A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.
Recirculating, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells containing characteristic racket-shaped granules (Birbeck granules). They are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the EPIDERMIS and are rich in Class II MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX molecules. Langerhans cells were the first dendritic cell to be described and have been a model of study for other dendritic cells (DCs), especially other migrating DCs such as dermal DCs and INTERSTITIAL DENDRITIC CELLS.
General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.
Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.
Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.
Macrophages found in the TISSUES, as opposed to those found in the blood (MONOCYTES) or serous cavities (SEROUS MEMBRANE).
The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.
A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).
Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.
The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).
Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.
Benign disorder of infants and children caused by proliferation of HISTIOCYTES, macrophages found in tissues. These histiocytes, usually lipid-laden non-Langerhans cells, form multiple yellow-red nodules most often in the skin, the eye, and sometimes in the viscera. Patients appear to have normal lipid metabolism and are classified as a normolipemic non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
A subclass of lectins that are specific for CARBOHYDRATES that contain MANNOSE.
A congenital disease caused by an inborn error involving APOLIPOPROTEINS E leading to abnormal LIPID METABOLISM and the accumulation of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS, particularly SPHINGOMYELINS in the HISTIOCYTES. This disorder is characterized by SPLENOMEGALY and the sea-blue histiocytes in the spleen and bone marrow after May Grunwald staining.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Rare malignant neoplasm of dendritic LANGERHANS CELLS exhibiting atypical cytology, frequent mitoses, and aggressive clinical behavior. They can be distinguished from other histiocytic and dendritic proliferations by immunohistochemical and ultrastructure studies. Cytologically benign proliferations of Langerhans cells are called LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS.
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.
Diseases of BONES.
Pathological processes of the VULVA.
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.
Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).
Distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. Included are malignant neoplasms of MACROPHAGES and DENDRITIC CELLS.
They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.
'Skin diseases' is a broad term for various conditions affecting the skin, including inflammatory disorders, infections, benign and malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities, and degenerative diseases, which can cause symptoms such as rashes, discoloration, eruptions, lesions, itching, or pain.
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
A layer of vascularized connective tissue underneath the EPIDERMIS. The surface of the dermis contains innervated papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are SWEAT GLANDS; HAIR FOLLICLES; and SEBACEOUS GLANDS.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake. It is characteristic of many diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; and NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS. The condition may be psychogenic in origin.
Mucoid states characterized by the elevated deposition and accumulation of mucin (mucopolysaccharides) in dermal tissue. The fibroblasts are responsible for the production of acid mucopolysaccharides (GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS) in the ground substance of the connective tissue system. When fibroblasts produce abnormally large quantities of mucopolysaccharides as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, or heparin, they accumulate in large amounts in the dermis.
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
Neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases of the hypothalamus. Clinical manifestations include appetite disorders; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SLEEP DISORDERS; behavioral symptoms related to dysfunction of the LIMBIC SYSTEM; and neuroendocrine disorders.
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.
Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
A condition that is characterized by inflammation, ulceration, and perforation of the nose and the PALATE with progressive destruction of midline facial structures. This syndrome can be manifested in several diseases including the nasal type of EXTRANODAL NK-T-CELL LYMPHOMA and GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS.
Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.
Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.
Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.
One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.
Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.
A delayed hypersensitivity involving the reaction between sunlight or other radiant energy source and a chemical substance to which the individual has been previously exposed and sensitized. It manifests as a papulovesicular, eczematous, or exudative dermatitis occurring chiefly on the light-exposed areas of the skin.
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
Inflammation of the lymph nodes.
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
Proteins involved in the transport of NUCLEOSIDES across cellular membranes.
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process.
Skin diseases caused by viruses.
The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)
A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR6 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; and B-LYMPHOCYTES.
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.
Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
'Spinal diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the structural integrity, function, or health of the spinal column, including degenerative disorders, infections, inflammatory processes, traumatic injuries, neoplasms, and congenital abnormalities.
The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.
Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.
A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.
The transference of pancreatic islets within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.

Effective control of Epstein-Barr virus-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with immunochemotherapy. Histiocyte Society. (1/150)

The familial form of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a lethal disorder. Although the prognosis for Epstein-Barr virus-associated HLH (EBV-HLH) remains uncertain, numerous reports indicate that it can also be fatal in a substantial proportion of cases. We therefore assessed the potential of immunochemotherapy with a core combination of steroids and etoposide to control EBV-HLH in 17 infants and children who met stringent diagnostic criteria for this reactive disorder of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Treatment of life-threatening emergencies was left to the discretion of participating investigators and typically included either intravenous Ig or cyclosporin A (CSA). Five patients (29%) entered complete remission during the induction phase (1 to 2 months), whereas 10 others (57%) required additional treatment to achieve this status. In 2 cases, immunochemotherapy was ineffective, prompting allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Severe but reversible myelosuppression was a common finding; adverse late sequelae were limited to epileptic activity in one child and chronic EBV infection in 2 others. Fourteen of the 17 patients treated with immunochemotherapy have maintained their complete responses for 4+ to 39+ months (median, 15+ months), suggesting a low probability of disease recurrence. These results provide a new perspective on EBV-HLH, showing effective control (and perhaps cure) of the majority of EBV-HLH cases without bone marrow transplantation, using steroids and etoposide, with or without immunomodulatory agents.  (+info)

Epstein-Barr virus related hemophagocytic syndrome in a T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma. (2/150)

We report the case of a 30-year-old woman who presented with an EBV related hemophagocytic syndrome. After a few months she developed a T-cell rich B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with liver involvement. Serological data demonstrated a reactivation of the EBV infection. Tumor progression with liver involvement occurred during treatment with conventional chemotherapy. Tumor reduction and disappearance of all masses was seen after starting high-dose sequential chemotherapy, followed by an autologous peripheral blood progenitor transplantation LMP-1 could be amplified in the tumor material by PCR technology, but no LMP-1 expression could be found in the few malignant B-cells with Reed-Sternberg morphology. Sequence analysis of the carboxy terminal of the LMP-1 region revealed the naturally occurring 30 bp deletion variant of the LMP-1 with multiple point mutations within the NF kb region. Since LMP-1 was not expressed in the malignant tumor cells, no evidence could be found, that EBV participated in the tumorigenesis of this case.  (+info)

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) in Japan. (3/150)

Seventeen cases (age at onset, 1 month to 18 years; M/F, 9/8) of hemophagocytic syndrome which received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in Japan during the period 1988-1998 are reported. The patients consisted of six familial inheritance-proven erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FEL), five familial inheritance-unknown and infective agents-unknown HLH (of which two were highly likely to have been FEL with characteristic CNS signs), and six aggressive Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related HLH (of which two were natural killer cell-type large granular leukemia/lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, EBV-NK-LGLL-HPS). All cases were treated intensively with immuno-chemotherapy, or with chemotherapy before SCT. As sources of SCT, 12 cases received bone marrow cells (sibling six, father one, URD five), two cord blood, two purified CD34-positive cells, and one PBSC. SCTs were successful in all 17 cases, apart from one receiving CD34-positive SCT. Following SCT, four patients relapsed and five died with a median follow-up of 23 months. Among the relapsed cases, the two EBV-NK-LGLL-HPS previously published as successfully transplanted were included. Among the fatal cases, three patients died from relapsed active disease and the remaining two from fatal post-SCT EBV-positive T cell lymphoma and extensive chronic GVHD, respectively. As of the end of September 1998, 10 patients are alive without disease for 3.5 months to 147 months, while two post-SCT patients are still having therapy for residual/recurrent disease. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a 2-year event-free survival after SCT as 54.0+/-13.0%.  (+info)

A case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with prolonged remission after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. (4/150)

We report a 7-year-old girl with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis who received a syngeneic bone marrow transplant from her twin sister. She presented with high fever and cough. Laboratory findings revealed pancytopenia, elevation of liver enzymes, and hyperferritinemia. Bone marrow examination revealed histiocytic hemophagocytes and lymphoblastoid cells. Southern blot analysis of the bone marrow cells revealed a monoclonal proliferation of EBV-infected lymphocytes. Although she underwent combined chemotherapy according to the HLH-94 protocol, she developed severe pancytopenia. Following myeloablative conditioning with busulfan (16 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg), and etoposide (1.5 g/m2), she was transplanted with 6.6 x 10(8)/kg mononuclear cells from the twin sister. She remains in complete remission 23 months after transplantation.  (+info)

Clonal expansion of alphabeta-T lymphocytes with inverted Jbeta1 bias in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. (5/150)

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare but fatal disease in infancy. There are no previous reports on the clonality of T cells in FHL patients. We analyzed here the clonality of alphabeta-T cells in 5 FHL patients using an inverse reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the T-cell receptor variable region gene (TCR V), a joining region gene of the beta chain (Jbeta)-PCR, a single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and sequence analysis. A high frequency (15%) of Vbeta and Valpha families was observed in 3 of 5 and 4 of 4 patients examined, respectively. In 19 Vbeta repertoires, including all highly frequent Vbeta, the Jbeta-PCR analysis showed restricted usage of the Jbeta family, indicating a marked bias to Jbeta1 subsets (the mean rate of Jbeta1:Jbeta2 was 87:13 in 65% of the alphabeta-T cells) in widespread alphabeta-T cells (in all patients but 1). In all patients, the clonality of specific Vbeta-Jbeta fragment expanded was confirmed by SSCP and sequence analysis. These results suggest that the existence of clonal expansion and restricted Jbeta1 usage of T cells in FHL is genetically associated with the pathogenesis and the immunodysfunction of the disease. These results help to explain some of the abnormal functional behaviors of T cells in FHL and raise new questions regarding the mechanisms responsible for the restricted clonal diversity.  (+info)

Perforin gene defects in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. (6/150)

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare, rapidly fatal, autosomal recessive immune disorder characterized by uncontrolled activation of T cells and macrophages and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. Linkage analyses indicate that FHL is genetically heterogeneous and linked to 9q21.3-22, 10q21-22, or another as yet undefined locus. Sequencing of the coding regions of the perforin gene of eight unrelated 10q21-22-linked FHL patients revealed homozygous nonsense mutations in four patients and missense mutations in the other four patients. Cultured lymphocytes from patients had defective cytotoxic activity, and immunostaining revealed little or no perforin in the granules. Thus, defects in perforin are responsible for 10q21-22-linked FHL. Perforin-based effector systems are, therefore, involved not only in the lysis of abnormal cells but also in the down-regulation of cellular immune activation.  (+info)

Xanthoma disseminatum with respiratory tract involvement and fatal outcome. (7/150)

Xanthoma disseminatum (XD) is a rare mucocutaneous xanthomatosis classified as a benign form of non-Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. The case history is presented of a 61 year old woman with XD who developed dyspnoea and spirometric features of airflow obstruction. Bronchoscopy and computed tomography confirmed involvement of the large and medium sized bronchi and she subsequently died from acute respiratory failure. The post-mortem findings and the importance of respiratory tract disease in this unusual condition are discussed.  (+info)

Hepatosplenic B-cell lymphoma associated with hemophagocytic syndrome: a case report. (8/150)

While T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) associated with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) has been frequently observed, B-cell NHL associated with HPS has been rarely reported. We report a case of hepatosplenic B-cell lymphoma associated with HPS in a 41-year-old woman who presented with fever of unknown origin. An abdominal CT scan revealed splenomegaly with focal splenic infarction. Splenectomy and a liver wedge biopsy showed sinusoidal-pattern infiltration of medium to large tumor cells with positive reaction to a B-lymphocyte marker. Findings on bone marrow examination showed proliferation of histiocytes with avid hemophagocytosis.  (+info)

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder characterized by the abnormal proliferation and accumulation of dendritic cells called Langerhans cells in various tissues and organs of the body. These cells are part of the immune system and normally help to fight infection. However, in LCH, an overactive immune response leads to the excessive buildup of these cells, forming granulomas that can damage organs and impair their function.

The exact cause of LCH is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The disorder can affect people of any age, although it is most commonly diagnosed in children under the age of 15.

LCH can affect a single organ or multiple organs, depending on the severity and extent of the disease. Commonly affected sites include the bones, skin, lymph nodes, lungs, liver, spleen, and pituitary gland. Symptoms vary widely depending on the location and severity of the disease, but may include bone pain, rashes, fatigue, fever, weight loss, cough, and difficulty breathing.

Treatment for LCH depends on the extent and severity of the disease. In mild cases, observation and monitoring may be sufficient. More severe cases may require chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery to remove affected tissues. In some cases, immunosuppressive drugs or targeted therapies that target specific genetic mutations may be used.

Overall, LCH is a complex and poorly understood disorder that requires careful evaluation and management by a team of medical specialists. While the prognosis for patients with LCH has improved in recent years, some cases can be life-threatening or lead to long-term complications.

Langerhans cells are specialized dendritic cells that are found in the epithelium, including the skin (where they are named after Paul Langerhans who first described them in 1868) and mucous membranes. They play a crucial role in the immune system as antigen-presenting cells, contributing to the initiation of immune responses.

These cells contain Birbeck granules, unique organelles that are involved in the transportation of antigens from the cell surface to the lysosomes for processing and presentation to T-cells. Langerhans cells also produce cytokines, which help regulate immune responses and attract other immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

It is important to note that although Langerhans cells are a part of the immune system, they can sometimes contribute to the development of certain skin disorders, such as allergic contact dermatitis and some forms of cancer, like Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Histiocytosis is a term used to describe a group of rare disorders characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of histiocytes, which are a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection and helps in healing processes. These disorders can affect various organs and tissues in the body, leading to different symptoms and severity.

There are several types of histiocytosis, including Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Each type has its own specific features and diagnostic criteria.

For example, LCH is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of Langerhans cells, a type of histiocyte found in the skin and mucous membranes. These cells can form tumors or lesions in various organs, such as the bones, lungs, liver, and skin.

HLH, on the other hand, is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is an overactive immune response leading to excessive activation of histiocytes and other immune cells. This can result in fever, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and decreased blood cell counts.

The exact cause of histiocytosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of histiocytes. Treatment for histiocytosis depends on the type and severity of the disorder and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs, or stem cell transplantation.

Sinus histiocytosis is a rare condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of histiocytes (a type of immune cell) in the sinuses. It is also known as Rosai-Dorfman disease when it occurs as a systemic disorder. In sinus histiocytosis, the histiocytes accumulate in the mucous membranes lining the sinuses, leading to their enlargement and possible obstruction. Symptoms may include nasal congestion, drainage, and pain. The exact cause of sinus histiocytosis is unknown, but it is not contagious or cancerous. Treatment typically involves monitoring and, in some cases, surgery to relieve symptoms caused by blockages.

Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that originates from histiocytes, which are cells that are part of the immune system and found in various tissues throughout the body. These cells normally function to help fight infection and remove foreign substances. In histiocytic sarcoma, there is an abnormal accumulation and proliferation of these cells, leading to the formation of tumors.

Histiocytic sarcoma can affect people of any age but is more commonly found in adults, with a slight male predominance. It can occur in various parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, skin, soft tissues, and internal organs like the spleen, liver, and lungs. The exact cause of histiocytic sarcoma remains unknown, but it is not considered to be hereditary.

The symptoms of histiocytic sarcoma depend on the location and extent of the tumor(s). Common signs include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, weight loss, night sweats, and pain or discomfort in the affected area. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging studies (like CT scans, PET scans, or MRI), biopsies, and laboratory tests to confirm the presence of histiocytic sarcoma and assess its extent.

Treatment for histiocytic sarcoma usually involves a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, such as the location and stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Clinical trials may also be an option for some patients, allowing them to access new and experimental therapies.

Prognosis for histiocytic sarcoma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 15-30%. However, outcomes can vary significantly depending on individual factors, such as the patient's age, the extent of the disease at diagnosis, and the effectiveness of treatment. Continued research is necessary to improve our understanding of this rare cancer and develop more effective therapies for those affected.

Histiocytes are a type of immune cell that are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They originate from monocytes, which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Histiocytes play an important role in the immune system by engulfing and destroying foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses, as well as removing dead cells and other debris from the body. They can be found in various tissues throughout the body, including the skin, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

Histiocytes include several different types of cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells. These cells have different functions but all play a role in the immune response. For example, macrophages are involved in inflammation and tissue repair, while dendritic cells are important for presenting antigens to T cells and initiating an immune response.

Abnormal accumulations or dysfunction of histiocytes can lead to various diseases, such as histiocytosis, which is a group of disorders characterized by the abnormal proliferation and accumulation of histiocytes in various tissues.

Eosinophilic granuloma is a term used in pathology to describe a specific type of inflammatory lesion that is characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, and the formation of granulomas. A granuloma is a small nodular structure formed by the accumulation of immune cells, typically including macrophages, lymphocytes, and other inflammatory cells.

Eosinophilic granulomas can occur in various organs of the body, but they are most commonly found in the lungs, skin, and bones. In the lungs, eosinophilic granulomas are often associated with hypersensitivity reactions to inhaled antigens, such as dust mites or fungal spores. They can also be seen in association with certain diseases, such as Langerhans cell histiocytosis, an uncommon disorder characterized by the abnormal proliferation of a type of immune cell called Langerhans cells.

The symptoms of eosinophilic granuloma depend on the location and extent of the lesion. In the lungs, eosinophilic granulomas may cause cough, chest pain, or shortness of breath. In the skin, they may present as nodules, plaques, or ulcers. In the bones, they can cause pain, swelling, and fractures.

The diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma is typically made based on a combination of clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. Treatment may include avoidance of known antigens, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive medications, depending on the severity and location of the lesion.

Erdheim-Chester Disease (ECD) is a rare, progressive histiocytic disorder, characterized by the accumulation of immune cells called histiocytes in various parts of the body. These histiocytes are derived from myeloid precursors and infiltrate different organs and tissues, leading to inflammation, fibrosis, and subsequent damage.

The clinical presentation of ECD is heterogeneous, with symptoms depending on the affected organs. Commonly involved sites include bones (particularly long bones), central nervous system, heart, lungs, skin, and kidneys. Symptoms may range from bone pain, fatigue, and weight loss to neurological manifestations, cardiac dysfunction, respiratory distress, and renal impairment.

Diagnosis of ECD typically involves a combination of imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, or PET scans), biopsy with histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical analysis to confirm the presence of characteristic histiocytic infiltrates. Genetic testing may also be performed to identify potential genetic mutations associated with ECD.

Treatment options for ECD depend on the extent and severity of organ involvement. Current therapeutic approaches include:

1. Targeted therapy with kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib or vemurafenib, which have shown efficacy in reducing histiocytic infiltration and improving symptoms.
2. Chemotherapy using agents like cladribine or cyclophosphamide, which can help control the disease's progression.
3. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids or interferon-alpha to manage inflammation and immune response.
4. Radiation therapy for localized bone lesions or symptomatic relief.
5. Supportive care to address specific organ dysfunction, such as heart failure management or respiratory support.

Due to the rarity of ECD, treatment decisions are often made in consultation with multidisciplinary teams experienced in managing histiocytic disorders. Clinical trials evaluating novel therapeutic strategies are also essential for advancing our understanding and improving outcomes for patients with ECD.

Lymphatic diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the lymphatic system, which is an important part of the immune and circulatory systems. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels, organs, and tissues that help to transport lymph fluid throughout the body, fight infection, and remove waste products.

Lymphatic diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Some common types of lymphatic diseases include:

1. Lymphedema: A condition that causes swelling in the arms or legs due to a blockage or damage in the lymphatic vessels.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, including Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
3. Infections: Certain bacterial and viral infections can affect the lymphatic system, such as tuberculosis, cat-scratch disease, and HIV/AIDS.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma can cause inflammation and damage to the lymphatic system.
5. Congenital abnormalities: Some people are born with abnormalities in their lymphatic system, such as malformations or missing lymph nodes.

Symptoms of lymphatic diseases may vary depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or radiation therapy. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of a lymphatic disease, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

Non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis (NLCH) is a group of rare disorders characterized by the abnormal proliferation and accumulation of histiocytes, which are immune cells that normally function to help fight infection. Unlike Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), where the histiocytes involved are positive for the marker CD1a and the protein S-100, in NLCH, the histiocytes involved do not express these markers.

NLCH includes several distinct clinicopathological entities, such as juvenile xanthogranuloma, Erdheim-Chester disease, and Rosai-Dorfman disease. These conditions can affect various organs of the body, including the skin, bones, lungs, central nervous system, and others. The clinical manifestations, prognosis, and treatment options vary depending on the specific type of NLCH and the extent of organ involvement.

It is important to note that while some cases of NLCH may be self-limited or respond well to treatment, others can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening. Therefore, prompt and accurate diagnosis and management are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.

The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of specialized cells within the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. These islets are named after Paul Langerhans, who first identified them in 1869. They constitute around 1-2% of the total mass of the pancreas and are distributed throughout its substance.

The Islets of Langerhans contain several types of cells, including:

1. Alpha (α) cells: These produce and release glucagon, a hormone that helps to regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver when blood sugar levels are low.
2. Beta (β) cells: These produce and release insulin, a hormone that promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells throughout the body, thereby lowering blood sugar levels.
3. Delta (δ) cells: These produce and release somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon and helps regulate their secretion in response to changing blood sugar levels.
4. PP cells (gamma or γ cells): These produce and release pancreatic polypeptide, which plays a role in regulating digestive enzyme secretion and gastrointestinal motility.

Dysfunction of the Islets of Langerhans can lead to various endocrine disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, where insulin-producing beta cells are damaged or destroyed, leading to impaired blood sugar regulation.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, composed mainly of stratified squamous epithelium. It forms a protective barrier that prevents water loss and inhibits the entry of microorganisms. The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and its cells are nourished by diffusion from the underlying dermis. The bottom-most layer of the epidermis, called the stratum basale, is responsible for generating new skin cells that eventually move up to replace dead cells on the surface. This process of cell turnover takes about 28 days in adults.

The most superficial part of the epidermis consists of dead cells called squames, which are constantly shed and replaced. The exact rate at which this happens varies depending on location; for example, it's faster on the palms and soles than elsewhere. Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, are also located in the epidermis, specifically within the stratum basale layer.

In summary, the epidermis is a vital part of our integumentary system, providing not only physical protection but also playing a crucial role in immunity and sensory perception through touch receptors called Pacinian corpuscles.

CD1 antigens are a group of molecules found on the surface of certain immune cells, including dendritic cells and B cells. They play a role in the immune system by presenting lipid antigens to T cells, which helps initiate an immune response against foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses. CD1 molecules are distinct from other antigen-presenting molecules like HLA because they present lipids rather than peptides. There are five different types of CD1 molecules (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e) that differ in their tissue distribution and the types of lipid antigens they present.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a rare, benign type of histiocytic tumor that typically presents in infancy or early childhood. It is characterized by the proliferation of lipid-laden macrophages called xanthoma cells, along with Touton giant cells and other inflammatory cells. JXG usually appears as a single or multiple, firm, yellowish to reddish-brown papules or nodules on the skin. While most cases of JXG are self-limited and resolve without treatment, some may involve extracutaneous sites such as the eyes, mouth, bones, and internal organs, which can lead to complications. The exact cause of JXG remains unknown, but it is not considered a hereditary condition.

Mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) are a group of proteins that belong to the collectin family and play a crucial role in the innate immune system. They are primarily produced by the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. MBLs have a specific affinity for mannose sugar residues found on the surface of various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

The primary function of MBLs is to recognize and bind to these mannose-rich structures, which triggers the complement system's activation through the lectin pathway. This process leads to the destruction of the microorganism by opsonization (coating the microbe to enhance phagocytosis) or direct lysis. MBLs also have the ability to neutralize certain viruses and inhibit the replication of others, further contributing to their antimicrobial activity.

Deficiencies in MBL levels or function have been associated with an increased susceptibility to infections, particularly in children and older adults. However, the clinical significance of MBL deficiency remains a subject of ongoing research.

Sea-Blue Histiocyte Syndrome is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of abnormal histiocytes (a type of white blood cell) in various organs and tissues of the body. The histiocytes have a distinctive appearance, with small vacuoles or "blebs" that give them a foamy or bubbly appearance under the microscope, leading to the name "Sea-Blue."

The syndrome is typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence and is often associated with neurological symptoms such as ataxia (loss of coordination), seizures, and developmental delay. Other features may include anemia, splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), and bone changes leading to fractures.

Sea-Blue Histiocyte Syndrome is caused by mutations in the SPTPS gene, which provides instructions for making a protein involved in the production of lysosomes, structures inside cells that help break down waste products. The genetic defect leads to an accumulation of lipids and other substances within the histiocytes, causing their characteristic appearance.

Treatment for Sea-Blue Histiocyte Syndrome is generally supportive and aimed at managing symptoms as they arise. This may include physical therapy, medications to control seizures or neurological symptoms, and orthopedic interventions for bone fractures. In some cases, stem cell transplantation may be considered as a treatment option.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Langerhans cell sarcoma is a very rare and aggressive type of cancer that affects a specific group of cells called Langerhans cells, which are part of the immune system. These cells are normally found in the skin and mucous membranes, where they help to fight infection. In Langerhans cell sarcoma, these cells become malignant (cancerous) and can multiply and spread to other parts of the body.

Langerhans cell sarcoma is distinct from a more common type of cancer called Langerhans cell histiocytosis, which is not considered a true cancer but rather a disorder of the immune system. The exact cause of Langerhans cell sarcoma is not known, but it is thought to arise from genetic mutations that occur in Langerhans cells.

Symptoms of Langerhans cell sarcoma can vary depending on the location and extent of the cancer. Common symptoms may include skin rashes or lesions, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment for Langerhans cell sarcoma typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, because this is such a rare and aggressive cancer, treatment options may vary depending on the individual case.

Orbital diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the orbit, which is the bony cavity in the skull that contains the eye, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as eyelid swelling, protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, pain, and limited extraocular muscle movement.

Orbital diseases can be broadly classified into inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic (benign or malignant), vascular, traumatic, and congenital categories. Some examples of orbital diseases include:

* Orbital cellulitis: a bacterial or fungal infection that causes swelling and inflammation in the orbit
* Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and can cause protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos)
* Orbital tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the orbit, such as optic nerve gliomas, lacrimal gland tumors, and lymphomas
* Carotid-cavernous fistulas: abnormal connections between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus, leading to pulsatile proptosis and other symptoms
* Orbital fractures: breaks in the bones surrounding the orbit, often caused by trauma
* Congenital anomalies: structural abnormalities present at birth, such as craniofacial syndromes or dermoid cysts.

Proper diagnosis and management of orbital diseases require a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neurologists, radiologists, and other specialists.

Contact dermatitis is a type of inflammation of the skin that occurs when it comes into contact with a substance that the individual has developed an allergic reaction to or that causes irritation. It can be divided into two main types: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis.

Allergic contact dermatitis is caused by an immune system response to a substance, known as an allergen, which the individual has become sensitized to. When the skin comes into contact with this allergen, it triggers an immune reaction that results in inflammation and characteristic symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and blistering. Common allergens include metals (such as nickel), rubber, medications, fragrances, and cosmetics.

Irritant contact dermatitis, on the other hand, is caused by direct damage to the skin from a substance that is inherently irritating or corrosive. This can occur after exposure to strong acids, alkalis, solvents, or even prolonged exposure to milder irritants like water or soap. Symptoms of irritant contact dermatitis include redness, pain, burning, and dryness at the site of contact.

The treatment for contact dermatitis typically involves avoiding further exposure to the allergen or irritant, as well as managing symptoms with topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, or other medications as needed. In some cases, patch testing may be performed to identify specific allergens that are causing the reaction.

Bone diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions that affect the bones. These conditions can be categorized into several groups, including:

1. Developmental and congenital bone diseases: These are conditions that affect bone growth and development before or at birth. Examples include osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysostosis.
2. Metabolic bone diseases: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to maintain healthy bones. They are often caused by hormonal imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, or problems with mineral metabolism. Examples include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease of bone.
3. Inflammatory bone diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the bones. They can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. Examples include osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
4. Degenerative bone diseases: These are conditions that cause the bones to break down over time. They can be caused by aging, injury, or disease. Examples include osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
5. Tumors and cancers of the bone: These are conditions that involve abnormal growths in the bones. They can be benign or malignant. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
6. Fractures and injuries: While not strictly a "disease," fractures and injuries are common conditions that affect the bones. They can result from trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. Examples include stress fractures, compound fractures, and dislocations.

Overall, bone diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, deformity, and decreased mobility. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Vulvar diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the vulva, which is the external female genital area including the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and the vaginal opening. These conditions can cause various symptoms such as itching, burning, pain, soreness, irritation, or abnormal growths or lesions. Some common vulvar diseases include:

1. Vulvitis: inflammation of the vulva that can be caused by infection, allergies, or irritants.
2. Lichen sclerosus: a chronic skin condition that causes thin, white patches on the vulva.
3. Lichen planus: an inflammatory condition that affects the skin and mucous membranes, including the vulva.
4. Vulvar cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the vulva.
5. Genital warts: caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, these are small growths or bumps on the vulva.
6. Pudendal neuralgia: a nerve condition that causes pain in the vulvar area.
7. Vestibulodynia: pain or discomfort in the vestibule, the area surrounding the vaginal opening.

It is important to consult a healthcare professional if experiencing any symptoms related to vulvar diseases for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Diabetes Insipidus is a medical condition characterized by the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine (polyuria) and increased thirst (polydipsia). It is caused by a deficiency in the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH), which regulates the body's water balance.

In normal physiology, vasopressin is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to an increase in osmolality of the blood or a decrease in blood volume. This causes the kidneys to retain water and concentrate the urine. In Diabetes Insipidus, there is either a lack of vasopressin production (central diabetes insipidus) or a decreased response to vasopressin by the kidneys (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus).

Central Diabetes Insipidus can be caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, such as from tumors, trauma, or surgery. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus can be caused by genetic factors, kidney disease, or certain medications that interfere with the action of vasopressin on the kidneys.

Treatment for Diabetes Insipidus depends on the underlying cause. In central diabetes insipidus, desmopressin, a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, can be administered to replace the missing hormone. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, treatment may involve addressing the underlying kidney disease or adjusting medications that interfere with vasopressin action. It is important for individuals with Diabetes Insipidus to maintain adequate hydration and monitor their fluid intake and urine output.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of immune cell that play a critical role in the body's defense against infection and cancer. They are named for their dendrite-like projections, which they use to interact with and sample their environment. DCs are responsible for processing antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response) and presenting them to T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune system's response to infection and cancer.

DCs can be found throughout the body, including in the skin, mucous membranes, and lymphoid organs. They are able to recognize and respond to a wide variety of antigens, including those from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Once they have processed an antigen, DCs migrate to the lymph nodes, where they present the antigen to T cells. This interaction activates the T cells, which then go on to mount a targeted immune response against the invading pathogen or cancerous cells.

DCs are a diverse group of cells that can be divided into several subsets based on their surface markers and function. Some DCs, such as Langerhans cells and dermal DCs, are found in the skin and mucous membranes, where they serve as sentinels for invading pathogens. Other DCs, such as plasmacytoid DCs and conventional DCs, are found in the lymphoid organs, where they play a role in activating T cells and initiating an immune response.

Overall, dendritic cells are essential for the proper functioning of the immune system, and dysregulation of these cells has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancer.

Malignant histiocytic disorders are a group of rare and aggressive cancers that affect the mononuclear phagocyte system, which includes histiocytes or cells that originate from bone marrow precursors called monoblasts. These disorders are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of malignant histiocytes, leading to tissue invasion and damage.

There are several types of malignant histiocytic disorders, including:

1. Acute Monocytic Leukemia (AML-M5): This is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia that affects the monocyte cell lineage and can involve the skin, lymph nodes, and other organs.
2. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH): Although primarily considered a benign histiocytic disorder, some cases of LCH can progress to a malignant form with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis.
3. Malignant Histiocytosis (MH): This is a rare and aggressive disorder characterized by the infiltration of malignant histiocytes into various organs, including the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
4. Histiocytic Sarcoma (HS): This is a highly aggressive cancer that arises from malignant histiocytes and can affect various organs, such as the skin, lymph nodes, and soft tissues.

Symptoms of malignant histiocytic disorders depend on the type and extent of organ involvement but may include fever, fatigue, weight loss, anemia, and enlarged lymph nodes or organs. Treatment typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation. The prognosis for malignant histiocytic disorders is generally poor, with a high risk of relapse and a low overall survival rate.

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which carries waste and unwanted substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight infections and diseases by attacking and destroying the harmful substances found in the lymph fluid. When an infection or disease is present, lymph nodes may swell due to the increased number of immune cells and fluid accumulation as they work to fight off the invaders.

C-type lectins are a family of proteins that contain one or more carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) with a characteristic pattern of conserved sequence motifs. These proteins are capable of binding to specific carbohydrate structures in a calcium-dependent manner, making them important in various biological processes such as cell adhesion, immune recognition, and initiation of inflammatory responses.

C-type lectins can be further classified into several subfamilies based on their structure and function, including selectins, collectins, and immunoglobulin-like receptors. They play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing and binding to carbohydrate structures on the surface of pathogens, facilitating their clearance by phagocytic cells. Additionally, C-type lectins are involved in various physiological processes such as cell development, tissue repair, and cancer progression.

It is important to note that some C-type lectins can also bind to self-antigens and contribute to autoimmune diseases. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of these proteins has important implications for developing new therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.

Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.

The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens are cell-surface proteins that are expressed on leukocytes (white blood cells) and can be used to identify and distinguish different subsets of these cells. They are important markers in the field of immunology and hematology, and are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

CD antigens are designated by numbers, such as CD4, CD8, CD19, etc., which refer to specific proteins found on the surface of different types of leukocytes. For example, CD4 is a protein found on the surface of helper T cells, while CD8 is found on cytotoxic T cells.

CD antigens can be used as targets for immunotherapy, such as monoclonal antibody therapy, in which antibodies are designed to bind to specific CD antigens and trigger an immune response against cancer cells or infected cells. They can also be used as markers to monitor the effectiveness of treatments and to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) after treatment.

It's important to note that not all CD antigens are exclusive to leukocytes, some can be found on other cell types as well, and their expression can vary depending on the activation state or differentiation stage of the cells.

The dermis is the layer of skin located beneath the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. It is composed of connective tissue and provides structure and support to the skin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. It is also responsible for the production of collagen and elastin, which give the skin its strength and flexibility. The dermis can be further divided into two layers: the papillary dermis, which is the upper layer and contains finger-like projections called papillae that extend upwards into the epidermis, and the reticular dermis, which is the lower layer and contains thicker collagen bundles. Together, the epidermis and dermis make up the true skin.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Polydipsia is a medical term that describes excessive thirst or an abnormally increased desire to drink fluids. It is often associated with conditions that cause increased fluid loss, such as diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus, as well as certain psychiatric disorders that can lead to excessive water intake. Polydipsia should not be confused with simple dehydration, where the body's overall water content is reduced due to inadequate fluid intake or excessive fluid loss. Instead, polydipsia refers to a persistent and strong drive to drink fluids, even when the body is adequately hydrated. Prolonged polydipsia can lead to complications such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood) and may indicate an underlying medical issue that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Mucinoses are a group of cutaneous disorders characterized by the abnormal deposit of mucin in the dermis. Mucin is a complex sugar-protein substance that provides cushioning and lubrication to various tissues in the body. In mucinoses, an excess of mucin accumulates in the skin, leading to various clinical manifestations such as papules, nodules, plaques, or generalized swelling.

Mucinoses can be classified into two main categories: primary and secondary. Primary mucinoses are caused by genetic mutations that affect the production or degradation of mucin, while secondary mucinoses occur as a result of other underlying medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, infections, or neoplasms.

Examples of primary mucinoses include:

* Lichen myxedematosus (also known as papular mucinosis): characterized by multiple, firm, flesh-colored to yellowish papules and nodules, usually on the trunk and proximal extremities.
* Follicular mucinosis: a condition that affects hair follicles and is characterized by the accumulation of mucin in the follicular epithelium, leading to hair loss, itching, and inflammation.
* Scleromyxedema: a rare systemic disorder characterized by generalized thickening and hardening of the skin due to excessive deposition of mucin and collagen fibers.

Examples of secondary mucinoses include:

* Lupus erythematosus: an autoimmune disorder that can affect various organs, including the skin, and is characterized by the accumulation of mucin in the dermis.
* Dermatomyositis: another autoimmune disorder that affects the skin and muscles, and can also cause mucin deposition in the dermis.
* Rosai-Dorfman disease: a rare histiocytic disorder characterized by the accumulation of large, foamy histiocytes that contain mucin in the lymph nodes and other organs, including the skin.

The diagnosis of mucinoses is usually based on clinical examination, skin biopsy, and laboratory tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include topical or systemic medications, phototherapy, or surgical intervention.

Spontaneous remission in a medical context refers to the disappearance or significant improvement of symptoms of a disease or condition without any specific treatment being administered. In other words, it's a situation where the disease resolves on its own, without any apparent cause. While spontaneous remission can occur in various conditions, it is relatively rare and not well understood. It's important to note that just because a remission occurs without treatment doesn't mean that medical care should be avoided, as many conditions can worsen or lead to complications if left untreated.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

Cell movement, also known as cell motility, refers to the ability of cells to move independently and change their location within tissue or inside the body. This process is essential for various biological functions, including embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses, and cancer metastasis.

There are several types of cell movement, including:

1. **Crawling or mesenchymal migration:** Cells move by extending and retracting protrusions called pseudopodia or filopodia, which contain actin filaments. This type of movement is common in fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells during tissue invasion and metastasis.
2. **Amoeboid migration:** Cells move by changing their shape and squeezing through tight spaces without forming protrusions. This type of movement is often observed in white blood cells (leukocytes) as they migrate through the body to fight infections.
3. **Pseudopodial extension:** Cells extend pseudopodia, which are temporary cytoplasmic projections containing actin filaments. These protrusions help the cell explore its environment and move forward.
4. **Bacterial flagellar motion:** Bacteria use a whip-like structure called a flagellum to propel themselves through their environment. The rotation of the flagellum is driven by a molecular motor in the bacterial cell membrane.
5. **Ciliary and ependymal movement:** Ciliated cells, such as those lining the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes, have hair-like structures called cilia that beat in coordinated waves to move fluids or mucus across the cell surface.

Cell movement is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and adhesion molecules, which enable cells to respond to environmental cues and navigate through tissues.

Hypothalamic diseases refer to conditions that affect the hypothalamus, a small but crucial region of the brain responsible for regulating many vital functions in the body. The hypothalamus helps control:

1. Body temperature
2. Hunger and thirst
3. Sleep cycles
4. Emotions and behavior
5. Release of hormones from the pituitary gland

Hypothalamic diseases can be caused by genetic factors, infections, tumors, trauma, or other conditions that damage the hypothalamus. Some examples of hypothalamic diseases include:

1. Hypothalamic dysfunction syndrome: A condition characterized by various symptoms such as obesity, sleep disturbances, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic damage.
2. Kallmann syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the development of the hypothalamus and results in a lack of sexual maturation and a decreased sense of smell.
3. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder that causes obesity, developmental delays, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic dysfunction.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: Tumors that develop near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, often causing visual impairment, hormonal imbalances, and growth problems.
5. Infiltrative diseases: Conditions such as sarcoidosis or histiocytosis can infiltrate the hypothalamus, leading to various symptoms related to hormonal imbalances and neurological dysfunction.
6. Traumatic brain injury: Damage to the hypothalamus due to head trauma can result in various hormonal and neurological issues.
7. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections that affect the hypothalamus, such as encephalitis or meningitis, can cause damage and lead to hypothalamic dysfunction.

Treatment for hypothalamic diseases depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, hormone replacement therapy, or other interventions to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Penile diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the penis, including infections, inflammatory conditions, and structural abnormalities. Some common penile diseases include:

1. Balanitis: an infection or inflammation of the foreskin and/or head of the penis.
2. Balanoposthitis: an infection or inflammation of both the foreskin and the head of the penis.
3. Phimosis: a condition in which the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis.
4. Paraphimosis: a medical emergency in which the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal position.
5. Peyronie's disease: a condition characterized by the development of scar tissue inside the penis, leading to curvature during erections.
6. Erectile dysfunction: the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.
7. Penile cancer: a rare form of cancer that affects the skin and tissues of the penis.

These conditions can have various causes, including bacterial or fungal infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), skin conditions, trauma, or underlying medical conditions. Treatment for penile diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) is a chemical compound that is often used in laboratory settings for research purposes. It is an aromatic organic compound that contains two nitro groups and a fluorine atom attached to a benzene ring. Dinitrofluorobenzene is primarily known for its ability to act as a hapten, which means it can bind to proteins in the body and stimulate an immune response.

In medical research, DNFB has been used as a contact sensitizer to study the mechanisms of allergic contact dermatitis, a type of skin reaction that occurs when the immune system becomes sensitized to a particular substance and then reacts to it upon subsequent exposure. When applied to the skin, DNFB can cause a red, itchy, and painful rash in individuals who have been previously sensitized to the compound. By studying this reaction, researchers can gain insights into the immune responses that underlie allergic reactions more broadly.

It is important to note that dinitrofluorobenzene is not used as a therapeutic agent in clinical medicine and should only be handled by trained professionals in a controlled laboratory setting due to its potential hazards, including skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, and potential long-term health effects.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

A lethal midline granuloma (LMG) is a rare and aggressive form of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation that typically involves the nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, and/or the central nervous system. It is called "lethal" because of its rapid progression and high mortality rate if left untreated.

LMG is a type of granuloma, which is a collection of immune cells that form in response to chronic inflammation or infection. In LMG, the granulomas are characterized by extensive necrosis (tissue death) and vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels).

The exact cause of LMG is not fully understood, but it is believed to be associated with a variety of factors, including infections (such as fungal or mycobacterial infections), autoimmune disorders, and lymphoproliferative diseases. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgical debridement, antimicrobial therapy, and immunosuppressive drugs. Despite treatment, the prognosis for LMG is generally poor, with a high rate of recurrence and significant morbidity and mortality.

Surface antigens are molecules found on the surface of cells that can be recognized by the immune system as being foreign or different from the host's own cells. Antigens are typically proteins or polysaccharides that are capable of stimulating an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells such as T-cells.

Surface antigens are important in the context of infectious diseases because they allow the immune system to identify and target infected cells for destruction. For example, viruses and bacteria often display surface antigens that are distinct from those found on host cells, allowing the immune system to recognize and attack them. In some cases, these surface antigens can also be used as targets for vaccines or other immunotherapies.

In addition to their role in infectious diseases, surface antigens are also important in the context of cancer. Tumor cells often display abnormal surface antigens that differ from those found on normal cells, allowing the immune system to potentially recognize and attack them. However, tumors can also develop mechanisms to evade the immune system, making it difficult to mount an effective response.

Overall, understanding the properties and behavior of surface antigens is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.

Vinblastine is an alkaloid derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus) and is primarily used in cancer chemotherapy. It is classified as a vinca alkaloid, along with vincristine, vinorelbine, and others.

Medically, vinblastine is an antimicrotubule agent that binds to tubulin, a protein involved in the formation of microtubules during cell division. By binding to tubulin, vinblastine prevents the assembly of microtubules, which are essential for mitosis (cell division). This leads to the inhibition of cell division and ultimately results in the death of rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells.

Vinblastine is used to treat various types of cancers, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, breast cancer, and others. It is often administered intravenously in a healthcare setting and may be given as part of a combination chemotherapy regimen with other anticancer drugs.

As with any medication, vinblastine can have side effects, including bone marrow suppression (leading to an increased risk of infection, anemia, and bleeding), neurotoxicity (resulting in peripheral neuropathy, constipation, and jaw pain), nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and mouth sores. Regular monitoring by a healthcare professional is necessary during vinblastine treatment to manage side effects and ensure the safe and effective use of this medication.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

S100 proteins are a family of calcium-binding proteins that are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell growth and differentiation, intracellular signaling, and inflammation. They are found in high concentrations in certain types of cells, such as nerve cells (neurons), glial cells (supporting cells in the nervous system), and skin cells (keratinocytes).

The S100 protein family consists of more than 20 members, which are divided into several subfamilies based on their structural similarities. Some of the well-known members of this family include S100A1, S100B, S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), and S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9).

Abnormal expression or regulation of S100 proteins has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammatory disorders. For example, increased levels of S100B have been found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, while overexpression of S100A8 and S100A9 has been associated with the development and progression of certain types of cancer.

Therefore, understanding the functions and regulation of S100 proteins is important for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

A hapten is a small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when it is attached to a larger carrier protein. On its own, a hapten is too small to be recognized by the immune system as a foreign substance. However, when it binds to a carrier protein, it creates a new antigenic site that can be detected by the immune system. This process is known as haptenization.

Haptens are important in the study of immunology and allergies because they can cause an allergic response when they bind to proteins in the body. For example, certain chemicals found in cosmetics, drugs, or industrial products can act as haptens and trigger an allergic reaction when they come into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. The resulting immune response can cause symptoms such as rash, itching, or inflammation.

Haptens can also be used in the development of vaccines and diagnostic tests, where they are attached to carrier proteins to stimulate an immune response and produce specific antibodies that can be measured or used for therapy.

Allergic contact dermatitis is a type of inflammatory skin reaction that occurs when the skin comes into contact with a substance (allergen) that the immune system recognizes as foreign and triggers an allergic response. This condition is characterized by redness, itching, swelling, blistering, and cracking of the skin, which usually develops within 24-48 hours after exposure to the allergen. Common allergens include metals (such as nickel), rubber, medications, fragrances, and cosmetics. It is important to note that a person must first be sensitized to the allergen before developing an allergic response upon subsequent exposures.

The sphenoid sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the sphenoid bone, which is one of the bones that make up the skull base. These sinuses are located deep inside the skull, behind the eyes and nasal cavity. They are paired and separated by a thin bony septum, and each one opens into the corresponding nasal cavity through a small opening called the sphenoethmoidal recess. The sphenoid sinuses vary greatly in size and shape between individuals. They develop during childhood and continue to grow until early adulthood. The function of the sphenoid sinuses, like other paranasal sinuses, is not entirely clear, but they may contribute to reducing the weight of the skull, resonating voice during speech, and insulating the brain from trauma.

Keratinocytes are the predominant type of cells found in the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. These cells are responsible for producing keratin, a tough protein that provides structural support and protection to the skin. Keratinocytes undergo constant turnover, with new cells produced in the basal layer of the epidermis and older cells moving upward and eventually becoming flattened and filled with keratin as they reach the surface of the skin, where they are then shed. They also play a role in the immune response and can release cytokines and other signaling molecules to help protect the body from infection and injury.

Exophthalmos is a medical condition that refers to the abnormal protrusion or bulging of one or both eyes beyond the normal orbit (eye socket). This condition is also known as proptosis. Exophthalmos can be caused by various factors, including thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy), tumors, inflammation, trauma, or congenital abnormalities. It can lead to various symptoms such as double vision, eye discomfort, redness, and difficulty closing the eyes. Treatment of exophthalmos depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Photoallergic dermatitis is a type of contact dermatitis that occurs as a result of an allergic reaction to a substance after it has been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. This means that when the substance (allergen) comes into contact with the skin and is then exposed to UV light, usually from the sun, an immune response is triggered, leading to an inflammatory reaction in the skin.

The symptoms of photoallergic dermatitis include redness, swelling, itching, and blistering or crusting of the skin. These symptoms typically appear within 24-72 hours after exposure to the allergen and UV light. The rash can occur anywhere on the body but is most commonly found in areas that have been exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, arms, and hands.

Common allergens that can cause photoallergic dermatitis include certain medications, fragrances, sunscreens, and topical skin products. Once a person has become sensitized to a particular allergen, even small amounts of it can trigger a reaction when exposed to UV light.

Prevention measures for photoallergic dermatitis include avoiding known allergens, wearing protective clothing, and using broad-spectrum sunscreens that protect against both UVA and UVB rays. If a reaction does occur, topical corticosteroids or oral antihistamines may be prescribed to help relieve symptoms.

"Cell count" is a medical term that refers to the process of determining the number of cells present in a given volume or sample of fluid or tissue. This can be done through various laboratory methods, such as counting individual cells under a microscope using a specialized grid called a hemocytometer, or using automated cell counters that use light scattering and electrical impedance techniques to count and classify different types of cells.

Cell counts are used in a variety of medical contexts, including hematology (the study of blood and blood-forming tissues), microbiology (the study of microscopic organisms), and pathology (the study of diseases and their causes). For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a routine laboratory test that includes a white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, and platelet count. Abnormal cell counts can indicate the presence of various medical conditions, such as infections, anemia, or leukemia.

Histocompatibility antigens Class II are a group of cell surface proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system's response to foreign substances. They are expressed on the surface of various cells, including immune cells such as B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated T lymphocytes.

Class II histocompatibility antigens are encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes, which are located on chromosome 6 in humans. These antigens are composed of two non-covalently associated polypeptide chains, an alpha (α) and a beta (β) chain, which form a heterodimer. There are three main types of Class II histocompatibility antigens, known as HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR.

Class II histocompatibility antigens present peptide antigens to CD4+ T helper cells, which then activate other immune cells, such as B cells and macrophages, to mount an immune response against the presented antigen. Because of their role in initiating an immune response, Class II histocompatibility antigens are important in transplantation medicine, where mismatches between donor and recipient can lead to rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Electron microscopy (EM) is a type of microscopy that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the sample being examined, resulting in much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopy. There are several types of electron microscopy, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and reflection electron microscopy (REM).

In TEM, a beam of electrons is transmitted through a thin slice of the sample, and the electrons that pass through the sample are focused to form an image. This technique can provide detailed information about the internal structure of cells, viruses, and other biological specimens, as well as the composition and structure of materials at the atomic level.

In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of the sample, and the electrons that are scattered back from the surface are detected to create an image. This technique can provide information about the topography and composition of surfaces, as well as the structure of materials at the microscopic level.

REM is a variation of SEM in which the beam of electrons is reflected off the surface of the sample, rather than scattered back from it. This technique can provide information about the surface chemistry and composition of materials.

Electron microscopy has a wide range of applications in biology, medicine, and materials science, including the study of cellular structure and function, disease diagnosis, and the development of new materials and technologies.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

Benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) is a common benign tumor of the skin and superficial soft tissues. It primarily affects middle-aged adults and is more prevalent in men than women. The exact cause of BFH is unknown, but it's thought to arise from dermal fibroblasts or histiocytes.

Medical Definition: Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma (BFH) is a benign, slowly growing, solitary cutaneous or subcutaneous nodular tumor predominantly composed of a mixture of fibroblastic and histiocytic-like cells. The tumor typically presents as a well-circumscribed, firm, dome-shaped papule or nodule, ranging in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Histologically, BFH is characterized by the proliferation of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and histiocytes arranged in a storiform pattern, along with variable amounts of collagen deposition, multinucleated giant cells, and hemosiderin deposits. The lesion usually has a pushing border with no invasion into the surrounding tissues. BFH generally follows a benign clinical course, with local recurrence being uncommon following complete surgical excision.

Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:

1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.

Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a type of corticosteroid hormone. It is primarily used to reduce inflammation in various conditions such as asthma, allergies, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Prednisone works by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by the adrenal glands, suppressing the immune system's response and reducing the release of substances that cause inflammation.

It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed to be taken at specific times during the day, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of prednisone include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and easy bruising. Long-term use or high doses can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Healthcare providers closely monitor patients taking prednisone for extended periods to minimize the risk of adverse effects. It is essential to follow the prescribed dosage regimen and not discontinue the medication abruptly without medical supervision, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a rebound of the underlying condition.

Lymphadenitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of one or more lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped glands that are part of the body's immune system. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help fight infection and disease.

Lymphadenitis can occur as a result of an infection in the area near the affected lymph node or as a result of a systemic infection that has spread through the bloodstream. The inflammation causes the lymph node to become swollen, tender, and sometimes painful to the touch.

The symptoms of lymphadenitis may include fever, fatigue, and redness or warmth in the area around the affected lymph node. In some cases, the overlying skin may also appear red and inflamed. Lymphadenitis can occur in any part of the body where there are lymph nodes, including the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen.

The underlying cause of lymphadenitis must be diagnosed and treated promptly to prevent complications such as the spread of infection or the formation of an abscess. Treatment may include antibiotics, pain relievers, and warm compresses to help reduce swelling and discomfort.

Orbital neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the orbit, which is the bony cavity that contains the eyeball, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells within the orbit.

Orbital neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, limited eye movement, pain, swelling, and numbness in the face. In some cases, orbital neoplasms may not cause any noticeable symptoms, especially if they are small and slow-growing.

There are many different types of orbital neoplasms, including:

1. Optic nerve glioma: a rare tumor that arises from the optic nerve's supportive tissue.
2. Orbital meningioma: a tumor that originates from the membranes covering the brain and extends into the orbit.
3. Lacrimal gland tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the lacrimal gland, which produces tears.
4. Orbital lymphangioma: a non-cancerous tumor that arises from the lymphatic vessels in the orbit.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that develops from the skeletal muscle cells in the orbit.
6. Metastatic tumors: cancerous growths that spread to the orbit from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate.

The diagnosis and treatment of orbital neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI, are often used to visualize the tumor and determine its extent. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's type and grade. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Nucleoside transport proteins (NTTs) are membrane-bound proteins responsible for the facilitated diffusion of nucleosides and related deoxynucleosides across the cell membrane. These proteins play a crucial role in the uptake of nucleosides, which serve as precursors for DNA and RNA synthesis, as well as for the salvage of nucleotides in the cell.

There are two main types of NTTs: concentrative (or sodium-dependent) nucleoside transporters (CNTs) and equilibrative (or sodium-independent) nucleoside transporters (ENTs). CNTs mainly facilitate the uptake of nucleosides against a concentration gradient, using the energy derived from the sodium ion gradient. In contrast, ENTs mediate bidirectional transport, allowing for the equalization of intracellular and extracellular nucleoside concentrations.

Nucleoside transport proteins have been identified in various organisms, including humans, and are involved in numerous physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Dysregulation of NTTs has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer and viral infections, making them potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

"Flushing" is a medical term that refers to a sudden, temporary reddening of the skin, often accompanied by feelings of warmth. This occurs when the blood vessels beneath the skin dilate or expand, allowing more blood to flow through them. Flushing can be caused by various factors such as emotional stress, alcohol consumption, spicy foods, certain medications, or medical conditions like carcinoid syndrome or menopause. It is generally harmless but can sometimes indicate an underlying issue that requires medical attention.

Skin diseases of viral origin are conditions that affect the skin caused by viral infections. These infections can lead to various symptoms such as rashes, blisters, papules, and skin lesions. Some common examples of viral skin diseases include:

1. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection: This causes cold sores or genital herpes, which are characterized by small, painful blisters on the skin.
2. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection: This causes chickenpox and shingles, which are characterized by itchy, fluid-filled blisters on the skin.
3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection: This causes warts, which are small, rough growths on the skin.
4. Molluscum contagiosum: This is a viral infection that causes small, raised, and pearly white bumps on the skin.
5. Measles: This is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a rash that spreads all over the body.
6. Rubella: Also known as German measles, this viral infection causes a red rash on the face and neck that spreads to the rest of the body.

Viral skin diseases can be spread through direct contact with an infected person or contaminated objects, such as towels or bedding. Some viral skin diseases can be prevented through vaccination, while others can be treated with antiviral medications or other therapies.

Antigen presentation is the process by which certain cells in the immune system, known as antigen presenting cells (APCs), display foreign or abnormal proteins (antigens) on their surface to other immune cells, such as T-cells. This process allows the immune system to recognize and mount a response against harmful pathogens, infected or damaged cells.

There are two main types of antigen presentation: major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II presentation.

1. MHC class I presentation: APCs, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells, process and load antigens onto MHC class I molecules, which are expressed on the surface of almost all nucleated cells in the body. The MHC class I-antigen complex is then recognized by CD8+ T-cells (cytotoxic T-cells), leading to the destruction of infected or damaged cells.
2. MHC class II presentation: APCs, particularly dendritic cells and B-cells, process and load antigens onto MHC class II molecules, which are mainly expressed on the surface of professional APCs. The MHC class II-antigen complex is then recognized by CD4+ T-cells (helper T-cells), leading to the activation of other immune cells, such as B-cells and macrophages, to eliminate the pathogen or damaged cells.

In summary, antigen presentation is a crucial step in the adaptive immune response, allowing for the recognition and elimination of foreign or abnormal substances that could potentially harm the body.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20, also known as CCL20 or EXODUS, is a small signaling protein that belongs to the chemokine family. Chemokines are a group of cytokines, or cell signaling molecules, that play crucial roles in immune responses and inflammation by recruiting various immune cells to the sites of infection or injury.

CCL20 specifically binds to its receptor CCR6 and plays an essential role in attracting immune cells like T lymphocytes (T cells), dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes (B cells) to the site of inflammation. It is produced by various cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, in response to infection, injury, or other stimuli.

CCL20 has been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes, such as:

1. Homeostatic regulation of immune cell trafficking: CCL20 helps maintain the normal migration and positioning of immune cells in various tissues under steady-state conditions.
2. Inflammatory responses: CCL20 is upregulated during inflammation, contributing to the recruitment of immune cells to the affected area.
3. Autoimmune diseases: Overexpression or dysregulation of CCL20 has been associated with several autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis.
4. Cancer: CCL20 is involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression by promoting the recruitment of immune cells that can either support or suppress tumor growth.
5. Infectious diseases: CCL20 plays a role in host defense against various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, by attracting immune cells to the site of infection.

Pneumothorax is a medical condition that refers to the presence of air in the pleural space, which is the potential space between the lungs and the chest wall. This collection of air can result in a partial or complete collapse of the lung. The symptoms of pneumothorax may include sudden chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, and rapid heartbeat.

The two main types of pneumothorax are spontaneous pneumothorax, which occurs without any apparent cause or underlying lung disease, and secondary pneumothorax, which is caused by an underlying lung condition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or lung cancer.

Treatment for pneumothorax may include observation, oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, or chest tube insertion to remove the excess air from the pleural space and allow the lung to re-expand. In severe cases, surgery may be required to prevent recurrence.

Antigens are substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, or viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms, that can stimulate an immune response.

Differentiation in the context of myelomonocytic cells refers to the process by which these cells mature and develop into specific types of immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

Myelomonocytic cells are a type of white blood cell that originate from stem cells in the bone marrow. They give rise to two main types of immune cells: monocytes and granulocytes (which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils).

Therefore, 'Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic' refers to the study or examination of how antigens affect the differentiation process of myelomonocytic cells into specific types of immune cells. This is an important area of research in immunology and hematology as it relates to understanding how the body responds to infections, inflammation, and cancer.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

Spinal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the spinal column, which is made up of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, facet joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles. These diseases can cause pain, discomfort, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or even paralysis, depending on the severity and location of the condition. Here are some examples of spinal diseases:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity and height, leading to stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
2. Herniated disc: This occurs when the inner material of the intervertebral disc bulges or herniates out through a tear in the outer layer, causing pressure on the spinal nerves and resulting in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramen (the openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column), which can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves and result in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can occur in children or adults, leading to an abnormal posture, back pain, and decreased lung function.
5. Osteoarthritis: This is a degenerative joint disease that affects the facet joints in the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility.
6. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and fusion of the vertebrae.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, causing pain, neurological symptoms, or even paralysis.
8. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can affect the spine, leading to pain, fever, and other systemic symptoms.
9. Trauma: Fractures, dislocations, or sprains of the spine can occur due to accidents, falls, or sports injuries, causing pain, neurological deficits, or even paralysis.

An "injection, intradermal" refers to a type of injection where a small quantity of a substance is introduced into the layer of skin between the epidermis and dermis, using a thin gauge needle. This technique is often used for diagnostic or research purposes, such as conducting allergy tests or administering immunizations in a way that stimulates a strong immune response. The injection site typically produces a small, raised bump (wheal) that disappears within a few hours. It's important to note that intradermal injections should be performed by trained medical professionals to minimize the risk of complications.

Oxazolone is not a medical condition or diagnosis, but rather a chemical compound. It is commonly used in research and scientific studies as an experimental contact sensitizer to induce allergic contact dermatitis in animal models. Here's the general definition:

Oxazolone (C8H7NO3): An organic compound that belongs to the class of heterocyclic compounds known as oxazoles, which contain a benzene fused to a five-membered ring containing one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom. It is used in research as an allergen to induce contact hypersensitivity reactions in skin sensitization studies.

Picryl Chloride, also known as 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl Chloride, is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2Cl3O6. It is a yellow crystalline solid that is used in organic synthesis and as a reagent for detecting nucleophiles.

Picryl Chloride is highly reactive and can cause severe burns and eye damage. It is also an explosive compound, and should be handled with care. It is not typically used in medical contexts, but may come up in discussions of chemical safety or laboratory procedures.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Mastoiditis is a medical condition characterized by an infection and inflammation of the mastoid process, which is the bony prominence located behind the ear. The mastoid process contains air cells that are connected to the middle ear, and an infection in the middle ear (otitis media) can spread to the mastoid process, resulting in mastoiditis.

The symptoms of mastoiditis may include:

* Pain and tenderness behind the ear
* Swelling or redness of the skin behind the ear
* Ear drainage or discharge
* Fever and headache
* Hearing loss or difficulty hearing

Mastoiditis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection, as well as possible surgical intervention if the infection does not respond to medication or if it has caused significant damage to the mastoid process. If left untreated, mastoiditis can lead to complications such as meningitis, brain abscess, or even death.

Islets of Langerhans transplantation is a surgical procedure that involves the transplantation of isolated islets from a deceased donor's pancreas into another person with type 1 diabetes. The islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells within the pancreas that produce hormones, including insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.

In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys these insulin-producing cells, leading to high blood sugar levels. Islet transplantation aims to replace the damaged islets with healthy ones from a donor, allowing the recipient's body to produce and regulate its own insulin again.

The procedure involves extracting the islets from the donor pancreas and infusing them into the recipient's liver through a small incision in the abdomen. Once inside the liver, the islets can sense glucose levels in the bloodstream and release insulin as needed to maintain normal blood sugar levels.

Islet transplantation has shown promising results in improving blood sugar control and reducing the risk of severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in people with type 1 diabetes. However, it requires long-term immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted islets, which can have side effects and increase the risk of infections.

... (LCH) is an abnormal clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, abnormal cells deriving from bone ... was diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.[citation needed] Langerhans cell histiocytosis is occasionally misspelled as ... "Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version". Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Treatment (PDQ®). ... Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis at eMedicine Juvet, Stephan (2010). "Rare lung diseases III: Pulmonary Langerhans' cell ...
... refers to a family of histiocytosis characterized by the absence of Langerhans cells. Many ... The spectrum of non-langerhans cell histiocytoses include: Benign cephalic histiocytosis Generalized eruptive histiocytoma ... "Non-Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis". NIH. The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). Retrieved 19 March 2019. ... Weitzman S, Jaffe R (September 2005). "Uncommon histiocytic disorders: the non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses". Pediatr Blood ...
... chronic multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis. List of cutaneous conditions Letterer-Siwe disease "Langerhans Cell ... Chronic multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis, previously known as Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, is a type of Langerhans ... "Histiocytosis X", where "X" denoted the then unknown cause. It is now known as chronic multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis ... "Langerhans cell histiocytosis , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih. ...
In general, the cause of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis is unknown. Regardless of the subtype of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, ... Lipton, J. M.; Levy, C. F. (December 2021). "Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - Hematology and Oncology". Merck Manuals ... Electron microscopy will show racket-like Langerhans cell granules within the specific infiltrating cells. The demonstration of ... is one of the four recognized clinical syndromes of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and is the most severe form, involving ...
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis". In Ansell SM (ed.). Rare Hematological Malignancies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 383 ... Histiocytosis (and malignant histiocytosis) are both important in veterinary as well as human pathology. Histiocytosis is a ... According to the Histiocytosis Association, 1 in 200,000 children in the United States are born with histiocytosis each year. ... "Histiocytosis". eMedicine Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Disease information at the Histiocytosis ...
... non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses (class II), and malignant histiocytosis (class III). They provided the criteria to ... Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis". In Stephen M. Ansell (ed.). Rare Hematological Malignancies. Springer Science & Business Media ... ISBN 978-0-387-73743-0. Satter, Elizabeth K.; High, Whitney A. (May 2008). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the ... which it has divided into Langerhans cell histiocytosis (class I) (previously known as Hand-Schüller-Christian disease and ...
... is a condition that is a self-limited form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.: 720 ... ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. "Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - Patient UK". Retrieved 2007-05-10. John Thorne Crissey; Lawrence C. ... Lymph node: Enlargement of the lymph nodes in 50% of Histiocytosis cases. It was first described by Ken Hashimoto and M. S. ... List of cutaneous conditions X-type histiocytosis Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology ...
Examples include Langerhans cell histiocytosis.: 35 Bruxism, which is an abnormal repetitive movement disorder characterised by ... Dholam, Kp; Chouksey, Gc (2016). "Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx in patients aged 18-45 years: A ... Oral cancer is a malignant abnormal excessive growth of cells within the oral cavity, which arises from premalignant lesions ...
Tran, Gary; Huynh, Thy N.; Paller, Amy S. (March 2018). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A neoplastic disorder driven by Ras-ERK ... Kumar, Neeta; Sayed, Shahin; Vinayak, Sudhir (2011-01-20). "Diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis on fine needle ... Kobayashi, Masayuki; Tojo, Arinobu (December 2018). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults: Advances in pathophysiology and ... "Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults is associated with a high prevalence of hematologic and solid malignancies". Cancer ...
Langerhans cells are dendritic cells found in the skin and function by internalizing antigens (foreign particles) and ... Ginhoux F, Tacke F, Angeli V, Bogunovic M, Loubeau M, Dai XM, Stanley ER, Randolph GJ, Merad M (2006). "Langerhans cells arise ... They include the following: Reactive diseases of Langerhans cells (most important feature in immune histochemistry is ... immunohistochemical features of dendritic cells, possibly interdigitating or perivascular DCs) Malignant histiocytosis Diffuse ...
June 2015). "MAP2K1 and MAP3K1 mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 54 (6): 361-368. doi: ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and 46,XY disorders of sex development. E6201 is an enzyme inhibitor of MAP3K1 that shows cross- ... Genetics has revealed that MAP3K1 is important in: embryonic development, tumorigenesis, cell growth, cell migration, cytokine ... embryonic stem cells, and the DT40 cell line to identify genetic traits. MAP3K1 contains multiple amino acid sites that are ...
2000). "CD101 expression by Langerhans cell histiocytosis cells". Histopathology. 36 (3): 229-32. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000. ... 2001). "Triggering CD101 molecule on human cutaneous dendritic cells inhibits T cell proliferation via IL-10 production". Eur. ... Soares LR, Rivas A, Tsavaler L, Engleman EG (1997). "Ligation of the V7 molecule on T cells blocks anergy induction through a ... 2005). "CD4+ CD56+ blastic tumor cells express CD101 molecules". J. Invest. Dermatol. 124 (3): 668-9. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X. ...
... non-small-cell lung cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease (a non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis) and ... "Recent advances in the understanding of Langerhans cell histiocytosis". British Journal of Haematology. 156 (2): 163-72. doi: ... Sánchez-Torres JM, Viteri S, Molina MA, Rosell R (June 2013). "BRAF mutant non-small cell lung cancer and treatment with BRAF ... Rothschild SI (May 2015). "Targeted Therapies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-Beyond EGFR and ALK". Cancers. 7 (2): 930-49. doi: ...
... of Langerhans cell histiocytosis patients. The V600E mutation is a likely driver mutation in 100% of cases of hairy cell ... "Recent advances in the understanding of Langerhans cell histiocytosis". British Journal of Haematology. 156 (2): 163-172. doi: ... The B-Raf protein is involved in sending signals inside cells which are involved in directing cell growth. In 2002, it was ... Qiu W, Zhuang S, von Lintig FC, Boss GR, Pilz RB (October 2000). "Cell type-specific regulation of B-Raf kinase by cAMP and 14- ...
"BRAFV600E-induced senescence drives Langerhans cell histiocytosis pathophysiology". www.nature.com/nm/. Retrieved 15 September ... trigger sensescence in multipotent human hematopoietic progenitor cells that cause multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis ... "Intratumoral dendritic cell-CD4+ T helper cell niches enable CD8+ T cell differentiation following PD-1 blockade in ... Merad, M; Manz, MG; Karsunky, H; Wagers, A; Engleman, EG (2002). "Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under ...
2020), who consider Langerhans cell histiocytosis to be the most likely diagnosis, making it the first case of LCH recognized ... "Suggested case of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in a Cretaceous dinosaur". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): Article number 2203. ... Cell Research. 30 (8): 693-701. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0349-y. PMC 7395088. PMID 32581344. Gerald Mayr; Thomas Lechner; ...
Some sources consider Langerhans cell derivatives to be histiocytes. The Langerhans cell histiocytosis embeds this ... Langerhans cells are antigen-presenting cells but have undergone further differentiation. Skin Langerhans cells express CD1a, ... The most common histiocyte disorders are Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Histiocytosis ... A subset of cells differentiates into Langerhans cells; this maturation occurs in the squamous epithelium, lymph nodes, spleen ...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis Langerhans cell sarcoma Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor Follicular dendritic cell ... Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) is a rare form of malignant histiocytosis. It should not be confused with Langerhans cell ... Langerhans cell sarcoma can occur de novo, or can occur as a malignant transformation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The ... "Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and Langerhans Cell Sarcoma: Current Understanding and Differential Diagnosis". Journal of ...
Islets of Langerhans, Langerhans cell, Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Samuel Pierpont Langley, American astronomer and ... Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels, German physicist - Pockels effect, Pockels cell. Joel Roberts Poinsett, American politician and ... Jan Evangelista PurkynÄ›, Czech anatomist and physiologist - Purkinje cell, Purkinje effect, Purkinje shift, Purkinje images, ... Dorothy Reed Mendenhall, American physician, and Carl Sternberg, Austrian pathologist - Reed-Sternberg cell. Rehoboam, Hebrew ...
... is a very rare, benign, non-Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. An autosomal dominant ... Non-X histiocytosis James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. ... Schlegel, C; Metzler, G; Burgdorf, W; Schaller, M (2010). "Hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis: First report in a ... "Hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis". Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie. 127 (4): 400-4. PMID 10844262. ...
Histologically, ECD differs from Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in a number of ways. Unlike LCH, ECD does not stain ... a non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, with interferon-alpha". Blood. 106 (9): 2992-2994. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-06-2238. PMID ... Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, and Rosai-Dorfman Disease". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 94 (10): 2054-2071. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp. ... this disease is termed a non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis). It was declared a histiocytic neoplasm by the World Health ...
... derived from specialised epidermic dendritic cells, the Langerhans cells) 2. Reactive histiocytosis (immunohistochemical ... Amongst leukocytes, E-cadherin expression is unique to Langerhans cells. Langerhans cells utilize E-cadherin to localize in the ... Cutaneous histiocytoma = Langerhans cells: CD1+, CD11c+, MHCII+, CD86+, E-cad+, Langerin+, CD14-, Thy1- Reactive histiocytosis ... and the rare examples of systemic spread of histiocytoma are best characterized as Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) similar ...
They include the following: Reactive diseases of Langerhans cells Histiocytomas Cutaneous histiocytosis Systemic histiocytosis ... A similar disease in humans, Hashimoto-Pritzker disease, is also a Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Dog breeds that may be more ... Langerhans cells are dendritic cells found in the skin and function by internalizing antigens (foreign particles) and ... Malignant diseases of Langerhans cells Malignant histiocytosis - a condition found in Bernese Mountain Dogs Diffuse histiocytic ...
... is seen in osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. In radiological images ...
When she was seven years old, she was diagnosed with langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). She then took on treatment for the ...
Nonhereditary recurrent pneumothorax and/or pulmonary cysts can occur with Langerhans cell histiocytosis and ... it is associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma. If it develops in someone with BHD, ... clear cell renal cell carcinoma), hereditary papillary renal cancer (papillary renal cell carcinoma), and hereditary ... When this occurs, the result is that these cells have no functional copies of the FLCN gene, allowing the cells grow out of ...
720-4 Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis Langerhans cell histiocytosis Non-X histiocytosis Histiocytosis James, ... X-type histiocytoses are a clinically well-defined group of cutaneous syndromes characterized by infiltrates of Langerhans ... cells, as opposed to Non-X histiocytosis in which the infiltrates contain monocytes/macrophages.: 720 Conditions included in ... Histiocytosis, All stub articles, Cutaneous condition stubs). ...
... is a cutaneous condition felt to be caused by dermal precursors of Langerhans cells.: 720 Non- ... X histiocytosis List of cutaneous conditions RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Indeterminate cell histiocytosis". ...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis etc.) Leukaemia Autoimmune - associated with thyroiditis Other rare causes which include ... hemochromatosis and histiocytosis. Vasopressin is released by the posterior pituitary, but unlike most other pituitary hormones ...
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Langerhans cell histiocytosis - 604856 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis at eMedicine ... In the rare disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), an excess of cells similar to these cells are produced. However LCH ... A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin once thought to be a resident dendritic cell. These cells ... Langerhans cells can also take on a dendritic cell-like phenotype and migrate to lymph nodes to interact with naive T-cells.[ ...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an abnormal clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, abnormal cells deriving from bone ... was diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.[citation needed] Langerhans cell histiocytosis is occasionally misspelled as ... "Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version". Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Treatment (PDQ®). ... Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis at eMedicine Juvet, Stephan (2010). "Rare lung diseases III: Pulmonary Langerhans cell ...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a disorder in which excess immune system cells called Langerhans cells build up in the body. ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a disorder in which excess immune system cells called Langerhans cells build up in the body. ... medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis/ Langerhans cell histiocytosis. ... In Langerhans cell histiocytosis, excess immature Langerhans cells usually form tumors called granulomas. Many researchers now ...
The pathologic hallmark of PLCH is the accumulation of Langerhans and other inflammatory cells in small airways, resulting in ... Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (PLCH) is a relatively uncommon lung disease that generally, but not invariably, occurs ... Pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012 Mar 19:7:16. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-16. ... Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (PLCH) is a relatively uncommon lung disease that generally, but not invariably, occurs ...
... cells with characteristics similar to bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells juxtaposed against a backdrop of hematopoietic cells ... including T-cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. In 1868, Paul Langerhans discovered the epidermal dendritic ce... ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by the presence of ... encoded search term (Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis) and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
This report describes the histopathologic results of Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the vulva and options for treatment. We ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the vulva: two case reports J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004 Apr;8(2):147-9. doi: 10.1097/00128360- ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the female genital tract is rare. The disease cannot be diagnosed without biopsy of cutaneous ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the vulva is a rare disorder with few options for treatment. ...
Learn about childhood langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. ... What Is Childhood Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis?. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder that occurs when a ... Our Histiocytosis Research Program strives to improve our understanding and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis and ... How is Langerhans cell histiocytosis diagnosed?. Tests that examine the organs and body systems where LCH may occur are used to ...
Pulmonary Langerhans cell Histiocytosis (PLCH) is a rare lung disease which causes lung cysts to form. Find out more about ... Single-system Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is an uncommon type of Langerhans cell histiocytosis that affects ... Single-system Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is an uncommon type of Langerhans cell histiocytosis that affects ... Neuropathology of CNS Disease in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. *Central Nervous System Disease in Langerhans Cell ...
Discover a rare case of adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis in the spine causing spinal cord compression. Learn about the ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease involving clonal proliferation of langerhans cells seen in children and young ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an orphan disease. In 1868, Langerhans discovered the epidermal dendritic cells that now ... and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Produced by Langerhans Cells in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/ ...
CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Findings on CT scan suggestive of Langerhans cell ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Radiopeadia (2015) http://radiopaedia.org/articles/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis Accessed on ... American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Langerhans cell histiocytosis CT All Images. X-rays. Echo & Ultrasound. CT Images. MRI ... Head CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.[1][2] ...
... cells with characteristics similar to bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells juxtaposed against a backdrop of hematopoietic cells ... including T-cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. In 1868, Paul Langerhans discovered the epidermal dendritic ce... ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by the presence of ... encoded search term (Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis) and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
C96.6 - Unifocal Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. The above description is abbreviated. This code description may also have ...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis reveals a new IL-17A-dependent pathway of dendritic cell fusion. In: Nature Medicine. 2008 ; Vol ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis reveals a new IL-17A-dependent pathway of dendritic cell fusion. Nature Medicine. 2008;14(1):81- ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis reveals a new IL-17A-dependent pathway of dendritic cell fusion. / Coury, Fabienne; Annels, ... title = "Langerhans cell histiocytosis reveals a new IL-17A-dependent pathway of dendritic cell fusion", ...
Cite this article as: Ismayilov R, Aliyev A, Aliyev A, Hasanov I. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of Thyroid Gland in a Child: A ... Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of Thyroid Gland in a Child: A Case Report and Literature Review. ...
... is a disease characterized by the clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells. Patients with this diagnosis can present several ... The Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease characterized by the clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells. Patients ... Clinical and microbiological evaluation of the oral cavity of patients with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. ...
Medullary sinus of lymph node packed with pale staining Langerhans cells ... Category: Macrophage/Histiocytic and dendritic cell Neoplasms and disorders (2015) > L group > Langerhans cell histiocytosis ( ...
Langerhans-cell histiocytosis insight into DC biology. / Laman, Jon; Leenen, Pieter; Annels, NE et al. In: Trends in ... Langerhans-cell histiocytosis insight into DC biology. In: Trends in Immunology. 2003 ; Vol. 24, No. 4. pp. 190-196. ... Langerhans-cell histiocytosis insight into DC biology. Trends in Immunology. 2003;24(4):190-196. doi: 10.1016/S1471-4906(03) ... title = "Langerhans-cell histiocytosis insight into DC biology",. author = "Jon Laman and Pieter Leenen and NE Annels and PCW ...
Never miss any news published in our website. Subscribe to our newsletter now.. Email address: ...
Low magnification showing lymph node sinuses filled with pale staining Langerhans cells ... Category: Macrophage/Histiocytic and dendritic cell Neoplasms and disorders (2015) > L group > Langerhans cell histiocytosis ( ... Low magnification showing lymph node sinuses filled with pale staining Langerhans cells ...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis. radhianahassan November 30, 2022 Posted in Central Nervous System, Musculoskeletal System, ... The Langerhans cells are positive for S100, CD68 and CD1a.. *Interpretation: Scalp lesion consistent with Langerhans cell ... The tumour is composed of numerous histiocytic Langerhans cells displaying irregular nuclei with nuclear indentation and ... lymphocytes and plasma cells. Multinucleated cells are also present. Foci or necrosis are observed. ...
Congenital Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis. A female infant delivered at term by cesarean section had a "blueberry muffin" rash ... findings that confirmed a diagnosis of skin-limited congenital Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. Because of the lack of ...
... cells with characteristics similar to bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells juxtaposed against a backdrop of hematopoietic cells ... including T-cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. In 1868, Paul Langerhans discovered the epidermal dendritic ce... ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by the presence of ... encoded search term (Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis) and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease that involves the abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells in the skin ... Learn and reinforce your understanding of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Check out our video library. ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease that involves the abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells in the skin ... Langerhans cells are dendritic cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to skin. People with LCH can present with lytic ...
lesion • Langerhans cell histiocytosis - Ganzer Fall bei Radiopaedia Anan, R. Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Case study, ... reaction • Langerhans cell histiocytosis - Ganzer Fall bei Radiopaedia Jones, J. Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Case study, ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis (skeletal manifestations) • Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the mastoid - Ganzer Fall bei ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis (skeletal manifestations) • Langerhans cell histiocytosis with vertebra plana - Ganzer Fall bei ...
title = "Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis",. abstract = "Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) remains an ... keywords = "Langerhans cells, Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma",. author = "Robert ... Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. / Vassallo, Robert; Limper, Andrew H. In: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care ... Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 Jan 1;23(2):93-101. doi: ...
Cell Histiocytosis vary depending on the part of the body affected and the severity of the disease. Treatment for the disease ... Single-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis responds well to chemotherapy. Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis, however ... It is currently the first-line treatment for Langerhans cell histiocytosis.. Patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis is characterized by a proliferation of dendritic mononuclear cells. These cells normally live in ...
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis is usually first diagnosed among adults.. *Unifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis and ... "Langerhans cell histiocytosis". Cancer Control. 21 (4): 328-34. PMID 25310214.. *↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Langerhans cell ... 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Radiopeadia (2015) http://radiopaedia.org/articles/langerhans-cell- ... The incidence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis is approximately 0.5 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[1][2][3][4][5 ...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis. cholangiocarcinoma; lung adenocarcinoma; Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Cancer Genes ...
... cells with characteristics similar to bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells juxtaposed against a backdrop of hematopoietic cells ... including T-cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. In 1868, Paul Langerhans discovered the epidermal dendritic ce... ... Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by the presence of ... encoded search term (Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis) and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
... the Langerhans cells) within various tissues (bone marrow, skin, central nervous system, lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes) ... Histiocytosis X was renamed Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, reflecting the concept that LCH cells represented dysfunctional ... Model of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Pathogenesis: According to misguided myeloid dendritic cell precursor model, ERK ... Epidermal Langerhans cells are unique among dendritic cells in that they arise not from myeloid progenitor cells in bone marrow ...
CT appearance of Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and imaging approach to cystic lung diseases. ... Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis , Radiology Board Review Case. Leave a Comment / Videos / By Dr. Amar Udare, MD / ... CT appearance of Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) and approach to imaging of cystic lung diseases. In this article ... CT appearance of Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) and approach to imaging of cystic lung diseases*Pulmonary LCH vs ...
  • When found in the skin it is called cutaneous single system Langerhans cell LCH. (wikipedia.org)
  • More recently, histiocytic diseases have been reclassified into five groups: (1) Langerhans-related, (2) cutaneous and mucocutaneous, (3) malignant histiocytosis, (4) Rosai-Dorfman disease, and (5) hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • The photoconjugation of psoralens with DNA produces an antiproliferative reaction in the skin, generates programmed cell death (apoptosis), and induces down-regulation of the cutaneous immune system. (medscape.com)
  • A 2 yr old female intact flat-coated retriever dog was presented for evaluation of a histologically diagnosed cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the muzzle with right mandibular nodal metastasis and suspected prescapular lymph node metastasis. (allenpress.com)
  • Cutaneous histiocytosis was discovered in a 40-year-old man with a slow-growing nodule located on his right arm. (jamanetwork.com)
  • When found in the lungs, it should be distinguished from Pulmonary Langerhans cell hystiocytosis-a special category of disease most commonly seen in adult smokers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is a unique form of LCH in that it occurs almost exclusively in cigarette smokers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (PLCH) is a relatively uncommon lung disease that generally, but not invariably, occurs in cigarette smokers. (nih.gov)
  • Single-system Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is an uncommon type of Langerhans cell histiocytosis that affects only the lung. (histio.org)
  • The exact prevalence of single-system Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is unknown. (histio.org)
  • We report a rare case of adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis in the dorsal spine causing a spinal cord compression associated with a pulmonary process treated by surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy with good evolution. (scirp.org)
  • Pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (PLCH) remains an important diagnostic consideration in the differential diagnosis of diffuse infiltrative lung disease, particular among smokers. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Vassallo, R & Limper, AH 2002, ' Pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis ', Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 93-101. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis is usually first diagnosed among adults. (wikidoc.org)
  • Single-agent chemotherapy with cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine/2-CdA) may be a promising treatment for single-system pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is proliferation of monoclonal Langerhans cells in lung interstitium and airspaces. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Effectiveness of cladribine therapy in patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (unil.ch)
  • One example is pulmonary histiocytosis. (chkd.org)
  • Single-system pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis with only tracheobronchial involvement: a case report. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) only with airway involvement manifested as diffuse thickening of the tracheobronchial walls is rare. (bvsalud.org)
  • CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (wikidoc.org)
  • Having a diagnosis of Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis can be a scary time for a family. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • A diagnosis of Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis is dependent on a number of factors. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • A diagnosis of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis should be made only after the patient has undergone a biopsy . (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an abnormal clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, abnormal cells deriving from bone marrow and capable of migrating from skin to lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The disease spectrum results from clonal accumulation and proliferation of cells resembling the epidermal dendritic cells called Langerhans cells, sometimes called dendritic cell histiocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease involving clonal proliferation of langerhans cells seen in children and young adults. (scirp.org)
  • The Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease characterized by the clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells. (authorea.com)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonal, pleo-morphic disease of unknown aetiology, with theaccumulation of local or disseminated atypical histiocyticcells staining positively for S-100 and CD-1a, and causingdamage in the bones, lungs, mucocutaneous structuresand endocrine organs.1 The condition is generally dia-gnosed in infancy and childhood, but onset in adulthoodcan occasionally occur. (uludag.edu.tr)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an idiopathic group of reactive proliferative diseases linked to aberrant immunity, pathologically characterized by clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells. (engineering.org.cn)
  • PLCH develops when an abundance of monoclonal CD1a-positive Langerhans (immature histiocytes) proliferate the bronchioles and alveolar interstitium, and this flood of histiocytes recruits granulocytes like eosinophils and neutrophils and agranulocytes like lymphocytes further destroying bronchioles and the interstitial alveolar space that can cause damage to the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is hypothesized that bronchiolar destruction in PLCH is first attributed to the special state of Langerhans cells that induce cytotoxic T-cell responses, and this is further supported by research that has shown an abundance of T-cells in early PLCH lesions that are CD4+ and present early activation markers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pathologic hallmark of PLCH is the accumulation of Langerhans and other inflammatory cells in small airways, resulting in the formation of nodular inflammatory lesions. (nih.gov)
  • LCH is part of a group of syndromes called histiocytoses, which are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of histiocytes (an archaic term for activated dendritic cells and macrophages). (wikipedia.org)
  • These diseases are related to other forms of abnormal proliferation of white blood cells, such as leukemias and lymphomas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unifocal LCH, also called eosinophilic granuloma (an older term which is now known to be a misnomer), is a disease characterized by an expanding proliferation of Langerhans cells in one organ, where they cause damage called lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease that involves the abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells in the skin. (osmosis.org)
  • The abnormal cells in LCH have abnormal proliferation and lower antigen-presenting capability. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a proliferation of dendritic mononuclear cells with infiltration into organs locally or diffusely. (msdmanuals.com)
  • abstract = "IL-17A is a T cell-specific cytokine(1) that is involved in chronic inflammations, such as Mycobacterium infection(2), Crohn's disease(3), rheumatoid arthritis(4) and multiple sclerosis(5). (dtu.dk)
  • This primary bone involvement helps to differentiate eosinophilic granuloma from other forms of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Letterer-Siwe or Hand-Schüller-Christian variant). (wikipedia.org)
  • Older names that were sometimes used for forms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis include eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, and Letterer-Siwe disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A surgical biopsy showed an infiltrate of eosinophilic cells with oval, grooved and convoluted nucleus, associated with eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells ( Figure 2 ). (scirp.org)
  • In immunohistochemical study, these eosinophilic cells expressed CD1a and S100 protein. (scirp.org)
  • It consists of Langerhans cells with oval, grooved and convoluted nucleus and slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm, associated with eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells (H & E × 400). (scirp.org)
  • The working group of the Histiocyte Society divided histocytic disorders into three groups: (1) dendritic cell histiocytosis, (2) macrophage-related disorders, and (3) malignant histiocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • These cells in combination with lymphocytes, eosinophils, and normal histiocytes form typical LCH lesions that can be found in almost any organ. (wikipedia.org)
  • The background shows reactive cellular infiltrates comprising eosinophils, neutrophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells. (radiologycases.my)
  • Idiopathic non-malignant disease characterized by idiopathic infiltration and accumulation of abnormal histiocytes (i.e. the Langerhans cells) within various tissues (bone marrow, skin, central nervous system, lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes) causing focal or systemic effects. (capsulehealth.one)
  • There are certain gene mutations that control how histiocytes function and cause Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (chkd.org)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare haematological neoplasm characterized by the accumulation of CD1a + , CD207/Langerin + histiocytes within inflammatory lesions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Outcomes From the French LCH registry [11], 9 individuals fulfilled the next inclusion requirements: i) new frozen biopsy cells and blood examples available, ii) raised percentage of lesions-infiltrating Compact disc207+ histiocytes ( 30%), iii) no mutation recognized by and with the i-plex mass spectrometric centered genotyping technology (Sequenom-Agena Bioscience) [12], iv) unfavorable testing for exon 2-3 mutations by Sanger sequencing. (careersfromscience.org)
  • d Immunohistochemistry performed on FFPE examples from P5 demonstrated a solid cytoplasmic and nuclear positivity of histiocytes with phosphoERK1/2 (D13.14.4E, Rabbit mAb, Cell Signaling) in areas containing several Compact disc1a? (careersfromscience.org)
  • In LCH, extra Langerhans cells spread through the blood and build up in certain parts of the body, where they can damage tissue or form tumors. (dana-farber.org)
  • The extra Langerhans cells are a type of white blood cell. (chkd.org)
  • citation needed] Multifocal multisystem LCH, also called Letterer-Siwe disease, is an often rapidly progressing disease in which Langerhans Cell cells proliferate in many tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other signs and symptoms that may occur in Langerhans cell histiocytosis, depending on which organs and tissues have Langerhans cell deposits, include swollen lymph nodes, abdominal pain, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), delayed puberty, protruding eyes, dizziness, irritability, and seizures. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A PET/CT scan can provide information about both the structure and function of cells and tissues in the body during one imaging session. (dana-farber.org)
  • They all share histologically a significant infiltration of affected tissues by langerhans cells. (scirp.org)
  • X-rays and PET-CT scans may be performed to see if the affected tissues and cells are present. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • We now know that epidermal Langerhans cells are not nerves but dendritic cells, a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic cells enriched in interface tissues and lymphoid organs. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis causes damage to tissues all over the body. (chkd.org)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis can cause damage to tissues and organs all over the body if it's not treated. (chkd.org)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder that damages tissues all over the body. (chkd.org)
  • Unifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis and multifocal unisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis are usually first diagnosed among individuals of 2-10 years of age. (wikidoc.org)
  • Unifocal intranodal Langerhans' cell histiocytosis associated with metastatic breast carcinoma. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The severity of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and its signs and symptoms, vary widely among affected individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease of unknown etiology, lacking an animal model, that cumulates symptoms that are found separately in various IL-17A-related diseases, such as aggressive chronic granuloma formation, bone resorption and soft tissue lesions with occasional neurodegeneration(11,12). (dtu.dk)
  • Symptoms of Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis vary depending on the part of the body affected and the severity of the disease. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • Langerhans' cell histiocytosis can cause symptoms in the skin, bones, lungs, and other parts of the body. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • The symptoms of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis include pain, swelling, and brown or red skin sores. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • Symptoms and signs of Langerhans cell histiocytosis vary considerably depending on which organs are infiltrated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare proliferative disorder of Langerhans cells with uncertain aetiology, wide spectrum of clinical symptoms and varied behaviour. (amedi.sk)
  • What are the symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a child? (chkd.org)
  • Symptoms depend on where in the body the Langerhans cells build up. (chkd.org)
  • It is believed that cigarette smoke attracts specific immune cells in the lungs (Langerhans cells) which leads to a cascade of inflammation and injury to the air passages and lung tissue over time. (histio.org)
  • A chest CT scan revealed a tumoral process measuring 25 mm at the lower lobe of the left lung evoking a Langerhans cell histiocytosis ( Figure 3 ). (scirp.org)
  • Differential diagnoses included toxic lung damage or other interstitial lung disease, (e.g. atypical presentation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis or sarcoidosis). (cdc.gov)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a disorder in which excess immune system cells called Langerhans cells build up in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In many people with Langerhans cell histiocytosis, the disorder eventually goes away with appropriate treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the vulva is a rare disorder with few options for treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder that occurs when a child has too many of a certain type of cell called Langerhans cells. (dana-farber.org)
  • Over the next decades, reviews debated whether LCH was a disorder of transformed Langerhans cells or of normal Langerhans cells rendered pathologic by inappropriate stimuli. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a dendritic cell (antigen-presenting cell) disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 2013). "Skeletal involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis" . (wikidoc.org)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis: skeletal sites commonly involved, age and incidence ratio F:M. The femoral region has been circled, showing the object of our case [1]. (pacs.de)
  • In 1868, Paul Langerhans discovered the epidermal dendritic cells that now bear his name. (medscape.com)
  • Langerhans cells are named after Paul Langerhans , a bright, young medical student who worked with the new technique of gold colloid staining in the mid-19th century. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Langerhans cell hystiocitosis - Head and neck involvement. (pacs.de)
  • Here, we outline the most likely diagnoses with this presentation and discuss a case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in a preterm neonate with severe multiorgan involvement. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Although the epidermal Langerhans cell has been presumed to be the cell of origin in LCH, recent studies have called this belief into question. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, in addition to epidermal Langerhans cells, other potential cellular origins for LCH include dermal langerin + dendritic cells, lymphoid tissue-resident langerin + dendritic cells, and monocytes that can be induced by local environmental stimuli to acquire a Langerhans cell phenotype. (medscape.com)
  • Notably, LCH cells have been found to express markers of both resting epidermal Langerhans cells (CD1a, intracellular major histocompatibility complex II [MHCII], Birbeck granules) and activated Langerhans cells (including CD54 and CD58). (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Taken together, these findings have led some to speculate that LCH is not a specific disease of epidermal Langerhans cells, but rather one of mononuclear phagocyte dysregulation. (medscape.com)
  • At this point, Birbeck granules were thought to be exclusive to epidermal Langerhans cells, skin-restricted cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Histiocytosis X was renamed Langerhans-cell histiocytosis , reflecting the concept that LCH cells represented dysfunctional epidermal Langerhans cells. (capsulehealth.one)
  • In 1868 , Langerhans described an epidermal cell population, accounting for approximately 1% of epidermal cells, with characteristic dendrites that he described as extracutaneous nerves. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Epidermal Langerhans cells are unique among dendritic cells in that they arise not from myeloid progenitor cells in bone marrow but rather from yolk-sac progenitors and fetal liver-derived monocytes that populate the skin before birth and are maintained locally under steady-state conditions. (capsulehealth.one)
  • On the other hand, the infiltration of organs by a monoclonal population of aberrant cells, the possibility of lethal evolution, and the cancer-based modalities of successful treatment are all consistent with a neoplastic process. (medscape.com)
  • The treatment for Langerhans' cell histiocytosis will depend on the organs affected. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • In LCH, abnormally proliferating dendritic cells infiltrate one or more organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In Langerhans cell histiocytosis, excess immature Langerhans cells usually form tumors called granulomas. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by the presence of cells with characteristics similar to bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells juxtaposed against a backdrop of hematopoietic cells, including T-cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. (medscape.com)
  • In the 1970s , Steinman and Cohn distinguished dendritic cells from macrophages on the basis of specific morphologic features of dendritic cells and their superior capacity to present antigens to and activate antigen-specific T cells. (capsulehealth.one)
  • LCH lesion also contains inflammatory cells and cytokines such as T lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Immunologically, the cells presented an intermediate phenotype between Langerhans' cells and dermal macrophages. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The tumour is composed of numerous histiocytic Langerhans cells displaying irregular nuclei with nuclear indentation and grooving, fine chromatin, inconspiciousto small nucleoli, and ample cytoplasm. (radiologycases.my)
  • The cells build up and create tumors. (chkd.org)
  • This report describes the histopathologic results of Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the vulva and options for treatment. (nih.gov)
  • This summary addresses squamous cell cancer of the vulva and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias (VIN), some of which are thought to be precursors to invasive squamous cell cancers. (cancer.gov)
  • The antibody is a new monoclonal antibody against a C-type lectin found on the surface of Langerhans cells. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • Langerhans cells are dendritic cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to skin. (osmosis.org)
  • Letterer-Siwe disease was described in infants with aggressive and generally fatal systemic disease, including skin, liver, spleen, and bone marrow infiltration by reticuloendothelial cells. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Somatic mutations in the BRAF gene have been identified in the Langerhans cells of about half of individuals with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Somatic gene mutations are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These neoplastic cells are the result of sporadic activating mutations in genes of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway expressed by multipotent hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells or committed myeloid precursors [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ultrastructural hallmark of the Langerhans cell, the Birbeck granule, was described a century later. (medscape.com)
  • Specifically, a variety of other cellular populations have been identified that possess phenotypic characteristics similar to Langerhans cells, including expression of CD207 and Birbeck granules. (medscape.com)
  • Two decades later, with the advent of electron microscopy, Nezelof and colleagues identified a unique intracellular organelle, the Birbeck granule , in histiocytosis X lesions. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Findings on CT scan suggestive of Langerhans cell histiocytosis include multiple osteolytic lesions causing full thickness bone destruction. (wikidoc.org)
  • Immunohistochemical staining of the specimen was positive for S100+ CD1a+ and negative for CD43 and myeloperoxidase, findings that confirmed a diagnosis of skin-limited congenital Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. (medizzy.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry: The Langerhans cells are positive for S100, CD68 and CD1a. (radiologycases.my)
  • As a result, the pathologic cells of LCH have been hypothesized to represent Langerhans cells in a state of arrested maturation. (medscape.com)
  • Another way to diagnose Langerhans cell histiocytosis is by examining the lymph nodes. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • A healthcare provider may diagnose Langerhans cell histiocytosis through several things. (chkd.org)
  • Multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, however, is fatal in severe cases. (homeremedylifestyle.com)
  • Multifocal multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis is usually first diagnosed among individuals younger than 2 years of age. (wikidoc.org)
  • No consensus exists for the optimal therapy for Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), particularly in the case of multisystem organ disease. (medscape.com)
  • Using a more sensitive technique for detection of mutant BRAF alleles (droplet digital PCR) [ 9 ], BRAF V600E was not detected in DNA extracted from myeloid or lymphoid cells isolated by flowcytometric sorting from a peripheral blood sample collected at the time of the fourth bone sample. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) can be an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia with constitutive activation from the MAPKinase RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cell signaling pathway. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Localized Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) of bone often presents as a diagnostic challenge. (cmich.edu)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis may occur at any age, but is most common in young children under 10. (dana-farber.org)
  • cell histiocytosis in the adult lumbar spine: case report. (pacs.de)
  • The incidence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis is approximately 0.5 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. (wikidoc.org)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis usually affects Caucasian and Hispanic individuals. (wikidoc.org)
  • Males are more commonly affected with Langerhans cell histiocytosis than females. (wikidoc.org)