Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Apocrine Glands
Taboo
Hidradenitis
Acne Vulgaris
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome
Perineum
Deodorants
Dorsal perforation of prepuce: a common end point of severe ulcerative genital diseases? (1/50)
Severe ulcerative genital diseases can cause destruction of the prepuce, glans, or sometimes of the whole penis (phagedena). We observed a characteristic pattern of partial destruction of the prepuce as a result of a wide variety of ulcerative genital diseases. Five patients, two with severe genital herpes, one with hidradenitis suppurativa, and two with donovanosis presented with perforation on the dorsal surface of the prepuce. In four of them, the glans protruded through the defect and in one, the defect was not large enough to allow protrusion of the glans. In two patients, the preputial sac was obliterated. The relatively decreased blood supply of the prepuce is the probable explanation for perforation at this selective site. (+info)Hidradenitis suppurativa: a treatment challenge. (2/50)
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, recurrent, debilitating disease that presents with painful, inflamed lesions in the apocrine-gland-bearing areas of the body, most commonly the axillary, inguinal, and anogenital areas. Etiology traditionally has been attributed to occlusion of the apocrine duct by a keratinous plug; however, defects of the follicular epithelium also have been noted. Contributing factors include friction from axillary adiposity, sweat, heat, stress, tight clothing, and genetic and hormonal components. Multiple treatment regimens are available, including antibiotics, retinoids, corticosteroids, incision and drainage, local wound care, local excision, radiation, and laser therapy. However, no single treatment has proved effective for all patients. Radical excision of the defective tissue is the most definitive treatment. The psychological impact on the patient can be great, encompassing social, personal, and occupational challenges. This impact should be addressed in all patients with significant disease. (+info)Inversa acne (hidradenitis suppurativa): a case report and identification of the locus at chromosome 1p21.1-1q25.3. (3/50)
Acne inversa (hidradenitis suppurativa) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent draining sinuses and abscesses, predominantly in skin folds that carry terminal hairs and apocrine glands. The genetic basis for this disease is unknown. In this study, we performed a genome-wide scan in a four-generation Chinese family to map the chromosome location of the responsible gene. We first identified a locus at chromosome 1p21.1-1q25.3 with the maximum logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 3.26 at the marker D1S2624 (at recombination fraction=0.00). The other two-point LOD scores >/=3 were observed at markers D1S2695, D1S2726, D1S252, and D1S2777. Haplotype analysis localized this locus to a 76 Mb region flanked by D1S248 and D1S2711. This is the first locus for the inversa acne and will be a starting point towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of this disease. (+info)A life-threatening multilocalized hidradenitis suppurativa case. (4/50)
The patient was a 38-year-old man. He had been suffering from hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) for approximately 20 years. He had active lesions at both axillas, hip, scrotum, and perineum, and inactive lesions located behind the ears, lower abdomen, and posterior neck. He was monitored and treated at different branches; he continuously used antibiotics and was given steroids at times. Antibiotic resistance developed subsequently. His general situation was bad; vital signs were poor; and he was in a state of sepsis and preshock, so this case was regarded as life-threatening. Total excision was performed first on the lesion at the right axilla, then on the lesion at the left axilla, and the parascapular fasciocutaneous flap was reversed. A skin graft was applied to the triangular defect on the scapula. No relapse occurred. Then the lesions at the hip were managed. Broad excision was used twice with the patient under general anesthesia; because the lesions spread to the retrococcygeal and gluteal muscles, coccyx resection and partial gluteal muscle resection were implemented. The defect was eliminated with a progressive flap. At the intergluteal sulcus, small lesions emerging at the median line were debrided with the patient under local anesthesia, and together with secondary recovery, the disease was completely managed. Lesions at the perineum and scrotum and at both inguinal areas were broadly excised and grafted. No lesion has relapsed so far. One year later, Hodgkin's lymphoma was diagnosed, and the patient was treated with chemoradiotherapy easily, because there was no infective focus. The disease is in remission now. The patient weighs 110 kg, is healthy, and is working again. (+info)Three fatal cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic perineal hidradenitis suppurativa. (5/50)
INTRODUCTION: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory and suppurative disorder of skin bearing apocrine glands. The most severe complication is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and we here present three cases, all of which proved fatal, and review the past 40 years of published cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three advanced cases of SCC arising in chronic HS have been referred for reconstructive surgery over the past 8 years. Another 28 cases published over the past 40 years were identified using a Medline search (search items in combination: hidradenitis, squamous, carcinoma). RESULTS: The male:female ratio was 4:1, most (61%) were perineal or buttock. We found no reports of SCC arising in axillary disease. The symptomatic history of HS prior to SCC diagnosis ranged from 3-50 years with a mean of 25 years. Age at diagnosis of SCC ranged from 27-71 years, and 15 patients (48%) died within 2 years of SCC diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: We advocate that hidradenitis suppurativa arising in extra-axillary sites is a pre-malignant condition, and should not be treated conservatively; curative resection is the mainstay of management. (+info)Clinical immunology review series: an approach to the patient with recurrent superficial abscesses. (6/50)
(+info)Squamous cell carcinoma arising in Verneuil's disease. (7/50)
BACKGROUND: Verneuil's disease or hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic suppurative, and cicatricial inflammatory disease, mainly affecting apocrine-bearing area of the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma is an uncommon but a frightening complication of hidradenitis suppurativa. AIM: To report a new case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in Verneuil's disease. CASE REPORT: We reported a case of 60 year old man with a 30 years history of hidradenitis suppurativa in which squamous cell carcinoma arise. A wide surgical excision removing the tumour and leaving a large defect was performed. The patient had a well recovery, wounds healed well by primary intention. No recurrence observed at 18 months of follow up. CONCLUSION: Squamous cell carcinoma is an uncommon complication of hidradenitis suppurativa. Surgical excision represents also the treatment of choice. (+info)A prospective clinical trial of open-label etanercept for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. (8/50)
(+info)Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that typically affects areas of the body where there are sweat glands, such as the armpits, groin, and buttocks. The main features of HS are recurrent boil-like lumps or abscesses (nodules) that form under the skin. These nodules can rupture and drain pus, leading to painful, swollen, and inflamed lesions. Over time, these lesions may heal, only to be replaced by new ones, resulting in scarring and tunnel-like tracts (sinus tracts) beneath the skin.
HS is a debilitating condition that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, causing physical discomfort, emotional distress, and social isolation. The exact cause of HS remains unclear, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Treatment options for HS include topical and oral antibiotics, biologic therapies, surgical interventions, and lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and smoking cessation.
Sweat gland diseases are medical conditions that affect the functioning or structure of sweat glands, leading to excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), lack of sweating (anhydrosis), or abnormal sweating (e.g., foul-smelling sweat). There are two main types of sweat glands in humans: eccrine glands, which produce a watery sweat that helps regulate body temperature, and apocrine glands, which are located in the armpits and groin and produce a thicker, milky sweat that can mix with bacteria on the skin and cause body odor.
Some examples of sweat gland diseases include:
1. Hidradenitis suppurativa: A chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation and infection of the apocrine glands, leading to the formation of abscesses, nodules, and sinus tracts.
2. Primary focal hyperhidrosis: A condition that causes excessive sweating in specific areas of the body, such as the armpits, hands, feet, or face, without any underlying medical cause.
3. Secondary generalized hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating that affects the entire body and is caused by an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes, thyroid disease, or obesity.
4. Cystic adenoma of the axilla: A benign tumor that arises from the apocrine glands in the armpit.
5. Eccrine nevus: A rare congenital condition characterized by an increased number of eccrine glands in a localized area of the skin, leading to excessive sweating.
6. Fox-Fordyce disease: A chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the apocrine glands, causing itchy papules and pustules in the armpits and groin.
7. Pachyonychia congenita: A rare genetic disorder characterized by thickened nails, palmoplantar keratoderma, and abnormalities of the eccrine glands, leading to excessive sweating and odor production.
Apocrine glands are a type of sweat gland found in mammals, including humans. They are most concentrated in areas with dense hair follicles, such as the axillae (armpits) and genital region. These glands release their secretions into the hair follicle, which then reaches the skin surface through the pores.
Apocrine glands become active during puberty and are associated with the production of odorous sweat. The sweat produced by apocrine glands is initially odorless but can acquire a smell when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface, which break down the organic compounds in the sweat. This can contribute to body odor.
It's important to note that while apocrine glands are often associated with body odor, they do not cause body odor directly. The odor is produced when the sweat from apocrine glands mixes with bacteria on the skin surface.
In medical terminology, 'taboo' does not have a specific definition as it is more commonly used in anthropological or sociological contexts. However, generally speaking, a taboo refers to a social or religious custom that prohibits something considered sacred, holy, or forbidden. It often involves behaviors, words, or subjects that are considered offensive, shocking, or dangerous, and are avoided or punished in certain cultures or societies. In a medical setting, healthcare professionals may encounter taboos related to cultural practices, patient beliefs, or sensitive topics that require cultural competence and sensitivity to address appropriately.
Suppuration is the process of forming or discharging pus. It is a condition that results from infection, tissue death (necrosis), or injury, where white blood cells (leukocytes) accumulate to combat the infection and subsequently die, forming pus. The pus consists of dead leukocytes, dead tissue, debris, and microbes (bacteria, fungi, or protozoa). Suppuration can occur in various body parts such as the lungs (empyema), brain (abscess), or skin (carbuncle, furuncle). Treatment typically involves draining the pus and administering appropriate antibiotics to eliminate the infection.
Hidradenitis is a chronic skin condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the apocrine glands, which are found in areas of the body with sweat glands such as the armpits, groin, and buttocks. This condition can cause painful bumps or abscesses to form under the skin, which may rupture and drain pus. In severe cases, hidradenitis can lead to scarring and tunneling of the skin. The exact cause of this condition is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to hormonal factors, genetics, and immune system dysfunction. Treatment options for hidradenitis include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and surgical intervention in severe cases.
Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition characterized by the formation of various types of blemishes on the skin, such as blackheads, whiteheads, papules, pustules, and cysts or nodules. These lesions typically appear on areas of the body that have a high concentration of sebaceous glands, including the face, neck, chest, back, and shoulders.
Acne vulgaris occurs when hair follicles become clogged with dead skin cells and excess oil (sebum) produced by the sebaceous glands. This blockage provides an ideal environment for bacteria, particularly Propionibacterium acnes, to multiply, leading to inflammation and infection. The severity of acne vulgaris can range from mild with only a few scattered comedones (blackheads or whiteheads) to severe cystic acne, which can cause significant scarring and emotional distress.
The exact causes of acne vulgaris are not fully understood, but several factors contribute to its development, including:
1. Hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or due to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
2. Genetic predisposition
3. Use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids and lithium
4. Excessive production of sebum due to overactive sebaceous glands
5. Accumulation of dead skin cells that clog pores
6. Bacterial infection (particularly Propionibacterium acnes)
7. Inflammation caused by the body's immune response to bacterial infection and clogged pores
Treatment for acne vulgaris depends on its severity and can include over-the-counter or prescription topical treatments, oral medications, chemical peels, light therapies, or even hormonal therapies in some cases. It is essential to seek professional medical advice from a dermatologist or healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for individual needs.
Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, inflammatory skin condition that typically begins as a small pustule or blister, which then rapidly progresses to form painful ulcers with a characteristic violaceous (bluish-purple) undermined border. The etiology of pyoderma gangrenosum is not entirely clear, but it's often associated with an underlying systemic disease, such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or hematologic disorders.
The pathophysiology of pyoderma gangrenosum involves a dysregulated immune response and neutrophil-mediated tissue damage. Diagnosis is often based on the clinical presentation and exclusion of other conditions with similar lesions. Treatment typically includes systemic immunosuppressive therapy, such as corticosteroids, cyclosporine, or biologic agents, along with local wound care to promote healing and prevent infection.
It's important to note that pyoderma gangrenosum can be a challenging condition to manage, and a multidisciplinary approach involving dermatologists, internists, and surgeons may be necessary for optimal care.
Acquired hyperostosis syndrome is not a widely recognized medical term, and it may refer to several different conditions that involve abnormal bone growth or hardening. One possible condition that might be referred to as acquired hyperostosis syndrome is diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is a non-inflammatory condition that affects the spine and other parts of the body. It is characterized by the calcification and ossification of ligaments and entheses, which are the sites where tendons or ligaments attach to bones. This process can lead to the formation of bony spurs or growths, called osteophytes, along the spine and other affected areas.
The exact cause of DISH is not known, but it is more common in older adults, males, and people with certain medical conditions such as diabetes and obesity. The symptoms of DISH can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the bone growths. Some people may experience stiffness, pain, or limited mobility in the affected areas, while others may have no symptoms at all.
It is important to note that there are many other conditions that can cause abnormal bone growth or hardening, so a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause of any symptoms. If you have concerns about acquired hyperostosis syndrome or any other medical condition, you should speak with your healthcare provider for further guidance.
The perineum is the region between the anus and the genitals. In anatomical terms, it refers to the diamond-shaped area located in the lower part of the pelvis and extends from the coccyx (tailbone) to the pubic symphysis, which is the joint in the front where the two pubic bones meet. This region contains various muscles that support the pelvic floor and contributes to maintaining urinary and fecal continence. The perineum can be further divided into two triangular regions: the urogenital triangle (anterior) and the anal triangle (posterior).
The term "axilla" is used in anatomical context to refer to the armpit region, specifically the space located lateral to the upper part of the chest wall and medial to the upper arm. This area contains a number of important structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes, which play a critical role in the health and functioning of the upper limb. Understanding the anatomy of the axilla is essential for medical professionals performing various procedures, including surgeries and injections, in this region.
Deodorants are substances that are applied to the body, usually under the arms, to help prevent or mask body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of sweat. Deodorants typically contain alcohol and fragrances, which can help to kill bacteria and cover up any remaining odor. Some deodorants also contain antiperspirants, which work by blocking the sweat glands and reducing the amount of sweat that is produced. This can help to further reduce body odor.
It's important to note that while deodorants can help to mask body odor, they do not prevent sweating. If you are looking for a product that can help to control sweating, you may want to consider using an antiperspirant instead. Some products combine both deodorant and antiperspirant in one product.
Deodorants are available in several forms, including sprays, roll-ons, gels, creams, and solid sticks. It's important to choose a deodorant that is right for your skin type and personal preferences. If you have sensitive skin, you may want to look for a deodorant that is labeled as "hypoallergenic" or "unscented."
It's also a good idea to apply deodorant to clean, dry skin, as this can help the product to work more effectively. If you are using an antiperspirant deodorant, it's best to apply it at night before bed, as this can help to reduce sweating and body odor throughout the day.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.