A 'Humeral Fracture' is a medical condition defined as a break in any part of the long bone (humerus) connecting the shoulder to the elbow, which may occur due to various reasons such as trauma, fall, or high-impact sports injuries.
Fractures of the proximal humerus, including the head, anatomic and surgical necks, and tuberosities.
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
Breaks in bones.
The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).
Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Fractures of the femur.
Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.
Steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. Kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires.
A hinge joint connecting the FOREARM to the ARM.
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
A partial joint replacement in which only one surface of the joint is replaced with a PROSTHESIS.
Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion.
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.
A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb-side of the forearm, which can occur at various sites such as near the wrist, middle of the bone or closer to the elbow.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Fractures due to the strain caused by repetitive exercise. They are thought to arise from a combination of MUSCLE FATIGUE and bone failure, and occur in situations where BONE REMODELING predominates over repair. The most common sites of stress fractures are the METATARSUS; FIBULA; TIBIA; and FEMORAL NECK.
Fractures around joint replacement prosthetics or implants. They can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively.
The articulation between the head of the HUMERUS and the glenoid cavity of the SCAPULA.
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.
Union of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty or abnormal position. If two bones parallel to one another unite by osseous tissue, the result is a crossunion. (From Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 4th ed)
Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.
Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the rib bones, which can occur at any location along the rib's length, often caused by direct trauma or severe coughing, and may result in pain, difficulty breathing, and increased risk of complications such as pneumonia.
Partial or total replacement of a joint.
Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Fractures of the lower jaw.
Disease involving the RADIAL NERVE. Clinical features include weakness of elbow extension, elbow flexion, supination of the forearm, wrist and finger extension, and thumb abduction. Sensation may be impaired over regions of the dorsal forearm. Common sites of compression or traumatic injury include the AXILLA and radial groove of the HUMERUS.
Falls due to slipping or tripping which may result in injury.
Displacement of the HUMERUS from the SCAPULA.
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
Crumbling or smashing of cancellous BONE by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone. It is applied particularly to vertebral body fractures (SPINAL FRACTURES). (Blauvelt and Nelson, A Manual of Orthopedic Terminology, 1994, p4)
Fractures of the articular surface of a bone.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
A dead body, usually a human body.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma.
Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Injuries to the wrist or the wrist joint.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Fractures of the upper jaw.
External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.
Fractures of the zygoma.
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.
Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.
Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
A bone on the ventral side of the shoulder girdle, which in humans is commonly called the collar bone.
Factors that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, are not intermediate variables, and are not associated with the factor(s) under investigation. They give rise to situations in which the effects of two processes are not separated, or the contribution of causal factors cannot be separated, or the measure of the effect of exposure or risk is distorted because of its association with other factors influencing the outcome of the study.
Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.
The largest of the TARSAL BONES which is situated at the lower and back part of the FOOT, forming the HEEL.
Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
The shaft of long bones.
The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.
The pull on a limb or a part thereof. Skin traction (indirect traction) is applied by using a bandage to pull on the skin and fascia where light traction is required. Skeletal traction (direct traction), however, uses pins or wires inserted through bone and is attached to weights, pulleys, and ropes. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed)
"Dislocation is a traumatic injury wherein the normal articulation between two bones at a joint is disrupted, resulting in the complete separation of the bone ends and associated soft tissues from their usual position."
The eight bones of the wrist: SCAPHOID BONE; LUNATE BONE; TRIQUETRUM BONE; PISIFORM BONE; TRAPEZIUM BONE; TRAPEZOID BONE; CAPITATE BONE; and HAMATE BONE.
The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the CERVICAL ATLAS above.
Procedures to repair or stabilize vertebral fractures, especially compression fractures accomplished by injecting BONE CEMENTS into the fractured VERTEBRAE.
The constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of CARPAL BONES.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.
Fractures of the upper or lower jaw.
A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.
Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
Fractures which extend through the base of the SKULL, usually involving the PETROUS BONE. Battle's sign (characterized by skin discoloration due to extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue behind the ear and over the mastoid process), CRANIAL NEUROPATHIES, TRAUMATIC; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA are relatively frequent sequelae of this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p876)
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
A bone that forms the lower and anterior part of each side of the hip bone.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.
The outer shorter of the two bones of the FOREARM, lying parallel to the ULNA and partially revolving around it.

Primary endoprosthesis in comminuted humeral head fractures in patients over 60 years of age. (1/320)

The purpose of this study was to determine the early subjective and functional results after primary endoprosthesis replacement for comminuted humeral head fractures in patients over 60 years old. Twenty comminuted humeral head fractures in 20 patients were treated primarily (within 3.5 days (range 0-17 days) with a Neer II modular shoulder prosthesis, and were then followed up for an average of 32. 5 months (range 17-44 months). The average age of the patients was 77 years (range 63-91 years). The average post-operative Constant score was 52 points (range 30-76). This was significantly less than that of the contralateral side where the score was 80 points (range 53-100), P=0.0001. The average active abduction was 90 degrees (contralateral 157 degrees ) and active flexion 99 degrees (contralateral 161 degrees ). Eighteen of the 20 patients experienced relief of pain and would accept the same procedure again.  (+info)

Sonographic detection of radial nerve entrapment within a humerus fracture. (2/320)

Radial neuropathy is frequently associated with fracture of the middle third of the humerus owing to the course of the nerve adjacent to the humeral shaft. The prevalence varies from 2 to 18% of humeral fractures. The therapeutic management is still controversial. Some authors recommend initial surgical exploration, whereas others prefer observation and intervention only if the injured nerve failed to recover after a period of more than 4 months. According to the literature, verification of an entrapped radial nerve in a fracture gap requires surgical exploration, but diagnostic tools to verify the existence of a pathologic condition are limited. We describe the sonographic findings of an entrapped radial nerve and review the literature regarding diagnosis and treatment of entrapped radial nerve in cases of humeral fracture.  (+info)

Endoscopic bone graft for delayed union and nonunion. (3/320)

We performed endoscopic bone grafting for eight patients of delayed union and nonunion which developed after femoral and humeral shaft fractures. The mean interval from initial intervention to endoscopic bone grafting was 7.3 months. Six patients of delayed union and nonunion healed at 4.1 months on average. Two patients had unsatisfactory healing and eventually underwent non-endoscopic revisional surgery. There was no intraoperative on postoperative complication. Endoscopic bone grafting can be a less invasive alternative, obtaining rapid bone union in cases of compromised healing of the diaphyseal fracture.  (+info)

Complications of Marchetti locked nailing for humeral shaft fractures. (4/320)

In this retrospective study 50 humeral fractures (36 acute, 6 pathological fractures and 8 non-unions) were treated by retrograde locked bundled Marchetti nailing. No intraoperative complications occurred. Postoperative complications included 7 non-unions (4/36 acute fractures and 3/8 delayed union), and 2 intraarticular penetrations of the secondary nails. However, at the subsequent removal of the implant 5 supracondylar fractures occurred.  (+info)

Displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Audit changes practice. (5/320)

We performed an audit of 71 children with consecutive displaced, extension-type supracondylar fractures of the humerus over a period of 30 months. The fractures were classified according to the Wilkins modification of the Gartland system. There were 29 type IIA, 22 type IIB and 20 type III. We assessed the effectiveness of guidelines proposed after a previous four-year review of 83 supracondylar fractures. These recommended that: 1) an experienced surgeon should be responsible for the initial management; 2) closed or open reduction of type-IIB and type-III fractures must be supplemented by stabilisation with Kirschner (K-) wires; and 3) K-wires of adequate thickness (1.6 mm) must be used in a crossed configuration. The guidelines were followed in 52 of the 71 cases. When they were observed there were no reoperations and no malunion. In 19 children in whom they had not been observed more than one-third required further operation and six had a varus deformity. Failure to institute treatment according to the guidelines led to an unsatisfactory result in 11 patients. When they were followed the result of treatment was much better. We have devised a protocol for the management of these difficult injuries.  (+info)

Fixation of fractures of the shaft of the humerus by dynamic compression plate or intramedullary nail. A prospective, randomised trial. (6/320)

We randomised prospectively 44 patients with fractures of the shaft of the humerus to open reduction and internal fixation by either an intramedullary nail (IMN) or a dynamic compression plate (DCP). Patients were followed up for a minimum of six months. There were no significant differences in the function of the shoulder and elbow, as determined by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons' score, the visual analogue pain score, range of movement, or the time taken to return to normal activity. There was a single case of shoulder impingement in the DCP group and six in the IMN group. Of these six, five occurred after antegrade insertion of an IMN. In the DCP group three patients developed complications, compared with 13 in the IMN group. We had to perform secondary surgery on seven patients in the IMN group, but on only one in the DCP group (p = 0.016). Our findings suggest that open reduction and internal fixation with a DCP remains the best treatment for unstable fractures of the shaft of the humerus. Fixation by IMN may be indicated for specific situations, but is technically more demanding and has a higher rate of complications.  (+info)

Long-term follow-up of persistent humeral shaft non-unions treated with tricortical bone grafting and compression plating. (7/320)

Three percent of all fractures occur in the humeral shaft. A very high union rate is achieved with nonoperative treatment. When non-unions occur, however, they are often very difficult to treat, and often require multiple procedures to achieve union. Even with multiple procedures, true pseudoarthroses have only a 59% union rate10. We conducted a retrospective study of ten patients having persistent non-union of the humeral shaft, three of whom had a true pseudoarthrosis. An patients were treated with a compression plate and a tricortical iliac crest bone graft anchored rigidly across the fracture site with two screws applied at 90 degrees to the plate. A solid union was achieved in all ten (100%) patients.  (+info)

External fixation of open humerus fractures. (8/320)

Fifteen patients with open shaft of humerus fractures were treated with a monolateral external fixator. Nine patients presented with nerve palsies. Two radial nerves were disrupted and required grafting. Of the seven others, six spontaneously recovered and one brachial plexus partially improved. All fractures healed. The average duration of external fixation was 21 weeks. Four patients required additional procedures prior to healing (external fixator reapplication-2, plating and bone grafting-2). Two of these four experienced breakage of 4.5 mm external fixation pins. Eight patients developed pin tract infections, which all resolved with local care and antibiotics. Thirteen patients were contacted at an average of 63 months after injury. Eleven reported they were satisfied with their result, nine had no functional limits, and eight reported no pain.  (+info)

A humeral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the humerus bone, which is the long bone located in the upper arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. Humeral fractures can occur anywhere along the length of the bone and can vary in severity, from small hairline cracks to complete breaks that separate the bone into several pieces.

These types of fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, falls, sports injuries, or repetitive stress injuries. Symptoms of a humeral fracture may include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, limited mobility, and difficulty moving the arm.

Humeral fractures are typically diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment options for humeral fractures depend on the severity and location of the break, and may include immobilization with a sling or cast, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone with plates, screws, or rods, or physical therapy to help restore mobility and strength to the arm.

A shoulder fracture refers to a break in one or more bones that make up the shoulder joint, which includes the humerus (upper arm bone), scapula (shoulder blade), and clavicle (collarbone). These types of fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, falls, or degenerative conditions. Symptoms may include severe pain, swelling, bruising, limited range of motion, deformity, and in some cases, numbness or tingling sensations. Treatment options depend on the severity and location of the fracture but can include immobilization with a sling or brace, surgery, or physical therapy.

Fracture fixation, internal, is a surgical procedure where a fractured bone is fixed using metal devices such as plates, screws, or rods that are implanted inside the body. This technique helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the broken bone while it heals. The implants may be temporarily or permanently left inside the body, depending on the nature and severity of the fracture. Internal fixation allows for early mobilization and rehabilitation, which can result in a faster recovery and improved functional outcome.

Fracture healing is the natural process by which a broken bone repairs itself. When a fracture occurs, the body responds by initiating a series of biological and cellular events aimed at restoring the structural integrity of the bone. This process involves the formation of a hematoma (a collection of blood) around the fracture site, followed by the activation of inflammatory cells that help to clean up debris and prepare the area for repair.

Over time, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone matrix, or osteoid, along the edges of the broken bone ends. This osteoid eventually hardens into new bone tissue, forming a bridge between the fracture fragments. As this process continues, the callus (a mass of newly formed bone and connective tissue) gradually becomes stronger and more compact, eventually remodeling itself into a solid, unbroken bone.

The entire process of fracture healing can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such as the severity of the injury, the patient's age and overall health, and the location of the fracture. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote healing or ensure proper alignment of the bone fragments. This may include the use of casts, braces, or surgical implants such as plates, screws, or rods.

Bone plates are medical devices used in orthopedic surgery to stabilize and hold together fractured or broken bones during the healing process. They are typically made of surgical-grade stainless steel, titanium, or other biocompatible materials. The plate is shaped to fit the contour of the bone and is held in place with screws that are inserted through the plate and into the bone on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and alignment to the broken bones, allowing them to heal properly. Bone plates can be used to treat a variety of fractures, including those that are complex or unstable. After healing is complete, the bone plate may be left in place or removed, depending on the individual's needs and the surgeon's recommendation.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

Fracture fixation is a surgical procedure in orthopedic trauma surgery where a fractured bone is stabilized using various devices and techniques to promote proper healing and alignment. The goal of fracture fixation is to maintain the broken bone ends in correct anatomical position and length, allowing for adequate stability during the healing process.

There are two main types of fracture fixation:

1. Internal fixation: In this method, metal implants like plates, screws, or intramedullary rods are inserted directly into the bone to hold the fragments in place. These implants can be either removed or left in the body once healing is complete, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

2. External fixation: This technique involves placing pins or screws through the skin and into the bone above and below the fracture site. These pins are then connected to an external frame that maintains alignment and stability. External fixators are typically used when there is significant soft tissue damage, infection, or when internal fixation is not possible due to the complexity of the fracture.

The choice between internal and external fixation depends on various factors such as the type and location of the fracture, patient's age and overall health, surgeon's preference, and potential complications. Both methods aim to provide a stable environment for bone healing while minimizing the risk of malunion, nonunion, or deformity.

A hip fracture is a medical condition referring to a break in the upper part of the femur (thigh) bone, which forms the hip joint. The majority of hip fractures occur due to falls or direct trauma to the area. They are more common in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and makes them more prone to breaking. Hip fractures can significantly impact mobility and quality of life, often requiring surgical intervention and rehabilitation.

I believe you are referring to "bone pins" or "bone nails" rather than "bone nails." These terms are used in the medical field to describe surgical implants made of metal or biocompatible materials that are used to stabilize and hold together fractured bones during the healing process. They can also be used in spinal fusion surgery to provide stability and promote bone growth between vertebrae.

Bone pins or nails typically have a threaded or smooth shaft, with a small diameter that allows them to be inserted into the medullary canal of long bones such as the femur or tibia. They may also have a head or eyelet on one end that allows for attachment to external fixation devices or other surgical instruments.

The use of bone pins and nails has revolutionized orthopedic surgery, allowing for faster healing times, improved stability, and better functional outcomes for patients with fractures or spinal deformities.

A comminuted fracture is a type of bone break where the bone is shattered into three or more pieces. This type of fracture typically occurs after high-energy trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a great height. Commminuted fractures can also occur in bones that are weakened by conditions like osteoporosis or cancer. Because of the severity and complexity of comminuted fractures, they often require extensive treatment, which may include surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments using metal screws, plates, or rods.

A femoral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee joint and is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body and allowing movement of the lower extremity. Femoral fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, low-energy trauma in individuals with weak bones (osteoporosis), or as a result of a direct blow to the thigh.

Femoral fractures can be classified into different types based on their location, pattern, and severity. Some common types of femoral fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A break that occurs straight across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that occurs in a helical pattern around the bone.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break that results in multiple fragments of the bone.
5. Open or compound fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin.
6. Closed or simple fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Femoral fractures can cause severe pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may involve surgical intervention, including the use of metal rods, plates, or screws to stabilize the bone, followed by rehabilitation and physical therapy to restore mobility and strength.

The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm that extends from the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) to the elbow joint. It articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint and with the radius and ulna bones at the elbow joint. The proximal end of the humerus has a rounded head that provides for movement in multiple planes, making it one of the most mobile joints in the body. The greater and lesser tubercles are bony prominences on the humeral head that serve as attachment sites for muscles that move the shoulder and arm. The narrow shaft of the humerus provides stability and strength for weight-bearing activities, while the distal end forms two articulations: one with the ulna (trochlea) and one with the radius (capitulum). Together, these structures allow for a wide range of motion in the shoulder and elbow joints.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

Intramedullary fracture fixation is a surgical technique used to stabilize and align bone fractures. In this procedure, a metal rod or nail is inserted into the marrow cavity (intramedullary canal) of the affected bone, spanning the length of the fracture. The rod is then secured to the bone using screws or other fixation devices on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and helps maintain proper alignment during the healing process.

The benefits of intramedullary fixation include:

1. Load sharing: The intramedullary rod shares some of the load bearing capacity with the bone, which can help reduce stress on the healing bone.
2. Minimal soft tissue dissection: Since the implant is inserted through the medullary canal, there is less disruption to the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments compared to other fixation methods.
3. Biomechanical stability: Intramedullary fixation provides rotational and bending stiffness, which helps maintain proper alignment of the fracture fragments during healing.
4. Early mobilization: Patients with intramedullary fixation can often begin weight bearing and rehabilitation exercises earlier than those with other types of fixation, leading to faster recovery times.

Common indications for intramedullary fracture fixation include long bone fractures in the femur, tibia, humerus, and fibula, as well as certain pelvic and spinal fractures. However, the choice of fixation method depends on various factors such as patient age, fracture pattern, location, and associated injuries.

I'm not aware of a medical term called "bone wires." The term "wiring" is used in orthopedic surgery to describe the use of metal wire to hold bones or fractures in place during healing. However, I couldn't find any specific medical definition or term related to "bone wires." It may be a colloquialism, a term used in a specific context, or a term from science fiction. If you could provide more context about where you encountered this term, I might be able to give a more accurate answer.

The elbow joint, also known as the cubitus joint, is a hinge joint that connects the humerus bone of the upper arm to the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. It allows for flexion and extension movements of the forearm, as well as some degree of rotation. The main articulation occurs between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, while the radial head of the radius also contributes to the joint's stability and motion. Ligaments, muscles, and tendons surround and support the elbow joint, providing strength and protection during movement.

Bone screws are medical devices used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to affix bone fracture fragments or to attach bones to other bones or to metal implants such as plates, rods, or artificial joints. They are typically made of stainless steel or titanium alloys and have a threaded shaft that allows for purchase in the bone when tightened. The head of the screw may have a hexagonal or star-shaped design to allow for precise tightening with a screwdriver. Bone screws come in various shapes, sizes, and designs, including fully threaded, partially threaded, cannulated (hollow), and headless types, depending on their intended use and location in the body.

Hemiarthroplasty is a surgical procedure where only one half (hemi-) of a joint is replaced with an artificial component, usually a metal ball attached to a stem that fits into the bone. This procedure is most commonly performed on the shoulder or hip joints. In a hip hemiarthroplasty, it involves replacing the femoral head (the ball part of the thighbone) which has been damaged due to fracture or arthritis. The acetabulum (socket part of the pelvis) is not replaced and remains as it is. This procedure aims to relieve pain, restore mobility, and improve joint function.

Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure to restore the integrity and function of a joint. The term is derived from two Greek words: "arthro" meaning joint, and "plasty" meaning to mold or form. There are several types of arthroplasty, but most involve resurfacing the damaged joint cartilage with artificial materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic.

The goal of arthroplasty is to relieve pain, improve mobility, and restore function in a joint that has been damaged by arthritis, injury, or other conditions. The most common types of arthroplasty are total joint replacement (TJR) and partial joint replacement (PJR).

In TJR, the surgeon removes the damaged ends of the bones in the joint and replaces them with artificial components called prostheses. These prostheses can be made of metal, plastic, or ceramic materials, and are designed to mimic the natural movement and function of the joint.

In PJR, only one side of the joint is resurfaced, typically because the damage is less extensive. This procedure is less invasive than TJR and may be recommended for younger patients who are still active or have a higher risk of complications from a full joint replacement.

Other types of arthroplasty include osteotomy, in which the surgeon cuts and reshapes the bone to realign the joint; arthrodesis, in which the surgeon fuses two bones together to create a stable joint; and resurfacing, in which the damaged cartilage is removed and replaced with a smooth, artificial surface.

Arthroplasty is typically recommended for patients who have tried other treatments, such as physical therapy, medication, or injections, but have not found relief from their symptoms. While arthroplasty can be highly effective in relieving pain and improving mobility, it is not without risks, including infection, blood clots, and implant failure. Patients should discuss the benefits and risks of arthroplasty with their healthcare provider to determine if it is the right treatment option for them.

Osteoporotic fractures are breaks or cracks in bones that occur as a result of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Osteoporosis causes bones to lose density and strength, making them more susceptible to fractures, even from minor injuries or falls.

The most common types of osteoporotic fractures are:

1. Hip fractures: These occur when the upper part of the thigh bone (femur) breaks, often due to a fall. Hip fractures can be serious and may require surgery and hospitalization.
2. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the bones in the spine (vertebrae) collapse, causing height loss, back pain, and deformity. They are often caused by everyday activities, such as bending or lifting.
3. Wrist fractures: These occur when the bones in the wrist break, often due to a fall. Wrist fractures are common in older adults with osteoporosis.
4. Other fractures: Osteoporotic fractures can also occur in other bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and humerus (upper arm bone).

Prevention is key in managing osteoporosis and reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures. This includes getting enough calcium and vitamin D, engaging in regular weight-bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and taking medications as prescribed by a healthcare provider.

A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb side of the forearm. Radius fractures can occur as a result of a fall, direct blow to the forearm, or a high-energy collision such as a car accident. There are various types of radius fractures, including:

1. Distal radius fracture: A break at the end of the radius bone, near the wrist joint, which is the most common type of radius fracture.
2. Radial shaft fracture: A break in the middle portion of the radius bone.
3. Radial head and neck fractures: Breaks in the upper part of the radius bone, near the elbow joint.
4. Comminuted fracture: A complex radius fracture where the bone is broken into multiple pieces.
5. Open (compound) fracture: A radius fracture with a wound or laceration in the skin, allowing for communication between the outside environment and the fractured bone.
6. Intra-articular fracture: A radius fracture that extends into the wrist joint or elbow joint.
7. Torus (buckle) fracture: A stable fracture where one side of the bone is compressed, causing it to buckle or bend, but not break completely through.

Symptoms of a radius fracture may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the fracture but can range from casting to surgical intervention with implant fixation.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

Spontaneous fractures are bone breaks that occur without any identifiable trauma or injury. They are typically caused by underlying medical conditions that weaken the bones, making them more susceptible to breaking under normal stress or weight. The most common cause of spontaneous fractures is osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Other potential causes include various bone diseases, certain cancers, long-term use of corticosteroids, and genetic disorders affecting bone strength.

It's important to note that while the term "spontaneous" implies that the fracture occurred without any apparent cause, it is usually the result of an underlying medical condition. Therefore, if you experience a spontaneous fracture, seeking medical attention is crucial to diagnose and manage the underlying cause to prevent future fractures and related complications.

Stress fractures are defined as small cracks or severe bruising in bones that occur from repetitive stress or overuse. They most commonly occur in weight-bearing bones, such as the legs and feet, but can also occur in the arms, hips, and back. Stress fractures differ from regular fractures because they typically do not result from a single, traumatic event. Instead, they are caused by repeated stress on the bone that results in microscopic damage over time. Athletes, military personnel, and individuals who engage in high-impact activities or have weak bones (osteoporosis) are at increased risk of developing stress fractures. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected bone.

Periprosthetic fractures are defined as fractures that occur in close proximity to a prosthetic joint, such as those found in total hip or knee replacements. These types of fractures typically occur as a result of low-energy trauma, and can be caused by a variety of factors including osteoporosis, bone weakness, or loosening of the prosthetic implant.

Periprosthetic fractures are classified based on the location of the fracture in relation to the prosthesis, as well as the stability of the implant. Treatment options for periprosthetic fractures may include non-surgical management, such as immobilization with a brace or cast, or surgical intervention, such as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or revision arthroplasty.

The management of periprosthetic fractures can be complex and requires careful consideration of various factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, bone quality, and functional needs. As such, these types of fractures are typically managed by orthopedic surgeons with experience in joint replacement surgery and fracture care.

The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the most mobile joint in the human body. It is a ball and socket synovial joint that connects the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) to the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade). The shoulder joint allows for a wide range of movements including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. It is surrounded by a group of muscles and tendons known as the rotator cuff that provide stability and enable smooth movement of the joint.

A femoral neck fracture is a type of hip fracture that occurs in the narrow, vertical section of bone just below the ball of the femur (thigh bone) that connects to the hip socket. This area is called the femoral neck. Femoral neck fractures can be categorized into different types based on their location and the direction of the fractured bone.

These fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma, such as car accidents or falls from significant heights, in younger individuals. However, in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, femoral neck fractures can also result from low-energy trauma, like a simple fall from standing height.

Femoral neck fractures are often serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment usually involves surgery to realign and stabilize the broken bone fragments, followed by rehabilitation to help regain mobility and strength. Potential complications of femoral neck fractures include avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow to the femoral head), nonunion or malunion (improper healing), and osteoarthritis in the hip joint.

Malunited fractures refer to a type of fracture where the bones do not heal in their proper alignment or position. This can occur due to various reasons such as inadequate reduction of the fracture fragments during initial treatment, improper casting or immobilization, or failure of the patient to follow proper immobilization instructions. Malunited fractures can result in deformity, limited range of motion, and decreased functionality of the affected limb. Additional treatments such as surgery may be required to correct the malunion and restore normal function.

Surgical casts are medical devices used to immobilize and protect injured body parts, typically fractured or broken bones, during the healing process. They are usually made of plaster or fiberglass materials that harden when wet and conform to the shape of the affected area once applied. The purpose of a surgical cast is to restrict movement and provide stability to the injured site, allowing for proper alignment and healing of the bones.

The casting process involves first aligning the broken bone fragments into their correct positions, often through manual manipulation or surgical intervention. Once aligned, the cast material is applied in layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before adding the next. This creates a rigid structure that encases and supports the injured area. The cast must be kept dry during the healing process to prevent it from becoming weakened or damaged.

Surgical casts come in various shapes and sizes depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may also include additional components such as padding, Velcro straps, or window openings to allow for regular monitoring of the skin and underlying tissue. In some cases, removable splints or functional braces may be used instead of traditional casts, providing similar support while allowing for limited movement and easier adjustments.

It is essential to follow proper care instructions when wearing a surgical cast, including elevating the injured limb, avoiding excessive weight-bearing, and monitoring for signs of complications such as swelling, numbness, or infection. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are necessary to ensure proper healing and adjust the cast if needed.

An ulna fracture is a break in the ulna bone, which is one of the two long bones in the forearm. The ulna is located on the pinky finger side of the forearm and functions to support the elbow joint and assist in rotation and movement of the forearm. Ulna fractures can occur at various points along the bone, including the shaft, near the wrist, or at the elbow end of the bone. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment typically involves immobilization with a cast or splint, followed by rehabilitation exercises to restore strength and range of motion. In severe cases, surgery may be required to realign and stabilize the fractured bone.

Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the bones that make up the rib cage, which is the protective structure around the lungs and heart. Rib fractures can result from direct trauma to the chest, such as from a fall, motor vehicle accident, or physical assault. They can also occur from indirect forces, such as during coughing fits in people with weakened bones (osteoporosis).

Rib fractures are painful and can make breathing difficult, particularly when taking deep breaths or coughing. In some cases, rib fractures may lead to complications like punctured lungs (pneumothorax) or collapsed lungs (atelectasis), especially if multiple ribs are broken in several places.

It is essential to seek medical attention for suspected rib fractures, as proper diagnosis and management can help prevent further complications and promote healing. Treatment typically involves pain management, breathing exercises, and, in some cases, immobilization or surgery.

Arthroplasty, replacement, is a surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased joint surface is removed and replaced with an artificial implant or device. The goal of this surgery is to relieve pain, restore function, and improve the quality of life for patients who have severe joint damage due to arthritis or other conditions.

During the procedure, the surgeon removes the damaged cartilage and bone from the joint and replaces them with a metal, plastic, or ceramic component that replicates the shape and function of the natural joint surface. The most common types of joint replacement surgery are hip replacement, knee replacement, and shoulder replacement.

The success rate of joint replacement surgery is generally high, with many patients experiencing significant pain relief and improved mobility. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are risks involved, including infection, blood clots, implant loosening or failure, and nerve damage. Therefore, it's essential to discuss the potential benefits and risks of joint replacement surgery with a healthcare provider before making a decision.

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the skull. It can occur from a direct blow to the head, penetrating injuries like gunshot wounds, or from strong rotational forces during an accident. There are several types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear Skull Fracture: This is the most common type, where there's a simple break in the bone without any splintering, depression, or displacement. It often doesn't require treatment unless it's near a sensitive area like an eye or ear.

2. Depressed Skull Fracture: In this type, a piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain. Surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain and repair the fracture.

3. Diastatic Skull Fracture: This occurs along the suture lines (the fibrous joints between the skull bones) that haven't fused yet, often seen in infants and young children.

4. Basilar Skull Fracture: This involves fractures at the base of the skull. It can be serious due to potential injury to the cranial nerves and blood vessels located in this area.

5. Comminuted Skull Fracture: In this severe type, the bone is shattered into many pieces. These fractures usually require extensive surgical repair.

Symptoms of a skull fracture can include pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding (if there's an open wound), and in some cases, clear fluid draining from the ears or nose (cerebrospinal fluid leak). Severe fractures may cause brain injury, leading to symptoms like confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or neurological deficits. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected skull fracture.

"Recovery of function" is a term used in medical rehabilitation to describe the process in which an individual regains the ability to perform activities or tasks that were previously difficult or impossible due to injury, illness, or disability. This can involve both physical and cognitive functions. The goal of recovery of function is to help the person return to their prior level of independence and participation in daily activities, work, and social roles as much as possible.

Recovery of function may be achieved through various interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, and other rehabilitation strategies. The specific approach used will depend on the individual's needs and the nature of their impairment. Recovery of function can occur spontaneously as the body heals, or it may require targeted interventions to help facilitate the process.

It is important to note that recovery of function does not always mean a full return to pre-injury or pre-illness levels of ability. Instead, it often refers to the person's ability to adapt and compensate for any remaining impairments, allowing them to achieve their maximum level of functional independence and quality of life.

Internal fixators are medical devices that are implanted into the body through surgery to stabilize and hold broken or fractured bones in the correct position while they heal. These devices can be made from various materials, such as metal (stainless steel or titanium) or bioabsorbable materials. Internal fixators can take many forms, including plates, screws, rods, nails, wires, or cages, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

The main goal of using internal fixators is to promote bone healing by maintaining accurate reduction and alignment of the fractured bones, allowing for early mobilization and rehabilitation. This can help reduce the risk of complications such as malunion, nonunion, or deformity. Internal fixators are typically removed once the bone has healed, although some bioabsorbable devices may not require a second surgery for removal.

It is important to note that while internal fixators provide stability and support for fractured bones, they do not replace the need for proper immobilization, protection, or rehabilitation during the healing process. Close follow-up with an orthopedic surgeon is essential to ensure appropriate healing and address any potential complications.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A mandibular fracture is a break or crack in the lower jaw (mandible) bone. It can occur at any point along the mandible, but common sites include the condyle (the rounded end near the ear), the angle (the curved part of the jaw), and the symphysis (the area where the two halves of the jaw meet in the front). Mandibular fractures are typically caused by trauma, such as a direct blow to the face or a fall. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty chewing or speaking, and malocclusion (misalignment) of the teeth. Treatment usually involves immobilization with wires or screws to allow the bone to heal properly.

Radial neuropathy, also known as radial nerve palsy, refers to damage or dysfunction of the radial nerve. The radial nerve provides motor function to the muscles in the back of the arm and sensation to the back of the hand and forearm. Damage to this nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the wrist and finger extensors, causing difficulty with extending the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Additionally, there may be numbness or tingling sensations in the back of the hand and forearm. Radial neuropathy can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, compression, or certain medical conditions like diabetes.

An accidental fall is an unplanned, unexpected event in which a person suddenly and involuntarily comes to rest on the ground or other lower level, excluding intentional changes in position (e.g., jumping to catch a ball) and landings that are part of a planned activity (e.g., diving into a pool). Accidental falls can occur for various reasons, such as environmental hazards, muscle weakness, balance problems, visual impairment, or certain medical conditions. They are a significant health concern, particularly among older adults, as they can lead to serious injuries, loss of independence, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality.

Shoulder dislocation is a medical condition where the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) gets displaced from its normal position in the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade). This can occur anteriorly, posteriorly, or inferiorly, with anterior dislocations being the most common. It is usually caused by trauma or forceful movement and can result in pain, swelling, bruising, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint. Immediate medical attention is required to relocate the joint and prevent further damage.

A closed fracture, also known as a simple fracture, is a type of bone break where the skin remains intact and there is no open wound. The bone may be broken in such a way that it does not pierce the skin, but still requires medical attention for proper diagnosis, treatment, and healing. Closed fractures can range from hairline cracks to complete breaks and can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. It is important to seek immediate medical care if a closed fracture is suspected, as improper healing can lead to long-term complications such as decreased mobility, chronic pain, or deformity.

A tooth fracture is a dental health condition characterized by a break or crack in the tooth structure. It can occur in different parts of the tooth, including the crown (the visible part), root, or filling. Tooth fractures can result from various factors such as trauma, biting or chewing on hard objects, grinding or clenching teeth, and having large, old amalgam fillings that weaken the tooth structure over time. Depending on the severity and location of the fracture, it may cause pain, sensitivity, or affect the tooth's functionality and appearance. Treatment options for tooth fractures vary from simple bonding to root canal treatment or even extraction in severe cases. Regular dental check-ups are essential for early detection and management of tooth fractures.

The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a medical scoring system used to assess the severity of trauma in patients with multiple injuries. It's based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), which classifies each injury by body region on a scale from 1 (minor) to 6 (maximum severity).

The ISS is calculated by summing the squares of the highest AIS score in each of the three most severely injured body regions. The possible ISS ranges from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries. An ISS over 15 is generally considered a significant injury, and an ISS over 25 is associated with a high risk of mortality. It's important to note that the ISS has limitations, as it doesn't consider the number or type of injuries within each body region, only the most severe one.

A compression fracture is a type of bone fracture that occurs when there is a collapse of a vertebra in the spine. This type of fracture is most commonly seen in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. Compression fractures are often caused by weakened bones due to osteoporosis, but they can also result from trauma or tumors that weaken the bone.

In a compression fracture, the front part (anterior) of the vertebra collapses, while the back part (posterior) remains intact, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease. This can lead to pain, deformity, and decreased mobility. In severe cases, multiple compression fractures can result in a condition called kyphosis, which is an abnormal curvature of the spine that leads to a hunchback appearance.

Compression fractures are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment may include pain medication, bracing, physical therapy, or in some cases, surgery. Preventive measures such as maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and taking medications to prevent or treat osteoporosis can help reduce the risk of compression fractures.

An intra-articular fracture is a type of fracture that involves the joint surface or articular cartilage of a bone. These types of fractures can occur in any joint, but they are most commonly seen in the weight-bearing joints such as the knee, ankle, and wrist.

Intra-articular fractures can be caused by high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or falls from significant heights, or by low-energy trauma, such as a simple fall in older adults with osteoporosis.

These types of fractures are often complex and may involve displacement or depression of the joint surface, which can increase the risk of developing post-traumatic arthritis. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to ensure optimal outcomes and minimize long-term complications. Treatment options for intra-articular fractures may include surgical fixation with plates, screws, or pins, as well as joint replacement in some cases.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

A reoperation is a surgical procedure that is performed again on a patient who has already undergone a previous operation for the same or related condition. Reoperations may be required due to various reasons, such as inadequate initial treatment, disease recurrence, infection, or complications from the first surgery. The nature and complexity of a reoperation can vary widely depending on the specific circumstances, but it often carries higher risks and potential complications compared to the original operation.

A cadaver is a deceased body that is used for medical research or education. In the field of medicine, cadavers are often used in anatomy lessons, surgical training, and other forms of medical research. The use of cadavers allows medical professionals to gain a deeper understanding of the human body and its various systems without causing harm to living subjects. Cadavers may be donated to medical schools or obtained through other means, such as through consent of the deceased or their next of kin. It is important to handle and treat cadavers with respect and dignity, as they were once living individuals who deserve to be treated with care even in death.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.

Orbital fractures refer to breaks in the bones that make up the eye socket, also known as the orbit. These bones include the maxilla, zygoma, frontal bone, and palatine bone. Orbital fractures can occur due to trauma, such as a blunt force injury or a penetrating wound.

There are several types of orbital fractures, including:

1. Blowout fracture: This occurs when the thin bone of the orbital floor is broken, often due to a direct blow to the eye. The force of the impact can cause the eyeball to move backward, breaking the bone and sometimes trapping the muscle that moves the eye (the inferior rectus).
2. Blow-in fracture: This type of fracture involves the breakage of the orbital roof, which is the bone that forms the upper boundary of the orbit. It typically occurs due to high-impact trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a significant height.
3. Direct fracture: A direct fracture happens when there is a break in one or more of the bones that form the walls of the orbit. This type of fracture can result from a variety of traumas, including motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.
4. Indirect fracture: An indirect fracture occurs when the force of an injury is transmitted to the orbit through tissues surrounding it, causing the bone to break. The most common type of indirect orbital fracture is a blowout fracture.

Orbital fractures can cause various symptoms, including pain, swelling, bruising, and double vision. In some cases, the fracture may also lead to enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit) or telecanthus (increased distance between the inner corners of the eyes). Imaging tests, such as CT scans, are often used to diagnose orbital fractures and determine the best course of treatment. Treatment may include observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to repair the fracture and restore normal function.

A Colles' fracture is a specific type of fracture in the distal end of the radius bone in the forearm, which is the larger of the two bones in the lower arm. This type of fracture occurs when the wrist is forcefully bent backward (dorsiflexion), often as a result of falling onto an outstretched hand.

In a Colles' fracture, the distal end of the radius bone breaks and is displaced downward and angulated backward, resulting in a characteristic "dinner fork" deformity. This type of fracture is more common in older individuals, particularly women with osteoporosis, but can also occur in younger people as a result of high-energy trauma.

Colles' fractures are typically treated with immobilization using a cast or splint to hold the bones in proper alignment while they heal. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the fracture, particularly if there is significant displacement or instability of the bone fragments.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Bony callus is a medical term that refers to the specialized tissue that forms in response to a bone fracture. It is a crucial part of the natural healing process, as it helps to stabilize and protect the broken bone while it mends.

When a bone is fractured, the body responds by initiating an inflammatory response, which triggers the production of various cells and signaling molecules that promote healing. As part of this process, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to produce new bone tissue at the site of the fracture. This tissue is initially soft and pliable, allowing it to bridge the gap between the broken ends of the bone.

Over time, this soft callus gradually hardens and calcifies, forming a bony callus that helps to stabilize the fracture and provide additional support as the bone heals. The bony callus is typically composed of a mixture of woven bone (which is less organized than normal bone) and more structured lamellar bone (which is similar in structure to normal bone).

As the bone continues to heal, the bony callus may be gradually remodeled and reshaped by osteoclasts, which are specialized cells that break down and remove excess or unwanted bone tissue. This process helps to restore the bone's original shape and strength, allowing it to function normally again.

It is worth noting that excessive bony callus formation can sometimes lead to complications, such as stiffness, pain, or decreased range of motion in the affected limb. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove or reduce the size of the bony callus and promote proper healing.

Observer variation, also known as inter-observer variability or measurement agreement, refers to the difference in observations or measurements made by different observers or raters when evaluating the same subject or phenomenon. It is a common issue in various fields such as medicine, research, and quality control, where subjective assessments are involved.

In medical terms, observer variation can occur in various contexts, including:

1. Diagnostic tests: Different radiologists may interpret the same X-ray or MRI scan differently, leading to variations in diagnosis.
2. Clinical trials: Different researchers may have different interpretations of clinical outcomes or adverse events, affecting the consistency and reliability of trial results.
3. Medical records: Different healthcare providers may document medical histories, physical examinations, or treatment plans differently, leading to inconsistencies in patient care.
4. Pathology: Different pathologists may have varying interpretations of tissue samples or laboratory tests, affecting diagnostic accuracy.

Observer variation can be minimized through various methods, such as standardized assessment tools, training and calibration of observers, and statistical analysis of inter-rater reliability.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

Wrist injuries refer to damages or traumas affecting the structures of the wrist, including bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as falls, accidents, sports-related impacts, or repetitive stress. Common types of wrist injuries include fractures (such as scaphoid fracture), sprains (like ligament tears), strains (involving muscles or tendons), dislocations, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, limited mobility, and in severe cases, deformity or numbness. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Maxillary fractures, also known as Le Fort fractures, are complex fractures that involve the upper jaw or maxilla. Named after the French surgeon René Le Fort who first described them in 1901, these fractures are categorized into three types (Le Fort I, II, III) based on the pattern and level of bone involvement.

1. Le Fort I fracture: This type of maxillary fracture involves a horizontal separation through the lower part of the maxilla, just above the teeth's roots. It often results from direct blows to the lower face or chin.

2. Le Fort II fracture: A Le Fort II fracture is characterized by a pyramidal-shaped fracture pattern that extends from the nasal bridge through the inferior orbital rim and maxilla, ending at the pterygoid plates. This type of fracture usually results from forceful impacts to the midface or nose.

3. Le Fort III fracture: A Le Fort III fracture is a severe craniofacial injury that involves both the upper and lower parts of the face. It is also known as a "craniofacial dysjunction" because it separates the facial bones from the skull base. The fracture line extends through the nasal bridge, orbital rims, zygomatic arches, and maxilla, ending at the pterygoid plates. Le Fort III fractures typically result from high-impact trauma to the face, such as car accidents or assaults.

These fractures often require surgical intervention for proper alignment and stabilization of the facial bones.

An external fixator is a type of orthopedic device used in the treatment of severe fractures or deformities of bones. It consists of an external frame that is attached to the bone with pins or wires that pass through the skin and into the bone. This provides stability to the injured area while allowing for alignment and adjustment of the bone during the healing process.

External fixators are typically used in cases where traditional casting or internal fixation methods are not feasible, such as when there is extensive soft tissue damage, infection, or when a limb needs to be gradually stretched or shortened. They can also be used in reconstructive surgery for bone defects or deformities.

The external frame of the fixator is made up of bars and clamps that are adjustable, allowing for precise positioning and alignment of the bones. The pins or wires that attach to the bone are carefully inserted through small incisions in the skin, and are held in place by the clamps on the frame.

External fixators can be used for a period of several weeks to several months, depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's healing process. During this time, the patient may require regular adjustments and monitoring by an orthopedic surgeon or other medical professional. Once the bone has healed sufficiently, the external fixator can be removed in a follow-up procedure.

Zygomatic fractures, also known as "tripod fractures" or "malar fractures," refer to breaks in the zygomatic bone, which is the cheekbone. This type of facial fracture typically occurs due to significant trauma, such as a forceful blow to the face during sports injuries, traffic accidents, or physical assaults.

In zygomatic fractures, the bone can be displaced or depressed, leading to various symptoms, including:

* Facial asymmetry or flattening of the cheek area
* Bruising and swelling around the eyes (periorbital ecchymosis) and cheeks
* Diplopia (double vision) due to muscle entrapment or trauma to the eye muscles
* Subconjunctival hemorrhage (bleeding in the white part of the eye)
* Trismus (difficulty opening the mouth) due to muscle spasms or injury to the temporomandibular joint
* Numbness or altered sensation in the upper lip, cheek, or side of the nose

Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination and imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. Treatment typically involves closed reduction (manipulation without surgery) or open reduction with internal fixation (surgical reconstruction using plates and screws). The primary goal of treatment is to restore the facial structure's integrity, symmetry, and function while minimizing complications and promoting optimal healing.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a specific type of osteoporosis that occurs in women after they have gone through menopause. It is defined as a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. In this condition, the decline in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause accelerates bone loss, resulting in a decrease in bone density and quality, which can lead to fragility fractures, particularly in the hips, wrists, and spine.

It's important to note that while postmenopausal osteoporosis is more common in women, men can also develop osteoporosis due to other factors such as aging, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions.

Forearm injuries refer to damages or traumas that affect the anatomy and function of the forearm, which is the area between the elbow and wrist. This region consists of two long bones (the radius and ulna) and several muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels that enable movements such as flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of the hand and wrist.

Common forearm injuries include:

1. Fractures: Breaks in the radius or ulna bones can occur due to high-energy trauma, falls, or sports accidents. These fractures may be simple (stable) or compound (displaced), and might require immobilization, casting, or surgical intervention depending on their severity and location.

2. Sprains and Strains: Overstretching or tearing of the ligaments connecting the bones in the forearm or the muscles and tendons responsible for movement can lead to sprains and strains. These injuries often cause pain, swelling, bruising, and limited mobility.

3. Dislocations: In some cases, forceful trauma might result in the dislocation of the radioulnar joint, where the ends of the radius and ulna meet. This injury can be extremely painful and may necessitate immediate medical attention to realign the bones and stabilize the joint.

4. Tendonitis: Repetitive motions or overuse can cause inflammation and irritation of the tendons in the forearm, resulting in a condition known as tendonitis. This injury typically presents with localized pain, swelling, and stiffness that worsen with activity.

5. Nerve Injuries: Direct trauma, compression, or stretching can damage nerves in the forearm, leading to numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the hand and fingers. Common nerve injuries include radial nerve neuropathy and ulnar nerve entrapment.

6. Compartment Syndrome: Forearm compartment syndrome occurs when increased pressure within one of the forearm's fascial compartments restricts blood flow to the muscles, nerves, and tissues inside. This condition can result from trauma, bleeding, or swelling and requires immediate medical intervention to prevent permanent damage.

Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing forearm injuries and ensuring optimal recovery. Patients should consult with a healthcare professional if they experience persistent pain, swelling, stiffness, weakness, or numbness in their forearms or hands.

Bone density conservation agents, also known as anti-resorptive agents or bone-sparing drugs, are a class of medications that help to prevent the loss of bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures. They work by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue during the natural remodeling process.

Examples of bone density conservation agents include:

1. Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) - These are the most commonly prescribed class of bone density conservation agents. They bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue and inhibit osteoclast activity, thereby reducing bone resorption.
2. Denosumab (Prolia) - This is a monoclonal antibody that targets RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand), a key signaling molecule involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation. By inhibiting RANKL, denosumab reduces osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
3. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (e.g., raloxifene) - These medications act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues. In bone tissue, SERMs mimic the bone-preserving effects of estrogen by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption.
4. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Estrogen hormone replacement therapy has been shown to preserve bone density in postmenopausal women; however, its use is limited due to increased risks of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and thromboembolic events.
5. Calcitonin - This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption. However, it has largely been replaced by other more effective bone density conservation agents.

These medications are often prescribed for individuals at high risk of fractures due to conditions such as osteoporosis or metabolic disorders that affect bone health. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential side effects. Regular monitoring of bone density, blood calcium levels, and other relevant parameters is also necessary during treatment with these medications.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

The clavicle, also known as the collarbone, is a long, slender bone that lies horizontally between the breastbone (sternum) and the shoulder blade (scapula). It is part of the shoulder girdle and plays a crucial role in supporting the upper limb. The clavicle has two ends: the medial end, which articulates with the sternum, and the lateral end, which articulates with the acromion process of the scapula. It is a common site of fracture due to its superficial location and susceptibility to direct trauma.

The pelvic bones, also known as the hip bones, are a set of three irregularly shaped bones that connect to form the pelvic girdle in the lower part of the human body. They play a crucial role in supporting the spine and protecting the abdominal and pelvic organs.

The pelvic bones consist of three bones:

1. The ilium: This is the largest and uppermost bone, forming the majority of the hip bone and the broad, flaring part of the pelvis known as the wing of the ilium or the iliac crest, which can be felt on the side of the body.
2. The ischium: This is the lower and back portion of the pelvic bone that forms part of the sitting surface or the "sit bones."
3. The pubis: This is the front part of the pelvic bone, which connects to the other side at the pubic symphysis in the midline of the body.

The pelvic bones are joined together at the acetabulum, a cup-shaped socket that forms the hip joint and articulates with the head of the femur (thigh bone). The pelvic bones also have several openings for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and reproductive and excretory organs.

The shape and size of the pelvic bones differ between males and females due to their different roles in childbirth and locomotion. Females typically have a wider and shallower pelvis than males to accommodate childbirth, while males usually have a narrower and deeper pelvis that is better suited for weight-bearing and movement.

Ankle injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the ankle joint and its surrounding structures, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. The ankle joint is a complex structure composed of three bones: the tibia (shinbone), fibula (lower leg bone), and talus (a bone in the foot). These bones are held together by various strong ligaments that provide stability and enable proper movement.

There are several types of ankle injuries, with the most common being sprains, strains, and fractures:

1. Ankle Sprain: A sprain occurs when the ligaments surrounding the ankle joint get stretched or torn due to sudden twisting, rolling, or forced movements. The severity of a sprain can range from mild (grade 1) to severe (grade 3), with partial or complete tearing of the ligament(s).
2. Ankle Strain: A strain is an injury to the muscles or tendons surrounding the ankle joint, often caused by overuse, excessive force, or awkward positioning. This results in pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the ankle.
3. Ankle Fracture: A fracture occurs when one or more bones in the ankle joint break due to high-impact trauma, such as a fall, sports injury, or vehicle accident. Fractures can vary in severity, from small cracks to complete breaks that may require surgery and immobilization for proper healing.

Symptoms of ankle injuries typically include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected ankle. Immediate medical attention is necessary for severe injuries, such as fractures, dislocations, or significant ligament tears, to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Treatment options may include rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), immobilization with a brace or cast, physical therapy, medication, or surgery, depending on the type and severity of the injury.

The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone in the human foot, and it is commonly known as the heel bone. It articulates with the cuboid bone anteriorly, the talus bone superiorly, and several tendons and ligaments that help to form the posterior portion of the foot's skeletal structure. The calcaneus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and movement, as it forms the lower part of the leg's ankle joint and helps to absorb shock during walking or running.

Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.

The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.

Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

The diaphysis refers to the shaft or middle portion of a long bone in the body. It is the part that is typically cylindrical in shape and contains the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The diaphysis is primarily composed of compact bone tissue, which provides strength and support for weight-bearing and movement.

In contrast to the diaphysis, the ends of long bones are called epiphyses, and they are covered with articular cartilage and contain spongy bone tissue filled with red marrow, which is responsible for producing blood cells. The area where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis is known as the metaphysis, and it contains growth plates that are responsible for the longitudinal growth of bones during development.

The fibula is a slender bone located in the lower leg of humans and other vertebrates. It runs parallel to the larger and more robust tibia, and together they are known as the bones of the leg or the anterior tibial segment. The fibula is the lateral bone in the leg, positioned on the outside of the tibia.

In humans, the fibula extends from the knee joint proximally to the ankle joint distally. Its proximal end, called the head of the fibula, articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia and forms part of the inferior aspect of the knee joint. The narrowed portion below the head is known as the neck of the fibula.

The shaft of the fibula, also called the body of the fibula, is a long, thin structure that descends from the neck and serves primarily for muscle attachment rather than weight-bearing functions. The distal end of the fibula widens to form the lateral malleolus, which is an important bony landmark in the ankle region. The lateral malleolus articulates with the talus bone of the foot and forms part of the ankle joint.

The primary functions of the fibula include providing attachment sites for muscles that act on the lower leg, ankle, and foot, as well as contributing to the stability of the ankle joint through its articulation with the talus bone. Fractures of the fibula can occur due to various injuries, such as twisting or rotational forces applied to the ankle or direct trauma to the lateral aspect of the lower leg.

Traction, in medical terms, refers to the application of a pulling force to distract or align parts of the body, particularly bones, joints, or muscles, with the aim of immobilizing, reducing displacement, or realigning them. This is often achieved through the use of various devices such as tongs, pulleys, weights, or specialized traction tables. Traction may be applied manually or mechanically and can be continuous or intermittent, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. Common indications for traction include fractures, dislocations, spinal cord injuries, and certain neurological conditions.

A dislocation is a condition in which a bone slips out of its normal position in a joint. This can happen as a result of trauma or injury, such as a fall or direct blow to the body. Dislocations can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected area. In some cases, a dislocation may also damage surrounding tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and nerves.

Dislocations are typically treated by reducing the dislocation, which means putting the bone back into its normal position. This is usually done with the help of medication to relieve pain and relaxation techniques to help the person stay still during the reduction. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or if the dislocation cannot be reduced through other methods. After the dislocation has been reduced, the joint may be immobilized with a splint or sling to allow it to heal properly.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you have a dislocation. If left untreated, a dislocation can lead to further complications, such as joint instability and chronic pain.

Carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist joint in humans and other primates. These bones are arranged in two rows, with four bones in each row. The proximal row includes the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform bones, while the distal row includes the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones.

The carpal bones play an essential role in the function of the wrist joint by providing stability, support, and mobility. They allow for a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, and circumduction. The complex structure of the carpal bones also helps to absorb shock and distribute forces evenly across the wrist during activities such as gripping or lifting objects.

Injuries to the carpal bones, such as fractures or dislocations, can be painful and may require medical treatment to ensure proper healing and prevent long-term complications. Additionally, degenerative conditions such as arthritis can affect the carpal bones, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility in the wrist joint.

The odontoid process, also known as the dens, is a tooth-like projection from the second cervical vertebra (axis). It fits into a ring formed by the first vertebra (atlas), allowing for movement between these two vertebrae. The odontoid process helps to support the head and facilitates movements such as nodding and shaking. It is an essential structure in maintaining stability and mobility of the upper spine.

Vertebroplasty is a medical procedure used to treat spinal fractures, particularly those resulting from osteoporosis or cancer. The procedure involves injecting a type of bone cement called polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) into the damaged vertebra. This helps to stabilize the bone, reduce pain, and improve function.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the skin, and a hollow needle is guided using fluoroscopy (a type of X-ray guidance) into the fractured vertebra. Once in place, the PMMA cement is injected into the bone, where it hardens quickly, providing stability to the fractured vertebra.

It's important to note that while vertebroplasty can be an effective treatment for some patients with spinal fractures, it's not always necessary or appropriate. The decision to undergo this procedure should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider and based on a thorough evaluation of the patient's individual needs and circumstances.

The "femur neck" is the narrow, upper part of the femur (thigh bone) where it connects to the pelvis. It is the region through which the femoral head articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint. The femur neck is a common site for fractures, especially in older adults with osteoporosis.

Photon Absorptiometry is a medical technique used to measure the absorption of photons (light particles) by tissues or materials. In clinical practice, it is often used as a non-invasive method for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). This technique uses a low-energy X-ray beam or gamma ray to penetrate the tissue and then measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the bone. The amount of absorption is related to the density and thickness of the bone, allowing for an assessment of BMD. It can be used to diagnose osteoporosis and monitor treatment response in patients with bone diseases. There are two types of photon absorptiometry: single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA). SPA uses one energy level, while DPA uses two different energy levels to measure BMD, providing more precise measurements.

The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

Diphosphonates are a class of medications that are used to treat bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. They work by binding to the surface of bones and inhibiting the activity of bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts. This helps to slow down the breakdown and loss of bone tissue, which can help to reduce the risk of fractures.

Diphosphonates are typically taken orally in the form of tablets, but some forms may be given by injection. Commonly prescribed diphosphonates include alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva). Side effects of diphosphonates can include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, they may also cause esophageal ulcers or osteonecrosis of the jaw.

It is important to follow the instructions for taking diphosphonates carefully, as they must be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and the patient must remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation. Regular monitoring of bone density and kidney function is also recommended while taking these medications.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

The scaphoid bone is one of the eight carpal bones located in the wrist, which connect the forearm bones (radius and ulna) to the hand bones (metacarpals). It is situated on the thumb side of the wrist and has a unique shape that resembles a boat or a small cashew nut. The scaphoid bone plays a crucial role in the mobility and stability of the wrist joint. Injuries to this bone, such as fractures or dislocations, are common in sports activities, falls, or accidents and may require medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Spinal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur to the vertebral column, which houses and protects the spinal cord. These injuries can be caused by various factors such as trauma from accidents (motor vehicle, sports-related, falls, etc.), violence, or degenerative conditions like arthritis, disc herniation, or spinal stenosis.

Spinal injuries can result in bruising, fractures, dislocations, or compression of the vertebrae, which may then cause damage to the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues, nerves, and blood vessels. The severity of a spinal injury can range from mild, with temporary symptoms, to severe, resulting in permanent impairment or paralysis below the level of injury.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:
- Pain or stiffness in the neck or back
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury
- In severe cases, respiratory problems and difficulty in breathing

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal injuries to prevent further damage and ensure proper treatment. Treatment options may include immobilization, surgery, medication, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.

Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.

The tarsal bones are a group of seven articulating bones in the foot that make up the posterior portion of the foot, located between the talus bone of the leg and the metatarsal bones of the forefoot. They play a crucial role in supporting the body's weight and facilitating movement.

There are three categories of tarsal bones:

1. Proximal row: This includes the talus, calcaneus (heel bone), and navicular bones. The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint, while the calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone and forms the heel. The navicular bone is located between the talus and the cuneiform bones.

2. Intermediate row: This includes the cuboid bone, which is located laterally (on the outside) to the navicular bone and articulates with the calcaneus, fourth and fifth metatarsals, and the cuneiform bones.

3. Distal row: This includes three cuneiform bones - the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms - which are located between the navicular bone proximally and the first, second, and third metatarsal bones distally. The medial cuneiform is the largest of the three and articulates with the navicular bone, first metatarsal, and the intermediate cuneiform. The intermediate cuneiform articulates with the medial and lateral cuneiforms and the second metatarsal. The lateral cuneiform articulates with the intermediate cuneiform, cuboid, and fourth metatarsal.

Together, these bones form a complex network of joints that allow for movement and stability in the foot. Injuries or disorders affecting the tarsal bones can result in pain, stiffness, and difficulty walking.

A jaw fracture, also known as a mandibular fracture, is a break in the lower jawbone. It can occur at any point along the bone, from the condyle (the rounded end that articulates with the skull) to the symphysis (the area where the two halves of the jaw meet in the front).

Jaw fractures are typically caused by trauma, such as a direct blow to the face during sports injuries, traffic accidents, or physical assaults. They can also result from falls, particularly in older adults with osteoporosis.

Symptoms of jaw fractures may include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty speaking, chewing, or opening the mouth wide, and malocclusion (the teeth do not fit together properly when biting down). In some cases, there may be visible deformity or mobility in the jaw.

Diagnosis of jaw fractures typically involves a thorough physical examination, dental X-rays, CT scans, or other imaging studies to assess the location and severity of the fracture. Treatment may involve immobilization with wires or braces, pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, and in some cases, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments.

Alendronate is a medication that falls under the class of bisphosphonates. It is commonly used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men, as well as in the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone.

Alendronate works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue. By reducing the activity of osteoclasts, alendronate helps to slow down bone loss and increase bone density, thereby reducing the risk of fractures.

The medication is available in several forms, including tablets and oral solutions, and is typically taken once a week for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. It is important to follow the dosing instructions carefully, as improper administration can reduce the drug's effectiveness or increase the risk of side effects. Common side effects of alendronate include gastrointestinal symptoms such as heartburn, stomach pain, and nausea.

Bone cements are medical-grade materials used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to fill gaps between bone surfaces and implants, such as artificial joints or screws. They serve to mechanically stabilize the implant and provide a smooth, load-bearing surface. The two most common types of bone cement are:

1. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of powdered PMMA and liquid methyl methacrylate monomer. When mixed together, they form a dough-like consistency that hardens upon exposure to air. PMMA cement has been widely used for decades in joint replacement surgeries, such as hip or knee replacements.
2. Calcium phosphate (CP) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of a powdered CP compound and an aqueous solution. When mixed together, they form a paste that hardens through a chemical reaction at body temperature. CP cement has lower mechanical strength compared to PMMA but demonstrates better biocompatibility, bioactivity, and the ability to resorb over time.

Both types of bone cements have advantages and disadvantages, and their use depends on the specific surgical indication and patient factors.

A basilar skull fracture is a type of skull fracture that involves the base of the skull. It is a serious and potentially life-threatening injury, as it can cause damage to the brainstem and cranial nerves. A basilar skull fracture may occur as a result of a severe head trauma, such as from a fall, car accident, or violent assault.

In a basilar skull fracture, the bones that form the base of the skull (the occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and temporal bones) are broken. This type of fracture can be difficult to diagnose on a routine skull X-ray, and may require further imaging studies such as a CT scan or MRI to confirm the diagnosis.

Symptoms of a basilar skull fracture may include:

* Battle's sign: a bruise behind the ear
* Raccoon eyes: bruising around the eyes
* Clear fluid leaking from the nose or ears (cerebrospinal fluid)
* Hearing loss
* Facial paralysis
* Difficulty swallowing
* Changes in level of consciousness

If you suspect that someone has a basilar skull fracture, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. This type of injury requires prompt treatment and close monitoring to prevent complications such as infection or brain swelling.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

The pubic bone, also known as the pubis or pubic symphysis, is a part of the pelvis - the complex ring-like structure that forms the lower part of the trunk and supports the weight of the upper body. The pubic bone is the anterior (front) portion of the pelvic girdle, located at the bottom of the abdomen, and it connects to the other side at the pubic symphysis, a cartilaginous joint.

The pubic bone plays an essential role in supporting the lower limbs and providing attachment for various muscles involved in movements like walking, running, and jumping. It also protects some abdominal organs and contributes to the structure of the pelvic outlet, which is crucial during childbirth.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

"Trauma severity indices" refer to various scoring systems used by healthcare professionals to evaluate the severity of injuries in trauma patients. These tools help standardize the assessment and communication of injury severity among different members of the healthcare team, allowing for more effective and consistent treatment planning, resource allocation, and prognosis estimation.

There are several commonly used trauma severity indices, including:

1. Injury Severity Score (ISS): ISS is an anatomical scoring system that evaluates the severity of injuries based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The body is divided into six regions, and the square of the highest AIS score in each region is summed to calculate the ISS. Scores range from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries.
2. New Injury Severity Score (NISS): NISS is a modification of the ISS that focuses on the three most severely injured body regions, regardless of their anatomical location. The three highest AIS scores are squared and summed to calculate the NISS. This scoring system tends to correlate better with mortality than the ISS in some studies.
3. Revised Trauma Score (RTS): RTS is a physiological scoring system that evaluates the patient's respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological status upon arrival at the hospital. It uses variables such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate to calculate a score between 0 and 7.84, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.
4. Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): TRISS is a combined anatomical and physiological scoring system that estimates the probability of survival based on ISS or NISS, RTS, age, and mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating). It uses logistic regression equations to calculate the predicted probability of survival.
5. Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS): PTS is a physiological scoring system specifically designed for children under 14 years old. It evaluates six variables, including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, capillary refill time, GCS, and temperature to calculate a score between -6 and +12, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.

These scoring systems help healthcare professionals assess the severity of trauma, predict outcomes, allocate resources, and compare patient populations in research settings. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized care for each patient.

The radius is one of the two bones in the forearm in humans and other vertebrates. In humans, it runs from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. It is responsible for rotation of the forearm and articulates with the humerus at the elbow and the carpals at the wrist. Any medical condition or injury that affects the radius can impact the movement and function of the forearm and hand.

Distal humeral fractures are a group of humerus fracture which includes supracondylar fractures, single condyle fractures, bi- ... column fractures and coronal shear fractures. Attum, B (6 June 2019). "Humerus Fractures Overview". StatPearls. PMID 29489190. ...
"Proximal Humeral Fractures". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 7 November 2018. Jo MJ, Gardner MJ (September 2012 ... of all fractures in adults. It is the most common fracture of the humerus, as well as the most common fracture at the shoulder ... In this age group they are the third most common fractures after hip and Colles fractures. Women are more often affected than ... The average age of people who sustain a proximal humerus fracture is 63-66 years. A proximal humerus fracture in a young child ...
Types include proximal humeral fractures, humeral shaft fractures, and distal humeral fractures. Diagnosis is generally ... Proximal fractures make up 5% of all fractures and 25% of humerus fractures, middle fractures about 60% of humerus fractures ( ... Fractures of the humerus shaft are subdivided into transverse fractures, spiral fractures, "butterfly" fractures, which are a ... A fracture of the greater tuberosity as seen on AP X ray A fracture of the greater tuberosity of the humerus Fracture of the ...
Humeral Fractures". Hand and Upper Extremity Rehabilitation (Third ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 369-387. ISBN 978-0-443- ... Acetabular and pelvic fractures Severely comminuted and unstable fractures Fractures that are associated with bony deficits ... However, in complicated fractures and where there are problems with the healing of the fracture this may take longer. It is ... The fracture can be set in the proper anatomical configuration by adjusting the ball-and-socket joints. Since the bolts pierce ...
His research paper on Early exploration of radial nerve with secondary injuries in humeral shaft fractures published in Journal ... Carroll, Robert E.; Michelsen, Christopher (September 1975). "Radial Nerve Injuries in Fracture of the Humeral Shaft". Clinical ... 2019 He led a study on osteoporotic fracture risk in urban Indian population using quantitative ultrasonography & FRAX tool ... Maheshwari, Prashant; Agarwal, Amit K.; Vijay, Vipul; Vaishya, Raju (2017-11-01). "Assessment of osteoporotic fracture risk in ...
Edmonds, Eric W (2010). "How Displaced Are "Nondisplaced" Fractures of the Medial Humeral Epicondyle in Children? Results of a ... Medial epicondyle fractures account for 10% elbow fractures in children. 25% of injuries are associated with a dislocation of ... "Outcomes of Nonoperative Pediatric Medial Humeral Epicondyle Fractures With and Without Associated Elbow Dislocation". Journal ... Medial epicondyle fractures are typically seen in children and usually occur as a result of a fall onto an out-stretched hand. ...
Fracture of the anatomical neck rarely occurs. The diameter of the humeral head is generally larger in men than in women. The ... A fracture of the humerus in this region can result in radial nerve injury. The ulnar nerve lies at the distal end of the ... Fracture of the anatomical neck rarely occurs. The anatomical neck of the humerus is an indentation distal to the head of the ... The medial humeral head develops an ossification center around 4 months of age and the greater tuberosity around 10 months of ...
"Vascular injuries and their sequelae in pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures: toward a goal of prevention". Journal of ... Fracture at the supracondylar area of femur, where the adductor part of the adductor magnus attaches, will most likely cause ... Popliteal artery can also be damaged by the fracture of distal femur. Abnormality in the relationship between the adductor ...
Humeral fractures and shoulder dislocations can also cause this type of injury with high energy injuries. Root avulsion or ... A bony fragment, pseudoaneurysm, hematoma, or callus formation of fractured clavicle can also put pressure on the injured nerve ... Benson, M.; Fixsen, J.; Macnicol, M.; Parsch, K. (2010). Children's Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer. p. 366. ISBN 978-1- ... fractures, cuff tears, etc.) may be appreciated. Although superior to nerve conduction studies, ultrasound and other tests, ...
Bony humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (BHAGL) refers when we have HAGL with bony fracture. Signs and symptoms of a ... Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) is defined as an avulsion (tearing away) of the inferior glenohumeral ... "Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament". radiopaedia. Retrieved 30 November 2011. Christian L. Carlson, MD, MS The "J" ... "Humeral Articulation or Shoulder-joint". Anatomy of the Human Body. Retrieved 30 November 2011. Radiopaedia Homepage Shoulder ...
Flatow co-developed humeral stem and glenoid socket designs and procedures for coated and uncoated shoulder replacements. The ... Flatow focuses on minimally invasive fracture repair, arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery, arthroscopic repair and shoulder ... US 7699853, Durand-Allen, Anitra; Wiley, Roy & Bigliani, Louis et al., "Method and instruments for positioning humeral ... uncoated and coated humeral stem designs in total shoulder arthroplasty". EFORT Open Reviews. 4 (2): 70-76. doi:10.1302/2058- ...
Common injuries include humeral shaft fractures, shoulder trauma, muscle strain, golfers' elbow, and less commonly pectoralis ... The Fly (1986 film) features an arm wrestling scene in which one competitor's arm suffers a compound fracture. In the episode ...
2005 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix (250cc) Fracture of the left humeral head that affected the supraspinal tendon. 2006 ... Fracture to the fourth metatarsal of the left foot. 2018 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix (MotoGP) Fracture of the right wrist, ... 2003 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix (125cc) Double fracture in the talus bone of the left foot and a fracture of the right ... 2009 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix (MotoGP) Incomplete fracture of the greater trochanter of the right femur. A fracture ...
A Hill-Sachs lesion, or Hill-Sachs fracture, is a cortical depression in the posterolateral head of the humerus. It results ... The result is a divot or flattening in the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head, usually opposite the coracoid process. ... Associated bony lesions or fractures may coexist in the glenoid such as the bony Bankart lesion. In such scenarios, surgical ... Before their paper, although the fracture was already known to be a sign of shoulder dislocation, the precise mechanism was ...
"Reliability and reproducibility of the new AO/OTA 2018 classification system for proximal humeral fractures: a comparison of ... A Revolution in Fracture Care, 1950s-1990s". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume. 85 (3): 588. doi:10.2106/ ... "The History of the treatment by extension of fractures of long bones". Digital Commons at UNMC. University of Nebraska Medical ... This approach focused on reducing fractures and stabilizing them with splints and plaster, followed by traction. By the time of ...
Similar symptoms are common with anterior shoulder dislocation, humeral neck fracture, brachial plexus injury and thoracic ... The infraspinatus and teres minor attach to head of the humerus; as part of the rotator cuff they help hold the humeral head in ... Posterior humeral circumflex artery compression and reduced blood flow in stressful arm positions and or maneuvers can be ... The primary function of the teres minor is to modulate the action of the deltoid, preventing the humeral head from sliding ...
In children, a posterior fat pad sign suggests a condylar fracture of the humerus. In adults it suggests a radial head fracture ... toxic synovitis, septic arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, osteomyelitis of the distal humeral physis and secondary ... It is may indicate an occult fracture that is not directly visible. Its name derives from the fact that it has the shape of a ... In addition to fracture, any process resulting in an elbow joint effusion may also demonstrate an abnormal fat pad sign. ...
A fracture in this area is most likely to cause damage to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery. Damage to ... The surgical neck is much more frequently fractured than the anatomical neck of the humerus. This type of fracture takes place ... neck and surgical neck of the humerus Posterior view of the humerus showing the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral ...
"Risk of Ulnar Nerve Injury During Cross-Pinning in Supine and Prone Position for Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children: A ... fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as distal radius fracture are often ... "Is there sufficient evidence for tuning fork tests in diagnosing fractures? A systematic review". BMJ Open. 4 (8): e005238. doi ... considered fractures to the wrist. Xanthoma - A xanthoma (pl. xanthomas or xanthomata) (condition: xanthomatosis), from Greek ...
"Risk of Ulnar Nerve Injury During Cross-Pinning in Supine and Prone Position for Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children: A ... Common mechanisms of injury: Cubital tunnel syndrome, fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus (causing direct ulnar ... nerve injury), fracture of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (causing cubitus valgus with tardy ulnar nerve palsy), ...
When this happens, a pocket at the front of the glenoid forms that allows the humeral head to dislocate into it. It is an ... Fracture marked by a black arrow. Terms for anatomical location Major, Nancy M.; Anderson, Mark W. (2020). "10. Shoulder". ... A bony Bankart is a Bankart lesion that includes a fracture of the anterior-inferior glenoid cavity of the scapula bone. The ... indication for surgery and often accompanied by a Hill-Sachs lesion, damage to the posterior humeral head. ...
At mid-arm Common mechanism of injury: Mid-shaft humeral fracture Motor deficit: Weakness of supination, and loss of extension ... Just below the elbow Common mechanism of injury: Neck of radius fracture, elbow dislocation or fracture, tight cast, rheumatoid ...
Coracohumeral ligament Transverse humeral ligament Coraco-acromial ligament The nerves supplying the shoulder joint all arise ... In younger people, these dislocation events are most commonly associated with fractures on the humerus and/or glenoid and can ... The shoulder joint is supplied with blood by branches of the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries, the ... Anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint occurs when the humeral head is displaced in the anterior direction. Anterior ...
Distal humeral fractures are related to high energy trauma from falling from a height or in a motor vehicle accident, this ... Malleolar fractures are related to ankle twisting or shearing injury, these fractures are often associated with ligament injury ... Carpal fractures are caused by falling on an outstretched hand the wrist is hyper-extended in ulnar deviation with a component ... Elbow dislocation and radial head or neck fractures are common when one falls on an outstretched hand. Elbow Dislocations are ...
... vertebral compression fractures, aseptic necrosis of femoral and humeral heads, and pathologic fracture of long bones. ... Additionally, a UK-based study showed that BMD may underrepresent a patient with SLE, as their risk for fractures is 22% higher ... mass and architecture that leaves a patient susceptible to fractures. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines osteoporosis ...
Failure of remodeling of the distal femoral and proximal humeral metaphyses giving the affected bones a funnel shaped ... appearance known as an Erlenmeyer flask deformity Alternating radiolucent femoral metaphyseal bands Pathologic fractures The ...
... fractures of the humeral shaft (long bone between the shoulder and elbow), ribs, scapula, outer end of the clavicle, and ... Multiple fractures of varying age, bilateral fractures, and complex skull fractures are also linked to abuse. Fractures of ... Fracture patterns in abuse fractures that are very common with abuse are fractures in the growing part of a long bone (between ... The fractures that are most common in children are the incomplete fractures; these fractures are the greenstick and torus or ...
... and operative treatment of humeral fractures. The benefits of utilizing regional anesthesia over general anesthesia include ... The metal ball takes the place of the patient's humeral head and is anchored via a stem, which is inserted down the shaft of ... This prompted the development of a procedure to replace not only the humeral component, but the glenoid component as well. ... Recent advances in technology have led to the development of short stem, stemless, as well as cementless humeral replacement ...
Dunlop's traction - humeral fractures in children Russell's traction Although the use of traction has decreased over the years ... It is widely used for femoral fractures, low back pain, acetabular fractures and hip fractures. Skin traction rarely causes ... fracture reduction, but reduces pain and maintains the length of the bone. ...
Humeral_Shaft_Fracture__Aspects.4.aspx Holstein-Lewis fracture at Wheeless Orthopaedics online (Articles needing additional ... It is vulnerable to injury with fractures of the humeral shaft as it lies in very close proximity to the bone (it descends ... A Holstein-Lewis fracture is a fracture of the distal third of the humerus resulting in entrapment of the radial nerve. The ... The vast majority of radial nerve palsies occurring as a result of humeral shaft fractures are neurapraxias (nerve conduction ...
Distal humeral fractures are a group of humerus fracture which includes supracondylar fractures, single condyle fractures, bi- ... column fractures and coronal shear fractures. Attum, B (6 June 2019). "Humerus Fractures Overview". StatPearls. PMID 29489190. ...
He described the fracture as beginning in the lateral metaphysis proximal to the condyle, coursing distally, and exiting ... Stimson first described the fracture patterns in lateral condyle fractures in his book Treatise on Fractures. ... Lateral condyle fractures account for 17% of all distal humerus fractures and 54% of distal humeral physeal fractures. The ... encoded search term (Lateral Humeral Condyle Fracture) and Lateral Humeral Condyle Fracture What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Miami Neutral Over-The-Shoulder Humeral Fracture Brace for treatment of selected diaphyseal fractures. Full elbow ROM. Buy ... Miami Neutral Over-the-Shoulder Humeral Fracture Brace for treatment of selected diaphyseal fractures. Brace provides full ... 2970001996 Miami Neutral Humeral Fracture Brace https://www.alimed.com/miami-humeral-fracture-brace.html https://www.alimed.com ... Neutral Humeral Fracture Brace fits left or right shoulder/arm. Suggested code: L3980. ...
Adult Humeral Inter-condylar Fractures: Restoration of Frx Anatomy. Adult Humeral Inter-condylar Fractures: Restoration of Frx ... A paradigm shift in the surgical reconstruction of extra-articular distal humeral fractures: Single-column plating. ... note that fracture failure will occur at the metaphyseal level;. - w/ insufficient bony contact, consider shortening of the ... small 45 k wires not only can be used for reduction, but they can also be cut and left in place for additional fracture ...
... fracture, humeral fracture, humerus, joint, ligament, ligaments of the shoulder, rotator cuff, scapula, shoulder, shoulder ... bones of the shoulder clavicle coracoacromial ligament coracoclavicular ligament fracture humeral fracture humerus joint ... bones of the shoulder clavicle coracoacromial ligament coracoclavicular ligament fracture humeral fracture humerus joint ...
Like fractures in other bone segments, proximal humeral fractures are divided into three groups subject to the severity and ... Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture). *Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna) ... skull fractures * base of skull fractures * occipital condyle fracture *Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital ... lower limb fractures *classification by region * pelvic fractures *Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture) ...
Proximal humeral fractures account for around 5% of humeral fractures.. They are the third most common non-vertebral fragility ... As proximal humeral fractures are fragility fractures, it is incumbent upon the treating physician that these patients be ... Complex proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients remain challenging to manage. Pre-fracture shoulder function is never ... One should consider RTSA for complex proximal humeral fractures/fracture-dislocations in patients over the age of 70 years with ...
SHAFT: Scandinavian Humeral diaphyseal Fracture Trial; SHAFT-Y: Scandinavian Humeral diaphyseal Fracture Trial -Young; SHAFT-E ... in humeral shaft fracture treatment is not well understood.. One of the main challenges with humeral shaft fractures is the ... Fracture site mobility at 6 weeks after humeral shaft fracture predicts nonunion without surgery. J Orthop Trauma. 2017;31(12): ... 011 humeral fractures : data from the Swedish Fracture Register. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016; doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1009-8 ...
Pediatric humeral shaft fractures are usually traumatic in nature, although nonaccidental trauma and pathologic lesions can not ... Humeral Shaft Fractures in the pediatric population are usually traumatic in nature, although nonaccidental trauma and ... utilized for almost all pediatric humeral shaft fractures (if not pathologic) due to remodeling potential ... proximal and distal humerus growth plates contributes 80:20 percent to overall humeral length ...
Functional outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in boileau class 1 and class 2 proximal humeral fracture sequelae: A ... Functional outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in boileau class 1 and class 2 proximal humeral fracture sequelae: A ... Functional outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in boileau class 1 and class 2 proximal humeral fracture sequelae: A ... Functional outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in boileau class 1 and class 2 proximal humeral fracture sequelae : ...
Results: Of 80 paediatric humeral diaphyseal fractures, 65 (81%) were treated with immobilization. In all, 15 (19%) fractures ... Management of paediatric humeral shaft fractures and associated nerve palsy.. M A OShaughnessy, J A Parry, H Liu, A A Stans, A ... Most common indications were fracture displacement, open fractures and to improve mobilization in patients with multiple ... more open fractures and increased fracture displacement. All patients in the nonoperative and operative groups went on to union ...
Distal Humeral Fractures - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... See also Overview of Fractures Overview of Fractures A fracture is a break in a bone. Most fractures result from a single, ... If findings in children are compatible with a distal humeral fracture, review x-rays closely for evidence of occult fracture ( ... The anterior humeral line Anterior humeral line and radiocapitellar line is a line drawn along the anterior border of the ...
Humeral fractures - Descargar como PDF o ver en línea de forma gratuita ... Humeral fractures. *1. . Riduzione e sintesi con chiodo di frattura omero prossimale Dott. Alessio Cristiano Dirigente medico A ...
"Humeral Fractures" by people in this website by year, and whether "Humeral Fractures" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Humeral Fractures" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Humeral Fractures" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Humeral Fractures". ...
Barnes, Leslie Fink ; Parsons, Bradford O. ; Flatow, Evan L. / Percutaneous fixation of proximal humeral fractures. In: JBJS ... Barnes, L. F., Parsons, B. O., & Flatow, E. L. (2015). Percutaneous fixation of proximal humeral fractures. JBJS Essential ... Percutaneous fixation of proximal humeral fractures. / Barnes, Leslie Fink; Parsons, Bradford O.; Flatow, Evan L. In: JBJS ... Barnes, LF, Parsons, BO & Flatow, EL 2015, Percutaneous fixation of proximal humeral fractures, JBJS Essential Surgical ...
Operative and Nonoperative Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures ... Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures. participant.ui.study. ... A Randomized Prospective Trial Comparing Operative and Nonoperative Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures ... A displaced fracture of the humeral diaphysis amenable to fixation with a plate with no other injuries to the same limb 3. 21 ... A displaced fracture of the humeral diaphysis amenable to fixation with a plate with no other injuries to the same limb 3. 21 ...
... foam lined clamshell providing superior compression to the fracture sight • Complete with two double thickness cotton ...
Humeral head fracture. This two-fragment fracture is entirely intra-articular. It detaches the humeral head at the anatomical ... Humeral head fractures. It is difficult to codify the treatment of such a rare fracture. The following guidelines, though not ... Proximal Humeral Fracture. Bullet Points. *Assessment of an acute proximal humerus fracture includes a complete trauma series ... Vascularity of the humeral head after proximal humeral fractures. An anatomical cadaver study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(1 ...
Humeral Fracture Brace Kits Functional braces for mid-shaft diaphyseal humeral fractures. Both models allow shoulder range of ... Humeral Fracture Brace Kits Functional braces for mid-shaft diaphyseal humeral fractures. Both models allow shoulder range of ... Humeral Fracture Brace Kits Functional braces for mid-shaft diaphyseal humeral fractures. ...
Dual plating of humeral shaft fractures: Orthogonal plates biomechanically outperform side-by-side plates. ... Dive into the research topics of Dual plating of humeral shaft fractures: Orthogonal plates biomechanically outperform side-by ...
See: Humeral Frx - Main Menu - Condylar Fractures - Non Union of Humeral Fractures - Pediatric Humeral Shaft Fracture - Synthes ... open humeral fractures; - segmental humeral fractures; - floating elbow or ipsilateral arm injuries; - pathologic fractures; - ... types of humeral shaft frx: - transverse humeral fractures - distal third frx - short oblique fractures: - displaced frx thru ... Humeral Shaft Fracture. Humeral Shaft Fracture. July 22, 2020. by Data Trace Editor ...
Humeral Shaft Fracture: Etiology, Natural History, Anatomy, Clinical Evaluation, Xray / Diagnostic Tests, Classification / ... See all humeral shaft fracture ICD-10 Codes. *S42.391A - Other fracture of shaft of right humerus, initial encounter for closed ... Humeral Shaft Fx Associated Injuries / Differential Diagnosis. *Radial nerve palsy=pts with closed fx with radial nerve injury ... Place in Humeral fracture brace for non-op patients.. *6 Weeks: Begin strengthening exercises provided fracture union is ...
Humeral fracture brace - Code: EME - 078. د.إ0. Humeral fracture brace - Code: EME - 078 quantity. ...
In children, proximal humeral fractures consist of metaphyseal fractures and physeal separations. Three fracture patterns tend ... Fracture, Humeral Head, Sports Medicine Julie Chuan, MD, FAAFP, CAQSM Reviewed 04/2019 ... Displaced proximal humeral fractures. Selecting treatment, avoiding pitfalls. Orthop Clin North Am. 1987;18(3):421-431. ... which is often disrupted with displaced fractures resulting in avascular necrosis of the humeral head. ...
Proximal humeral fracture (PHF) is a frequent occurrence in elderly patients, accounting for about 10% of all fractures in this ... Proximal humeral fractures: a systematic review of treatment modalities. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2008;17:42-54.doi:10.1016/j.jse. ... Proximal humeral fracture surgery in the COVID-19 pandemic: advocacy for regional anesthesia ... Proximal humeral fracture surgery in the COVID-19 pandemic: advocacy for regional anesthesia ...
VA offers treatment for proximal humerus fractures and humeral head fractures. ... Proximal humerus fractures can be categorized into 4 groups:. Humeral head fractures: Humeral head fractures very often occur ... Surgical neck fractures: Fractures of the surgical neck are most common in osteoporotic bone. These fractures also damage the ... In addition to the above, other types of proximal humerus fractures are two, three and four-part fractures. A fracture causes ...
Radial nerve grafting in high energy humeral fractures. Yusuf Gürbüz, Tahir Sadık Sügün, Kemal Özaksar, Murat Kayalar, Tulgar ... Radial nerve grafting in high energy humeral fractures Yusuf Gürbüz, Tahir Sadık Sügün, Kemal Özaksar, Murat Kayalar, Tulgar ... Radial nerve grafting in high energy humeral fractures. Hand and Microsurgery, 1 (2), 60-64. doi:10.2399/emd.12.58077. Chicago ... "Radial nerve grafting in high energy humeral fractures." Hand and Microsurgery 1 (2012), 60-64. doi:10.2399/emd.12.58077. MLA ( ...
He suffered from acute, three-part communited fracture of proximal humerus. ... Case: Fixation with plate screw would have been a futile exercise on 83-yr-old with weak bones and high quality fracture. A ... History: 83-yr-old man suffered from acute, three-part communited fracture of proximal humerus. ...
Rehabilitation After Proximal Humeral Fractures. Singleton, Erin; Turner, Robert; Gulotta, Lawrence Singleton, Erin; Turner, ...
Advanced Orthopaedics Humeral Fracture Brace (Shoulder) SUGGESTED HCPC: L3980 ,p,,strong,SUGGESTED HCPC:,/strong, L3980 ,p,, ... Neutral design utilizes a two piece, foam lined clamshell providing superior compression to the fracture sight • Complete with ... Neutral design utilizes a two piece, foam lined clamshell providing superior compression to the fracture sight. Complete with ... foam lined clamshell providing superior compression to the fracture sight • Complete with two double thickness cotton ...
  • His classification system was based on an observation made much earlier by Codman, that all proximal humerus fractures were composed of four major segments: the lesser tuberosity, greater tuberosity, articular surface, and humeral shaft. (drcarofino.com)
  • The middle of the humerus is called the humeral shaft and a fracture of this section of the bone is called a humeral shaft fracture. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • Humeral shaft fracture repair is a procedure performed to heal a broken (fractured) humeral shaft using conservative or surgical treatment methods. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • Most mid-shaft humerus fractures are minimally displaced and can be treated with conservative approaches such as the use of a sling to immobilize your arm for about a week and afterward a fracture brace is fitted to your arm. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • The healing of humeral shaft fractures by conservative methods can take up to twelve weeks. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • Open reduction and internal fixation is the most commonly used surgery to repair a humeral shaft fracture. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • Spontaneous Bilateral Humeral Shaft Frac. (yyu.edu.tr)
  • BACKGROUND: Fractures of the humeral shaft constitute 1-3% of all fractures. (gazetteofmedicine.com)
  • At presentation to our clinic, he had features of a non-united right humeral shaft fracture with no radial nerve palsy. (gazetteofmedicine.com)
  • Plain radiograph showed a non-united fracture of the humeral shaft with a bone gap. (gazetteofmedicine.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Cortico-cancellous bone grafts can be effectively used in the treatment of humeral shaft non-union with bone gap. (gazetteofmedicine.com)
  • Case:We report an unusual case of a closed humeral shaft fracture, with no vascular compromise, resulting in brachial compartment syndrome. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Our patient was successfully treated with fasciotomy and external fixation, followed by staged open reduction and internal fixation and skin grafting.Conclusion:Although uncommon in the upper arm, suspicion for compartment syndrome should remain high for patients with unrelieved pain and swelling after humeral shaft fracture. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Sanders, D , Kelly, D & Starr, A 2019, ' Isolated Segmental Humeral Shaft Fracture without Vascular Compromise Complicated by Brachial Compartment Syndrome: A Case Report ', JBJS Case Connector , vol. 9, no. 4, e0144. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 18. Treatment of pathological fractures of the humeral shaft due to bone metastases: a comparison of intramedullary locking nail and plate osteosynthesis with adjunctive bone cement. (nih.gov)
  • These fractures also damage the axillary nerve that carries sensory information from the shoulder. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • Greater tuberosity fractures are less common and are seen in cases of shoulder dislocations and in those with osteoporosis. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • These fractures are often caused by posterior shoulder dislocations or traumatic muscle contractions by electrical shock or convulsions. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • Stress fracture of the proximal humeral physis, also referred to as "Little League shoulder", can occur in baseball pitchers prior to fusion of the proximal humeral physis. (medicalalgorithms.com)
  • Shoulder replacement surgery was first performed in the United States in the 1950s to treat severe shoulder fractures. (orthoinfo.org)
  • Fractures of the bones that make up the shoulder or tears of the shoulder tendons or ligaments may damage the articular cartilage over time. (orthoinfo.org)
  • Chronic steroid use, deep sea diving, severe fracture of the shoulder, sickle cell disease, and heavy alcohol use are all risk factors for avascular necrosis. (orthoinfo.org)
  • Due to the nature of his injuries, the regional hospital decided that Mr B should be transferred to the public hospital for further management, particularly in relation to his fractured shoulder. (hdc.org.nz)
  • On examination he was found to have burns over the back of his right hand and on his fingers, smaller areas of burns over the right side of his chest, a crush injury to his right arm, a bad fracture of his right shoulder blade, multiple fractured ribs and a fractured sternum. (hdc.org.nz)
  • Shoulder replacement surgery is advised to patients with severe, persistent conditions of shoulder osteoarthritis in which only the humeral head is damaged. (maxhealthcare.in)
  • Clinical outcomes and shoulder kinematics for the "gray zone" extra-articular scapula fracture in 5 patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Distal humeral fractures are a group of humerus fracture which includes supracondylar fractures, single condyle fractures, bi-column fractures and coronal shear fractures. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 1 ] He described these fractures as beginning in the lateral metaphysis proximal to the condyle, coursing distally, and exiting through the articular surface through the medial trochlear notch or through the capitellotrochlear groove. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] For this reason, the fracture patterns of the lateral condyle bear his name and are typically classified as either Milch I or Milch II fractures (see Presentation ). (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, in some lateral humeral condyle fractures, the lateral crista of the trochlea may be part of the fracture fragment, leading to an unstable humeral ulnar articulation. (medscape.com)
  • The lateral condyle fracture is a Salter-Harris IV fracture pattern and follows physeal injury principles. (medscape.com)
  • In lateral condyle fractures, the displacement is greater than appreciated, and incongruity of the articular surface is present. (medscape.com)
  • The second is the push-off theory, in which a fall onto the extended hand leads to impaction of the radial head into the lateral condyle, causing the fracture. (medscape.com)
  • Lateral condyle fractures account for 17% of all distal humerus fractures and 54% of distal humeral physeal fractures. (medscape.com)
  • The frequency of lateral condyle fractures peaks in children aged 6 years. (medscape.com)
  • Animals with atraumatic HCF may have incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC). (vin.com)
  • The greater load and the relative biomechanical weakness predispose the lateral part of the condyle to fracture. (vin.com)
  • The high incidence of condylar fractures in immature dogs as a result of minor trauma is due to the normal relative weakness of the developing humeral condyle. (vin.com)
  • The humeral condyle develops as two separate centres of ossification that appear approximately 14 days after birth. (vin.com)
  • A microangiographic study of the humeral condyle in cocker spaniel and non-cocker spaniel dogs found that cocker spaniels had a decreased vascular density in the humeral condyle 6 . (vin.com)
  • Should Kirschner wires for fixation of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children be buried or left exposed? (bvsalud.org)
  • Data were prospectively collected from 79 patients (11 men, 68 women) with a mean age of 69 years (55 to 86) with fractures of the proximal humerus in order to determine if current guidelines on the measurement of the bone mineral density at the hip and lumbar spine were adequate to stratify the risk and to guide the treatment of osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
  • This difference between measurements in the upper limb compared with the axial skeleton and lower limb suggests that basing risk assessment and treatment on only the bone mineral density taken at the hip or lumbar spine may misrepresent the extent of osteoporosis in the upper limb and the subsequent risk of fracture at this site. (nih.gov)
  • After adjustment for age and bone mineral density, the hazard ratio for hip fracture for subjects with a proximal humeral fracture relative to those without a proximal humeral fracture was 1.83 (95% confidence interval = 1.32 to 2.53). (healthpartners.com)
  • Histopathological examination of bone from HCF sites in mature dogs with atraumatic fracture reveals dense cancellous bone with non-specific evidence of chronic inflammatory change and previous remodelling. (vin.com)
  • IOHC has been compared with atraumatic fracture of the radial carpal bone in dogs, which is also commonly bilateral 8 . (vin.com)
  • Histopathological findings in these cases revealed fibrous connective tissue on the fracture surfaces suggestive of incomplete ossification rather than a true fracture of the radial carpal bone. (vin.com)
  • Overview of Fractures A fracture is a break in a bone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most fractures result from a single, significant force applied to normal bone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Choice of treatment should be selective and individualized depending on age, character of the bone, and type of fracture. (orthobullets.com)
  • He sought to provide a conceptual framework to explain the pathoanatomy of proximal humerus fractures by accounting for displaced bone fragments, rotator cuff attachments, and vascular supply. (drcarofino.com)
  • In his original article, he described how characteristic patterns of displacement occur with each fracture type, and he explained how these result from the attached bone segments and the deforming forces generated by the rotator cuff. (drcarofino.com)
  • Humeral head fractures very often occur in elderly individuals and chances are more in those with osteoporotic bone. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • Fractures of the surgical neck are most common in osteoporotic bone. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • Type A fractures are simple fractures where the bone is not shattered. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • Type B fractures are fractures when the broken bone forms a wedge, and type C fractures are where the bone is shattered into many pieces. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • The procedure mainly focuses on the reduction of the fracture and holding the fractured ends of the bone in the proper position during the healing process to ensure normal function after the fracture heals. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • Weakening of the humeral bone due to pathological fractures. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • Non-union rates for open humeral fractures after optimal treatment range from 5-15% .Bone gaps commonly occur when high energy weapons are involved in the primary injury, when previous treatment was complicated by bone infections and when bone necrosis follows significant periosteal stripping from previous intervention. (gazetteofmedicine.com)
  • AIM: We report the management of humeral fracture non-union with a bone gap in a young adult. (gazetteofmedicine.com)
  • 14. [Intramedullary nail combined with auxiliary plate and bone cement in treatment of pathologic fracture of extremities caused by metastatic tumors]. (nih.gov)
  • Most patients with a unicameral (simple) bone cyst (UBC) present to the orthopedic surgeon after sustaining a pathologic fracture . (medscape.com)
  • In either scenario, a review of the patient's past history, as well as their family's past history relative to fractures, rheumatologic conditions , bone tumors, endocrine disease , and cancer , is appropriate. (medscape.com)
  • The head of the humeral bone is severely fractured or arthritic, but the socket is normal. (maxhealthcare.in)
  • Surgery would consist of a proximal humerus fracture Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF). (drcarofino.com)
  • 11. Locking plate fixation versus intramedullary nail fixation for the treatment of multifragmentary proximal humerus fractures (OTA/AO type 11C): a preliminary comparison of clinical efficacy. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Fixation of 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus: Can we identify radiological criteria that support locking plates or IM nailing? (nih.gov)
  • Operative fixation of medial humeral epicondyle fracture nonunion in children. (harvard.edu)
  • The AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying distal humeral fracture s . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The AO classification divides distal humeral fractures into three groups, A, B and C with complexity and severity increasing 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Fracture and Dislocation Classification Compendium-2018. (radiopaedia.org)
  • A classification based upon the specific nature of the fracture and the degree of trochlear involvement is a suggested guide to treatment and prognosis. (orthobullets.com)
  • The classification of supracondylar humeral fractures in German-speaking areas is carried out according to von Laer, which has been appropriated from the AO system and has the advantage that it can be used to derive the treatment. (qxmd.com)
  • The classification systems at that time were based on the mechanism of injury or level of the fracture line, but did not consider many surgically important aspects or pathologic features of injury such as tuberosity displacement. (drcarofino.com)
  • Forty years later, surgeons continue to use Neer's four-segment fracture classification system for proximal humerus fractures because it is useful in guiding treatment, grouping similar fracture patterns for research purposes, and explaining pathologic features of injury. (drcarofino.com)
  • Neer's classification was based on careful analysis of radiographs and surgical findings from 300 proximal humerus fractures he treated at the New York Orthopaedic Hospital-Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center between 1953 and 1967. (drcarofino.com)
  • The four-segment classification system defines proximal humerus fractures by the number of displaced segments or parts, with additional categories for articular fractures and dislocations. (drcarofino.com)
  • La prise en charge d'une fracture de jambe est fonction de la classification de la lésion, du plateau technique et de l'expérience du chirurgien. (bvsalud.org)
  • The management of a leg fracture depends on the classification of the lesion, the technical platform and the experience of the surgeon. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to fractures, musculoskeletal injuries include Joint dislocations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A proximal humeral fracture is the third most common fracture type in individuals older than 65 years, after distal radius and proximal femur fractures. (drcarofino.com)
  • Such fractures most commonly involve either the proximal humerus or the proximal femur. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence in the literature would support that many HCFs are pathologic fractures and occur during 'normal activity' such as running, jumping or climbing stairs. (vin.com)
  • 1. Intramedullary Nailing Versus Compound Plate Osteosynthesis in Pathologic Diaphyseal Humerus Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study. (nih.gov)
  • 19. Intramedullary nailing for treatment of pathologic femoral fractures due to metastases. (nih.gov)
  • If a proximal humerus fracture is non-displaced and stable, non-operative management could be a viable option. (drcarofino.com)
  • If a proximal humerus fracture is displaced greater than 1cm and has multiple fracture zones often surgery is recommended. (drcarofino.com)
  • A proximal humerus fracture is diagnosed by a physical examination, X-ray of the affected area and/or computerized tomography (CT) scan. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • The diagnosis is right humeral head, proximal humeral head four-part fracture. (lexisnexis.com)
  • These come in two varieties, head-splitting fractures and impaction fractures. (drcarofino.com)
  • With a three-part fracture, one tuberosity is displaced and the surgical neck fracture is displaced. (drcarofino.com)
  • At 65 patients with bifocal extra-articular fractures of humerus proximal segment (type B) and splintered intra-articular fractures (type C) osteosynthesis using shape memory effect constructions was used. (rniito.org)
  • For these reasons, surgical reduction should be performed and is recommended within the first 48 hours after the fracture. (medscape.com)
  • Application of ultrasound in the closed reduction and percutaneous pinning in supracondylar humeral fractures. (cam.ac.uk)
  • TachoSil was found to be safe and effective for reduction of postoperative bleeding following operative treatment of proximal hume-rus fractures. (scirp.org)
  • ABSTRACT: Aim of the present study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of TachoSil® to reduce afterbleeding and hematoma following operative treatment of proximal humerus fractures. (scirp.org)
  • Background Proximal humeral fractures are common osteoporotic fractures. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND: With the aging of the world's population, the social and economic implications of osteoporotic fractures are at epidemic proportions. (healthpartners.com)
  • METHODS: A cohort of 8049 older white women with no history of a hip or humeral fracture who were enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures was followed for a mean of 9.8 years. (healthpartners.com)
  • Pathological fractures are conditions that weaken your bones. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • 16. Intramedullary Nailing for Pathological Fractures of the Proximal Humerus. (nih.gov)
  • Most proximal humeral fractures are treated non-surgically, although surgical treatment has gained popularity. (medscape.com)
  • We assessed the number and incidence of surgically treated proximal humeral fractures in each year of observation and recorded the type of surgery used. (medscape.com)
  • All fractures were stabilized surgically with a fixed-angle "Philos plate" from May 2008 through May 2009. (scirp.org)
  • Humeral condylar fractures (HCFs) are common and account for just over half of all humeral fractures. (vin.com)
  • Lateral condylar fractures are the most common form of HCF in dogs with IOHC followed by dicondylar fractures. (vin.com)
  • Medial condylar fractures are least common. (vin.com)
  • 7. [Surgical treatment of humeral diaphyseal fractures]. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Is double-crossed retrograde elastic stable intramedullary nailing an alternative method for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures in the adult humerus? (nih.gov)
  • The aim of our study is to determine the therapeutic and evolutive aspects of diaphyseal fractures of the leg treated at the Traumatology Department of the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona University Hospital Center (CHU-JRA) Madagascar. (bvsalud.org)
  • The distal humerus is primarily cartilage at the age when these injuries typically occur, and knowledge of the secondary centers of ossification is necessary to understand the possible fracture patterns. (medscape.com)
  • For more information about injuries of the growth plate, see Salter-Harris Fractures . (medscape.com)
  • He believed the existing classifications were inadequate for research purposes, as they did not differentiate between injuries of varied severity nor did they group like fractures. (drcarofino.com)
  • Multipartite epicondyles may mimic fractures in the setting of pediatric elbow trauma. (nih.gov)
  • In 1955, Milch recognized the significance of these fracture patterns as they related to elbow stability. (medscape.com)
  • This study examines the prevalence of multipartite epicondyles during skeletal development and their association with pediatric elbow fractures. (nih.gov)
  • Elbow arthroplasty for the treatment of bicolumn distal humeral fractures. (northwestern.edu)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Elbow arthroplasty for the treatment of bicolumn distal humeral fractures. (northwestern.edu)
  • 12. Surgical outcomes of segmental diaphyseal forearm fractures in adults: a small case series on plate osteosynthesis, intramedullary nailing, and other surgical methods. (nih.gov)
  • Neer added categories for articular surface fractures and dislocations, as he correctly observed these to be important prognostic factors. (drcarofino.com)
  • At patients with humerus rotatory cuff damage and fracture-dislocations the access through acromion was applied. (rniito.org)
  • Most proximal humerus fractures are minimally displaced and can be treated with conservative approaches such as the use of a sling to immobilize your arm and early physical therapy to improve the functional outcome. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • 6. Humeral Diaphyseal Fracture Nonunion: An Audit of the Outcome from Intramedullary Nailing and DCP Plating. (nih.gov)
  • The potential segments involved are the greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, articular surface, and humeral diaphysis. (drcarofino.com)
  • Unlike in the classic four-part fracture, the articular surface maintains contact with the glenoid, and is not laterally displaced. (drcarofino.com)
  • Similarly, articular surface fractures were placed in a separate category because of their unique treatment considerations. (drcarofino.com)
  • There is a slight predominance of open fractures (52.7%) of which 41.01% were classified as type II according to Gustilo Anderson. (bvsalud.org)
  • Partial rotator cuff tears often accompany non-displaced fractures and these fractures can be diagnosed using MRI or diagnostic arthroscopy. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • The fracture fragments in these patients are primarily cartilaginous as a result of the young age of the patients. (medscape.com)
  • a fracture with no fragments considered displaced is defined as a one- part fracture regardless of the actual number of fracture lines or their location. (drcarofino.com)
  • As with all patients who have sustained a fracture, a careful physical examination of the patient should include efforts to exclude the possibility of an open fracture and a neurocirculatory insult. (medscape.com)
  • Low-energy fractures of the proximal humerus indicate osteoporosis and it is important to direct treatment to this group of patients who are at high risk of further fracture. (nih.gov)
  • Fractures of the proximal humerus are common in elderly individuals suffering from osteoporosis. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • In addition, she also suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, bilateral osteoarthritis of the knees, and an old traumatic fracture of the left humeral neck. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures in Finland between 1987 and 2009. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusion An increase in the incidence of the surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures was seen in Finland in 1987-2009. (medscape.com)
  • As optimal indications for each surgical treatment modality in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures are not known, critical evaluation of each individual treatment method is needed. (medscape.com)
  • The difficulties related to treatment of this fracture are both biologic and technical. (medscape.com)
  • Once these displaced fractures consolidate in a malunited position, treatment is difficult, dangerous, and fraught with complications. (medscape.com)
  • This four-part fracture warranted its own category because the prognosis and treatment for this injury are different than those for the classic four-part fracture. (drcarofino.com)
  • This long recovery period is the main reason why most people prefer surgical procedures for the treatment of these fractures. (andrewbanosmd.com)
  • Aims: There is a subset of scapula fractures, which can be considered in the "gray zone," where treatment guidelines are not clear-cut, based on published literature. (cdc.gov)
  • In younger individuals, a severe trauma such as a fall from a height on an outstretched hand or motor vehicle accident can cause these fractures. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • While mild trauma can break humeral head in the elderly, a more significant trauma results in its fracture in the young. (davidrmillermd.com)
  • Radiographs by six weeks post-operative review showed good evidence of graft vascularity and bridging callus across fracture site. (gazetteofmedicine.com)