This is a single-stranded RNA virus that primarily causes acute hepatitis and is usually transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. In most cases, HEV infection resolves on its own without treatment. However, in pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems, HEV can cause severe liver complications. No vaccine is currently available for HEV in the United States; however, a vaccine has been approved in some countries.

Hepatitis antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by a hepatitis virus. There are several types of hepatitis viruses, including A, B, C, D, and E, each with their own specific antibodies.

The presence of hepatitis antibodies in the blood can indicate a current or past infection with the corresponding hepatitis virus. For example, the detection of anti-HAV (hepatitis A virus) antibodies indicates a past infection or immunization against hepatitis A, while the detection of anti-HBs (hepatitis B surface antigen) antibodies indicates immunity due to vaccination or recovery from a hepatitis B infection.

It's important to note that some hepatitis antibodies may not provide immunity to future infections, and individuals can still be infected with the virus even if they have previously produced antibodies against it. Therefore, regular testing and vaccination are essential for preventing the spread of hepatitis viruses and protecting public health.

Viral hepatitis in humans refers to inflammation of the liver caused by infection with viruses that primarily target the liver. There are five main types of human viral hepatitis, designated as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV). These viruses can cause a range of illnesses, from acute self-limiting hepatitis to chronic hepatitis, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

1. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is typically spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. It usually results in an acute self-limiting infection, but rarely can cause chronic hepatitis in individuals with weakened immune systems.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, and other bodily fluids. It can lead to both acute and chronic hepatitis, which may result in cirrhosis and liver cancer if left untreated.
3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is predominantly spread through exposure to infected blood, such as through sharing needles or receiving contaminated blood transfusions. Chronic hepatitis C is common, and it can lead to serious liver complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer if not treated.
4. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an incomplete virus that requires the presence of HBV for its replication. HDV infection occurs only in individuals already infected with HBV, leading to more severe liver disease compared to HBV monoinfection.
5. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. It usually results in an acute self-limiting infection but can cause chronic hepatitis in pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Prevention measures include vaccination for HAV and HBV, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles, and ensuring proper hygiene and sanitation to prevent fecal-oral transmission.

Hepatitis antigens are proteins or molecules present on the surface or inside the hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E) that can stimulate an immune response in the body. These antigens are targeted by the immune system to produce antibodies to fight against the infection.

For example, the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a protein found on the surface of the hepatitis B virus and its presence in the blood indicates an ongoing infection or evidence of past infection/vaccination. Similarly, the core antigen (HBcAg) is a protein found inside the hepatitis B virus and is a marker of active viral replication.

Detection of these antigens in clinical samples such as blood is useful for diagnosing hepatitis infections and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is a protein found in the core of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is present during active replication of the virus and plays a crucial role in the formation of the viral capsid or core. The antibodies produced against HBcAg (anti-HBc) can be detected in the blood, which serves as a marker for current or past HBV infection. It is important to note that HBcAg itself is not detectable in the blood because it is confined within the viral particle. However, during the serological testing of hepatitis B, the detection of anti-HBc IgM indicates a recent acute infection, while the presence of anti-HBc IgG suggests either a past resolved infection or an ongoing chronic infection.

Hepatitis B antigens are proteins or particles present on the surface (HBsAg) or inside (HBcAg, HBeAg) the hepatitis B virus.

1. HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen): This is a protein found on the outer surface of the hepatitis B virus. Its presence in the blood indicates an active infection with hepatitis B virus. It's also used as a marker to diagnose hepatitis B infection and monitor treatment response.

2. HBcAg (Hepatitis B core antigen): This is a protein found inside the hepatitis B virus core. It's not usually detected in the blood, but its antibodies (anti-HBc) are used to diagnose past or present hepatitis B infection.

3. HBeAg (Hepatitis B e antigen): This is a protein found inside the hepatitis B virus core and is associated with viral replication. Its presence in the blood indicates high levels of viral replication, increased infectivity, and higher risk of liver damage. It's used to monitor disease progression and treatment response.

These antigens play a crucial role in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the liver, often resulting in damage to liver cells. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections (such as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E), alcohol abuse, toxins, medications, and autoimmune disorders. Symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine. The severity of the disease can range from mild illness to severe, life-threatening conditions, such as liver failure or cirrhosis.

Chronic Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that lasts for more than six months. This long-term infection can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), which can cause serious health problems, such as liver failure or liver cancer, in some individuals. The infection is usually asymptomatic until complications arise, but it can be detected through blood tests that identify antibodies to the virus or viral RNA. Chronic hepatitis C is typically managed with antiviral therapy, which can help clear the virus from the body and reduce the risk of liver damage.

Chronic Hepatitis B is a persistent infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can lead to chronic inflammation and scarring of the liver over time. It is defined as the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the blood for more than six months.

The infection can be asymptomatic or may cause nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and joint pain. A small percentage of people with chronic HBV infection may develop serious complications, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis B include antiviral medications that can help to suppress the virus and reduce the risk of liver damage. Vaccination is available to prevent hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the causative agent of hepatitis A, a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. It is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family and Hepatovirus genus. The virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. After entering the body, HAV infects hepatocytes in the liver, leading to liver damage and associated symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and nausea. The immune system eventually clears the infection, providing lifelong immunity against future HAV infections. Preventive measures include vaccination and practicing good hygiene to prevent transmission.

"Hepatitis B vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. They work by introducing a small and harmless piece of the virus to your body, which triggers your immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in your body and provide protection if you are exposed to the real hepatitis B virus in the future.

The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as a series of three shots over a six-month period. It is recommended for all infants, children and adolescents who have not previously been vaccinated, as well as for adults who are at increased risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and those with certain medical conditions.

It's important to note that hepatitis B vaccine does not provide protection against other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or C."

Superinfection is a medical term that refers to a secondary infection which occurs during or following the treatment of an initial infection. This second infection is often caused by a different microorganism that is resistant to the medication used to treat the first infection. Superinfections can occur in various parts of the body, such as the skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, or urinary tract, and are more common in individuals with weakened immune systems, chronic illnesses, or those who have been on antibiotics for an extended period.

Superinfections can lead to more severe complications, prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates if not promptly diagnosed and treated appropriately. Healthcare providers must be vigilant in monitoring patients' responses to treatment and recognizing signs of superinfection, such as worsening symptoms or the development of new ones, to ensure timely intervention and optimal patient outcomes.

Hepatitis B antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of the Hepatitis B virus. There are two main types of Hepatitis B antibodies:

1. Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs): This is produced when a person has recovered from a Hepatitis B infection or has been successfully vaccinated against the virus. The presence of anti-HBs indicates immunity to Hepatitis B.
2. Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBC): This is produced during a Hepatitis B infection and remains present for life, even after the infection has been cleared. However, the presence of anti-HBC alone does not indicate immunity to Hepatitis B, as it can also be present in people who have a chronic Hepatitis B infection.

It's important to note that testing for Hepatitis B antibodies is typically done through blood tests and can help determine whether a person has been infected with the virus, has recovered from an infection, or has been vaccinated against it.

Chronic hepatitis is a type of liver inflammation that lasts for more than six months and can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and even liver cancer in some cases. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections such as Hepatitis B and C, autoimmune disorders, alcohol abuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The symptoms of chronic hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, dark urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Treatment for chronic hepatitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral medications, immunosuppressive drugs, or lifestyle changes.

Hepatitis A vaccines are inactivated or live attenuated viral vaccines that are administered to prevent infection and illness caused by the hepatitis A virus. The vaccine contains antigens that stimulate an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies that protect against future infection with the virus.

The inactivated hepatitis A vaccine is made from viruses that have been chemically treated to destroy their ability to cause disease while preserving their ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine is typically given in two doses, six months apart, and provides long-term protection against the virus.

The live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine contains a weakened form of the virus that is unable to cause illness but can still stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine is given as a single dose and provides protection against the virus for at least 20 years.

Hepatitis A vaccines are recommended for people who are at increased risk of infection, including travelers to areas where hepatitis A is common, men who have sex with men, people who use injection drugs, and people with chronic liver disease or clotting factor disorders. The vaccine is also recommended for children in certain states and communities where hepatitis A is endemic.

Hepacivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The most well-known member of this genus is Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

Hepaciviruses are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They have a small icosahedral capsid and infect a variety of hosts, including humans, non-human primates, horses, and birds. The virus enters the host cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface and is then internalized through endocytosis.

HCV has a high degree of genetic diversity and is classified into seven major genotypes and numerous subtypes based on differences in its RNA sequence. This genetic variability can affect the virus's ability to evade the host immune response, making treatment more challenging.

In addition to HCV, other hepaciviruses have been identified in various animal species, including equine hepacivirus (EHCV), rodent hepacivirus (RHV), and bat hepacivirus (BtHepCV). These viruses are being studied to better understand the biology of hepaciviruses and their potential impact on human health.

Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is a protein produced by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) during its replication process. It can be found in the blood of individuals infected with HBV. The presence of HBeAg generally indicates that the virus is actively replicating in the liver and that the individual has high levels of viral load.

HBeAg is a serological marker used to assess the severity and activity of HBV infection, as well as the response to antiviral treatment. In particular, the disappearance of HBeAg from the blood (known as seroconversion) is often associated with a decrease in viral replication and an improvement in liver disease. However, the presence of HBeAg does not necessarily mean that the individual will develop symptoms or liver damage, as some people can remain asymptomatic carriers of the virus for many years.

It's important to note that not all HBV strains produce HBeAg, and some mutant strains may not produce detectable levels of this antigen even when the virus is actively replicating. Therefore, additional tests may be needed to confirm the presence or absence of HBV infection in these cases.

Antiviral agents are a class of medications that are designed to treat infections caused by viruses. Unlike antibiotics, which target bacteria, antiviral agents interfere with the replication and infection mechanisms of viruses, either by inhibiting their ability to replicate or by modulating the host's immune response to the virus.

Antiviral agents are used to treat a variety of viral infections, including influenza, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B and C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.

These medications can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the type of viral infection being treated. Some antiviral agents are also used for prophylaxis, or prevention, of certain viral infections.

It is important to note that antiviral agents are not effective against all types of viruses and may have significant side effects. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any antiviral therapy.

Hepatitis E is a viral infection that specifically affects the liver, caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). The disease is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water or food. It can also be spread through blood transfusions and vertical transmission from mother to fetus.

The incubation period for hepatitis E ranges from 2 to 10 weeks. Symptoms of the disease are similar to other types of viral hepatitis and may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and dark urine.

In most cases, hepatitis E is a self-limiting disease, meaning that it resolves on its own within a few weeks to months. However, in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems, the infection can lead to severe complications such as acute liver failure and death. Pregnant women, especially those in the third trimester, are at higher risk of developing severe disease and have a mortality rate of up to 25%.

Prevention measures include maintaining good hygiene practices, practicing safe food handling and preparation, and ensuring access to clean water sources. Currently, there is no specific treatment for hepatitis E, but supportive care can help manage symptoms. Vaccines are available in some countries to prevent the disease.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Hepatitis C antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Detection of these antibodies in the blood indicates a past or present HCV infection. However, it does not necessarily mean that the person is currently infected, as antibodies can persist for years even after the virus has been cleared from the body. Additional tests are usually needed to confirm whether the infection is still active and to guide treatment decisions.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the family Hepeviridae and genus Orthohepevirus. It primarily infects the liver, causing acute hepatitis in humans. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water or food sources. Ingestion of raw or undercooked pork or deer meat can also lead to HEV infection.

HEV infection typically results in self-limiting acute hepatitis, characterized by symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and dark urine. In some cases, particularly among pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems, HEV infection can lead to severe complications, including fulminant hepatic failure and death.

There are four main genotypes of HEV that infect humans: genotype 1 and 2 are primarily found in developing countries and are transmitted through contaminated water; genotype 3 and 4 are found worldwide and can be transmitted through both zoonotic and human-to-human routes.

Prevention measures include improving sanitation, access to clean water, and food safety practices. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HEV infection, but supportive care can help manage symptoms. A vaccine against HEV is available in China and has shown efficacy in preventing the disease.

Hepatitis A antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to a Hepatitis A virus infection or after vaccination. There are two types of Hepatitis A antibodies:

1. IgM anti-HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) antibodies: These are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system during a Hepatitis A infection. They appear in the blood within 2 to 4 weeks after exposure to the virus and remain detectable for up to 12 weeks. The presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies indicates a recent or ongoing Hepatitis A infection.

2. IgG anti-HAV antibodies: These are the second type of antibodies produced by the immune system during a Hepatitis A infection, and they appear in the blood several weeks after the onset of illness. IgG anti-HAV antibodies remain detectable for many years, providing long-term immunity against future Hepatitis A infections. After vaccination, only IgG anti-HAV antibodies are produced, indicating immunity to Hepatitis A.

Testing for Hepatitis A antibodies is used to diagnose acute or past Hepatitis A infections and to assess immunity following vaccination.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Viral Hepatitis, Animal" is not a standard medical classification or definition. Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver, and viral hepatitis refers to inflammation caused by a virus. The term "animal" in this context doesn't provide a clear meaning.

However, it's worth noting that some animals can contract viral hepatitis, similar to humans. For instance, there are hepatitis A, B, and C-like viruses that have been identified in various animal species. These are typically not transmissible to humans.

If you're referring to a specific medical condition or context, could you please provide more details? I'd be happy to help further with more information.

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic (long-term) disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the liver, leading to inflammation and damage. This results in decreased liver function over time if not treated. The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown, but it is believed to be associated with genetic factors and exposure to certain environmental triggers, such as viral infections or medications.

There are two main types of autoimmune hepatitis:

1. Type 1 (classic) autoimmune hepatitis: This form can affect both adults and children, and it is more common in women than men. People with this type may also have other autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, or ulcerative colitis.
2. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis: This form primarily affects children and young women. It is less common than type 1 and tends to be more severe. People with this type may also have other autoimmune disorders, such as celiac disease or chronic candidiasis.

Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis can vary widely, from mild to severe. They may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and light-colored stools.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, imaging studies, and sometimes a liver biopsy to assess the extent of damage. Treatment usually includes medications that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, which can help reduce inflammation and slow or stop liver damage. In some cases, lifestyle changes and supportive care may also be necessary.

Hepatitis A Virus, Human (HAV): A single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family, specifically the Hepatovirus genus. It is the causative agent of Hepatitis A, a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. The virus is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected individual. Following incubation (15-50 days), symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, and fever. Most people recover completely within a few weeks; however, severe complications and death are possible, especially in individuals with preexisting liver disease. Prevention is primarily achieved through vaccination and practicing good hygiene.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Animal Hepatitis" is not a medical term used to describe a specific disease. Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver, and it can be caused by various factors, including viruses, alcohol, drugs, and certain medical conditions.

However, there are several viral hepatitis types that can infect animals, such as Hepatitis A, B, and C, which primarily affect humans. But there are also other hepatitis viruses that are species-specific and primarily infect animals, such as:

1. Canine Hepatitis (Adenovirus Type 1): This is a viral infection that affects dogs and causes liver damage, respiratory signs, and occasionally death.
2. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Virus: While not strictly a hepatitis virus, this feline coronavirus can cause severe inflammation of the liver and other organs in cats.
3. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): This retrovirus affects horses and causes cyclic fever, anemia, and occasionally liver disease.
4. Avian Hepatitis E Virus: A recently discovered virus that infects birds and can cause hepatitis and other systemic signs in chickens and other avian species.

If you're looking for information on a specific animal hepatitis virus or a different medical term, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate answer.

Viral hepatitis vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by various hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis A and B. These vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against infection with the corresponding virus. The vaccines are typically administered through injection and may require multiple doses for full protection.

The hepatitis A vaccine is made from inactivated hepatitis A virus, while the hepatitis B vaccine is made from recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen. Both vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in preventing infection and reducing the risk of complications associated with viral hepatitis, such as liver disease and liver cancer.

It's important to note that there are no vaccines available for other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis C, D, or E. Prevention strategies for these types of viral hepatitis typically involve measures to reduce exposure to the virus, such as safe injection practices and avoiding high-risk behaviors like sharing needles or having unprotected sex with infected individuals.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) is a type of coronavirus that primarily infects laboratory mice. It is not related to the human hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, or E. MHV causes a range of diseases in mice, including hepatitis (liver inflammation), encephalomyelitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord), and enteritis (inflammation of the intestine). The virus is transmitted through fecal-oral route and respiratory droplets. It's widely used in research to understand the pathogenesis, immunity, and molecular biology of coronaviruses.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Hepatitis C antigens refer to the proteins present on the surface of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The most commonly studied and clinically relevant antigen is the core protein, which plays a crucial role in the viral replication process. Detection of HCV antigens in serum or plasma can indicate an ongoing infection, as they appear during the early stages of infection and usually persist until the development of a humoral immune response, which leads to the production of antibodies against these antigens.

The detection of HCV core antigen (HCVcAg) has been used as an alternative diagnostic marker for HCV infection, especially in resource-limited settings where nucleic acid testing (NAT), such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HCV RNA, might not be readily available. However, the sensitivity and specificity of HCVcAg detection are generally lower than those of NAT methods. Nonetheless, it remains a valuable tool in monitoring treatment response and disease progression in individuals with chronic hepatitis C infection.

Hepatovirus is a genus of viruses in the Picornaviridae family, and it's most notably represented by the Human Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). These viruses are non-enveloped, with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They primarily infect hepatocytes, causing liver inflammation and disease, such as hepatitis. Transmission of hepatoviruses typically occurs through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. The virus causes an acute infection that does not usually become chronic, and recovery is usually complete within a few weeks. Immunity after infection is solid and lifelong.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a type I interferon, which is a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses, parasites, and tumor cells. It plays a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. IFN-α has antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-proliferative effects.

IFN-α is produced naturally by various cell types, including leukocytes (white blood cells), fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, in response to viral or bacterial stimulation. It binds to specific receptors on the surface of nearby cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of genes involved in the antiviral response. This results in the production of proteins that inhibit viral replication and promote the presentation of viral antigens to the immune system, enhancing its ability to recognize and eliminate infected cells.

In addition to its role in the immune response, IFN-α has been used as a therapeutic agent for various medical conditions, including certain types of cancer, chronic hepatitis B and C, and multiple sclerosis. However, its use is often limited by side effects such as flu-like symptoms, depression, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Hepatitis A antigens refer to the proteins or molecules present on the surface of the Hepatitis A virus (HAV) that can stimulate an immune response in the body. There are two main types of HAV antigens:

1. Hepatitis A Virus Capsid Antigen (also known as HAV VP1): This is a structural protein that makes up the outer shell or capsid of the HAV particle. It contains several epitopes (regions that can be recognized by the immune system) that can induce the production of antibodies in infected individuals.
2. Hepatitis A Virus Non-structural Antigen (also known as HAV NS1): This is a non-structural protein produced during the replication of the HAV genome. It plays a crucial role in the replication and assembly of new HAV particles, but it is not present in the mature virion. However, its detection in serum or liver tissue can indicate an ongoing HAV infection.

The presence of antibodies against these antigens (anti-HAV antibodies) in a person's blood can be used to diagnose past or recent Hepatitis A infections and immunity acquired through vaccination.

Alcoholic hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver caused by excessive alcohol consumption. It is a type of hepatitis that specifically results from alcohol abuse, rather than from viral infections or other causes. The condition can vary in severity, and long-term heavy drinking increases the risk of developing alcoholic hepatitis.

The inflammation in alcoholic hepatitis can lead to symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and fever. In severe cases, it can cause liver failure, which may be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves alcohol abstinence, supportive care, and medications to manage symptoms and prevent further liver damage. In some cases, hospitalization and more intensive treatments may be necessary.

Ribavirin is an antiviral medication used in the treatment of certain viral infections, including hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. It works by interfering with viral replication, preventing the virus from multiplying within infected cells. Ribavirin is often used in combination with other antiviral drugs for more effective treatment.

It's important to note that ribavirin can have serious side effects and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of viral infections and its use should be based on a confirmed diagnosis and appropriate medical evaluation.

Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is not a medical definition related to human health, but it is a species of hepatitis B virus that primarily infects various species of ducks and other Anseriformes (waterfowl). It is closely related to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV), but it is not known to infect humans or other mammals.

DHBV, like HBV, is a DNA virus that targets the liver and can cause both acute and chronic infections. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and primarily affects young ducklings. Infection with DHBV can lead to liver damage and death in infected birds.

Researchers study DHBV as a model system for understanding HBV infection and pathogenesis, due to their similarities in viral structure, replication strategy, and host-virus interactions. However, it is important to note that DHBV is not a human health concern and does not pose a risk of infection to humans or other mammals.

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a type of enzyme found primarily in the cells of the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cells of other tissues such as the heart, muscles, and kidneys. Its primary function is to catalyze the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to another alpha-keto acid, usually pyruvate, to form pyruvate and another amino acid, usually glutamate. This process is known as the transamination reaction.

When liver cells are damaged or destroyed due to various reasons such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or drug-induced liver injury, ALT is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, measuring the level of ALT in the blood is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating liver function and detecting liver damage. Normal ALT levels vary depending on the laboratory, but typically range from 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L) for men and 6 to 45 U/L for women. Elevated ALT levels may indicate liver injury or disease, although other factors such as muscle damage or heart disease can also cause elevations in ALT.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults. It originates from the hepatocytes, which are the main functional cells of the liver. This type of cancer is often associated with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and aflatoxin exposure.

The symptoms of HCC can vary but may include unexplained weight loss, lack of appetite, abdominal pain or swelling, jaundice, and fatigue. The diagnosis of HCC typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Treatment options for Hepatocellular carcinoma depend on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and liver function. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or liver transplantation.

Hepatitis B virus (Woodchuck) refers to the hepadnavirus that naturally infects North American woodchucks (Marmota monax). This virus is closely related to the human Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and it is used as a model for studying HBV infection and related liver diseases in woodchucks. The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer in its natural host. The virus-host interactions and the disease progression in woodchucks closely mimic those observed in humans with HBV infection. Therefore, studies of WHV infection in woodchucks have contributed significantly to our understanding of HBV biology, host immune responses, and the development of novel therapies for HBV infection in humans.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

... especially chronic hepatitis) as well as chronic autoimmune hepatitis. > Defined as destruction of hepatocytes at the limiting ... Chronic hepatitis > Chapter 3 > PATHOLOGIC FEATURES Last Modified: Mar 12, 2010 v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... destruction of individual hepatocytes along the edges of the portal tract.It is a cardinal feature of chronic viral hepatitis ( ... Piecemeal necrosis in liver aka interface hepatitis is necrosis of the limiting plates, by inflammatory cells. It may be ...
"Predictive factors for reactivation of hepatitis B following hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B". ... Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus may be asymptomatic or may be associated with chronic inflammation of the liver ( ... Mohsen RT, Al-azzawi RH, Ad'hiah AH (2019). "Hepatitis B virus genotypes among chronic hepatitis B patients from Baghdad, Iraq ... An HBV infection lasting longer than six months is usually considered chronic. The likelihood of developing chronic hepatitis B ...
Chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatic schistosomiasis, or intestinal schistosomiasis. This is caused by the parasite Schistosoma ...
Chronic hepatitis B and D is associated with a worse prognosis than chronic hepatitis B alone. Infection with both viruses is ... Hepatitis D is a type of viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). HDV is one of five known hepatitis viruses ... Vaccination against hepatitis B protects against hepatitis D viral infection as hepatitis D requires hepatitis B viral ... of acute nonfulminant hepatitis B cases, 74% of fulminant hepatitis B cases, and 100% of chronic hepatitis B cases. The delta ...
Lok, AS (2007). "Chronic Hepatitis B" (PDF). Hepatology. 45 (2): 507-39. doi:10.1002/hep.21513. hdl:2027.42/55941. PMID ... This window period does not occur in persons who develop chronic hepatitis B, i.e. who continue to have detectable HBV DNA for ... Two periods may be referred to as window period in hepatitis B infection:[citation needed] (1) the period that elapses during ...
Lok AS, McMahon BJ (February 2007). "Chronic hepatitis B". Hepatology. 45 (2): 507-39. doi:10.1002/hep.21513. hdl:2027.42/55941 ... Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Wide variability, typically normal to less than twice the URL, rarely more than 10 times ... 4 times the URL Acute viral hepatitis or toxin-related hepatitis with jaundice: AST and ALT > 25 times the URL Ischemic ... the URL Chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Levels fluctuate; the AST and ALT may be normal, though most patients have mild to ...
HCV is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, and more than 180 million people are affected ... Rosen, Hugo R. (June 2011). "Chronic Hepatitis C Infection". The New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (25): 2429-2438. doi: ... "Hepatitis C Kills More Americans Than HIV/AIDS". Voice of America, Health. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012. Diamond DL ... doi:10.1002/hep.21751. PMID 17654742. Portal: Biology (Pages using infobox enzyme with unknown parameters, Use dmy dates from ...
In the context of hepatitis B, GGHs are only seen in chronic infections, i.e. they are not seen in acute hepatitis B. GGHs were ... Chronic hepatitis - pathconsultddx.com. v t e (Histopathology, All stub articles, Pathology stubs). ... "Different Types of Ground Glass Hepatocytes in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Contain Specific Pre-S Mutants that May ... "Ground glass hepatocytes contain pre-S mutants and represent preneoplastic lesions in chronic hepatitis B virus infection". J ...
The infection usually results in liver damage (hepatitis D); this is most often a chronic and severe hepatitis rapidly ... "Hepatitis delta virus infection in a large cohort of chronic hepatitis B patients in Ethiopia". Liver Int. 38 (6): 1000-1009. ... "Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis D virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection attending the three ... Rizzetto, Mario (2019). "Hepatitis D Virus". In Wong, Robert J.; Gish, Robert G. (eds.). Clinical Epidemiology of Chronic Liver ...
... chronic active hepatitis, and hepatic necrosis, occur rarely. The onset of chronic active hepatitis may be insidious, and ... Amit G, Cohen P, Ackerman Z (March 2002). "Nitrofurantoin-induced chronic active hepatitis". The Israel Medical Association ... Chronic pulmonary reactions caused by nitrofurantoin include diffuse interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, or both. ... The pulmonary toxicity caused by nitrofurantoin can be categorized into acute, subacute, and chronic pulmonary reactions. The ...
Chronic Hepatitis B: An Update. 14 (3): 439-459. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2010.05.004. ISSN 1089-3261. PMID 20638024. Colclough, ...
"Chronic viral hepatitis - Helmholtz Munich". www.helmholtz-munich.de. Retrieved 2022-12-09. Rundfunk, Bayerischer (2021-05-01 ... the hepatitis B virus and her work is focused on developing new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B ... The work of her research group focuses on Hepatitis B virus Protzer is a member of numerous professional societies. She has ... She has been a member of the organising committee of the International Meeting on Hepatitis B Viruses (HBV Meeting) since 2006 ...
"Chronic hepatitis C". Southern Medical Journal. 90 (9): 872-7. doi:10.1097/00007611-199709000-00002. PMID 9305294. S2CID ...
... is mainly used to treat chronic hepatitis B infection in adults and children two years and older with active viral ... Scott LJ, Keating GM (May 2009). "Entecavir: a review of its use in chronic hepatitis B". Drugs. 69 (8): 1003-1033. doi:10.2165 ... Sims KA, Woodland AM (December 2006). "Entecavir: a new nucleoside analog for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection". ... March 2006). "A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B". The New England Journal of ...
Pessayre D, Larrey D (April 1988). "Acute and chronic drug-induced hepatitis". Baillière's Clinical Gastroenterology. 2 (2): ... Amineptine-induced hepatitis, which is sometimes preceded by a rash, is believed to be due to an immunoallergic reaction. It ... Mixed hepatitis, which is very rare, generally occurs between the 15th and 30th day of treatment. Often preceded by sometimes ... Hepatitis is either of mixed type or with cholestatic prevalence. The evolution was, in all the cases, favorable to the ...
Chronic active hepatitis and febrile panniculitis. Gut 1989;30:1018-19 "Clinical Commissioning Policy: Rituximab for ... For example, Banerjee et al[1989] reported two patients with autoimmune hepatitis and febrile panniculitis. On each occasion ... IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), formerly known as IgG4-related systemic disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition ... Verghese George; Varaha Sairam Tammisetti; Venkateswar Rao Surabhi; Alampady K. Shanbhogue (July 2013). "Chronic Fibrosing ...
A chronic HAV state has not been reported. Although HAV is excreted in the feces towards the end of the incubation period, ... World Hepatitis Day occurs each year on July 28 to bring awareness to viral hepatitis. Early symptoms of Hepatitis A infection ... Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by Hepatovirus A (HAV); it is a type of viral hepatitis. Many cases ... It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A vaccine is effective for prevention.[needs update ...
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus, a hepadnavirus that can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. Chronic ... Hepatitis B infections result in 500,000 to 1,200,000 deaths per year worldwide due to the complications of chronic hepatitis, ... Hepatitis C usually leads to chronic hepatitis, culminating in cirrhosis in some people. It usually remains asymptomatic for ... Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), or hepatitis delta virus; it belongs to the genus Deltavirus. HDV is ...
Azzam HS, Goertz C, Fritts M, Jonas WB (February 2007). "Natural products and chronic hepatitis C virus". Liver International. ... Beside interacting with the cell membrane, lactoferrin also directly binds to viral particles, such as the hepatitis viruses. ... hepatitis C virus, hantaviruses, rotaviruses, poliovirus type 1, human respiratory syncytial virus, murine leukemia viruses and ... "Identification of a lactoferrin-derived peptide possessing binding activity to hepatitis C virus E2 envelope protein". The ...
Implication for the treatment of chronic hepatitis). She is an associate professor of microbiology and teaches in the medical ... Implicación en la terapéutica de las hepatitis crónicas (Thesis) (in Spanish). Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko ... Implicación en la terapéutica de las hepatitis crónicas (Thesis). Universidad del País Vasco = Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. " ... Implicación en la terapéutica de las hepatitis crónicas (Detection of RNA in HCV infections. ...
June 2005). "Chronic liver injury during obstructive sleep apnea". Hepatology. 41 (6): 1290-1296. doi:10.1002/hep.20725. PMID ... chronic hepatitis C, heredity or by deficiencies in parenteral nutrition such as choline and endocrine conditions. If any of ... blood tests are usually used to rule out viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C and herpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus or ... doi:10.1002/hep.21262. PMID 16871574. Pagano G, Pacini G, Musso G, Gambino R, Mecca F, Depetris N, et al. (February 2002). " ...
41 (6): 1290-6. doi:10.1002/hep.20725. PMID 15915459. Kumar R, Birrer BV, Macey PM, Woo MA, Gupta RK, Yan-Go FL, Harper RM ( ... Tanné F, Gagnadoux F, Chazouillères O, Fleury B, Wendum D, Lasnier E, Lebeau B, Poupon R, Serfaty L (June 2005). "Chronic liver ... but chronic severe obstructive sleep apnea requires treatment to prevent low blood oxygen (hypoxemia), sleep deprivation, and ... It is often a chronic condition. Other risk factors include being overweight, a family history of the condition, allergies, and ...
This includes 350 million chronic carriers of the virus. The acute illness causes liver inflammation, vomiting and jaundice. ... 44 (3): 521-6. doi:10.1002/hep.21347. PMID 16941687. WHO , Hepatitis B FAQ about Hepatitis B Archived 2009-02-09 at the Wayback ... The 2009 Gujarat hepatitis B outbreak was a cluster of hepatitis B cases that appeared in Modasa, northern Gujarat, India in ... "Doctors held over hepatitis deaths". Press Association. 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-22. "Hepatitis outbreak: 2 doctors booked ...
Ectodermal dystrophy (skin, dental enamel, and nails). APS-1 may also cause: Autoimmune hepatitis. Hypogonadism. Vitiligo. ... Common symptoms of APS-1 include: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Hypoparathyroidism. Addison's disease. ...
When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic ... and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D are ... The hepatitis D virus causes chronic and fulminant hepatitis in the context of co-infection with the hepatitis B virus. It is ... Unlike hepatitis B, most cases of hepatitis C lead to chronic infection. Hepatitis C is the second most common cause of ...
doi:10.1002/hep.21784. PMID 17654490. "Liver Cancer Risk Factors". cancer.org. Retrieved 2018-04-26. "Chronic Liver Disease - ... Hepatitis B is especially prevalent amongst Asian Americans. A study conducted between 2001 and 2006 that provided hepatitis B ... Hepatitis B is one of the leading causes of the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cirrhosis and ... Men were more likely to be infected than women, and hepatitis B infections were 19.4 times more likely in foreign born Asian ...
Wadhawan, M.; Rastogi, M.; Gupta, S.; and Kumar, A. (2010). "Peritransplant management of chronic hepatitis C.". Trop ... This work helped lay down the criteria for the correct management of chronic liver disease and acute liver failure and will ... such as liver transplantation without hepatitis B immunoglobulin prophylaxis and appropriate cytomegalovirus prophylaxis. He is ...
... the association of A1 with autoimmune hepatitis with no anti-viral antibody was stronger than with chronic active hepatitis ... Vogten AJ, Shorter RG, Opelz G (June 1979). "HLA and cell-mediated immunity in HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis". Gut. ... Freudenberg J, Baumann H, Arnold W, Berger J, Büschenfelde KH (1977). "HLA in different forms of chronic active hepatitis. A ... Mackay IR, Morris PJ (October 1972). "Association of autoimmune active chronic hepatitis with HL-A1,8". Lancet. 2 (7781): 793-5 ...
Xia, Y; Luo, H; Liu, JP; Gluud, C (13 April 2011). "Phyllanthus species for chronic hepatitis B virus infection". The Cochrane ... benefits patients with chronic HBV (hepatitis B virus) infection." Niruri fruit Niruri proliferation "The Plant List: A Working ...
The system, now known as Li-NBAL, has significantly improved survival rates for people with severe chronic hepatitis. Instead ... Ning, Qin (2019). Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Hepatitis B: Volume 2. Diagnosis and Management. Springer. p. 332. ISBN 978-94- ... Acute liver failure caused by hepatitis B was very common in China. In 1986, Li and her team developed an artificial liver ...
Chronic infections of WMHBV can go long periods of time before symptoms arise, especially when the woolly monkey is infected at ... Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus, like other hepatitis B viruses, is transmitted through bodily fluids, and from a mother to her ... WMHBV, like other hepatitis viruses, infects the hepatocytes, or liver cells, of its host organism. It can cause hepatitis, ... The woolly monkey hepatitis B virus (WMHBV) is a viral species of the Orthohepadnavirus genus of the Hepadnaviridae family. Its ...
the first trial of colchicine in PBC); Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes; Hepatitis B & C; Tumour markers of primary liver cancer ... Oxidant stress in chronic liver disease; Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC); Portal hypertension; Development of new drug ...
... can occur in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcoholic hepatitis by ... Alcoholic hepatitis occurs in approximately 1/3 of chronic alcohol drinkers. 10-20% of patients with alcoholic hepatitis ... The chronic inflammation seen in alcoholic hepatitis leads to a distinctive fibrotic response, with fibrogenic cell type ... The chronic inflammation seen in alcoholic hepatitis also leads to impaired hepatocyte differentiation, impairments in ...
doi:10.1002/hep.20819. PMID 16149085. S2CID 21393716. Yu ML, Chuang WL (2009). "Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Asia: when ... Sofosbuvir for use against chronic hepatitis C infection was approved by the FDA on December 6, 2013. It has been reported to ... Simeprevir has been approved in Japan for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection, genotype 1. There is also current ... "Medivir: Simeprevir has been approved in Japan for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C infection". The Wall Street ...
Guidelines and tools regarding prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. ... Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection and HCV-Related Chronic Disease. ... Online Serology Training - Hepatitis A-E. Recommended Testing Sequence for Identifying Current Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) ... Source: Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention ...
Hepatitis C is an infectious hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). . ... encoded search term (Chronic Hepatitis C Pathology) and Chronic Hepatitis C Pathology What to Read Next on Medscape ... Other viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis D, among others ... Chronic hepatitis. In contrast to the lobular activity in acute hepatitis, the portal activity is the predominant histologic ...
Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1998; ... because ALT activity fluctuates in persons with chronic hepatitis C. Patients with chronic hepatitis C should be evaluated for ... Application of six hepatitis C virus genotyping systems to sera from chronic hepatitis C patients in the United States. J ... Reported cases of acute hepatitis C by selected risk .... Figure 2. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus .... Figure 3. Hepatitis C ...
See the number and rate of newly reported cases of chronic hepatitis C virus infection by sex and age in the US in 2021. ... 540 newly chronic hepatitis C cases were reported during 2021. A higher number of newly reported cases of chronic hepatitis C ... chronic hepatitis C cases are included. For the complete case definition, see Chronic Hepatitis C. ... Hepatitis C Figures and Tables. *Figure 3.1. Number of reported cases of acute hepatitis C virus infection and estimated ...
... for treating some types of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) ... Hepatitis Sofosbuvir for treating chronic hepatitis C. ... of chronic hepatitis C. It is taken with other drugs (peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, or ribavirin alone). See table 1. ... Type of hepatitis C. Sofosbuvir with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin. Sofosbuvir with ribavirin alone. ... the persons hepatitis C has not been treated before and they cannot have interferon or ...
i,Background,/i,. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a viral disease, common across the world, and associated with several ... From September 2011 to February 2012, 87 consecutive chronic hepatitis B patients (male/female: 54/33; mean age: years) who ... "A comparison of the prevalence of autoantibodies in individuals with chronic hepatitis C and those with autoimmune hepatitis: ... Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Frequency in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. Turan Calhan. ,1Abdurrahman Sahin. ,1Resul ...
Chronic Viral Hepatitis. Worldwide, the most common risk factor for liver cancer is chronic infection with the hepatitis B ... Chronic viral hepatitis infections (hepatitis B and hepatitis C) cause at least 80% of all liver cancers. In the United States ... chronic hepatitis B infections are the most common cause. People co-infected with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or HIV have a ... Hepatitis C Infections. Chronic hepatitis C infections cause cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), which can lead to liver cancer ...
Immune responses to hepatitis C virus (HCV) fail to clear the virus in most individuals. Why patients who are less likely to ...
In patients with chronic hepatitis C, once-weekly peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin was tolerated as well as interferon alfa ... Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 26;347(13):975-82. doi: ... Conclusions: In patients with chronic hepatitis C, once-weekly peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin was tolerated as well as ... and peginterferon alfa-2a alone in the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C. ...
High hepatitis C viral load is associated with insulin resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int. 2008 Feb;28( ... Study of prevalence and effects of insulin resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 ... Insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C: association with genotypes 1 and 4, serum HCV RNA level, and liver fibrosis. ... Inter-observes agreement of Ishak and Metavir scores in histological evaluation of chronic viral hepatitis B and C]. Ann Biol ...
Interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis B. This review has been withdrawn.. The reason for withdrawal and previous versions are ... Interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis B (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD008560 ...
The first-proof-of-concept for a DNA-based therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis C was announced today at EASL 2009 ... Hepatitis, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E, Immune Response, Immune System, in vivo, Laboratory ... In industrialised countries, hepatitis C accounts for 70% of chronic hepatitis cases. One of the main concerns is that HCV ... Proof-of-concept for a DNA-based therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis C. *Download PDF Copy ...
Discover the efficacy of Pegylated Interferon in treating chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Explore hematologic side effects in ... Treatment of Chronic Viral Hepatitis with Pegylated Interferon in Ivory Coast () Henriette Ya Kissi Anzouan-Kacou1, Aboubacar ... We carried out a study on the results of treatment with PEG-IFN, in patients with chronic hepatitis during this period at the ... The free antiviral treatment program helped treat 10% of chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Our results are not different from ...
... chronic infection, extra-hepatic manifestations, and treatment. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... Ribavirin for chronic hepatitis E virus infection in transplant recipients.. *Hepatitis E virus: Epidemiology, diagnosis, ... Hepatitis E: when to treat and how to treat.. *Treatment of HEV Infection in Patients with a Solid-Organ Transplant and Chronic ... "Hepatitis E Virus: Chronic Infection, Extra-hepatic Manifestations, and Treatment." Clinics and Research in Hepatology and ...
... Linda Piekuse, Madara Kreile, Agnese Zarina, ... Association between inherited monogenic liver disorders and chronic hepatitis C. World J Hepatol 2014; 6(2): 92-97 [PMID: ... Core tip: This is the first study to evaluate the association between hepatitis C and the most frequently inherited monogenic ... This case-control study revealed an association between hepatitis C and the mutation that causes Wilsons disease. In addition ...
Figure 1 Timeline of the knowledge evolution in the chronic viral hepatitis and sarcopenia fields. ... Sarcopenia in chronic viral hepatitis: From concept to clinical relevance. World J Hepatol 2023; 15(5): 649-665 ... Sarcopenia in chronic viral hepatitis: From concept to clinical relevance. World J Hepatol 2023; 15(5): 649-665 [PMID: 37305369 ...
... approach will add incrementally to our current knowledge of the HEV-genome organization and pathogenesis in chronic hepatitis E ... The awareness of hepatitis E virus (HEV) increased significantly in the last decade due to its unexpectedly high prevalence in ... A naturally occurring human/hepatitis E recombinant virus predominates in serum but not in faeces of a chronic hepatitis E ... Chronic hepatitis E patients and sample collection. To evaluate the newly established molecular methods, a total of nine plasma ...
Hispanics have a 40% greater chance of being infected with hepatitis C virus than the general population. In fact, chronic ... Chronic Hepatitis C Virus and the Hispanic Community: Cultural Factors Impacting Care ...
Keywords: Chronic hepatitis, Hepatitis B virus, Natural killer cells, Global-T cells, Virus-specific T cells, Natural history, ... Core tip: Chronic hepatitis B is a highly heterogeneous disease, which can be divided into four phases: immune tolerant, immune ... Chronic hepatitis B is a highly heterogeneous disease that can be divided into four phases: Immune tolerant (IT), immune active ... To investigate the immune status of natural killer (NK) and T cells in different phases of chronic hepatitis B. ...
Mark Mailliard on Chronic viral hepatitis B and C, part of a collection of multimedia lectures. ... Chronic viral hepatitis B and C. *Prof. Mark Mailliard - University of Nebraska College of Medicine, USA ... Mailliard, M. (2011, January 5). Chronic viral hepatitis B and C [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, ... Hepatitis C virus: discovery, cure and protection Hepatitis C virus: discovery, cure and protection ...
PegIFN-induced acute liver failure in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Learn about the autoimmune mechanism and potential ... "Autoimmune Hepatitis Induced by Pegylated Interferon in an HIVInfected Patient with Chronic Hepatitis C," Journal of ... "Latent Autoimmune Hepatitis Triggered during Interferon Therapy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C," Gastroenterology, Vol. ... A 66yearold female was referred to a local clinic for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Her family physician started the ...
Chronic - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Hepatitis can be Acute (short-lived) read more , Overview of Chronic Hepatitis Overview of Chronic Hepatitis Chronic hepatitis ... Overall, about 5 to 10% of people with acute hepatitis B develop chronic hepatitis B Hepatitis B, Chronic Chronic hepatitis B ... Having hepatitis B or hepatitis C or fatty liver disease, or drinking... read more . About 20% of people with chronic hepatitis ...
... ve hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b (G1b) patients. This multicenter study involved 150 Asian treatment-naïve patients ... H. Kumada, T. Okanoue, M. Onji et al., "Guidelines for the treatment of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis due to hepatitis C ... P. Bedossa and T. Poynard, "An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C," Hepatology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. ... Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was generally treated with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin combination ...
II and phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials examining the efficacy of boceprevir and telaprevir in chronic hepatitis ... Boceprevir and telaprevir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection: an indirect comparison meta-analysis ... Boceprevir and telaprevir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection: an indirect comparison meta-analysis. ... II and phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials examining the efficacy of boceprevir and telaprevir in chronic hepatitis ...
Chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections remain a major problem public health problem worldwide, as well as a therapeutic ... Chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections remain a major problem public health problem worldwide, as well as a therapeutic ... Mechanism of viral persistence and resistance to nucleoside and nucleotide analogs in chronic hepatitis B virus infection ...
Characterization of chronic hepatitis E in Germany: molecular epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical aspects (CHED). 03/ ... The mechanisms leading to chronic hepatitis E infection (CHE) are poorly understood. Accordingly, interdisciplinary studies are ... Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. In industrialized countries, HEV ... with a special focus on the differences between acute and chronic infections. In this context the question should be answered ...
A case of acute hepatitis B in a chronic hepatitis C patient after daclatasvir and asunaprevir combination therapy: hepatitis B ... Pretreatment Assessment in Adults With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection; and 3) Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus ... Hepatitis A and B immunity and vaccination in chronic hepatitis B and C patients in a large United States cohort. Clin Infect ... hepatitis A virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IgG, immunoglobulin G. ...
Classic patients with chronic hepatitis B are positive for hepatitis Be-antigen (HBeAg) and HBV-DNA. In the Mediterranean basin ... of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are HBeAg-negative, in contrast to Northern European countries and the US, where ... IFN alfa2b and T-alfa1 is better tolerated and more likely to induce a sustained response in HbeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B ... Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is a major health threat ...
... chronic hepatitis C) - Benefit assessment according to § 35a Social Code Book V ... Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (chronic hepatitis C in children) - Benefit assessment according to §35a Social Code Book V Commission ... Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (chronic hepatitis C in adolescents) - Benefit assessment according to §35a Social Code Book V ... A17-34] Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (chronic hepatitis C) - Benefit assessment according to § 35a Social Code Book V. Last updated ...
  • Hepatitis C is an infectious hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV).This systemic viral infection predominantly involves the liver hepatocytes and can result in both acute and chronic liver diseases. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical symptoms, if present, are similar to those of other acute viral hepatitis, including malaise, nausea, jaundice, and right upper quadrant pain, which typically last for 2-12 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • The histological features of acute hepatitis C differ very little from other acute viral hepatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Knowledge of hepatitis E in patients with hematologic aminotransferase levels or HEV viral loads. (cdc.gov)
  • Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a viral disease, common across the world, and associated with several extraintestinal manifestations including vasculitis. (hindawi.com)
  • Chronic viral hepatitis infections (hepatitis B and hepatitis C) cause at least 80% of all liver cancers. (hepb.org)
  • Hepatitis D is the most severe form of viral hepatitis and can only exist as a co-infection of hepatitis B, making all hepatitis B patients at risk. (hepb.org)
  • Objectives: To assess the efficacy of Pegylated Interferon in clinical practice in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C and determine the hematologic side effects. (scirp.org)
  • Results: Out of 1860 patients seen in hepatogastroenterology consultation 422 had viral hepatitis B or C that is a prevalence of 22.7% and 41 patients were treated (9.7%) by Pegylated Interferon. (scirp.org)
  • Conclusion: The free antiviral treatment program helped treat 10% of chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Our results are not different from those of the literature. (scirp.org)
  • Following "the Dakar Appeal" [3] , the Ivorian government, through the National Program of the Fight against Viral Hepatitis (NPFVH) has made freely available to patients of the 3 Teaching Hospitals of Abidjan, Pegylated Interferon (PEG-IFN) from February 2012 to November 2013 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C. The pre, per and post therapeutic biological, radiological and histological tests remain the responsibility of patients. (scirp.org)
  • Among the studies carried out in this country on viral hepatitis, very few have focused on treatment. (scirp.org)
  • Figure 1 Timeline of the knowledge evolution in the chronic viral hepatitis and sarcopenia fields. (wjgnet.com)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. (nature.com)
  • If the level of hepatitis B virus (viral load) is high in pregnant women, they are often given antiviral drugs during the last trimester of pregnancy to prevent transmission of the virus from mother to child. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. (bund.de)
  • Hepatitis B viral infection presents a major global health concern and places a significant burden on the 257 million people living with the disease worldwide. (jnj.com)
  • 1 RNAi therapy candidates such as ARO-HBV have been shown to have an effect on hepatitis B viral infection replication pathways and on the production of viral proteins, providing another avenue for investigation into treatments in this area. (jnj.com)
  • We present a case of a 67-year-old male with a history of chronic viral hepatitis C infection who had an accidental finding on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a liver arterially enhancing lesion. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • In China, caregivers of chronic viral hepatitis patients experience considerable burdens, stress and disruption of their own well-being and social activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS) was primarily devised for the caregivers of schizophrenia patients, and the adverse effect of the disease was similar to the effect of chronic viral hepatitis on family caregivers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we prospectively evaluated the psychometric properties of FBIS in the field of chronic viral hepatitis and used it to determine the factors affecting the caregiver burden on the family members of chronic viral hepatitis patients in Shanghai, China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, understanding the caregiver burdens and the needs of patients with chronic viral hepatitis is necessary. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In China, family members in the role of caregiver of patients with chronic viral hepatitis experience considerable burdens, stress, disruption of personal wellbeing and social activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All patients were tested for chronic viral hepatitis thereby providing an opportunity to compare various strategies for detection of this serious treatable disease. (bris.ac.uk)
  • METHODS: This study uses data from the BALLETS cohort to compare various testing strategies for viral hepatitis in patients who had received an abnormal LFT result. (bris.ac.uk)
  • The aim was to inform a strategy for identification of patients with chronic viral hepatitis. (bris.ac.uk)
  • We used a cost-minimisation analysis to define a base case and then calculated the incremental cost per case detected to inform a strategy that could guide testing for chronic viral hepatitis. (bris.ac.uk)
  • RESULTS: Of the 1,236 study patients with an abnormal LFT, 13 had chronic viral hepatitis (nine hepatitis B and four hepatitis C). The strategy advocated by the current guidelines (repeating the LFT with a view to testing for specific disease if it remained abnormal) was less efficient (more expensive per case detected) than a simple policy of testing all patients for viral hepatitis without repeating LFTs. (bris.ac.uk)
  • A more selective strategy of viral testing all patients for viral hepatitis if they were born in countries where viral hepatitis was prevalent provided high efficiency with little loss of sensitivity. (bris.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Based on this analysis and on widely accepted clinical principles, a "fast and frugal" heuristic was produced to guide general practitioners with respect to diagnosing cases of viral hepatitis in asymptomatic patients with abnormal LFTs. (bris.ac.uk)
  • It recommends testing all patients where a clear clinical indication of infection is present (e.g. evidence of intravenous drug use), followed by testing all patients who originated from countries where viral hepatitis is prevalent, and finally testing those who have a notably raised ALT level (more than twice the upper limit of normal). (bris.ac.uk)
  • Patients not picked up by this efficient algorithm had a risk of chronic viral hepatitis that is lower than the general population. (bris.ac.uk)
  • Someone with hepatitis B may have symptoms similar to those caused by other viral infections, like the flu. (kidshealth.org)
  • HA516 trade name] is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with: · compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication, persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis. (who.int)
  • HA516 trade name] is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adolescents 12 to 18 years of age and weighing at least 35 kg with: · compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication, persistently elevated serum ALT levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis. (who.int)
  • it is a type of viral hepatitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using antiviral prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission is also recommended, as is following safe sex practices, including the use of condoms In 2016, the WHO set a goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a threat to global public health by 2030. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute infection with hepatitis B virus is associated with acute viral hepatitis, an illness that begins with general ill-health, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches, mild fever, and dark urine, and then progresses to development of jaundice. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most important outcome of chronic hepatitis C is the progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • It is estimated that up to 25% of patients with chronic hepatitis C will develop cirrhosis within 20 years. (medscape.com)
  • Approximately 400 million individuals are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) globally [ 1 , 2 ] and 1 million patients die annually due to HBV-associated complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Among people chronically infected with hepatitis B, the risk of developing liver cancer increases as they get older or if they have been diagnosed with cirrhosis. (hepb.org)
  • Although liver cancer most often occurs in the presence of cirrhosis, individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection can develop liver cancer without having cirrhosis. (hepb.org)
  • Chronic hepatitis C infections cause cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), which can lead to liver cancer. (hepb.org)
  • People co-infected with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or HIV have a significantly increased risk of developing liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. (hepb.org)
  • Coinfections can increase the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer by up to three times compared to a hepatitis B infection alone. (hepb.org)
  • Background: In the Ivory Coast, chronic infection by hepatitis B and C virus is the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (scirp.org)
  • HEV infection is usually an acute self-limiting disease, but causes chronic infection with rapidly progressive cirrhosis in adult and pediatric organ-transplant-patients. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • About 20% of people with chronic hepatitis B develop cirrhosis or liver cancer and may die prematurely. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some people who have chronic hepatitis B also have chronic hepatitis D. If untreated, the combination causes cirrhosis in up to 70% of affected people. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Aim of the Study: To detect the efficacy of Romiplostim use in thrombocytopenic patients with chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis preoperatively. (omicsonline.org)
  • Subjects and Methods: Our study was performed on 12 patients in the Electricity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, having chronic liver disease with liver cirrhosis and they were classified as Child-Pugh score C with thrombocytopenia. (omicsonline.org)
  • Conclusion: Romiplostim can be used under close follow up in chronic hepatitis C patients with liver cirrhosis and severe thrombocytopenia preoperatively in a dose of 2 mcg/kg once weekly for four weeks. (omicsonline.org)
  • Those with chronic hepatitis B virus infection have an elevated risk of developing cirrhosis with end-stage liver disease and a markedly elevated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, independent of the presence of cirrhosis. (up.ac.za)
  • To perform a cost-effectiveness evaluation from the perspective of the Brazilian National Health System of alternatives strategies (i.e., conventional interferon , pegylated interferon , and lamivudine ) for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B who present elevated aminotransferase levels and no evidence of cirrhosis at the beginning of treatment . (bvsalud.org)
  • In the sensitivity analysis , the ICER was more sensitive to variation in the probability of transition from chronic hepatitis B to compensated cirrhosis , discount rate, and medicine prices . (bvsalud.org)
  • For patients with chronic hepatitis B with elevated aminotransferase levels in the pretreatment and no cirrhosis who were HBeAg positive, pegylated interferon (48 weeks) provided more life -years gained when compared to conventional interferon (24 weeks), and the ICER surpasses the country's buying power , which makes conventional interferon the chosen alternative. (bvsalud.org)
  • In patients who are positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg-positive patients) without cirrhosis, treatment should be continued - for at least 6-12 months after confirmed BeAG seroconversion (i.e. (who.int)
  • however, cirrhosis and liver cancer eventually develop in about 25% of those with chronic HBV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus may be asymptomatic or may be associated with chronic inflammation of the liver (chronic hepatitis), leading to cirrhosis over a period of several years. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study investigated the impact of oxidative stress and iron deposition on hepatocellular carcinoma development after therapy with pegylated interferon (PegIFN)+ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment with peginterferon alfa-2a alone produces significantly higher sustained virologic responses than treatment with interferon alfa-2a alone in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (nih.gov)
  • We compared the efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin, interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin, and peginterferon alfa-2a alone in the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C. (nih.gov)
  • In patients with chronic hepatitis C, once-weekly peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin was tolerated as well as interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin and produced significant improvements in the rate of sustained virologic response, as compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin or peginterferon alfa-2a alone. (nih.gov)
  • Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of insulin resistance in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV genotype 4 infection, to assess factors associated with insulin resistance and to test the impact of insulin resistance on outcomes of treatment with pegylated interferon/ribavirin. (who.int)
  • Patients and Methods: A descriptive retrospective study from January 2012 to November 2013 on a cohort of patients chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (n = 11) treated with Pegylated Interferon to 180 mcg per week and hepatitis C virus (n = 30) treated with a combination therapy associating pegylated Interferon to 180 mcg per week and Ribavirin assayed according to the genotype. (scirp.org)
  • H. Kato, H. Ikeuchi and M. Nakamura, "Acute Exacerbation of Liver Disease Induced by Pegylated Interferon Alpha2a Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis C," International Journal of Clinical Medicine , Vol. 1 No. 1, 2010, pp. 1-5. (scirp.org)
  • M. Shindo, A. M. D. Bisceglie and J. H. Hoofnagle, "Ac ute Exacerbation of Liver Disease during Interferon Alfa Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C," Gastroenterology, Vol. 102, No. 4, 1992, pp. 14061408. (scirp.org)
  • Type CChronic Hepatitis Patients who had Autoimmune Phenomenon and Developed Jaundice during Interferon Therapy," Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 38, No. 5, 2003, pp. 493500. (scirp.org)
  • Peginterferon Alfa2b Plus Ribavirin Compared with Interferon Alfa2b Plus Ribavirin for Initial Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C: A Randomised Trial," Lancet,Vol. 358, No. 9286, 2001, pp. 958965. (scirp.org)
  • Induction of Antinuclear Antibody after Interferon Therapy in Patients with TypeC Chronic Hepatitis: Its Relation to the Efficacy of Therapy," Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 31, No. 7, 1996, pp. 716722. (scirp.org)
  • We evaluated the genetic variation in rs8099917, substitutions in core amino acid (aa) 70, and the number of aa substitutions in the interferon sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) on the prediction of sustained virological response (SVR) in treatment-naïve hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b (G1b) patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was generally treated with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin combination therapy. (hindawi.com)
  • Recently, several genome-wide association studies have revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in proximity to IL28B predict spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as well as outcome following pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy among genotype 1 infected patients. (diva-portal.org)
  • Chronic hepatitis B treatment: the cost-effectiveness of interferon compared to lamivudine. (bvsalud.org)
  • We evaluated the impact of adherence to combination therapy with interferon or peginterferon plus ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients. (duke.edu)
  • In 1989, the hepatitis C virus was identified and found to account for most cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Terms and Abbreviations Used in This Publication Acute hepatitis C Newly acquired symptomatic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (cdc.gov)
  • HBV Hepatitis B virus. (cdc.gov)
  • HCV Hepatitis C virus. (cdc.gov)
  • HCV RNA Hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid. (cdc.gov)
  • Worldwide, the most common risk factor for liver cancer is chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus. (hepb.org)
  • In the United States, the leading cause is chronic hepatitis C virus infection because of the greater number of Americans infected with this virus. (hepb.org)
  • The hepatitis B virus is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a known cancer-causing virus in humans because of the strong link between chronic hepatitis B infection and liver cancer. (hepb.org)
  • People chronically infected with hepatitis B are 100 times more likely to develop liver cancer than uninfected people because the virus directly and repeatedly attacks the liver. (hepb.org)
  • In the United States, hepatitis C infection is the most common cause of liver cancer due to the greater number of Americans infected with this virus, while in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, chronic hepatitis B infections are the most common cause. (hepb.org)
  • Immune responses to hepatitis C virus (HCV) fail to clear the virus in most individuals. (jci.org)
  • ABSTRACT There is strong epidemiological evidence linking hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and diabetes. (who.int)
  • Professor Matti Sallberg of Laboratory Medicine, the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, who led the study, said: "In 50-80% of adult cases, the immune system fails to eliminate the HCV virus and the disease becomes chronic. (news-medical.net)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a worldwide disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The awareness of hepatitis E virus (HEV) increased significantly in the last decade due to its unexpectedly high prevalence in high-income countries. (nature.com)
  • Chronic Hepatitis C Virus a. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Hispanics have a 40% greater chance of being infected with hepatitis C virus than the general population. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Peginterferon Alfa2a Plus Ribavirin for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection," The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 347, No. 13, 2002, pp. 975982. (scirp.org)
  • Chronic hepatitis B is inflammation of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis B virus and that has lasted more than 6 months. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hepatitis B, Acute Acute hepatitis B is inflammation of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis B virus and that lasts from a few weeks up to 6 months. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Published phase II and phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials examining the efficacy of boceprevir and telaprevir in chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infected adult populations were included. (dovepress.com)
  • Chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections remain a major problem public health problem worldwide, as well as a therapeutic challenge for clinicians. (nih.gov)
  • This guideline on pretreatment assessment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) was developed by the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute (NYSDOH AI) to guide primary care providers and other practitioners in New York State in all aspects of treating and curing patients with chronic HCV. (hivguidelines.org)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents the second most common blood-borne illness in the world, affecting up to 2% of the world?s population. (omicsonline.org)
  • SEATTLE --(BUSINESS WIRE)--Feb. 26, 2015-- Gilead Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ:GILD) today announced results from a Phase 3 study, ION-4, evaluating the once-daily single tablet regimen Harvoni ® (ledipasvir 90 mg/sofosbuvir 400 mg) for the treatment of genotypes 1 or 4 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among patients co-infected with HIV. (gilead.com)
  • The 2002 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference Statement recommended that both clinical and research efforts be made to increase the availability of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment to patients who were previously ineligible because of comorbid psychiatric illness and substance use disorders. (psychiatrist.com)
  • In 2014, the Swiss Hepatitis Strategy was developed to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the associated liver-related morbidity and mortality by 2030. (smw.ch)
  • Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. (smw.ch)
  • Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease burden. (smw.ch)
  • Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus infection disease burden - volume 3. (smw.ch)
  • Hepatitis C virus prevalence and level of intervention required to achieve the WHO targets for elimination in the European Union by 2030: a modelling study. (smw.ch)
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and diabetes mellitus are major health problems associated with significant morbidity and mortality. (uwi.edu)
  • The majority of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection suffer from disabling fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and quality of life reduction. (bmj.com)
  • The challenge in South Africa remains prevention through the universal vaccination coverage of all children and the identification of those with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. (up.ac.za)
  • Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study. (who.int)
  • Ott JJ, Stevens GA, Groeger J, Wiersma ST. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: New estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity. (who.int)
  • Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). (kidshealth.org)
  • If a pregnant woman has the hepatitis B virus, her baby has a very high chance of having it unless the baby gets a special immune injection and the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth. (kidshealth.org)
  • If you think you may have hepatitis B or you might have been exposed to the virus through sex or drug use, see your doctor or gynecologist to get tested. (kidshealth.org)
  • Clinical-stage immunology company Vir Biotechnology Inc. (VIR:NASDAQ) , which is focused on treating and preventing serious infectious diseases, today announced "initial topline data from its ongoing trial of VIR-3434 in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (streetwisereports.com)
  • The firm advised that data from a cohort of eight randomized patients where six participants received a single 6 mg dose of VIR-3434 and two were given a placebo, showed that the six of the eight patients achieved a mean reduction of 1.3 log10 IU/mL in serum hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) after eight days. (streetwisereports.com)
  • The company stated that its product pipeline candidates are being developed to target hepatitis B, influenza A, SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis. (streetwisereports.com)
  • evidence of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. (who.int)
  • Study 437, initiated in March 1999 and conducted in Australia, Europe, North America and Southeast Asia, is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial which is evaluating the safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil at two active doses (10 mg and 30 mg) given once daily in hepatitis B "e" antigen positive patients. (gilead.com)
  • Study 438, initiated in January 2000, is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial which is evaluating adefovir dipivoxil 10 mg for the treatment of hepatitis B "e" antigen negative patients (precore mutant HBV infection). (gilead.com)
  • Between 2014 and 2019, rapid hepatitis B surface antigen testing was performed on 4068 individuals in Oro Province. (who.int)
  • A Markov model was developed for chronic hepatitis B ( hepatitis B antigen e [ HBeAg ] positive and negative) with 40 years' time horizon. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vir Biotechnology shares traded higher after the company reported data from its Phase 1 Chronic Hepatitis B Study that showed VIR-3434 significantly and rapidly reduced hepatitis B surface antigen. (streetwisereports.com)
  • HBV) DNA loss with d detection of antibodies against HBeAG) or - until Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) seroconversion or - until loss of efficacy (see section 4.4). (who.int)
  • Sofosbuvir (also known as Sovaldi) is recommended as a possible treatment for adults with some types (called genotypes) of chronic hepatitis C. It is taken with other drugs (peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, or ribavirin alone). (nice.org.uk)
  • The aims of our work were to assess the effectiveness of treatment with PEG-INF alone or in combination with Ribavirin (RBV) in clinical practice in patients with chronic hepatitis B or C and to determine the hematologic side effects. (scirp.org)
  • A 66yearold female was referred to a local clinic for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Her family physician started the administration of PegIFN alpha2a in combination with ribavirin in September, 2008. (scirp.org)
  • More than 50% of all liver cancers could be prevented with increased use of the hepatitis B vaccine, better treatments for chronic hepatitis B, and curative treatments for hepatitis C infections. (hepb.org)
  • 1,2 While a prophylactic vaccine for hepatitis B exists, many people living with chronic hepatitis B remain uncured by current treatments and endure lifelong therapy. (jnj.com)
  • The introduction of the hepatitis B vaccine into the country some 18 years ago has demonstrated benefit, but the exposure to, and prevalence of chronic HBsAg positivity remain unacceptably high. (up.ac.za)
  • Newborn babies in the United States now routinely get the hepatitis B vaccine as a series of three shots over a 6-month period. (kidshealth.org)
  • As of 2022, the hepatitis B vaccine is between 98% and 100% effective in preventing infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • National programs have made the hepatitis B vaccine available for infants in 190 countries as of the end of 2021. (wikipedia.org)
  • The company stated that the Phase 1 clinical trial was structured as a randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate VIR-3434's immunomodulatory activity, pharmacokinetics, tolerability and safety in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic HBV infection with HBsAg levels less than 1,000 IU/ml. (streetwisereports.com)
  • In order to achieve the Swiss Hepatitis Strategy goals of a 30% reduction in new infections, total viraemic infections, liver transplants, and hepatocellular carcinoma cases by 2020 and a 90% reduction by 2030, all regions will need to increase the annual number of treated and diagnosed patients up to 2030. (smw.ch)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Adherence to combination therapy enhances sustained response in genotype-1-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. (duke.edu)
  • Globally, however, chronic infections with hepatitis B or C are responsible for making liver cancer the most common cancer in many parts of the world. (hepb.org)
  • To learn more about the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B infections, visit www.hepb.org . (hepb.org)
  • The number of liver cancer cases related to hepatitis C infections is predicted to continue rising and could possibly double over the next 10 to 20 years. (hepb.org)
  • In this work package, the immune reaction against HEV will be investigated, with a special focus on the differences between acute and chronic infections. (bund.de)
  • An important objective within Janssen is to develop highly effective combination products that cure people living with chronic hepatitis B infections," said Mathai Mammen, M.D., Ph.D., Global Head, Janssen Research & Development, LLC. (jnj.com)
  • In most cases, teens who get hepatitis B recover and may develop a natural immunity to future hepatitis B infections. (kidshealth.org)
  • Achieving this goal would require the development of therapeutic treatments to cure chronic hepatitis B, as well as preventing its transmission and using vaccines to prevent new infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • An estimated 296 million people, or 3.8% of the global population, had chronic hepatitis B infections as of 2019. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatitis B (also called serum hepatitis ) is a serious infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • A higher number of newly reported cases of chronic hepatitis C were observed among males, compared with females across all age groups. (cdc.gov)
  • Most people with chronic hepatitis B have no symptoms, but some feel generally ill and tired and lose their appetite. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most people with chronic hepatitis B have no symptoms, but some. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many people with chronic hepatitis B, particularly children, have no symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Anyone who is at risk for hepatitis B (including health care and public safety workers, people with chronic liver disease, people who inject drugs, and others) also should be vaccinated. (kidshealth.org)
  • In areas where the disease is common, infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood are the most frequent methods by which hepatitis B is acquired. (wikipedia.org)
  • J. H. Hoofnagle and L. B. Seeff, "Peginterferon and Riba virin for Chronic Hepatitis C," The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 355, No. 23, 2006, pp. 24442451. (scirp.org)
  • Intensified screening for chronic hepatitis C and increased access to direct-acting antivirals are necessary to meet the Swiss hepatitis strategy elimination goals over the next 12 years. (smw.ch)
  • We believe the compound has the potential to address the unmet medical need of many patients with chronic HBV infection. (gilead.com)
  • To learn more about the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C, visit our Resources page for links to nonprofit organizations that provide valuable information and support. (hepb.org)
  • If you have hepatitis B, talk to your doctor about your risk for hepatitis D. To learn more about this dangerous co-infection, and the prevention and treatment of hepatitis D, visit our Hepatitis Delta Connect website. (hepb.org)
  • Anyone who has ever tested positive for hepatitis B cannot be a blood donor . (kidshealth.org)
  • Acute hepatitis B becomes chronic in about 40% of people being treated with hemodialysis and in up to 20% of people with a weakened immune system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diagnosis of hepatitis E required liver enzyme malignanciesandhepatitisEvirus(HEV)infectionsupport abnormalities and detectable HEV RNA in serum or fecal thatHEVcaninducechronichepatitis.However,a3-month courseofribavirincaninducearapidviralclearance,reduc- samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should assess all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic HCV infection, defined as a positive HCV surface antibody test result and detectable HCV RNA, for treatment. (hivguidelines.org)
  • Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China. (bvsalud.org)
  • Two scenarios were developed to evaluate the disease burden in St Gallen, Geneva and Zurich: a Base 2016 scenario, representing the current standard of care in each canton, and a second, potential scenario to achieve the Swiss Hepatitis Strategy goals. (smw.ch)
  • The 2010 and 2016 case definitions change the name of Hepatitis C, past or present to Hepatitis C, chronic. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis B remains a significant yet preventable health issue in South Africa. (up.ac.za)
  • This document draws on these guidelines and serves to contextualise, for South Africa, practice guidelines for the management of chronic hepatitis B. (up.ac.za)
  • Not everyone with chronic hepatitis B needs treatment, but if chronic hepatitis B is damaging the liver (causing inflammation or scarring), an antiviral drug is started. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a disorder that involves nerve swelling and irritation (inflammation) that leads to a loss of strength or sensation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This integrated approach to clinical practice and research on hepatitis prevention requires monitoring the traditional physiological and biomedical outcomes and improving the community environment, family support, and health related quality of life [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Guidelines for the Prevention, Care and Treatment of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. (who.int)
  • The recommended dose for the treatment or prevention of HIV as well as for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B is one tablet of [HA516 trade name] once daily taken orally with food or between meals. (who.int)
  • Clinical ed chronic hepatitis in 3 of them ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In the first clinical trial of a therapeutic vaccination using naked DNA delivered by in vivo electroporation (EP), antiviral effects were shown in patients with hepatitis C (HCV). (news-medical.net)
  • Provide evidence-based clinical recommendations to support the goals of the New York State Hepatitis C Elimination Plan (NY Cures HepC) . (hivguidelines.org)
  • The blood samples and clinical information were collected from chronic HBV-positive patients Group 1 (n = 120), and their age and gender were matched with those of the healthy control subjects Group 2 (n = 120). (uwi.edu)
  • Hepatitis C is a global disease. (medscape.com)
  • This is the first study to evaluate the association between hepatitis C and the most frequently inherited monogenic liver diseases (hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Gilbert's syndrome, and Wilson's disease) and their causative mutations. (wjgnet.com)
  • This case-control study revealed an association between hepatitis C and the mutation that causes Wilson's disease. (wjgnet.com)
  • In fact, chronic liver disease is the seventh highest cause of death in Hispanics, ages 25 to 44, and third highest in the 45 to 64 age group. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Having hepatitis B or hepatitis C or fatty liver disease, or drinking. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Accordingly, interdisciplinary studies are needed to better understand this zoonotic infectious disease with a chronic course. (bund.de)
  • Clinicians should refer patients with chronic HCV and decompensated liver disease and patients who are pre- or post-liver transplant to a liver disease specialist. (hivguidelines.org)
  • Incidental Finding of Hepatic Inflammatory Pseudotumor Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease With Underlying Chronic Hepatitis C. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • HBV can cause a wide range of symptoms, from a mild illness and general feeling of being unwell to more serious chronic liver disease that can lead to liver cancer. (kidshealth.org)
  • The first-proof-of-concept for a DNA-based therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis C was announced today at EASL 2009, the Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of the Liver in Copenhagen, Denmark. (news-medical.net)
  • Assessment of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccination program, Papua New Guinea, 2014. (who.int)
  • Hepatitis B infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, fulminant hepatitis is very rare in acute hepatitis C. HCV RNA can be detected in serum via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as early as a few days following exposure, which is the earliest diagnostic marker. (medscape.com)
  • Approximately 80% of patients with acute hepatitis C develop chronic infection that manifests as persistent HCV RNA detected in the blood with or without abnormal liver function test results for more than 6 months. (medscape.com)
  • Direct-acting antiviral agents have revolutionised hepatitis C treatment. (smw.ch)
  • Health care providers will keep a close eye on patients who develop chronic hepatitis B. (kidshealth.org)
  • About 90% of those infected during or shortly after birth develop chronic hepatitis B, while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five develop chronic cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conclusion: sPD-1 may play a certain role in chronic hepatitis B and has a close relationship with the curative effect of entecavir. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Effect of liver steatosis on liver stiffness measurement in chronic hepatitis B patients with normal serum alanine aminotransferase levels: A multicentre cohort study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Working with the talented Arrowhead team and their RNAi therapy candidate adds to the strength of our hepatitis B portfolio and substantially increases our confidence that we can achieve our objective. (jnj.com)
  • Therapy should be initiated by a health care provider experienced in the management of HIV infection or treatment of chronic hepatitis B. (who.int)
  • Harvoni received regulatory approval for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 infection in adults in the United States in October 2014 . (gilead.com)
  • According to some estimates, about a third of the world's population has been infected with hepatitis B at one point in their lives. (wikipedia.org)
  • Changes of serum sPD-1 levels in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B pa" by CHUNHUA BI, DEYU HUANG et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Having chronic hepatitis B increases the risk of liver cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Nasdaq: GILD) today announced that it has initiated Phase I trials of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection in China. (gilead.com)
  • Of the nearly 400 million patients who suffer from chronic HBV infection, more than 100 million live in China," said John C. Martin, Ph.D., President and Chief Executive Officer, Gilead Sciences. (gilead.com)
  • The study also reported that low baseline levels of the intracellular iron regulators of FBXL5 in addition to a suppressed hepcidin level might be associated with severe hepatic iron deposition in chronic hepatitis C patients. (medscape.com)
  • the person's hepatitis C has been treated before but has not responded well enough. (nice.org.uk)
  • It is one of five main hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. During an initial infection, care is based on a person's symptoms. (wikipedia.org)