Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.
A demyelinating condition affecting the PONS and characterized clinically by an acute progressive QUADRIPLEGIA; DYSARTHRIA; DYSPHAGIA; and alterations of consciousness. Pathologic features include prominent demyelination in the central PONS with sparing of axons and neurons. This condition is usually associated with systemic disorders such as HYPONATREMIA; chronic ALCOHOLISM; LIVER FAILURE; severe BURNS; malignant NEOPLASMS; hemorrhagic PANCREATITIS; HEMODIALYSIS; and SEPSIS. The rapid medical correction of hyponatremia has been cited as a cause of this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1125-6)
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Specific molecular sites or proteins on or in cells to which VASOPRESSINS bind or interact in order to modify the function of the cells. Two types of vasopressin receptor exist, the V1 receptor in the vascular smooth muscle and the V2 receptor in the kidneys. The V1 receptor can be subdivided into V1a and V1b (formerly V3) receptors.
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than TETRACYCLINE, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Hypertonic sodium chloride solution. A solution having an osmotic pressure greater than that of physiologic salt solution (0.9 g NaCl in 100 ml purified water).
Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.
Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.
The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.
A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation.
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.
A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).
A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.
The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.
Agents that reduce the excretion of URINE, most notably the octapeptide VASOPRESSINS.
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.
A biochemical abnormality referring to an elevation of BLOOD UREA NITROGEN and CREATININE. Azotemia can be produced by KIDNEY DISEASES or other extrarenal disorders. When azotemia becomes associated with a constellation of clinical signs, it is termed UREMIA.
The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.
The consumption of liquids.
Surgery performed on any endocrine gland.
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
Fluids composed mainly of water found within the body.
A clinical disorder characterized by excessive fluid intake (polydipsia); HYPONATREMIA; and POLYURIA in SCHIZOPHRENIA and other psychiatric disorders. Impaired water metabolism in psychogenic polydipsia can result in WATER INTOXICATION.
A neurobehavioral syndrome associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe dysfunction. Clinical manifestations include oral exploratory behavior; tactile exploratory behavior; hypersexuality; BULIMIA; MEMORY DISORDERS; placidity; and an inability to recognize objects or faces. This disorder may result from a variety of conditions, including CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; infections; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PICK DISEASE OF THE BRAIN; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.
Drugs used for their effects on the kidneys' regulation of body fluid composition and volume. The most commonly used are the diuretics. Also included are drugs used for their antidiuretic and uricosuric actions, for their effects on the kidneys' clearance of other drugs, and for diagnosis of renal function.
Carrier proteins for OXYTOCIN and VASOPRESSIN. They are polypeptides of about 10-kDa, synthesized in the HYPOTHALAMUS. Neurophysin I is associated with oxytocin and neurophysin II is associated with vasopressin in their respective precursors and during transportation down the axons to the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).
A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)
Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.
Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function.

Acute and chronic dose-response relationships for angiotensin, aldosterone, and arterial pressure at varying levels of sodium intake. (1/614)

We examined the acute and chronic dose-response relationships between intravenously infused angiotensin II (A II) and the resulting changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration at varying levels of sodium intake. Sequential analysis of plasma aldosterone at each A II infusion rate resulted in an acute dose-related increase in plasma aldosterone which was markedly attenuated after the first 24 hours of infusion, the final level being directly related to the dose of A II and inversely related to sodium intake. A II infused at 5,15, and 23 ng/kg per min was associated with an initial increase (2nd to 8th hour) in plasma aldosterone to 2,6, and 9 times control values, respectively, in dogs receiving 40 mEq Na+/day. But, after the 1st day, aldosterone averaged only 1, 1.7, and 3 times control values for the next 2 weeks at the same rates of A II infusion. Dogs receiving 120 mEq Na+/day during A II infusion exhibited only a transient increase in plasma aldosterone during the 1st day. Sustained hypertension developed over a period of a week at all doses of A II at normal and high sodium intake, but did not occur at any dose of A II in sodium-depleted dogs. Increasing sodium intake from 40 to 120 mEq/day resulted in higher levels of hypertension, 125% compared to 140% of ocntrol values for dogs infused with A II, 5.0 ng/kg per min. We conclude that primary angiotensin-induced hypertension need not be associated with increased levels of plasma aldosterone, which appears to remain elevated only with amounts of A II greater than those required to sustain a significant degree of hypertension.  (+info)

Central peptidergic neurons are hyperactive during collateral sprouting and inhibition of activity suppresses sprouting. (2/614)

Little is known regarding the effect of chronic changes in neuronal activity on the extent of collateral sprouting by identified CNS neurons. We have investigated the relationship between activity and sprouting in oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system (MNS). Uninjured MNS neurons undergo a robust collateral-sprouting response that restores the axon population of the neural lobe (NL) after a lesion of the contralateral MNS (). Simultaneously, lesioned rats develop chronic urinary hyperosmolality indicative of heightened neurosecretory activity. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sprouting MNS neurons are hyperactive by measuring changes in cell and nuclear diameters, OT and VP mRNA pools, and axonal cytochrome oxidase activity (COX). Each of these measures was significantly elevated during the period of most rapid axonal growth between 1 and 4 weeks after the lesion, confirming that both OT and VP neurons are hyperactive while undergoing collateral sprouting. In a second study the hypothesis that chronic inhibition of neuronal activity would interfere with the sprouting response was tested. Chronic hyponatremia (CH) was induced 3 d before the hypothalamic lesion and sustained for 4 weeks to suppress neurosecretory activity. CH abolished the lesion-induced increases in OT and VP mRNA pools and virtually eliminated measurable COX activity in MNS terminals. Counts of the total number of axon profiles in the NL revealed that CH also prevented axonal sprouting from occurring. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased neuronal activity is required for denervation-induced collateral sprouting to occur in the MNS.  (+info)

Drug-induced hyponatraemia in psychogenic polydipsia. (3/614)

Two patients with psychogenic polydipsia developed hyponatraemia, one in association with administration of hydrochlorothiazide and the other with that of tolbutamide. It is suggested that the increased fluid intake in such patients may make them more susceptible to the development of hyponatraemia from thiazide or sulphonylurea compounds.  (+info)

Incidence and risk factors for hyponatraemia following treatment with fluoxetine or paroxetine in elderly people. (4/614)

AIMS: To establish the incidence, time course and risk factors of hyponatraemia complicating treatment with fluoxetine or paroxetine in an elderly population. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive and case control study in an inpatient/outpatient assessment and rehabilitation service for people aged 65 years and over. Fourteen elderly patients with hyponatraemia complicating treatment with fluoxetine or paroxetine, matched with 56 controls drawn from 845 patients treated with fluoxetine or paroxetine over 3.5 years. No other SSRI antidepressants were used over the study period. RESULTS: The incidence of hyponatraemia was 4.7/1000 people treated/year (6.3/1000 for fluoxetine and 3.5/1000 for paroxetine). Hyponatraemia was detected at a median 13.5 (mean 18.6, range 4-64) days after commencing the drug. Mean (95% confidence intervals) body weights were lower in cases at 53.0 (95% CI 46.5-59.5) kg compared with controls at 64.5 (95% CI 60.1-68.4) kg (P<0.01). 71% of cases were women compared with 45% of controls (P=0.07) but the effect of gender was confounded by body weight. There were trends for cases to be older (odds ratio 1.10: 95% CI 0.99, 1.23) and lighter (odds ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.86, 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 200 elderly people treated per year with fluoxetine or paroxetine developed complicating hyponatraemia. Low body weight was a particular risk factor. Most cases occurred within 3 weeks of treatment.  (+info)

Hyponatremic-hypertensive syndrome with renal ischemia: an underrecognized disorder. (5/614)

Renal artery stenosis or occlusion causing the hyponatremic-hypertensive syndrome has been rarely reported. Our impression, however, was that the disorder is not uncommon. Case records from patients in one city (population 350 000) presenting between 1980 and 1997 with hypertension, hyponatremia, and evidence of renal ischemia were scrutinized. Thirty-two patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were identified. Admission supine arterial pressures were high (mean 228/124 mm Hg), but there was a vigorous fall in pressure on standing (26/12.7 mm Hg recorded in 27 patients). Mean plasma concentrations of sodium (129.7 mmol/L) and potassium (2.7 mmol/L) were low, and 24-hour urine protein excretion was elevated in 19 of 26 patients. Twenty-two of the 32 patients were female, the majority were asthenic, and all but 5 were smokers. Symptoms precipitating hospitalization were headache, clouding of consciousness, confusion, weakness, weight loss, thirst, and polyuria. Plasma renin levels, measured in 20 patients, were elevated in most cases and correlated inversely (r=-0.63, P<0.01) with the plasma sodium concentration. The hyponatremic-hypertensive syndrome in patients with renal ischemia is not rare: Rather, it is underreported. It tends to affect elderly asthenic women who smoke heavily. Stimulation of renin release from the ischemic kidney is probably central to the pathophysiology. The syndrome deserves better recognition to ensure appropriate investigations and management.  (+info)

Hyponatraemia: biochemical and clinical perspectives. (6/614)

Hyponatraemia is a common bio-chemical abnormality, occurring in about 15% of hospital inpatients. It is often associated with severe illness and relatively poor outcome. Pathophysiologically, hyponatraemia may be spurious, dilutional, depletional or redistributional. Particularly difficult causes and concepts of hyponatraemia are the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis and the sick cell syndrome, which are discussed here in detail. Therapy should always be targeted at the underlying disease process. 'Hyponatraemic symptoms' are of doubtful importance, and may be more related to water overload and/or the causative disease, than to hyponatraemia per se. Artificial elevation of plasma sodium by saline infusion carries the risk of induction of osmotic demyelination (central pontine myelinolysis).  (+info)

Effect of liver disease and transplantation on urea synthesis in humans: relationship to acid-base status. (7/614)

It has been suggested that hepatic urea synthesis, which consumes HCO-3, plays an important role in acid-base homeostasis. This study measured urea synthesis rate (Ra urea) directly to assess its role in determining the acid-base status in patients with end-stage cirrhosis and after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Cirrhotic patients were studied before surgery (n = 7) and on the second postoperative day (n = 11), using a 5-h primed-constant infusion of [15N2]urea. Six healthy volunteers served as controls. Ra urea was 5.05 +/- 0.40 (SE) and 3.11 +/- 0.51 micromol. kg-1. min-1, respectively, in controls and patients with cirrhosis (P < 0. 05). Arterial base excess was 0.6 +/- 0.3 meq/l in controls and -1.1 +/- 1.3 meq/l in cirrhotic patients (not different). After OLT, Ra urea was 15.05 +/- 1.73 micromol. kg-1. min-1, which accompanied an arterial base excess of 7.0 +/- 0.3 meq/l (P < 0.001). We conclude that impaired Ra urea in cirrhotic patients does not produce metabolic alkalosis. Concurrent postoperative metabolic alkalosis and increased Ra urea indicate that the alkalosis is not caused by impaired Ra urea. It is consistent with, but does not prove, the concept that the graft liver responds to metabolic alkalosis by augmenting Ra urea, thus increasing HCO-3 consumption and moderating the severity of metabolic alkalosis produced elsewhere.  (+info)

Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. (8/614)

A 79-year-old woman suffering from urinary incontinence and unsteady gait was diagnosed as having idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) with hyponatremia due to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The concentration of antidiuretic hormone was high while the plasma osmolality was low in the presence of concentrated urine during the episodes of hyponatremia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head showed enlargement of the third and lateral ventricles. After ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery, the symptoms of NPH and hyponatremia improved. It may be possibly explained that mechanical pressure on the hypothalamus from the third ventricle is responsible for hyponatremia.  (+info)

Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by abnormally low sodium levels in the blood, specifically levels less than 135 mEq/L. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate water balance in and around your cells and plays a crucial role in nerve and muscle function. Hyponatremia can occur due to various reasons, including certain medical conditions, medications, or excessive water intake leading to dilution of sodium in the body. Symptoms may range from mild, such as nausea, confusion, and headache, to severe, like seizures, coma, or even death in extreme cases. It's essential to seek medical attention if you suspect hyponatremia, as prompt diagnosis and treatment are vital for a favorable outcome.

Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Syndrome, also known as the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD), is a condition characterized by the excessive release or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to an imbalance of water and electrolytes in the body.

ADH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys. In normal conditions, ADH levels increase in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume, causing the kidneys to retain water and decrease urine output.

However, in Inappropriate ADH Syndrome, there is an overproduction or inappropriate release of ADH, even when the body does not need it. This can lead to a condition called hyponatremia, which is low sodium levels in the blood. Hyponatremia can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Inappropriate ADH Syndrome can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, brain tumors, lung diseases, and other medical conditions that affect the production or release of ADH. It is important to diagnose and treat Inappropriate ADH Syndrome promptly to prevent serious complications from hyponatremia. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and adjusting fluid intake and electrolyte levels as needed.

Medical Definition of Water Intoxication:

Water intoxication, also known as hyponatremia, is a condition that occurs when an individual consumes water in such large quantities that the body's electrolyte balance is disrupted. This results in an abnormally low sodium level in the blood (hyponatremia), which can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including nausea, headache, confusion, seizures, coma, and even death in extreme cases. It's important to note that water intoxication is rare and typically only occurs in situations where large amounts of water are consumed in a short period of time, such as during endurance sports or when someone is trying to intentionally harm themselves.

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological disorder that results from the damage to the myelin sheath in the central pons region of the brainstem. Myelin is the fatty substance that insulates and protects nerve fibers, allowing for the efficient transmission of electrical signals.

In CPM, the myelin sheath in the center of the pons area becomes damaged or destroyed due to various factors, most commonly rapid correction of hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood). This rapid correction can lead to an osmotic shift of water from inside the cells to outside, causing swelling and damage to the myelin sheath.

CPM is characterized by the development of symmetrical lesions in the central pons region, which can result in a range of neurological symptoms, including weakness or paralysis of muscles, difficulty swallowing, speech impairment, and altered levels of consciousness. In severe cases, CPM can lead to coma, respiratory failure, and even death.

It's important to note that the management of CPM involves preventing further damage to the myelin sheath by avoiding rapid correction of hyponatremia and providing supportive care for the neurological symptoms. Currently, there is no specific treatment for CPM, and recovery can be slow and incomplete.

Hypernatremia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of sodium (na+) in the blood, specifically a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate water balance in and around your cells. It's crucial for many body functions, including the maintenance of blood pressure, regulation of nerve and muscle function, and regulation of fluid balance.

Hypernatremia typically results from a deficit of total body water relative to solute, which can be caused by decreased water intake, increased water loss, or a combination of both. Common causes include dehydration due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, kidney diseases, and the use of certain medications such as diuretics.

Symptoms of hypernatremia can range from mild to severe and may include thirst, muscle weakness, lethargy, irritability, confusion, seizures, and in extreme cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and gradually rehydrating the individual with intravenous fluids to restore normal sodium levels.

Vasopressin receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind to and are activated by the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). There are two main types of vasopressin receptors, V1 and V2.

V1 receptors are found in various tissues throughout the body, including vascular smooth muscle, heart, liver, and kidney. Activation of V1 receptors leads to vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels), increased heart rate and force of heart contractions, and release of glycogen from the liver.

V2 receptors are primarily found in the kidney's collecting ducts. When activated, they increase water permeability in the collecting ducts, allowing for the reabsorption of water into the bloodstream and reducing urine production. This helps to regulate fluid balance and maintain normal blood pressure.

Abnormalities in vasopressin receptor function can contribute to various medical conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease.

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is necessary for human health. In a medical context, sodium is often discussed in terms of its concentration in the blood, as measured by serum sodium levels. The normal range for serum sodium is typically between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).

Sodium plays a number of important roles in the body, including:

* Regulating fluid balance: Sodium helps to regulate the amount of water in and around your cells, which is important for maintaining normal blood pressure and preventing dehydration.
* Facilitating nerve impulse transmission: Sodium is involved in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system, which is necessary for proper muscle function and coordination.
* Assisting with muscle contraction: Sodium helps to regulate muscle contractions by interacting with other minerals such as calcium and potassium.

Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, while high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to symptoms such as weakness, muscle cramps, and seizures. Both conditions require medical treatment to correct.

Demeclocycline is a type of antibiotic known as a tetracycline. It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, such as respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and skin infections. Demeclocycline works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, specifically by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and preventing the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain. This leads to the disruption of protein synthesis and ultimately results in bacterial death.

Demeclocycline is available as a tablet for oral administration, and it is typically prescribed to be taken two to four times daily. The dosage may vary depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects of demeclocycline include stomach upset, diarrhea, and skin rash. It is important to note that demeclocycline can cause photosensitivity, so it is recommended to avoid excessive sun exposure while taking this medication.

Demeclocycline is not typically a first-line antibiotic due to its potential for serious side effects and the availability of other antibiotics with similar efficacy and fewer side effects. It should be used with caution in patients with impaired kidney or liver function, as well as in pregnant women and children under the age of 8. Additionally, demeclocycline can interact with certain medications, such as antacids, iron supplements, and calcium-containing products, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting treatment with demeclocycline.

Water-electrolyte imbalance refers to a disturbance in the balance of water and electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate) in the body. This imbalance can occur when there is an excess or deficiency of water or electrolytes in the body, leading to altered concentrations in the blood and other bodily fluids.

Such imbalances can result from various medical conditions, including kidney disease, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, severe dehydration, burns, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and certain medications. Symptoms of water-electrolyte imbalance may include weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, seizures, confusion, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and correcting the electrolyte and fluid levels through appropriate medical interventions.

A hypertonic saline solution is a type of medical fluid that contains a higher concentration of salt (sodium chloride) than is found in the average person's blood. This solution is used to treat various medical conditions, such as dehydration, brain swelling, and increased intracranial pressure.

The osmolarity of a hypertonic saline solution typically ranges from 1500 to 23,400 mOsm/L, with the most commonly used solutions having an osmolarity of around 3000 mOsm/L. The high sodium concentration in these solutions creates an osmotic gradient that draws water out of cells and into the bloodstream, helping to reduce swelling and increase fluid volume in the body.

It is important to note that hypertonic saline solutions should be administered with caution, as they can cause serious side effects such as electrolyte imbalances, heart rhythm abnormalities, and kidney damage if not used properly. Healthcare professionals must carefully monitor patients receiving these solutions to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body. It is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. When the body is dehydrated or experiencing low blood pressure, vasopressin is released into the bloodstream, where it causes the kidneys to decrease the amount of urine they produce and helps to constrict blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. This helps to maintain adequate fluid volume in the body and ensure that vital organs receive an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood. In addition to its role in water balance and blood pressure regulation, vasopressin also plays a role in social behaviors such as pair bonding and trust.

Benzazepines are a class of heterocyclic compounds that contain a benzene fused to a diazepine ring. In the context of pharmaceuticals, benzazepines refer to a group of drugs with various therapeutic uses, such as antipsychotics and antidepressants. Some examples of benzazepine-derived drugs include clozapine, olanzapine, and loxoprofen. These drugs have complex mechanisms of action, often involving multiple receptor systems in the brain.

Water-electrolyte balance refers to the regulation of water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) in the body to maintain homeostasis. This is crucial for various bodily functions such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance, and pH regulation. The body maintains this balance through mechanisms that control water intake, excretion, and electrolyte concentration in various body fluids like blood and extracellular fluid. Disruptions in water-electrolyte balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, and imbalances in electrolytes can cause conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels) or hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

Confusion is a state of bewilderment or disorientation in which a person has difficulty processing information, understanding their surroundings, and making clear decisions. It can be caused by various medical conditions such as infections, brain injury, stroke, dementia, alcohol or drug intoxication or withdrawal, and certain medications. Confusion can also occur in older adults due to age-related changes in the brain.

In medical terms, confusion is often referred to as "acute confusional state" or "delirium." It is characterized by symptoms such as difficulty paying attention, memory loss, disorientation, hallucinations, and delusions. Confusion can be a serious medical condition that requires immediate evaluation and treatment by a healthcare professional.

Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of certain hormones, primarily cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, respond to stress, and suppress inflammation, while aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body to maintain blood pressure.

Primary adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease, occurs when there is damage to the adrenal glands themselves, often due to autoimmune disorders, infections, or certain medications. Secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce enough adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, low blood pressure, dizziness, and darkening of the skin. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing hormones with medications taken orally or by injection.

Desmopressin, also known as 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP), is a synthetic analogue of the natural hormone arginine vasopressin. It is commonly used in medical practice for the treatment of diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Desmopressin works by binding to V2 receptors in the kidney, which leads to increased water reabsorption and reduced urine production. It also has some effect on V1 receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. However, its primary use is for its antidiuretic effects.

In addition to its use in diabetes insipidus, desmopressin may also be used to treat bleeding disorders such as hemophilia and von Willebrand disease, as it can help to promote platelet aggregation and reduce bleeding times. It is available in various forms, including nasal sprays, injectable solutions, and oral tablets or dissolvable films.

Hypovolemia is a medical condition characterized by a decreased volume of circulating blood in the body, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. This can occur due to various reasons such as bleeding, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating, which result in a reduced amount of fluid in the intravascular space.

The severity of hypovolemia depends on the extent of fluid loss and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms may include thirst, dry mouth, weakness, dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and decreased urine output. Severe hypovolemia can lead to shock, organ failure, and even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

Empty Sella Syndrome is a condition characterized by the absence or near-absence of the pituitary gland in the sella turcica, a bony structure at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland. This can occur due to the herniation of the arachnoid membrane, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord, into the sella turcica, compressing or replacing the pituitary gland.

In some cases, Empty Sella Syndrome may be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on imaging studies. However, in other cases, it can lead to hormonal imbalances due to the disruption of the pituitary gland's function. Symptoms may include headaches, vision changes, menstrual irregularities, fatigue, and decreased libido. Treatment typically involves addressing any underlying hormonal deficiencies with medication or hormone replacement therapy.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating water balance and blood pressure in the body.

AVP acts on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption, which helps maintain adequate fluid volume and osmotic balance in the body. It also constricts blood vessels, increasing peripheral vascular resistance and thereby helping to maintain blood pressure. Additionally, AVP has been shown to have effects on cognitive function, mood regulation, and pain perception.

Deficiencies or excesses of AVP can lead to a range of medical conditions, including diabetes insipidus (characterized by excessive thirst and urination), hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood), and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).

Myxedema is not a term used in modern medicine to describe a specific medical condition. However, historically, it was used to refer to the severe form of hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland that doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. In hypothyroidism, various body functions slow down, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and dry skin.

Myxedema specifically refers to the physical signs of severe hypothyroidism, including swelling (edema) and thickening of the skin, particularly around the face, hands, and feet, as well as a puffy appearance of the face. The term myxedema coma was used to describe a rare but life-threatening complication of long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism, characterized by altered mental status, hypothermia, and other systemic manifestations.

Nowadays, healthcare professionals use more precise medical terminology to describe these conditions, such as hypothyroidism or myxedematous edema, rather than the outdated term myxedema.

Antidiuretic agents are medications or substances that reduce the amount of urine produced by the body. They do this by increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys, which leads to a decrease in the excretion of water and solutes in the urine. This can help to prevent dehydration and maintain fluid balance in the body.

The most commonly used antidiuretic agent is desmopressin, which works by mimicking the action of a natural hormone called vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). Vasopressin is produced by the pituitary gland and helps to regulate water balance in the body. When the body's fluid levels are low, vasopressin is released into the bloodstream, where it causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water and produce less urine.

Antidiuretic agents may be used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including diabetes insipidus (a rare disorder that causes excessive thirst and urination), bedwetting in children, and certain types of headaches. They may also be used to manage fluid balance in patients with kidney disease or heart failure.

It is important to use antidiuretic agents only under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications. Overuse or misuse of these drugs can lead to water retention, hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood), and other serious complications.

Hypopituitarism is a medical condition characterized by deficient secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland controls several other endocrine glands in the body, including the thyroid, adrenals, and sex glands (ovaries and testes).

Hypopituitarism can result from damage to the pituitary gland due to various causes such as tumors, surgery, radiation therapy, trauma, or inflammation. In some cases, hypopituitarism may also be caused by a dysfunction of the hypothalamus, a region in the brain that regulates the pituitary gland's function.

The symptoms and signs of hypopituitarism depend on which hormones are deficient and can include fatigue, weakness, decreased appetite, weight loss, low blood pressure, decreased sex drive, infertility, irregular menstrual periods, intolerance to cold, constipation, thinning hair, dry skin, and depression.

Treatment of hypopituitarism typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore the deficient hormones' normal levels. The type and dosage of hormones used will depend on which hormones are deficient and may require regular monitoring and adjustments over time.

Azotemia is a medical term that refers to an elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood. This condition is typically caused by impaired kidney function, which can lead to the accumulation of these substances in the body.

Normally, the kidneys filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in the urine. However, when the kidneys are not functioning properly, they may be unable to remove these waste products efficiently, leading to their buildup in the bloodstream. This can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and confusion.

Azotemia is often classified based on the level of urea in the blood, with mild azotemia defined as a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level between 20 and 39 mg/dL, moderate azotemia defined as a BUN level between 40 and 89 mg/dL, and severe azotemia defined as a BUN level of 90 mg/dL or higher.

Treatment for azotemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, which may involve medications to control high blood pressure or diabetes, dietary changes, or dialysis in severe cases.

Osmolar concentration is a measure of the total number of solute particles (such as ions or molecules) dissolved in a solution per liter of solvent (usually water), which affects the osmotic pressure. It is expressed in units of osmoles per liter (osmol/L). Osmolarity and osmolality are related concepts, with osmolarity referring to the number of osmoles per unit volume of solution, typically measured in liters, while osmolality refers to the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent. In clinical contexts, osmolar concentration is often used to describe the solute concentration of bodily fluids such as blood or urine.

Fludrocortisone is a synthetic corticosteroid hormone, specifically a mineralocorticoid. It is often used to treat conditions associated with low levels of corticosteroids, such as Addison's disease. It works by helping the body retain sodium and lose potassium, which helps to maintain fluid balance and blood pressure.

In medical terms, fludrocortisone is defined as a synthetic mineralocorticoid with glucocorticoid activity used in the treatment of adrenogenital syndrome and Addison's disease, and as an adjunct in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is also used to treat orthostatic hypotension by helping the body retain sodium and water, thereby increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

It is important to note that fludrocortisone can have significant side effects, particularly if used in high doses or for long periods of time. These can include fluid retention, high blood pressure, increased risk of infection, and slowed growth in children. As with any medication, it should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

The term "drinking" is commonly used to refer to the consumption of beverages, but in a medical context, it usually refers to the consumption of alcoholic drinks. According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, "drinking" is defined as:

1. The act or habit of swallowing liquid (such as water, juice, or alcohol)
2. The ingestion of alcoholic beverages

It's important to note that while moderate drinking may not pose significant health risks for some individuals, excessive or binge drinking can lead to a range of negative health consequences, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and increased risk of injury or violence.

Endocrine surgical procedures refer to the surgical removal or manipulation of endocrine glands or related structures. Endocrine glands are specialized organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones regulate various physiological processes in the body, including metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction.

Some common endocrine surgical procedures include:

1. Thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck and produces hormones regulating metabolism. Indications for thyroidectomy may include thyroid cancer, benign thyroid nodules, hyperthyroidism, and Graves' disease.
2. Parathyroidectomy: Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands, which are located near the thyroid gland and regulate calcium levels in the blood. Indications for parathyroidectomy may include hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid tumors, and kidney stones caused by high calcium levels.
3. Adrenalectomy: Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys and produce hormones regulating stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure. Indications for adrenalectomy may include adrenal cancer, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, and Conn's syndrome.
4. Pancreatectomy: Surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas, which is a gland located behind the stomach and produces hormones regulating blood sugar levels (insulin and glucagon) and enzymes for digestion. Indications for pancreatectomy may include pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis, and insulinoma.
5. Neuroendocrine tumor resection: Surgical removal of neuroendocrine tumors, which are rare tumors that arise from hormone-producing cells in various organs, including the pancreas, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Indications for neuroendocrine tumor resection may include symptoms caused by hormone excess or risk of metastasis.

These surgical procedures are complex and require specialized training and expertise. Patients should consult with a qualified surgeon to discuss the risks and benefits of each procedure and determine the best course of treatment.

Hyperkalemia is a medical condition characterized by an elevated level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum, specifically when the concentration exceeds 5.0-5.5 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter). Potassium is a crucial intracellular ion that plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and heart rhythm regulation.

Mild to moderate hyperkalemia might not cause noticeable symptoms but can still have harmful effects on the body, particularly on the cardiovascular system. Severe cases of hyperkalemia (potassium levels > 6.5 mEq/L) can lead to potentially life-threatening arrhythmias and heart failure.

Hyperkalemia may result from various factors, such as kidney dysfunction, hormonal imbalances, medication side effects, trauma, or excessive potassium intake. Prompt identification and management of hyperkalemia are essential to prevent severe complications and ensure proper treatment.

Fluid therapy, in a medical context, refers to the administration of fluids into a patient's circulatory system for various therapeutic purposes. This can be done intravenously (through a vein), intraosseously (through a bone), or subcutaneously (under the skin). The goal of fluid therapy is to correct or prevent imbalances in the body's fluids and electrolytes, maintain or restore blood volume, and support organ function.

The types of fluids used in fluid therapy can include crystalloids (which contain electrolytes and water) and colloids (which contain larger molecules like proteins). The choice of fluid depends on the patient's specific needs and condition. Fluid therapy is commonly used in the treatment of dehydration, shock, sepsis, trauma, surgery, and other medical conditions that can affect the body's fluid balance.

Proper administration of fluid therapy requires careful monitoring of the patient's vital signs, urine output, electrolyte levels, and overall clinical status to ensure that the therapy is effective and safe.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders that are characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Myelin is essential for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, and its damage results in disrupted communication between the brain and other parts of the body.

The most common demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. Other demyelinating diseases include:

1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): An autoimmune disorder that typically follows a viral infection or vaccination, causing widespread inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
2. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic's Disease: A rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to severe vision loss and motor disability.
3. Transverse Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing damage to both sides of one level (segment) of the spinal cord, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, depending on which part of the spinal cord is affected.
4. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes rapid-onset muscle weakness, often beginning in the legs and spreading to the upper body, including the face and breathing muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves' myelin sheath.
5. Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM): A rare neurological disorder caused by rapid shifts in sodium levels in the blood, leading to damage to the myelin sheath in a specific area of the brainstem called the pons.

These diseases can result in various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision loss, difficulty with balance and coordination, and cognitive impairment, depending on the location and extent of the demyelination. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, modifying the immune system's response, and promoting nerve regeneration and remyelination when possible.

Body water refers to the total amount of water present in the human body. It is an essential component of life and makes up about 60-70% of an adult's body weight. Body water is distributed throughout various fluid compartments within the body, including intracellular fluid (water inside cells), extracellular fluid (water outside cells), and transcellular fluid (water found in specific bodily spaces such as the digestive tract, eyes, and joints). Maintaining proper hydration and balance of body water is crucial for various physiological processes, including temperature regulation, nutrient transportation, waste elimination, and overall health.

Psychogenic polydipsia is a condition characterized by excessive fluid intake (polydipsia) due to psychological factors rather than physical causes. It is often seen in individuals with mental health disorders such as schizophrenia, affective disorders, or dementia. In these cases, the individual may have a fixed belief that they are thirsty and need to drink large amounts of water or other fluids, even when their body does not require it. This can lead to dilution of the sodium levels in the blood (hyponatremia), which can cause serious health complications if left untreated. It is important to note that psychogenic polydipsia should be distinguished from physical causes of polydipsia, such as diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus, which require different treatment approaches.

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is a rare and complex neurobehavioral disorder, typically caused by damage to the temporal lobes and surrounding structures in the brain, particularly the amygdala and hippocampus. The syndrome is characterized by a range of symptoms that may include:

1. Hyperorality (excessive exploration of objects with the mouth)
2. Visual agnosia (inability to recognize familiar objects despite intact vision)
3. Hypermetamorphosis (compulsively looking at and exploring new objects)
4. Dietary changes, such as increased appetite and food preference changes
5. Emotional changes, including decreased emotional responsiveness and loss of fear or anxiety
6. Memory impairment
7. Increased sexual behavior
8. Hyperactivity and decreased initiative
9. Altered sleep-wake cycle
10. Inability to recognize faces (prosopagnosia)

It's important to note that the presence and severity of these symptoms can vary widely between individuals with Kluver-Bucy Syndrome, depending on the extent and location of brain damage. The syndrome is often associated with conditions such as herpes encephalitis, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.

"Renal agents" is not a standardized medical term with a single, widely accepted definition. However, in a general sense, renal agents could refer to medications or substances that have an effect on the kidneys or renal function. This can include drugs that are primarily used to treat kidney diseases or disorders (such as certain types of diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs), as well as chemicals or toxins that can negatively impact renal function if they are not properly eliminated from the body.

It's worth noting that the term "renal agent" is not commonly used in medical literature or clinical practice, and its meaning may vary depending on the context in which it is used. If you have any specific questions about a particular medication or substance and its effect on renal function, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for more accurate information.

Neurophysins are small protein molecules that are derived from the larger precursor protein, pro-neurophysin. They are synthesized in the hypothalamus of the brain and are stored in and released from neurosecretory granules, along with neurohypophysial hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin.

Neurophysins serve as carrier proteins for these hormones, helping to stabilize them and facilitate their transport and release into the bloodstream. There are two main types of neurophysins, neurophysin I and neurophysin II, which are associated with oxytocin and vasopressin, respectively.

Neurophysins have been studied for their potential role in various physiological processes, including water balance, social behavior, and reproductive functions. However, their precise mechanisms of action and functional significance are still not fully understood.

Chlorpropamide is a type of oral anti-diabetic drug known as a sulfonylurea, which is used to lower blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. It works by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas and increasing the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin.

Here's the medical definition:

Chlorpropamide: A first-generation sulfonylurea medication used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It acts by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells and increasing peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Chlorpropamide has a longer duration of action than other sulfonylureas, with a peak effect at around 6-12 hours after administration. Common side effects include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea. It is important to monitor blood glucose levels regularly while taking chlorpropamide to avoid hypoglycemia.

Diuretics are a type of medication that increase the production of urine and help the body eliminate excess fluid and salt. They work by interfering with the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney tubules, which in turn causes more water to be excreted from the body. Diuretics are commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disease. There are several types of diuretics, including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics, each with its own mechanism of action and potential side effects. It is important to use diuretics under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications and have an impact on electrolyte balance in the body.

Metabolic brain diseases refer to a group of conditions that are caused by disruptions in the body's metabolic processes, which affect the brain. These disorders can be inherited or acquired and can result from problems with the way the body produces, breaks down, or uses energy and nutrients.

Examples of metabolic brain diseases include:

1. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies: These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the mitochondria, which are the energy-producing structures in cells. When the mitochondria don't function properly, it can lead to muscle weakness, neurological problems, and developmental delays.
2. Leukodystrophies: These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the white matter of the brain, which is made up of nerve fibers covered in myelin, a fatty substance that insulates the fibers and helps them transmit signals. When the myelin breaks down or is not produced properly, it can lead to cognitive decline, motor problems, and other neurological symptoms.
3. Lysosomal storage disorders: These are genetic disorders that affect the lysosomes, which are structures in cells that break down waste products and recycle cellular materials. When the lysosomes don't function properly, it can lead to the accumulation of waste products in cells, including brain cells, causing damage and neurological symptoms.
4. Maple syrup urine disease: This is a genetic disorder that affects the way the body breaks down certain amino acids, leading to a buildup of toxic levels of these substances in the blood and urine. If left untreated, it can cause brain damage, developmental delays, and other neurological problems.
5. Homocystinuria: This is a genetic disorder that affects the way the body processes an amino acid called methionine, leading to a buildup of homocysteine in the blood. High levels of homocysteine can cause damage to the blood vessels and lead to neurological problems, including seizures, developmental delays, and cognitive decline.

Treatment for metabolic brain diseases may involve dietary changes, supplements, medications, or other therapies aimed at managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended as a treatment option.

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... is a form of hyponatremia with mOsm measured between 280 and 295. It can be associated with ... This is distinct from a true dilutional hyponatremia that can be caused by an osmotic shift of water from cells to the ...
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. The term "hypotonic ... If hyponatremia persists, then demeclocycline (an antibiotic with the side effect of inhibiting ADH) can be used. SIADH can ... Some patients with hyponatremia have normal or slightly elevated blood volume. In those patients, the increased ADH activity ... "Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia in the Elderly - June 15, 2000 - American Academy of Family Physicians". Archived from the ...
... (EAH) is a fluid-electrolyte disorder caused by a decrease in sodium levels (hyponatremia) ... MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Hyponatremia Murray, B., Stofan, J., and Eichner, R. "SSE #88: Hyponatremia in Athletes." Gatorade ... Goudie, AM; Tunstall-Pedoe, DS; Kerins, M; Terris, J (2006). "Exercise-associated hyponatraemia after a marathon: case series ... Rosner, Mitchell H.; Bennett, Brad; Hew-Butler, Tamara; Hoffman, Martin D. (2013). "Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia". In Simon ...
Lee, JJ; Kilonzo, K; Nistico, A; Yeates, K (13 May 2014). "Management of hyponatremia". CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association ... Henry, DA (4 August 2015). "In The Clinic: Hyponatremia". Annals of Internal Medicine. 163 (3): ITC1-19. doi:10.7326/ ... Williams, DM; Gallagher, M; Handley, J; Stephens, JW (July 2016). "The clinical management of hyponatraemia". Postgraduate ... "Ten common pitfalls in the evaluation of patients with hyponatremia". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 29: 22-25. doi: ...
Hypertonic saline may be preferable to mannitol in persons with hypovolemia or hyponatremia. Mannitol is an alcohol derivative ... Adrogué, H. J.; Madias, N. E. (2000-05-25). "Hyponatremia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (21): 1581-1589. doi: ... hyponatremia). Ionic brain edema can also occur around the sites of brain hemorrhages, infarcts, or contusions due to a local ... Hyponatremia High-altitude cerebral edema Cerebral edema is present with many common cerebral pathologies and risk factors for ...
... will have elevated ADH as the cause of their hyponatremia. However, not every person with hyponatremia and elevated ADH has ... Moderate and symptomatic hyponatremia is treated by raising the serum sodium level by 0.5 to 1 mmol per liter per hour for a ... The hyponatremia caused by appropriate ADH release (from the kidneys' perspective) in both CHF and cirrhosis have been shown to ... Most cases of hyponatremia in children are caused by appropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone rather than SIADH or another ...
Hyponatremia, or blood sodium levels below 135 mEq/L, causes brain cells to swell; the symptoms can be subtle and may include ... Lewis III JL (May 2009). "Hyponatremia". Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Archived from the original on 2011-01-11. ...
"Hyponatremia". MayoClinic.com. Retrieved 2010-09-01. "Hyponatremia". Medscape. Retrieved 2013-06-30. Campbell, Neil (1987). ... Conversely, an excess of body water caused by drinking will result in too little sodium in the blood (hyponatremia), a ... A serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L qualifies as hyponatremia, which is considered severe when the serum sodium level ...
... and hyponatremia was just as likely to occur in runners who chose sports drinks as those who chose water. Hyponatremia and ... April 2005). "Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (15): 1550-6. doi: ... O'Brien, K. K.; Montain, S. J.; Corr, W. P.; Sawka, M. N.; Knapik, J. J.; Craig, S. C. (May 2001). "Hyponatremia associated ... Excess of body water may also be a result of a medical condition or improper treatment; see "hyponatremia" for some examples. ...
ROSNER, MITCHELL H. (2019). "Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological ... the consumption of an electrolyte-containing sports drink does not protect against hyponatremia (low sodium in the blood). A ...
It is widely used (though off-label in many countries including the United States) in the treatment of hyponatremia (low blood ... Miell J, Dhanjal P, Jamookeeah C (December 2015). "Evidence for the use of demeclocycline in the treatment of hyponatraemia ... Goh KP (May 2004). "Management of hyponatremia". American Family Physician. 69 (10): 2387-2394. PMID 15168958. Archived from ... "Demeclocycline attenuates hyponatremia by reducing aquaporin-2 expression in the renal inner medulla". American Journal of ...
Excessive water consumption reduces or dilutes electrolyte levels in the body causing hyponatremia. Exercise intolerance ... Rosner, Mitchell H.; Tamara Hew-Butler (2010). "Exercise-associated hyponatremia". UpToDate. Wolters Kluwer. Retrieved 3 April ... Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction Exercise-induced urticaria Exercise-associated hyponatremia Heat intolerance Ventilatory ...
Hyponatremia, or low sodium levels, can cause symptoms such as nausea, headache, seizures, or even cause patients to become ... "Hyponatremia - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-06-08. Reynolds, Rebecca M; Padfield, Paul L; Seckl, Jonathan ... Often patients are placed on a strict fluid regimen to treat for imbalances such as hyponatremia or hypernatremia. Patients who ... Symptoms related to hypothalamic dysfunction may include abnormal sodium balance (hyponatremia or hypernatremia), high ...
He was diagnosed with severe hyponatremia and required three days of medical treatment. In a similar case, a woman from Medina ... Al-Zaki, Taleb; B Tilman Jolly (January 1997). "Severe Hyponatremia After Purification". Annals of Emergency Medicine. Mosby, ...
Al-Zaki, Taleb; B Tilman Jolly (January 1997). "Severe Hyponatremia After Purification". Annals of Emergency Medicine. Mosby, ... Side effects listed by Scientology include dehydration, electrolyte disturbances including hyponatremia (low sodium level) & ...
ISBN 978-0-19-533149-3. Al-Zaki, Taleb; B Tilman Jolly (January 1997). "Severe Hyponatremia After Purification". Annals of ...
Al-Zaki, Taleb; B. Tilman Jolly (January 1997). "Severe Hyponatremia After Purification". Annals of Emergency Medicine. Mosby. ... electrolyte disturbances including hyponatremia (low sodium level) and hypokalemia (low potassium level), and heat-related ...
Seldom severe hyponatremia is seen. Less common effects are hair loss and allergic reaction. The antitumor activity is due to ...
Hyponatremia low sodium blood levels. Metabolic syndrome Neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome Neuroleptic malignant syndrome ...
Hyponatremia Salt poisoning Reynolds, RM; Padfield, PL; Seckl, JR (25 March 2006). "Disorders of sodium balance". BMJ (Clinical ...
increased risks of suicide increased risks of hyponatremia and SIADH risk of seizures, if the person stops taking the drug ... Gandelman MS (March 1994). "Review of carbamazepine-induced hyponatremia". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological ...
Palmer BF, Gates JR, Lader M (November 2003). "Causes and management of hyponatremia". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 37 (11): ...
Hyponatremia (low serum sodium concentration) is common in heart failure. Vasopressin levels are usually increased, along with ... Severe hyponatremia can result in accumulation of fluid in the brain, causing cerebral edema and intracranial hemorrhage. ... Abraham WT (2008). "Managing hyponatremia in heart failure". US Cardiology Review. 5 (1): 57-60. doi:10.15420/usc.2008.5.1.57. ... this phenomenon causes hypervolemic hyponatremia (low sodium concentration due to high body fluid retention). This phenomenon ...
He is a leading researcher on the condition now known as exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH). He first recognised this ... Noakes wrote the consensus statement for the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development ... "Exercise-associated Hyponatremia: A review". Emerg Med. 13 (1): 17-27. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2001.00173.x. PMID 11476407. ... for his work on Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH). In 2004 Runner's World (USA) included this work as one of the 40 most ...
This causes hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.[citation needed] Hypoglycemia can occur with beta blockade because β2-adrenoceptors ...
Siegler EL, Tamres D, Berlin JA, Allen-Taylor L, Strom BL (May 1995). "Risk factors for the development of hyponatremia in ... Douglas, Ivor (2006-09-01). "Hyponatremia: why it matters, how it presents, how we can manage it". Cleveland Clinic Journal of ... Tobacco smoking is an often overlooked factor linked to hyponatremia, due to the ADH-releasing effect of nicotine, although ... Blum, Alexander (1984-11-23). "The Possible Role of Tobacco Cigarette Smoking in Hyponatremia of Long-term Psychiatric Patients ...
"Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in adrenal insufficiency". UpToDate. Retrieved 6 October 2017. F Young, William; H Sterns, ...
Lee's symptoms prior to his death were also found to closely match known cases of fatal hyponatremia. Lee is considered by some ... The authors noted that there were several risk factors which predisposed Lee to hyponatremia, including excessive water intake ... The hyponatraemia hypothesis". Clinical Kidney Journal. 15 (12): 2169-2176. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac071. ISSN 2048-8505. PMC ... and concluded that his fatal cerebal edema was brought on by hyponatremia, an insufficient concentration of sodium in the blood ...
Hyponatremia is also seen, but less commonly. Estimated mortality rates associated with untreated bites from this species vary ...
Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. It is generally defined as a sodium concentration ... Low volume hyponatremia can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, and sweating. Normal volume hyponatremia is divided into ... Among those in hospital, hyponatremia is associated with an increased risk of death. The economic costs of hyponatremia are ... Hyponatremia is the most common type of electrolyte imbalance, and is often found in older adults. It occurs in about 20% of ...
1. hyponatremia, symptom. usage: abnormally low level of sodium in the blood; associated with dehydration. WordNet 3.0 ...
Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L and is considered severe when the serum level is below ... Hypotonic hyponatremia can be further subclassified according to volume status, as follows:. * Hypervolemic hyponatremia: ... Correction of hyponatremia varies according to its source, its severity, and its duration. In patients whose hyponatremia has a ... Generally, hyponatremia is of clinical significance when it reflects a drop in the serum osmolality (ie, hypotonic hyponatremia ...
... J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Aug;26(4):439. doi: 10.1097/01.jcp. ...
... while hyponatremia means low blood sodium. Although very different, these two conditions can impact each other. ... Hyponatremia means a person has too little sodium in their blood. Hyponatremia is the most common. electrolyte disorder. Its ... of hyponatremia. Doctors can use a blood test to check for abnormal sodium levels. Then, a urine test can be performed to get a ... Hyponatremia results from an imbalance of the water and salt in your body. Water retention is the most common cause. ...
These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Hyperosmolar Hyponatremia." Click on the image (or right ...
To determine the incidence of hyponatremia in athletes competing in ultradistance events, we measured serum sodium levels in ... Recent studies have shown that potentially fatal hyponatremia can develop during prolonged exercise. ... The incidence of hyponatremia during prolonged ultraendurance exercise Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990 Apr;22(2):165-70. ... In both races the athletes drank fluids with low sodium chloride content (less than 6.8 mmol.l-1). Hyponatremia (serum sodium ...
Hyponatremia is the medical term for having low levels of sodium in your blood. Sodium is important in keeping your body stable ... Are there types of hyponatremia?. You may hear about different kinds of hyponatremia. Types include:. *Euvolemic hyponatremia: ... What is hyponatremia?. Hyponatremia is a term for having a blood sodium level that is lower than normal. If you have blood ... Hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is a condition where sodium levels in your blood are lower than normal. In many cases, too much ...
Informative video lecture on the basics of hyponatremia and management. ... Below you will find parts 1 and 2 of "Hyponatremia Explained Clearly," which are part of Dr. Roger Seheults terrific MedCram ...
Learn how exercise-associated hyponatremia, or EAH, affects athletes, including causes, symptoms, treatment, and strategies for ... What Causes Hyponatremia? What causes hyponatremia and who is at risk? Hyponatremia often results from underlying medical ... Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia. Hyponatremia in athletes (known as exercise-associated hyponatremia or EAH) is a fluid- ... What are the Symptoms of Hyponatremia?. The early symptoms of hyponatremia, including exercise-associated hyponatremia, are ...
Acute hyponatremia creates an osmotic imbalance between fluids outside and inside of cells. ... hyponatremia refers to a low serum, plasma, or blood sodium concentration (below 135 mEq/L) that develops during or up to 24 ... Exertional hyponatremia in the CENTCOM AOR From 2008 through 2020, a total of 21 cases of exertional hyponatremia were ... As such, exertional hyponatremia cases documented in this report likely include hyponatremia from both exercise- and non- ...
Hyponatremia is caused when water intake exceeds amount of sweat and urinary losses. Prevent by consumption fluids and sports ... Symptoms of hyponatremia include headache, puffiness, muscle cramps. ... higher the risk of severe consequences of hyponatremia. Symptoms of hyponatremia Early symptoms of hyponatremia include ... Healthy Diet Plans >> Sports Nutrition >> Hyponatremia in Athletes. What is hyponatremia? Excessive amounts of plain water may ...
Between 2003 and 2018, crude annual incidence rates of exertional hyponatremia peaked in 2010 (12.7 per 100,000 p-yrs) and then ... there were 1,579 incident diagnoses of exertional hyponatremia among active component service members, for a crude overall ... and recruit trainees had higher overall incidence rates of exertional hyponatremia diagnoses. The overall incidence rate during ... Exertional hyponatremia in Iraq and Afghanistan. From 2008 through 2018, a total of 18 cases of exertional hyponatremia were ...
Finished.Research on a condition called hyponatremia, which afflicts many of our athletes, but it can affect the general ... According to Anastasiou, Kavouras, Arnaoutis, Gioxari, Kollia & Botoula, exercise-associated hyponatremia may result in ... So here is my research on a condition called hyponatremia, which afflicts many of our athletes, but it can affect the general ... some drink too much and a few develop hyponatremia - a condition that affects the way the kidneys excrete water (2008).. There ...
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality observed in clinical practice. Are you familiar with essential aspects ... A panel of US experts on hyponatremia issued guidelines on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia. For ... Vaptans should not be used in hypovolemic hyponatremia, or in conjunction with other treatments for hyponatremia. ... Rapid Review Quiz: Hyponatremia * Fast Five Quiz: What Do You Know About the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Adjunctive Quetiapine Treatment of the Polydipsia, Intermittent Hyponatremia, and Psychosis Syndrome: A Case Report. John H. ... Adjunctive Quetiapine Treatment of the Polydipsia, Intermittent Hyponatremia, and Psychosis Syndrome: A Case Report ...
Low sodium in blood is medically referred to as hyponatremia and can lead to serious consequences if left untreated. ... The official hyponatremia definition is the lack of sodium in the blood necessary to regulate the water used by our cells. Once ... Hyponatremia causes can be linked to direct and indirect factors. As our blood sodium levels drop, it is important to take note ... Hyponatremia treatment starts with increasing sodium levels in the blood as determined by the cause. Under a doctors care, or ...
Laboratory analysis reveals a normochromic normocytic anemia and hyponatremia. A cranial MRI is obtained. ... Rapid Review Quiz: Hyponatremia * Fast Five Quiz: What Do You Know About the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone ... Chloride and Potassium Assessment is a Helpful Tool for Differential Diagnosis of Thiazide-associated Hyponatremia Journal ... Endocrinology Case Challenge: A 55-Year-Old With Impotence, Decreased Libido, and Hyponatremia - Medscape - Feb 08, 2022. ...
Walshe JJ Hyponatraemia, seizures and stupor associated with ecstasy ingestion in a female Ir Med J 1998 91(5):178 ... We report one case of a young woman with acute severe hyponatraemia and neurological complications associated with ecstasy ... "Hyponatraemia, seizures and stupor associated with ecstasy ingestion in a female" Ir Med J. 1998 Oct-Nov;91(5):178. ...
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Multiple organizations have published guidance documents to assist clinicians in managing hyponatremia. We aimed to explore the ... Eight guidance documents advocated hypertonic NaCl in severely symptomatic, acute onset (<48 h) hyponatremia. In ... Current guidance documents on the assessment and treatment of hyponatremia vary in methodological rigor and recommendations are ... and hypervolemic hyponatremia, respectively. Eight guidance documents recommended limits for speed of increase of sodium ...
3% NaCl Infusions Via Peripheral Line to Treat Hyponatremia - New UPMC Study Finds No Evidence of Local Infusion Reactions in ... 3% sodium chloride (3% NaCl) infusion is an effective therapy in cases of symptomatic and nonsymptomatic hyponatremia, ...
Hyponatremia - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Mild to moderate hyponatremia Mild to moderate, asymptomatic hyponatremia (ie, serum sodium ≥ 121 and , 135 mEq/L [≥ 121 and , ... Hyponatremia in AIDS Hyponatremia has been reported in > 50% of hospitalized patients with AIDS Immune system Human ... Severe hyponatremia In asymptomatic patients, severe hyponatremia (serum sodium , 121 mEq/L [, 121 mmol/L]; effective ...
Hypernatremia and moderate-to-severe hyponatremia are independent predictors of mortality in septic patients at emergency ...
SUMMARY: The aim of this short review is the presentation of the mechanisms of hyponatremia and of the available data regarding ... The main mechanism for the development of hyponatremia in patients with chronic hypothyroidism is the decreased capacity of ... However, recent data suggest that the hypothyroidism-induced hyponatremia is rather rare and probably occurs only in severe ... CONCLUSIONS: Severe hypothyroidism may be the cause of hyponatremia. All hypothyroid patients with low serum sodium levels ...
title = "Trimethoprim-associated hyponatremia",. abstract = "Hyponatremia associated with diuretic use can be clinically ... Trimethoprim-associated hyponatremia. / Babayev, Revekka; Terner, Sofia; Chandra, Subani et al. In: American Journal of Kidney ... TMP/SMX-related hyponatremia likely is underdiagnosed and often mistaken for SIADH. It should be considered for patients on ... TMP/SMX-related hyponatremia likely is underdiagnosed and often mistaken for SIADH. It should be considered for patients on ...
Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L and is considered severe when the serum level is below ... encoded search term (Hyponatremia) and Hyponatremia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hyponatremia Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Jul 09, 2015 * Author: Eric E Simon, MD; Chief Editor: Vecihi Batuman, MD, FACP, ... Hyponatremia in hospitalized cancer patients and its impact on clinical outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012 Feb. 59(2):222-8. [QxMD ...
Hyponatremia, low blood sodium level, is a relatively common condition, and is the most common electrolyte disturbance to ... Hyponatremia Signs & Symptoms. Hyponatremia, low blood sodium level, is a relatively common condition. Hyponatremia is the most ... In closing, Hyponatremia or low sodium is a common disorder that may cause multiple vague symptoms which only a blood test can ... Most often, Hyponatremia is due to the inability of the body to excrete excess water. This excess water accumulates in the ...
"Hyponatremia" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Hyponatremia" by people in this website by year, and whether " ... Gannamani V, Varma A, Nathan S, Ustun C. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) associated permanent hyponatremia in umbilical cord blood ... Filippone EJ, Ruzieh M, Foy A. Thiazide-Associated Hyponatremia: Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology. Am J Kidney Dis. ...
  • This is the first study to demonstrate that hyponatremia is associated with acute mortality and poorer discharge dispositions and to confirm that higher mortality occurs in these patients, even after 12 months after a stroke. (nih.gov)
  • 1 Acute hyponatremia creates an osmotic imbalance between fluids outside and inside of cells. (health.mil)
  • Sodium levels should be checked when an athlete complains acute symptoms of hyponatremia and the athlete should not be rehydrated even on claims of thirst as this might worsen the situation. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Therefore, correction of hyponatremia should take into account the limited capacity of this adaptation mechanism to respond to acute alteration in the serum tonicity, because the degree of brain edema and consequent neurologic symptoms depend as much on the rate and duration of hypotonicity as they do on its magnitude. (medscape.com)
  • We report one case of a young woman with acute severe hyponatraemia and neurological complications associated with ecstasy intake and suggest that females are at higher risk of developing this syndrome. (erowid.org)
  • Prognostic importance of hyponatremia in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. (medscape.com)
  • Jaworski K, Wasilewski R, Szwed H, Windyga J, Dabrowski R. 'Swollen heart' in the course of acute intermittent porphyria associated with severe hyponatraemia. (jefferson.edu)
  • For severe, acute hyponatremia, your doctor may prescribe an intravenous sodium solution to slowly restore your blood sodium levels. (yorp.top)
  • We report here a case of a 61-year-old woman who got admitted at the emergency service for an acute stroke that was actually a symptomatic hyponatremia due to a Schwartz-Bartter syndrome associated with an undiagnosed breast cancer. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • Symptoms are often not as severe as in acute hyponatremia and may be non-specific. (facty.com)
  • On drinking too much and not replenishing sodium, they may develop acute hyponatremia. (facty.com)
  • If lethargy is a sign of acute hyponatremia, you can relieve it by restoring the sodium balance. (facty.com)
  • Acute, severe hyponatremia can rapidly shift fluid into brain cells, causing cerebral edema with symptoms of seizures or brain herniation. (pulmccm.org)
  • A true neurologic emergency, symptomatic acute hyponatremia can be corrected with sequential boluses of 100-300 mL of 3% saline to rapidly increase the sodium level by a goal of 4 to 6 mEq/L, a change experts say will forestall osmotic shifts and prevent the most dangerous immediate neurologic effects of a low serum sodium. (pulmccm.org)
  • Exertional (or exercise-associated) hyponatremia refers to a low serum, plasma, or blood sodium concentration (below 135 mEq/L) that develops during or up to 24 hours following prolonged physical activity. (health.mil)
  • Consensus statement of the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Cape Town, South Africa 2005. (medscape.com)
  • Purpose: The purpose of this observational study was to examine the incidence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in a 246-km continuous ultra-marathon. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Preventing Deaths Due to Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia: The 2015 Consensus Guidelines. (qxmd.com)
  • Hyponatremia is the most common type of electrolyte imbalance, and is often found in older adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyponatremia-defined as a serum sodium concentration of less than 135 mEq/L-is the most commonly encountered and important electrolyte imbalance that can be seen in isolation or, as is most often the case, as a complication of other medical illnesses (eg, heart failure, liver failure, kidney failure, pneumonia, cancer). (medscape.com)
  • Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder. (healthline.com)
  • Excessive amounts of plain water may disturb the fluid and electrolyte levels in the body leading to hyponatremia. (diethealthclub.com)
  • In this Acid-Base and Electrolyte Teaching Case, a less common cause of hyponatremia is presented, and a stepwise approach to the diagnosis is illustrated. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance to impact patients in clinical settings 1 . (ureaaide.com)
  • Matro R, Daskalakis C, Negoianu D, Katz L, Henry C, Share M, Kastenberg D. Randomised clinical trial: Polyethylene glycol 3350 with sports drink vs. polyethylene glycol with electrolyte solution as purgatives for colonoscopy--the incidence of hyponatraemia. (jefferson.edu)
  • In order to reduce your risk of hyponatremia, ask your doctor if hydrating with sports or electrolyte drinks rather than plain water when participating in these activities is right for you. (yorp.top)
  • Metabolic disorders such as hyponatremia which is the most common electrolyte disorder can cause a stroke mimic condition. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, mild hyponatremia (plasma sodium levels at 131-135 mmol/L) may be associated with complications and subtle symptoms (for example, increased falls, altered posture and gait, reduced attention, impaired cognition, and possibly higher rates of death). (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms range from nausea and malaise, in those with mild reduction in the serum sodium, to lethargy, decreased level of consciousness, headache, and (with severe hyponatremia) seizures and coma. (medscape.com)
  • Even mild hyponatremia is associated with increased 30-day mortality after myocardial infarction, and it has recently shown to increase the 3-year mortality after a stroke. (nih.gov)
  • Other possible causes and superimposed factors of hyponatremia (e.g. drugs, infections, adrenal insufficiency) should be considered in patients with mild/moderate hypothyroidism. (qxmd.com)
  • Treatment of hypothyroidism and fluid restriction are usually adequate for the management of mild hyponatremia in patients with hypothyroidism. (qxmd.com)
  • Of the 63 finishers recruited, nine began the race with values indicative of mild hyponatremia. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Very mild cases of hyponatremia often present no symptoms. (yorp.top)
  • Mild chronic hyponatremia may only need changes in lifestyle, diet or medication. (facty.com)
  • Mild indications of hyponatremia occurred at higher levels of fluid intake. (cdc.gov)
  • Early symptoms of hyponatremia include headache, puffiness, muscle cramps, slurred speech, nausea and vomiting, these are experienced when plasma sodium levels fall below 130 millimoles per liter. (diethealthclub.com)
  • The early signs of hyponatremia include vomiting , nausea, headache, and a general feeling of malaise. (thehealthboard.com)
  • Be sure to seek emergency care if severe symptoms of hyponatremia occur, including nausea and vomiting, confusion, seizures, or loss of consciousness. (yorp.top)
  • Other potential Hyponatremia etiologies include thyroid disturbances, medications especially thiazide diuretics and anti-seizure, as well as adrenal insufficiency. (ureaaide.com)
  • In previous days we may have used diuretics and salt tablets for Hyponatremia, however more recent studies have shown this to be somewhat ineffective when compared to fluid restriction alone and have significantly more side effects. (ureaaide.com)
  • Those who are at particular risk of developing hyponatremia are those that take certain medications, such as diuretics and antidepressants, and those with chronic conditions, such as diabetes insipidus, kidney disease, and congestive heart failure. (yorp.top)
  • Hyponatremia may be a side effect of certain medications such as diuretics. (facty.com)
  • Urinary sodium concentration helps to differentiate between hyponatremia secondary to hypovolemia and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). (medscape.com)
  • Hyponatremia associated with diuretic use can be clinically difficult to differentiate from the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hyponatraemia in a neurosurgical patient: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion versus cerebral salt wasting. (medscape.com)
  • Filippone EJ, Ruzieh M, Foy A. Thiazide-Associated Hyponatremia: Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology. (jefferson.edu)
  • According to a 2022 research review , hyponatremia affects approximately 5% of adults in the general population and 35% of people who are hospitalized. (healthline.com)
  • Endocrinology Case Challenge: A 55-Year-Old With Impotence, Decreased Libido, and Hyponatremia - Medscape - Feb 08, 2022. (medscape.com)
  • Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar, while hyponatremia means low blood sodium. (healthline.com)
  • Hyponatremia is a term for having a blood sodium level that is lower than normal. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Hyponatremia, low blood sodium level, is a relatively common condition. (ureaaide.com)
  • Symptoms of hyponatremia depend on how quickly blood sodium levels dropped and by how much. (yorp.top)
  • You may experience hyponatremia for various reasons, and there is an established link between this condition and hyperglycemia. (healthline.com)
  • Hyponatremia and hyperglycemia are two different conditions. (healthline.com)
  • Both hyponatremia and hyperglycemia may not have noticeable symptoms right away. (healthline.com)
  • Hyponatremia and hyperglycemia can have a significant impact on each other. (healthline.com)
  • Hyponatremia: evaluating the correction factor for hyperglycemia. (medscape.com)
  • Who is most at risk for hyponatremia? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • High performance athletes are at the greatest risk for hyponatremia, as they work out hard, losing electrolytes through sweat, and drink a lot of water to stay hydrated. (thehealthboard.com)
  • Water retention is the most common cause of hyponatremia. (healthline.com)
  • Severe hypothyroidism may be the cause of hyponatremia. (qxmd.com)
  • Identify the specific cause of hyponatremia such as sodium loss of fluid excess. (nursingexercise.com)
  • Hypotonic hyponatremia accounts for most clinical cases of hyponatremia and can be treated with fluid restriction. (medscape.com)
  • One of the most common scenarios in cases of hyponatremia is not actually too little sodium in your system but, rather, too much water causing your blood to become diluted. (yorp.top)
  • A diagnosis of hyponatremia may result from an osmolality (chemical) blood test, a urine osmolality, a comprehensive metabolic panel, or a urine sodium test. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • A diagnosis of hyponatremia secondary to the diuretic effect of TMP subsequently was confirmed, with clinical hypovolemia and high renin, aldosterone, and urinary sodium levels. (elsevierpure.com)
  • From 2006 through 2021, there were 1,669 incident diagnoses of exertional hyponatremia among active component service members, for a crude overall incidence rate of 7.8 cases per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs). (health.mil)
  • Compared to their respective counterparts, female service members, those less than 20 years old, and recruit trainees had higher overall incidence rates of exertional hyponatremia diagnoses. (health.mil)
  • Between 2006 and 2021, crude annual incidence rates of exertional hyponatremia peaked in 2010 (12.7 per 100,000 p-yrs) and then decreased to a low of 5.3 cases per 100,000 p-yrs in 2013. (health.mil)
  • The 2021 incidence rate for hyponatremia was lower than the overall rate for the entire period 2006-2021. (health.mil)
  • Overall incidence rates of exertional hyponatremia by subgroups of demographic and military characteristics were generally similar to those reported in previous MSMR updates. (health.mil)
  • Conclusion: The incidence of EAH of 52 and 65%, when excluding or including these individuals with pre-race hyponatremia, was the highest reported in current literature. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In one of the few published studies on real-world treatment of hyponatremia and incidence of ODS, authors looked back at almost 1,500 patients 2001-2017 with severe hyponatremia at seven hospitals associated with a single health care system. (pulmccm.org)
  • Patients with hyponatremia may be hypervolemic, hypovolemic, or euvolemic. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Patients with heart failure are at risk for hypervolemic hyponatremia as a result of excess sodium and water retention , promoted by increased vasopressin levels and compromised glomerular filtration. (samsca.com)
  • ACCF/AHA 2013 Guideline states V 2 -receptor antagonists may be considered in the short term to improve serum sodium concentration in hospitalized HF patients with persistent severe hypervolemic hyponatremia who are at risk for or are having active cognitive symptoms despite water restriction and guideline-directed medical therapy. (samsca.com)
  • Hyponatremia causes neurologic symptoms ranging from confusion to seizures to coma. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Hyponatremia can cause a range of neurologic symptoms including confusion, seizures, and even coma. (yorp.top)
  • 48 hours) can be safely corrected more quickly than chronic hyponatremia. (medscape.com)
  • The main mechanism for the development of hyponatremia in patients with chronic hypothyroidism is the decreased capacity of free water excretion due to elevated antidiuretic hormone levels, which are mainly attributed to the hypothyroidism-induced decrease in cardiac output. (qxmd.com)
  • Hyponatremia and long-term outcomes in chronic heart failure-an observational study from the duke databank for cardiovascular diseases. (medscape.com)
  • While you can get hyponatremia at any age, the risk is higher among older adults-since they are more likely to suffer from chronic conditions and take certain medications. (yorp.top)
  • In chronic hyponatremia, maintaining sodium balance too may cause damage to parts of the brain. (facty.com)
  • Rather, the large majority (who have subacute or chronic hyponatremia) may be as much at risk from overly rapid correction of their sodium levels as they are for serious neurologic sequelae from the hyponatremia itself. (pulmccm.org)
  • Serum osmolality readily differentiates between true hyponatremia (hypotonic hyponatremia) and pseudohyponatremia. (medscape.com)
  • Sometimes, a low serum sodium measurement is caused by an excess of certain substances (eg, glucose, lipid) in the blood (translocational hyponatremia, pseudohyponatremia) rather than by a water-sodium imbalance. (msdmanuals.com)
  • With such a low threshold to use powerful osmotic agents for relatively non-threatening hyponatremia, it's unsurprising that over-correction of serum sodium is so common. (pulmccm.org)
  • Available evidence suggests that many athletes begin exercise already dehydrated to some degree, and although most fail to drink enough to match sweat losses, some drink too much and a few develop hyponatremia - a condition that affects the way the kidneys excrete water ( 2008 ). (straighttothebar.com)
  • It is very important to prevent hyponatremia as it is more often self-induced. (diethealthclub.com)
  • 100 mOsm/kg) and hypotonic hyponatremia generally results from conditions that overwhelm the kidney's capacity to excrete free water (as in primary polydipsia) or conditions that truncate the amount of free water that can be excreted, typically due to low solute load (as in tea and toast diet). (medscape.com)
  • Vaptans should not be used in hypovolemic hyponatremia, or in conjunction with other treatments for hyponatremia. (medscape.com)
  • In hypovolemic hyponatremia, both serum osmolality and blood volume decrease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These data suggest that, although symptomatic hyponatremia occurs in less than 0.3% of competitors during prolonged exercise even when they ingest little sodium chloride, it is found in a significant proportion (9%) of collapsed runners. (nih.gov)
  • Hyponatremia results from an imbalance of the water and salt in your body. (healthline.com)
  • Hyponatraemia is an imbalance of electrolytes in the blood serum, typically involving reduced salt (sodium) levels. (edu.au)
  • The latter may be secondary to hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia (isotonic hyponatremia), or may be hypertonic hyponatremia associated with elevated glucose, mannitol, glycine (posturologic or postgynecologic procedure), sucrose, or maltose (contained in IgG formulations). (medscape.com)
  • The treatment of hypertonic hyponatremia and pseudo-hyponatremia is directed at the underlying disorder, in the absence of symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Clinicians have been advised (in expert-produced topic reviews) to give boluses of 3% hypertonic saline for patients with only moderate hyponatremia (Na = 120 to 130 mEq/L) causing only minimal symptoms. (pulmccm.org)
  • A normal sodium level is between 135- 145 mili equivalents per liter (mEq/L). Hyponatremia is generally defined when the sodium in blood falls below 135mEq/L. Severe Hyponatremia is considered when the serum sodium level is less than 125mEq/L. Hyponatremia is frequently related to hypovolemia or fluid overload. (nursingexercise.com)
  • Hyponatremia (serum sodium level less than 130 mmol.l-1) was identified in 27 of 315 (9%) collapsed runners in the 90 km races and in none of the triathletes. (nih.gov)
  • Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium level less than 135 mmol/L and recorded on admission. (nih.gov)
  • Three laboratory tests-serum osmolality, urine osmolality, and urinary sodium concentration-are essential in the evaluation of patients with hyponatremia. (medscape.com)
  • Hyponatremia was observed in 565 (16%) patients. (nih.gov)
  • Despite similar modified Barthel Index (mBI) preadmission, patients with hyponatremia had worse mBI on admission (P = .049). (nih.gov)
  • Patients with hyponatremia had worse NIHSS and mBI values on admission, and their deficits worsened during their hospitalization. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of this short review is the presentation of the mechanisms of hyponatremia and of the available data regarding its implications and treatment in patients with hypothyroidism. (qxmd.com)
  • Hypothyroidism is one of the causes of hyponatremia, thus thyroid-stimulating hormone determination is mandatory during the evaluation of patients with reduced serum sodium levels. (qxmd.com)
  • All hypothyroid patients with low serum sodium levels should be evaluated for other causes and superimposed factors of hyponatremia and treated accordingly. (qxmd.com)
  • Hyponatremia in patients with central nervous system disease: SIADH versus CSW. (medscape.com)
  • Mechanisms of altered water metabolism in psychotic patients with polydipsia and hyponatremia. (medscape.com)
  • This article has presented different key nursing interventions for hyponatremia patients which will be very useful for the nurses. (nursingexercise.com)
  • Carefully monitor hyponatremia patients for any sign of convulsion and notify a physician. (nursingexercise.com)
  • 125 mEq/L or less marked hyponatremia that is symptomatic and has resisted correction with fluid restriction), including patients with heart failure and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). (samsca.com)
  • 24% of hospitalized patients with heart failure (n=103) presented with hyponatremia (serum sodium level ≤134 mEq/L) in an analysis of a muticenter, randomized, controlled study of patients (N=433) hospitalized for decompensated heart failure. (samsca.com)
  • But new evidence shows that when patients with hyponatremia get admitted to the hospital, their impatient treatment teams often correct sodium levels too quickly, increasing the risk for dangerous complications. (pulmccm.org)
  • Follow-up studies with cognitive testing in large cohorts of patients with rapidly corrected hyponatremia have never been performed, so it's possible that minor iatrogenic neurologic injury could persist in patients with 'reversible' ODS. (pulmccm.org)
  • For patients with severe hyponatremia -- even if present for weeks or months -- clinicians have been advised to provide continuous 3% NaCl infusions. (pulmccm.org)
  • Few patients who are admitted with hyponatremia present this way, or require such dramatic and potentially dangerous interventions. (pulmccm.org)
  • Abnormal uterine findings were de Recherche et d'Application en identified in 95.8% of patients attending hysteroscopy at GESHRTH. (who.int)
  • So here is my research on a condition called hyponatremia , which afflicts many of our athletes, but it can affect the general population as well. (straighttothebar.com)
  • Correction of hyponatremia varies according to its source, its severity, and its duration. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of hyponatremia: the case for rapid correction. (medscape.com)
  • Part of the problem is published expert guidance on correction of hyponatremia. (pulmccm.org)
  • Diagnosis and appropriate correction of intrauterine anomalies are considered et d'Application en Chirurgie essential in order to increase chances of conception. (who.int)
  • A normal sodium level is between 135 to 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Hyponatremia is present when levels drop below 135 mEq/L. We will next investigate hyponatremia causes. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • 100 mOsm/kg, causes include primary polydipsia, beer potomania, and exercise-induced hyponatremia. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • That being said, hyponatremia , or low concentration of sodium in the extracellular fluid and therefore the blood, can be caused by either losing more sodium than water, or gaining more water than sodium - and it can develop acutely, over less than 48 hours, or chronically, over more than 48 hours. (osmosis.org)
  • Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. (medscape.com)
  • Medicine Central , im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116309/all/Hyponatremia. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Correcting hyponatremia too quickly can lead to complications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fast Five Quiz: Hyponatremia Essentials - Medscape - Oct 14, 2019. (medscape.com)
  • SIADH is typically treated by correcting the underlying cause and with fluid restriction while high volume hyponatremia is typically treated with both fluid restriction and a diet low in salt. (wikipedia.org)
  • To treat this SIADH process, we must start with a fluid restriction as a part of a Hyponatremia diet. (ureaaide.com)
  • Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Decrease in serum sodium concentration is directly proportional to the speed and degree - more rapid and higher fall, higher the risk of severe consequences of hyponatremia. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Hyponatremia is a plasma sodium (Na + ) concentration of ≤135 mEq/L. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Hyponatremia means a lower than normal concentration of sodium in the blood, generally below 135 mEq/L. (osmosis.org)
  • However, since the concentration of sodium depends on both sodium and water levels in the body , hyponatremia actually translates as too much water in the extracellular compartment. (osmosis.org)
  • Significant ECF fluid losses also cause release of vasopressin , causing water retention by the kidneys, which can maintain or worsen hyponatremia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To the extent that annual rates of exertional hyponatremia in recent years have been lower than rates earlier in the surveillance period, the diminished frequency of cases represents the cumulative beneficial results of leaders and trainers in the Armed Forces in preserving and protecting the health of service members in the face of heat-related threats to health. (health.mil)
  • Thus, exertional hyponatremia can result from loss of sodium and/or potassium, a relative excess of body water, or a combination of both. (health.mil)
  • During 2003-2018, annual numbers and rates of diagnoses of exertional hyponatremia among active component U.S. military members were relatively stable from year to year with the exception of 2009-2011 when rates were dramatically higher. (health.mil)
  • Exertional hyponatremia continues to pose a health risk to U.S. military members and can significantly impair performance and reduce combat effectiveness. (health.mil)
  • The recommendations for treatment of hyponatremia rely on the current understanding of CNS adaptation to an alteration in serum osmolality. (medscape.com)
  • A panel of US experts on hyponatremia issued guidelines on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia . (medscape.com)
  • Hyponatremia treatment starts with increasing sodium levels in the blood as determined by the cause. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Hypothyroidism-associated hyponatremia: mechanisms, implications and treatment. (qxmd.com)
  • Serum sodium level on admission was 135 mEq/L (with a history of hyponatremia) and decreased to 117 mEq/L by day 7 of TMP/SMX treatment. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Gross P, Reimann D, Henschkowski J, Damian M. Treatment of severe hyponatremia: conventional and novel aspects. (medscape.com)
  • He had to stay in the hospital a few days to recover, because in addition to his hyponatremia, he had a strep infection that needed antibiotic treatment. (thehealthboard.com)
  • Read on for 10 more things you should know about hyponatremia, including causes, symptoms, and treatment. (yorp.top)
  • Hyponatremia treatment-and whether it is short-term or long-term-depends on the condition's underlying causes and the severity of symptoms. (yorp.top)
  • If the cause of your mental state is hyponatremia, treatment will be necessary. (facty.com)
  • In response to diuretic therapy, the runner with the most severe hyponatremia (serum sodium level = 112 mmol.l-1) excreted in excess of 7.5 l dilute urine during the first 17 h of hospitalization. (nih.gov)
  • The resulting water retention increases plasma dilution and hyponatremia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, recent data suggest that the hypothyroidism-induced hyponatremia is rather rare and probably occurs only in severe hypothyroidism and myxedema. (qxmd.com)
  • Moderate to low quality evidence suggests hyponatraemia occurs more commonly in people taking antipsychotic medications than those not taking antipsychotic medication. (edu.au)